According to his views, the poet considered himself a democrat, but his contemporaries were ambivalent about his ideas and views. Despite this, the great poet and publicist left behind a poetic legacy that allows him to be put on a par with the greatest classical writers. Nekrasov's work is highly appreciated all over the world, and his works have been translated into many languages.
The origin of the poet
It is known that Nikolai Alekseevich came from a family of nobles who once lived in the Yaroslavl province, where the poet's grandfather Sergei Alekseevich Nekrasov lived for many years. But he had a slight weakness, which, unfortunately, later passed on to the poet's father - a love of gambling. So easily Sergei Alekseevich was able to lose most of the family's capital, and his children were left with a modest inheritance.
When in 1821 the regiment of lieutenant Alexei Nekrasov stood in the Podolsk province, in the city of Nemirov, a boy Nikolai was born in the family. This event took place on November 28th.
I must say that the marriage of the parents was unhappy, so the child also suffered. When the poet later recalls his childhood years, the image of his mother will always be sacrificial and suffering for him. Nicholas saw his mother as a victim of the rough and even depraved environment in which his father lived. Then he will dedicate many poems to his mother, because it was something bright and tender in his life. Nikolai's mother gave a lot to her children, of whom she had thirteen. She tried her best to surround them with warmth and love. All surviving children owe their education to her.
But there were other bright images in his childhood life. So, his sister was his reliable friend, with a fate similar to that of his mother. Nekrasov also dedicated his poems to her.
Childhood
All the childhood of little Nikolai Nekrasov was spent in the village of Greshnevo near Yaroslavl. The family settled in the grandfather's estate when the poet was barely three years old.
From an early age, the future poet saw how cruelly his father treated the peasants, how he was rude to his wife, and how often the father's mistresses, the serf girls, passed and changed before the boy's eyes.
But his father's hobbies for women and cards forced him to take the place of police officer. Traveling around the villages and villages in order to beat out arrears from the peasants, his father took Nikolai with him. Therefore, from early childhood, the poet saw injustice and what great grief the common people are experiencing. This later became the main theme for his poetic works. Nikolai never changed his principles, did not forget the environment in which he grew up.
As soon as Nikolai Nekrasov was eleven years old, he was sent to the gymnasium of the city of Yaroslavl, where he studied for five years. But, unfortunately, he did not study well, he did not have time in many subjects, and he did not differ in good behavior either. He had many conflicts with teachers, as he wrote his small satirical poems on them. At the age of sixteen, he decided to write down these samples of his poetry in a thin notebook at home.
Education
In 1838, Nikolai Nekrasov, who was barely seventeen years old, was sent by his father to St. Petersburg so that he could serve in a regiment for the nobility. But here the desires of the son and father diverged. The father dreamed of military service for his son, and the poet himself thought about literature, which captivated more and more every day.
Once Nikolai Nekrasov met his friend, Glushitsky, who at that time was a student. After talking with a friend who told Nikolai about student life and education, the young man finally decided not to connect his life with military affairs. Then Glushitsky introduced his friend to his other friends, the same students, and soon the poet had a great desire to study at the university. Although his father was categorically against studying at the university, Nikolai disobeyed.
But, unfortunately, he failed his exams. This could not stop him, and he decided to become a free student who simply came to lectures and listened. He chose the Faculty of Philology, and stubbornly attended it for three years. But every year it became more and more difficult for him, since his father nevertheless fulfilled the threats and deprived him of material support. Therefore, most of Nikolai Nekrasov's time was spent on finding at least some small job or even a side job. Soon the need turned out to be very strong, he could not even dine, and he could no longer pay for a rented small room. He fell ill, lived in the slums, ate at the cheapest canteens.
Writing activity
After hardships, the life of the young poet gradually began to improve. At first he began to give private lessons, and this brought him a small but stable income, and then he began to publish his articles in literary magazines. In addition, he was given the opportunity to write more and vaudeville for the theater. At this time, the young poet enthusiastically works on prose, sometimes writing poetry. Journalism becomes his favorite genre at this time. Then he says to himself:
"How much have I worked!"
