Roleknowledgeinlifehuman

Plan

1. "Knowledge is power" (F. Bacon).

2. What does it mean to be educated?

a) a person's need for education;

b) the titans of the Renaissance.

3. Strive to learn more!

Wise is not the one who knows, but the one whose knowledge is useful. Aeschylus

Each of us dreams of becoming an educated person. We want to graduate from a higher educational institution, get a good job in order to put the acquired knowledge into practice. In our age of computerization, the age of scientific and technological progress, knowledge is necessary for each of us. The human mind works wonders. Back in the seventeenth century, the English philosopher F. Bacon argued: "Knowledge is power."

Why do people need knowledge? Of course, to get a profession and do what you love. But knowledge must necessarily find a scope, otherwise it will not bring any benefit. It is necessary to know not only to know, but in order to learn how to do something. The one who acquires knowledge but does not use it is like the one who plows but does not sow. Skills must necessarily be associated with knowledge. After all, it often happens that a person has certain knowledge, but he did not apply this knowledge anywhere, because he did not learn how to apply it. It can be said of such a person that he knows something, but knows nothing. We, for example, can learn the rules of spelling, but be illiterate people, because we do not know how to apply these rules.

Who can be considered educated? It happens that a person graduated from a university, but he cannot be called educated. Such a young man received superficial, “satisfactory” knowledge, and he only needed a higher educational institution to receive a diploma. And sometimes there are people who, for some reason, have not received a higher education, but are much more erudite, smarter than a specialist with a diploma. Those who believe that real education is achieved through self-education are right. If a person wants, then he will be able to master many things on his own, he will be able to learn in a short time what another would need years to do. A person can be comprehensively developed, or he can be a good specialist only in some area. Well-read is one of the signs of an educated person. It is interesting to communicate with people who read a lot. If a person does not like to read, he cannot reach the heights of spiritual perfection. After all, reading is not only learning about some facts, information. To read is to develop your own taste, to comprehend the beautiful.

In the history of mankind there were people who showed us what heights can be achieved through knowledge. Remember the Renaissance, which gave the world the titans of thought, the encyclopedic knowledge of which no one has yet surpassed. Who has not heard of the scientist, artist, musician, sculptor, architect Michelangelo Buonarroti, who also went down in history as a poet who highly appreciated Dante? And the greatest painter, sculptor, poet Leonardo da Vinci was also a brilliant engineer, a scientist who anticipated many inventions of our time. More than one generation of people will bow before the talent of such geniuses.

Life does not stand still. We are confident that even greater prospects will open up in the field of science and technology tomorrow. The main thing is that the great scientific achievements of the 21st century serve for the benefit of man. And if human life is not eternal, then science and knowledge cross the threshold of centuries. Nobody can know everything. But a person is arranged in such a way that he strives all his life to learn something, to expand his knowledge. The most favorable time for learning is youth. Let's not waste time! K. Stanislavsky argued that "every day, in which you would not replenish your education, even if it is a small, but new piece of knowledge for you ... consider it fruitless and irretrievably dead for you." You can never rest on your laurels. And we are confident that our knowledge will benefit the country,

because, as M. V. Lomonosov believed, “the Russian land can give birth to its own Platons and quick minds of Newtons.”

The question of the place of knowledge in human life,

about their importance, the significance is very

relevant in today's environment. With

on the one hand, experts who know

their business, are in demand by our

society; on the other hand, the question is

about the truth of human knowledge, about his

professionalism.

Is knowledge necessary? This question

thinkers of various epochs were asked and

generations. Recall the comedy of A.S.

Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", the title itself

which already speaks for itself.

Enlightened young man

finds himself in a hostile environment,

which does not accept knowledge. And true

understanding the course of things does not help the hero

in conflict resolution. Disappointed,

he runs away from this world, exclaiming:

"Carriage to me! Carriage!"

But I believe that knowledge is necessary

a person on a difficult life path.

They represent the one

building material from which

a person's experience is formed. This and

necessary condition for existence

personality in a particular social

environment. Without any kind of knowledge and

skills, a person simply will not be able to live and

be implemented in modern

environment.

Knowledge is not just memorized

teacher demand a lesson at school. They are

aimed at the development of mental

human abilities, his logic, skills

speak, think, draw conclusions,

to reveal his hidden abilities.

A person who has a certain

understanding, understanding of

either a phenomenon, will never stop at

achieved. She won't confine herself to

boundaries that limit knowledge.

A man with an inquisitive mind will try

learn more, understand it and apply it in

own life. We are always developing

receiving new information. And in this

respect, an important role is played by

abilities such as the ability to analyze and

draw conclusions. That is, you can say

that knowledge and its quality

form the culture of personality, its degree

development.

But it is also important to note that knowledge is

colossal work. How much effort

it is necessary for a person to spend

understand something new! And this labor

not feasible for any of us. Many are scared

repels the process of obtaining

knowledge, it is difficult for many to force themselves

sit with a book or listen to a teacher.

The search for truth is a creative process

requiring emotional and

intellectual tension. Many

they just don't see the point in doing it

of this kind, do not understand their importance

for each of us.

In modern times, one can say

not only about the role of knowledge in life

person, but also about their truth. Often

high school diploma or high school diploma

education is not talked about

professionalism of a person, about his

real knowledge and understanding of

or a question.

Undoubtedly, knowledge is necessary for a person

for life, moral development and

cultural education. But it's complicated

a path that not everyone takes,

realizing the need to know something

Subject. Freedom and necessity in human activity

(social science grade 10)

Free society

Freedom is the most commonly used concept in everyday life. People go free after serving their sentence, or, as they say, "from places of deprivation of liberty." The fundamental laws of states speak of freedom of speech, assembly, and expression of will, thereby guaranteeing the constitutional rights of citizens. Economic freedom is the basis of a market economic system, on which the modern economy of almost all countries of the world is based. Freedom is sung by poets and artists, politicians and revolutionaries, calling on society to free itself from slavery, social, material and moral dependence. Artists, writers, designers often turn to the topic of freedom of expression.

Freedom, therefore, is a multi-valued concept, understood differently depending on the context. In everyday, everyday interpretation, freedom means the ability to do what you want.

In a more precise formulation freedom is the ability of a person to be active in accordance with his intentions, desires and interests, during which he achieves his goals.

Distinguish between inner and outer freedom.

Under inner freedom moral foundations and moral restrictions are implied, through which a person allows or does not allow himself to commit crimes in the course of moving up the career ladder, in friendship, love, business, relationships with relatives, colleagues, strangers. Does a person's conscience, inner world, principles allow him to commit betrayal, use violence, deceive parents or employers, appropriate someone else's property, eliminate competitors by any means? If we respect the human rights of other people, regardless of our right to the strong, then we limit ourselves internally, transforming permissiveness into relative freedom.

In addition to internal constraints a person is influenced by external circumstances – legal norms, customs, traditions, good manners, labor regulations, social or criminal control. For violation of written or unwritten norms, each person bears responsibility- moral, administrative, criminal.

When a person realizes his inner or outer freedom, he inevitably faces choice- which of the available options for action to take, which alternative to implement. For example, is it worth giving way to an old woman in transport or pretending that you didn’t notice her? Should music be turned on loudly, knowing that it disturbs neighbors, among whom there are children and the sick? Analyzing such situations, we come to the conclusion that, living in a society, we cannot be free from it - our freedoms and rights are limited by the same rights and freedoms of other citizens. And if we ignore the rights of others, then they begin to act similarly. A situation is emerging that the English thinker Thomas Hobbes called "the war of all against all." From the foregoing follows the principle that freedom is the “knowledge of necessity”, according to which freedom is not an imaginary independence from laws, but the ability to choose, to make decisions with knowledge of the matter.

Thus, the concept freedom"closely related to the concept" need", where:

freedom- the legally established ability to perform actions that do not harm others. In other words: "The freedom of one ends where the freedom of another begins"(M. Bakunin).

Need- the inevitable implementation of laws and compliance with certain moral standards in behavior.

The role of knowledge in human life. Types of human knowledge.

What is knowledge and what is its role in the development of human civilization? Knowledge is a reflection of the objective characteristics of reality in the mind of a person. .