Romanticism is noted in his early works, although later all Nekrasov's works were classified by critics and writers as realism. The young poet began to have his own savings, which helped him to publish his first book of poems. But only critics did not always accept his poetic works laudatory. Many ruthlessly scolded the young poet and shamed him. For example, the most respected critic Belinsky reacted very coldly and dismissively to the work of Nekrasov. But there were also those who praised the poet, considering his works a real literary art.
Soon the writer decides to turn to the humorous direction and writes several poems. And in his life there are new successful changes. Nikolai Nekrasov becomes an employee of one of the magazines. He becomes close to Belinsky's circle. It was the critic who exerted the strongest influence on the inexperienced publicist.
Publishing becomes his life and source of income. First, he publishes various almanacs, in which both young, aspiring poets and writers and real sharks of the pen were published. He began to succeed so much in a new business for him that, together with Panaev, he acquired the popular magazine Sovremennik and became its editors. At that time, writers who later became famous began to publish in it: Turgenev, Ogarev, Goncharova, Ostrovsky and others.
Because of the bold publications, the magazine received a warning. The authorities were afraid of the activities of writers. A real disgrace was organized against the most dangerous masters of the pen. Many have been exiled. The activities of Sovremennik were first suspended. Then, in 1866, the magazine was closed for good.
Nekrasov goes to work in the journal Domestic Notes. He begins to release a supplement to the magazine, which has satirical content.
The personal life of the poet
In his personal life, the poet had three women whom he loved and whom he mentioned in his will:
A. Panaeva.
S. Lefren
Z.N. Nekrasov
Avdotya Panaeva was married to a friend of Nikolai Nekrasov. Their meeting took place at literary evenings. Then the poet was 26 years old. Avdotya, although not immediately, noticed Nikolai Nekrasov and reciprocated. They began to live together, and even in the house where her legal husband lived. This union lasted as long as 16 years. In this strange union, a child is born, but he dies in his early years, and discord begins between the lovers, and soon Avdotya goes to another revolutionary poet.
Nikolai Nekrasov met Selina Lefren by chance, as his sister lived with her in an apartment. The poet also stayed in this apartment for the summer. There was a small romance between young people.
At the age of 48, he met Fekla Viktorova, who later became his wife. At the time of their acquaintance, Fekla was only twenty-three years old, and she was from a simple village family. Nekrasov was engaged in her education, and over time, the girl changed her name and began to call herself Zinaida Nikolaevna.
last years of life
In his last days and years, the publicist and poet worked a lot. In 1875, he fell ill and, during a medical examination, it turned out that he had cancer, which could not be cured.
After that, Nikolai Alekseevich was confined to bed rest for two years. When in the literary environment he learned about the serious illness of the writer, interest in him increased and his works began to enjoy success, fame and popularity. Many colleagues tried to support him with a kind word, he received letters and telegrams from all over Russia.
The poet died at the end of 1877 according to the old style. About eight o'clock, on the evening of December 27th. A large number of people came to his funeral. Everyone who could attend the funeral wished to pay tribute to the great writer and poet.
The work of the classic, appreciated even during his lifetime, remains an invaluable gift after almost 140 years, and some works amaze with their relevance, modernity and significance.
Role and place in literature
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a famous Russian poet, prose writer, critic, publisher of the 19th century. Nekrasov's literary activity contributed to the development of the Russian literary language. In his writings, he used both folklore traditions and new speech elements. The poet is considered an innovator in the field of literary genres. His folk, satirical poems have become an important contribution to the golden fund of Russian literature.
Origin and early years
Nekrasov was born on December 10, 1821 in the city of Nemirov. The future poet came from a noble family, formerly rich.
Father - Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov, an army officer, a wealthy landowner. He had a weakness for gambling and women. The father could not serve as a good moral example: he had a cruel, violent character, typical of feudal lords. He mistreated the serfs, made his wife and children suffer.
Mother - Elena Andreevna Nekrasova (nee Zakrevskaya), heiress of a wealthy possessor of the Kherson province. She was educated and pretty. She liked the young officer Alexei Sergeevich, but her parents were against marriage. Then the woman decided to marry without their consent. However, family life with a despotic husband has become a nightmare.
The childhood of Nikolai Alekseevich took place in the family estate in the village of Greshnevo. He grew up in a large family. In addition to him, the parents had 12 more children. However, the atmosphere was not favorable: the father constantly mocked the serfs, did not respect his family. The precarious financial situation forced Alexei Sergeevich to take the post of police officer. He traveled around the neighborhood and beat out arrears from the peasants. Father often took little Nikolai with him to work, perhaps to show what a landowner should be like. However, the future poet, on the contrary, was forever inflamed with hatred for the feudal lords and pity for the common people.
Education
When Nekrasov was 11 years old, he was sent to study at the Yaroslavl gymnasium. He stayed there until 5th grade. He did not study very well, did not get along with the school administration, which was unhappy with his satirical rhymes.
In 1838, his father sent his 17-year-old son to St. Petersburg to enter the noble regiment. However, Nikolai did not share his father's dream of a military career. Having met a friend from the gymnasium, who became a student, he also wanted to study. Therefore, Nekrasov violates his father's order and tries to enter St. Petersburg University, but to no avail. He becomes a volunteer lecturer. A strict father does not forgive his son and stops providing him with money. Young Nekrasov is now forced to fight for survival. He spent most of his time looking for a job. By chance, he found a way to make money - he wrote petitions for pennies.
Creation
Having lived independently for several years in need, Nekrasov gradually began to get out of it with the help of literary talent. He gave private lessons, published small articles in periodicals. The first successes inspired the young man - and he seriously thinks about literary activity: he tries himself in poetry and prose. At first, Nikolai wrote in a romantic direction, imitating the best representatives, which later became the basis for developing his own realistic method.
In 1840, with the support of his comrades, Nekrasov published his first book entitled Dreams and Sounds. The poems were a clear imitation of the romantic works of famous poets. The critic Belinsky gave a negative assessment of the book, although he noted that the poems of the young poet "came out of the soul." Not only critics, but also readers did not take Nekrasov's poetic debut seriously. This upset Nikolai so much that he himself bought up his books in order to destroy them, as the famous Gogol once did.
After a poetic failure, Nekrasov tries his hand at prose. In the works, he displayed personal life experience, so the images turned out to be truthful and therefore close to the people.
Nekrasov tries himself in different genres, including humorous: he writes joke poems and vaudeville.
Publishing activities also attracted a multifaceted writer.
Major works
The poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia" is a very important work in the creative heritage of Nikolai Nekrasov. It was written between 1866 and 1876. The main idea of the poem is the search for a happy person in Russia. The work reflected the true situation of the people in the post-reform period.
Of the many poems by Nekrasov, schoolchildren can be offered the work "On the Road" for study. This is an early work by Nekrasov, but the author's style is already visible in it.
Last years
In 1875, Nekrasov was diagnosed with a terrible disease - intestinal cancer. His last works are a cycle of poems "Last Songs" dedicated to his wife. The poet died on December 27, 1877.
Chronological table (by dates)
|
Year(s) |
Event |
| Year of birth of Nikolai Nekrasov | |
| Years of childhood in the village of Greshnevo | |
| Rejection of a military career, an unsuccessful attempt to enter St. Petersburg University. | |
| The first collection of poetry "Dreams and Sounds" | |
| Poem "On the Road" | |
| Publishing | |
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Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov (1821 - 1877 (78)) - a classic of Russian poetry, a writer and publicist. He was a revolutionary democrat, editor and publisher of the journal Sovremennik (1847-1866) and editor of the journal Domestic Notes (1868). One of the most important and famous works of the writer is the poem "To whom in Russia to live well."
early years
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born on November 28 (December 10), 1821 in the city of Nemirov, Podolsk province, into a wealthy family of a landowner. The writer spent his childhood years in the Yaroslavl province, the village of Greshnevo, in the family estate. The family was large - the future poet had 13 sisters and brothers.
At the age of 11, he entered the gymnasium, where he studied until the 5th grade. With the study of the young Nekrasov did not work out. It was during this period that Nekrasov began to write his first poems of satirical content and write them down in a notebook.