Some scientists and philosophers believe that finite or absolute knowledge is in principle unattainable, while others believe that this is possible in one form or another. So far, there is no final answer and it is unlikely that it will be given in the foreseeable period of time. Despite the fact that modern science is now taking leaps and bounds in terms of mastering the unknown and replenishing the baggage of world knowledge, researchers are constantly faced with the fact that new knowledge opens up previously unknown horizons of the unknown, which significantly expand the field of research, facts, theories and hypotheses. Old knowledge is either rejected altogether or supplemented by innovative doctrines that refine what we knew before. So, at the beginning of the 20th century, physicists believed that they had sufficiently studied the structure of matter, the laws of motion and energy transformation. However, a humble patent officer named Albert Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity, revolutionized physics, opening the horizons for quantum mechanics, weak interactions, cosmology and cosmogony. Einstein's discoveries did not cancel Newtonian mechanics, but brought knowledge about space, time and matter to a qualitatively new level.

Knowledge itself is neutral, if you do not apply various evaluative opinions to it. However, in everyday life people usually divide knowledge into useful and harmful . Knowledge is usually useful. from the arsenal of natural and human sciences, literature, culture, foreign languages. Knowledge is harmful on the manufacture and consumption of narcotic drugs, on the composition and technology of assembling explosive devices, methods of opening security systems, on the organization of hacker attacks, on the methods and forms of suicide, psychological impact on people.

But the point here is not in the knowledge itself, but in a person, in his moral character, intentions, conscience, worldview. After all, the achievements of the human mind, knowledge, can be used both for the benefit of society and to the detriment of it. The development of atomic energy brought to mankind not only cheap electrical and thermal energy, but also the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The development of chemistry led not only to the creation of plastics and effective mineral fertilizers, but also poisonous gases such as mustard gas or soman.

Cognition

Theory of knowledge was first mentioned by Plato in his book The State. Then he singled out two types of knowledge - sensory and mental, and this theory has survived to this day. Cognition – it is the process of acquiring knowledge about the world, its laws and phenomena.

AT structure of knowledge two elements:

· subject(“cognizing” - a person, a scientific society);

· an object(“knowable” - nature, its phenomena, social phenomena, people, objects, etc.).

Methods of knowledge.

Methods of knowledge summarized on two levels: empirical level knowledge and theoretical level.

empirical methods :

1. Observation(study of the object without interference).

2. Experiment(the study takes place in a controlled environment).

3. Measurement(measurement of the degree of magnitude of an object, or weight, speed, duration, etc.).

4. Comparison(comparison of similarities and differences of objects).

Theoretical Methods :

1. Analysis. Mental or practical (manual) process of dividing an object or phenomenon into components, disassembling and inspecting components.

2. Synthesis. The reverse process is the integration of components into a whole, the identification of relationships between them.

3. Classification. The decomposition of objects or phenomena into groups according to certain characteristics.

4. Comparison. Finding differences and similarities in compared elements.

5. Generalization. A less detailed synthesis is a combination based on common features without identifying links. This process is not always separated from synthesis.

6. Specification. The process of extracting the particular from the general, clarifying for a better understanding.

7. abstraction. Consideration of only one side of an object or phenomenon, since the rest are of no interest.

8. Analogy(identification of similar phenomena, similarities), a more extended method of cognition than comparison, as it includes the search for similar phenomena in a time period.

9. Deduction(movement from the general to the particular, a method of cognition in which a logical conclusion emerges from a whole chain of inferences) - in life this kind of logic became popular thanks to Arthur Conan Doyle.

10. Induction- moving from facts to the general.

11. Idealization- creation of concepts for phenomena and objects that do not exist in reality, but there are similarities (for example, an ideal fluid in hydrodynamics).

12. Modeling- creating and then studying a model of something (for example, a computer model of the solar system).

13. Formalization- the image of the object in the form of signs, symbols (chemical formulas).

Forms of knowledge.

Forms of knowledge(types of knowledge) are as follows:

1. scientific knowledge. kind of knowledge, based on logic, scientific approach, conclusions; also called rational cognition.

2. Creative or artistic knowledge. (It is - art). This kind of knowledge reflects the world around with the help of artistic images and symbols.

3. Philosophical knowledge. It consists in trying to explain the reality, the place that a person occupies in it, and the way it should be.

4. religious knowledge. Religious knowledge is often referred to as a form of self-knowledge. The object of study is God and his connection with man, the influence of God on man, as well as the moral foundations characteristic of this religion.