Education and the beginning of a creative path
The poet's father was cruel and despotic. He deprived Nekrasov of material assistance when he did not want to enter the military service. In 1838, in the biography of Nekrasov, he moved to St. Petersburg, where he entered the university as a volunteer at the Faculty of Philology. In order not to die of hunger, experiencing a great need for money, he finds part-time jobs, gives lessons and writes poems to order.
During this period, he met the critic Belinsky, who would later have a strong ideological influence on the writer. At the age of 26, Nekrasov, together with the writer Panaev, bought the Sovremennik magazine. The magazine quickly became popular and had a significant impact in society. In 1862, the government issued a ban on its publication.
Literary activity
Having accumulated enough funds, Nekrasov published the debut collection of his poems Dreams and Sounds (1840), which failed. Vasily Zhukovsky advised most of the poems in this collection to be printed without the author's name. After that, Nikolai Nekrasov decides to move away from poetry and take up prose, writes novels and short stories. The writer is also engaged in the publication of some almanacs, in one of which Fyodor Dostoevsky made his debut. The most successful almanac was Petersburg Collection (1846).
In 1847 - 1866 he was the publisher and editor of the Sovremennik magazine, in which the best writers of that time worked. The journal was a hotbed of revolutionary democracy. Working at Sovremennik, Nekrasov publishes several collections of his poems. The works "Peasant Children", "Pedlars" bring him wide popularity.
Such talents as Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Goncharov, Alexander Herzen, Dmitry Grigorovich and others were discovered on the pages of the Sovremennik magazine. It published the already famous Alexander Ostrovsky, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, Gleb Uspensky. Thanks to Nikolai Nekrasov and his journal, Russian literature learned the names of Fyodor Dostoevsky and Leo Tolstoy.
In the 1840s, Nekrasov collaborated with the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine, and in 1868, after the closure of the Sovremennik magazine, he rented it from the publisher Kraevsky. The last ten years of the writer's life were associated with this magazine. At this time, Nekrasov wrote the epic poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" (1866-1876), as well as "Russian Women" (1871-1872), "Grandfather" (1870) - poems about the Decembrists and their wives, some more satirical works, the peak of which was the poem "Contemporaries" (1875).
Nekrasov wrote about the suffering and grief of the Russian people, about the difficult life of the peasantry. He also introduced a lot of new things into Russian literature, in particular, he used simple Russian colloquial speech in his works. This undoubtedly showed the richness of the Russian language, which came from the people. In poetry, he first began to combine satire, lyrics and elegiac motifs. In short, the poet's work has made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian classical poetry and literature in general.
Personal life
In the life of the poet there were several love affairs: with the owner of the literary salon Avdotya Panaeva, the Frenchwoman Selina Lefren, the village girl Fyokla Viktorova.
One of the most beautiful women in St. Petersburg and the wife of the writer Ivan Panaev, Avdotya Panaeva, was liked by many men, and the young Nekrasov had to make a lot of efforts to win her attention. Finally, they confess their love to each other and begin to live together. After the early death of their common son, Avdotya leaves Nekrasov. And he leaves for Paris with the French theater actress Selina Lefren, whom he had known since 1863. She remains in Paris, while Nekrasov returns to Russia. However, their romance continues at a distance. Later, he meets a simple and uneducated girl from the village - Fyokla (Nekrasov gives her the name Zina), with whom they later got married. biography writer Russian poetry
Nekrasov had many novels, but the main woman in the biography of Nikolai Nekrasov was not his legal wife, but Avdotya Yakovlevna Panaeva, whom he loved all his life.
last years of life
In 1875, the poet was diagnosed with intestinal cancer. In the painful years before his death, he writes "Last Songs" - a cycle of poems that the poet dedicated to his wife and last love, Zinaida Nikolaevna Nekrasova. The writer died on December 27, 1877 (January 8, 1878) and was buried in St. Petersburg at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
Interesting Facts
· The writer did not like some of his own works, and he asked not to include them in the collections. But friends and publishers urged Nekrasov not to exclude any of them. Perhaps that is why the attitude towards his work among critics is very contradictory - not everyone considered his works to be brilliant.