5. mythological knowledge. Knowledge inherent in primitive cultures. The way of cognition in people who have not yet begun to separate themselves from the outside world, identifying complex phenomena and concepts with gods, higher powers.

6. self-knowledge. Knowledge of one's own mental and physical properties, self-understanding. The main methods are introspection, introspection, the formation of one's own personality, comparing oneself with other people.

levels of knowledge

There are two main levels of knowledge - sensual (empirical) and rational.

Sense cognition relies on images that arise in the mind as a result of the activity of the five basic human senses - sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch.

The forms of sensory cognition are:

Feeling- an elementary sensory image that reflects individual, single properties of an object. It is possible to sense taste, color, smell, sound, etc. in isolation. For example, a lemon is characterized by sensations of acidity, yellowness, etc.;

Perception- displaying not individual properties, but their system, integrity. For example, we perceive a lemon not as acid or yellowness, but as a whole object. Our perception of a lemon includes its color, and its taste, and its smell in an inseparable unity: it does not imply the work of a single sense, but the coordinated activity of several or all of the main senses;

Performance - sensual image of an object that arises in the mind in the absence of this object. For example, if we have ever seen a lemon, we may well imagine it, even if it is not in front of us and cannot affect our senses. Memory, memories, as well as the imagination of a person play an important role in the representation. Representation can be called the perception of an object in its absence. The possibility of representation and its proximity to perception are due to the fact that sensory images do not arise in the sense organs, but in the cerebral cortex. Therefore, the direct presence of an object is not a necessary condition for the emergence of a sensual image.

However, sensory knowledge is not enough to know the laws of the existence of the world. Rational knowledge, based on abstract thinking, allows a person to go beyond the limited scope of feelings.

The forms of rational knowledge include:

concept- a thought that reflects objects, phenomena and connections between them in a generalized form. For example, the concept of "man" is not identical to a simple sensual image of a particular person, but denotes in a generalized form the thought of any person - whoever he may be. Similarly, the concept of "table" includes images of all tables - of various shapes, sizes, colors, and not any specific image of the table. Thus, the concept captures not individual features of an object, but its essence, in particular, in the case of a table - its functions, use (an inverted box can also be included in the concept of "table" if it is used in this capacity);

Judgment - it is the negation or affirmation of something with the help of concepts. In a judgment, a connection is established between two concepts. For example, "Gold is metal";

inference- reasoning, in the course of which another is deduced from some judgments - premises, the final judgment - a conclusion.

AT theory of knowledge there is no consensus on what plays a decisive role in cognition - feelings or reason .

To summarize: cognition is the ability of a person to mentally perceive external information, process it and draw conclusions from it. The main goal of knowledge is both to master nature and to improve the person himself. Moreover, many authors see the purpose of knowledge is the pursuit of truth.

True
TRUE - correspondence of knowledge to reality. This is the correct reflection of reality in thought. Truth is always objective, which means that the content of knowledge is determined by objectively existing phenomena and does not depend on the will and desire of the subject. For example: knowledge about the law of universal gravitation is determined by the presence of forces of gravitational attraction, and not by the desire, the will of the subject.

Truth is always concrete; certain knowledge is true only under certain conditions and at certain times. For example: the proposition “the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180 degrees” is true for a specific case, namely for a triangle located in a plane, i.e. for Euclidean geometry. For other conditions, this judgment is not true. So in Riemannian geometry in a spherical surface, a triangle on this surface does not have such properties. In it, the sum of the angles is more than two straight lines, and in the geometry of Lobachevsky, a saddle-shaped surface, the sum of the angles of a triangle is less than 180 degrees.

Allocate absolute and relative truth. Such a selection is connected with the ratio of what is already known to what is not yet known.

Under absolute truth in the broad sense of the word is understood as complete and exhaustive knowledge of the world as a whole . Such knowledge is practically unattainable. Absolute knowledge about the world as a whole is possible only with an endless process of cognition.

In the narrow sense of the word, absolute truth means complete exhaustive knowledge of any particular side or a particular feature of the subject. For example: K. Marx was born on May 5, 1818. This absolute truth, the date of birth is given exhaustively.

Relative truth - it is non-exhaustive, incomplete, but reliable knowledge about subjects. For example: the proposition “You are students of DonNU” is true, but this is a relative truth, it is not exhaustive, because all possible cases are not taken into account: among you there may be such students who can also study at the correspondence department of another university.

In fact, all modern knowledge in all special sciences, including philosophy, are relative truths. This knowledge at the same time contains elements of absolute truth. Whether knowledge corresponds to reality or not, this is verified by practice. But practice is not an absolute criterion of truth; Not all knowledge can be tested in practice. Therefore, in the process of cognition, errors are possible.

Statements that are not true are either misleading or false. If a delusion- this is the content of knowledge that does not correspond to reality, but is mistaken for true , then False- this is a distortion of the actual state of affairs, with the aim of introducing someone into deception . From the point of view of morality, error is a conscientious lie, and deceit is dishonest.

"Knowledge Lesson" - The main links (stages) of the modern lesson. This includes the main types of all five types of lessons. Control lessons (accounting and evaluation of ZUN). Non-traditional forms of the lesson: It solves several didactic tasks. The structure of the knowledge test lesson: the organization of the beginning of the lesson. Types of lessons according to V.A. Onischuk: It is necessary to create a calm, businesslike atmosphere here.

"Fundamentals of Medical Knowledge" - The teaching materials and the program for the course "Fundamentals of Medical Knowledge and Protection of Children's Health" were developed. Expected results: Draft budget. Relevance and significance: List of intellectual property objects. The presence of a potential customer. Organization - the main contractor: The equipment necessary for the implementation of the project.

"Information and knowledge" - The sum of the squares of the legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse. Answer the questions: Determine the amount of information ("a lot" or "little") in the following messages? Information. Forms of presentation of information. Do you know how many clouds melt In the blue of the sky? Messages. Informative. Energy. Homework. Messages that do not supplement the knowledge of a person.

"Journey to the Land of Knowledge" - "Musical" station. Count station. Delicious words. Grammar station. How good it is to be able to read. Journey to the land of knowledge. Read the station. Rough b u i b lo z shi ki sli ar. Erudite station.

"Knowledge Economy" - The first is the discreteness of knowledge as a product. Knowledge management. So, we need to learn how to measure the demand for knowledge. We need to convince people that wealth is in the brain, not in the depths. The knowledge economy has three fundamental features. Another example is the famous firm "Microsoft". Along with legally regulated, there is also the so-called informal copyright.

"Knowledge test" - My light, mirror! "Work for the head - holiday for the soul." For each correct answer, the team will receive two points. Lesson goals. Captains competition. *Advertising fabric made from chemical fibers. *Crazy hands. Checking homework. Contests. The answering student puts 2 points in her card. Draw with closed eyes scissors and a nightgown.

Biology as a science that studies life in all its manifestations with the help of a variety of methods, consists of many scientific areas, or sections that act as independent sciences. Modern biology is a system of sciences about wildlife. Its composition includes botany, zoology, morphology, anatomy, taxonomy, cytology, physiology, embryology, the development of which began a long time ago, and relatively young modern ones - microbiology, virology, genetics, biochemistry, biophysics, radiobiology, space biology and many other biological sciences. The names of some biological sciences are associated with the names of the organisms they study, in particular, algology studies algae, zoology - animals, botany - plants, mycology - fungi, virology - viruses, bacteriology - bacteria. The names of other sciences are associated with the structural features and vital activity of organisms: morphology studies the external structure of organisms, anatomy - the internal structure, physiology - life processes, etc. You will study the basics of some of these sciences, get acquainted with others, and about some, perhaps only hear for a lifetime.

Biological science is the foundation, the basis for the development of many areas of knowledge. Biology plays a special role in the development of medicine, agriculture and forestry, etc. It is closely related to other sciences - geography, astronomy, physics, technology, mathematics, cybernetics, chemistry, geology, etc.

Knowledge of the general biological laws, features of the development and reproduction of living organisms makes it possible to develop effective methods and means in the field of medicine aimed at protecting human health. Agricultural science uses biological knowledge to meet human needs for food, etc. material from the site

The main tasks of modern biology are the study of the relationship between man and the environment, the diversity of living organisms and their interaction with each other, the study of the possibilities of extending human life and the cure of various serious diseases, the study of biological phenomena in order to solve technical problems, the study life in Co-smos, etc.

So, biology is extremely important for solving many problems of the present. It closely interacts with medicine, agriculture, industry, and therefore it is considered the science of the 21st century.

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