Nekrasov was fond of playing cards, and quite often he was lucky in this matter. Once, playing for money with A. Chuzhbinsky, Nikolai Alekseevich lost a large sum of money to him. As it turned out later, the cards were marked with the enemy's long fingernail. After this incident, Nekrasov decided not to play with people who have long nails anymore.
· Another passion of the writer was hunting. Nekrasov liked to go on a bear, to hunt game. This hobby resonated in some of his works (“Peddlers”, “Hound Hunting”, etc.) Once Nekrasov’s wife, Zina, accidentally shot his beloved dog while hunting. At the same time, Nikolai Alekseevich's passion for hunting came to an end.
· A huge number of people gathered at the funeral of Nekrasov. In his speech, Dostoevsky awarded Nekrasov the third place in Russian poetry after Pushkin and Lermontov. The crowd interrupted him with shouts of "Yes, higher, higher than Pushkin!"
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Born November 28 (December 10) 1821. in Ukraine in the town of Nemirov, Podolsk province in a noble family of retired lieutenant Alexei Sergeevich and Elena Andreevna Nekrasov.
1824–1832- life in the village of Greshnevo, Yaroslavl province
1838- leaves the estate of his father Greshnevo in order to enter the St. Petersburg noble regiment at his will, but, contrary to his wishes, decides to enter St. Petersburg University. The father deprives him of his livelihood.
1840- the first imitative collection of poems "Dreams and Sounds".
1843- acquaintance with V. G. Belinsky.
1868- the release of the first issue of the new magazine N.A. Nekrasov "Notes of the Fatherland" with the poem "Who should live well in Russia."
1868 –1877- Together with M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, he edits the journal "Domestic Notes".
1869
- the appearance in No. 1 and No. 2 of "Notes of the Fatherland" "Prologue" and the first three chapters "To whom it is good to live in Russia."
Second overseas trip. Engaging V. A. Zaitsev to cooperate in the "Notes of the Fatherland".
1870
- rapprochement with Fekla Anisimovna Viktorova - the future wife of the poet (Zina).
In No. 2 of Otechestvennye Zapiski, chapters IV and V of the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia" are printed, and in No. 9 - the poem "Grandfather" with a dedication to Zinaida Nikolaevna.
1875 - Election of Nekrasov as a deputy chairman of the Literary Fund. Work on the poem "Contemporaries", the appearance of the first part ("Anniversaries and triumphs") in No. 8 of "Notes of the Fatherland". The beginning of the last illness.
1876
- work on the fourth part of the poem "To whom in Russia it is good to live."
Poems "To the Sowers", "Prayer", "Soon I will become the prey of decay", "Zina".
1877
- in early April - the release of the book "Last Songs".
April 4 - wedding at home with Zinaida Nikolaevna.
April 12 - operation.
Early June - a date with Turgenev.
In August - a farewell letter from Chernyshevsky.
December - the last poems ("Oh, Muse! I am at the door of the coffin").
Died December 27, 1877 (January 8 1878- according to the new style) in St. Petersburg. He was buried in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent.
Biography and work of N.A. Nekrasov.
Childhood.
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born on October 10 (November 28), 1821 in Nemirov, Vinnitsa district, Podolsk province.
Nekrasov's father, Alexei Sergeevich, was a small estate nobleman, an officer. After retiring, he settled in his family estate, in the village of Greshnev, Yaroslavl province (now the village of Nekrasovo). He had several souls of serfs, whom he treated quite harshly. His son watched this from an early age, and it is believed that this circumstance determined the formation of Nekrasov as a revolutionary poet.
Nekrasov's mother, Alexandra Andreevna Zakrevskaya, became his first teacher. She was educated, and she also tried to instill in all her children (who were 14) a love for the Russian language and literature.
The childhood years of Nikolai Nekrasov passed in Greshnev. At the age of 7, the future poet had already begun to compose poetry, and a few years later - satires.
1832 - 1837 - studying at the Yaroslavl gymnasium. Nekrasov studies averagely, periodically conflicting with his superiors because of his satirical poems.
Petersburg.
1838 - Nekrasov, having not completed the training course at the gymnasium (he only reached the 5th grade), leaves for St. Petersburg to enter the noble regiment. My father dreamed that Nikolai Alekseevich became a military man. But in St. Petersburg, Nekrasov, against the will of his father, is trying to enter the university. The poet does not pass the entrance exams, and he has to decide on a volunteer at the Faculty of Philology.
1838 - 1840 - Nikolai Nekrasov volunteer student of the philological faculty of St. Petersburg University. Upon learning of this, the father deprives him of material support. According to Nekrasov's own recollections, he lived in poverty for about three years, surviving on small odd jobs. At the same time, the poet enters the literary and journalistic circles of St. Petersburg.
In the same year (1838) the first publication of Nekrasov took place. The poem "Thought" is published in the magazine "Son of the Fatherland". Later, several poems appear in the Library for Reading, then in the Literary Supplements to the Russian Invalid.
All the difficulties of the first years of life in St. Petersburg, Nikolai Alekseevich will describe later in the novel "The Life and Adventures of Tikhon Trostnikov." 1840 - with the first savings, Nekrasov decides to publish his first collection, which he does under the signature "N.N.", despite the fact that V.A. Zhukovsky dissuades him. The collection "Dreams and Sounds" is not successful. Upset Nekrasov destroys part of the circulation.
1841 - Nekrasov begins to collaborate in the Notes of the Fatherland.
The same period - Nikolai Alekseevich earns a living by doing journalism. He edits the Russkaya Gazeta and maintains the headings “Chronicle of Petersburg Life”, “Petersburg Dachas and Surroundings” in it. Collaborates in "Notes of the Fatherland", "Russian invalid", theatrical "Pantheon". At the same time, under the pseudonym N.A. Perepelsky writes fairy tales, alphabets, vaudevilles, melodramatic plays. The latter are successfully staged on the stage of the Alexandria Theater in St. Petersburg.
Collaboration with Belinsky.
1842-1843 Nekrasov became close to the circle of V. G. Belinsky. In 1845 and 1846, Nekrasov published several almanacs that were supposed to create an image of the "grassroots" Petersburg: "Physiology of Petersburg" (1845), "Petersburg Collection" (1846), "First of April" (1846). The works of V. G. Belinsky, Herzen, Dahl, F. M. Dostoevsky, I. S. Turgenev, D. V. Grigorovich were published in the almanacs. In 1845-1846 Nekrasov lived in Povarsky Lane 13 and 19 on the embankment of the Fontanka River. At the end of 1846, Nekrasov, together with Panaev, purchased the Sovremennik magazine from Pletnev, to which many employees of Otechestvennye Zapiski moved, including
including Belinsky.
Creation.
In 1847-1866, Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was the publisher and actual editor of Sovremennik, on the pages of which the works of the best and most progressive writers of that time were printed. In the mid-1950s, Nekrasov had serious problems with his throat, but treatment in Italy was beneficial. In 1857, N.A. Nekrasov, together with Panaev and A.Ya. Panaeva, moved to an apartment at 36/2 on Liteiny Prospekt, where he lived until the last days of his life. In 1847-1864 Nekrasov was in a civil marriage with A.Ya. Panaeva. In 1862, N.A. Nekrasov acquired the Karabikha estate, not far from Yaroslavl, where he visited every summer. In 1866, the Sovremennik magazine was closed and in 1868 Nekrasov acquired the right to publish Domestic Notes (together with M.E. Saltykov; supervised in 1868-1877)
Last years of life.
1875 - the poem "Contemporaries" was written. At the beginning of the same year, the poet fell seriously ill. The then-famous surgeon Billroth came from Vienna to operate Nekrasov, but the operation did not produce results.
1877 - Nekrasov publishes a cycle of poems "Last Songs". December 27, 1877 (January 8, 1878) - Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov dies in St. Petersburg from cancer. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Nekrasov was buried in St. Petersburg.
