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| Materials for life safety lessons for grade 7 | Schedule for the academic year | Natural emergencies

Fundamentals of life safety
7th grade

Lesson 1
Natural emergencies

Distinguish concepts "dangerous natural phenomenon" and "disaster".

Dangerous natural phenomenon - this is an event of natural origin or the result of the activity of natural processes, which, by their intensity, scale of distribution and duration, can have a damaging effect on people, economic facilities and the natural environment.

To natural hazards include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, storms, tornadoes, landslides, mudflows, forest fires, sharp thaws, sharp cold snaps, warm winters, severe thunderstorms, droughts, etc. But not all, but only those that adversely affect people's livelihoods, the economy and the environment.

Such phenomena cannot include, for example, an earthquake in a desert area where no one lives, or a powerful landslide in an uninhabited mountainous area. They also do not include phenomena that occur in places where people live, but do not cause a sharp change in their living conditions, do not lead to the death or injury of people, the destruction of buildings, communications, etc.

Disaster - this is a destructive natural and (or) natural-anthropogenic phenomenon or process of a significant scale, as a result of which a threat to life and health of people may arise or arise, destruction or destruction of material assets and components of the natural environment may occur.

They arise under the influence of atmospheric phenomena (hurricanes, heavy snowfalls, heavy rains), fire (forest and peat fires), changes in water levels in reservoirs (floods, floods), processes occurring in the soil and the earth's crust (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides , mudflows, landslides, tsunamis).

An approximate ratio of the frequency of occurrence of natural hazards by their types.

Natural disasters are usually natural emergencies. They can occur independently of each other, and sometimes one natural disaster leads to another. As a result of earthquakes, for example, avalanches or landslides can occur. And some natural disasters happen due to human activity, sometimes unreasonable (a cigarette butt left unextinguished or an unextinguished fire, for example, often leads to a forest fire, explosions in mountainous areas when laying roads - to landslides, landslides, snow avalanches).

So, the occurrence of a natural emergency is a consequence of a natural phenomenon, in which there is a direct threat to the life and health of people, material values ​​​​and the natural environment are destroyed and destroyed.

Typification of natural phenomena according to the degree of danger

Such phenomena can have a different origin, which became the basis for the classification of natural emergencies shown in Scheme 1.

Each natural disaster affects a person and his health in its own way. People suffer the most from floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and droughts. And only about 10% of the damage caused by them falls on other natural disasters.

The territory of Russia is exposed to various types of natural hazards. At the same time, there are significant differences in their manifestation in comparison with other countries. Thus, the historically established zone of the main settlement of the population of Russia (from the European part along the south of Siberia to the Far East) approximately coincides with the zone of the least manifestation of such natural hazards as earthquakes, hurricanes and tsunamis (except for the Far East). At the same time, the high prevalence of unfavorable and dangerous natural processes and phenomena is associated with cold, snowy winters. In general, the damage caused by natural emergencies in Russia is below the world average due to a significantly lower population density and the location of hazardous industries, as well as as a result of the adoption of preventive measures.

Tatar - American Regional Institute

Department of FPS

course abstract

BJD on the topic:

"Dangerous natural phenomena: earthquakes, landslides, floods, etc."

Completed:

Student gr.122

Balyasnikova K.A.

Checked:

Mukhametzyanova L.K.

Kazan - 2005

Introduction……………………………………………..………....………………....3

1. Characteristics of natural disasters…………………………………...…....4

2. Analysis of natural disasters on Earth in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century…….…………………………………………………………………………………………13

3. Use of personal and collective protective equipment in emergency situations..…………………………………………….………...20

4. Notification of people about the disaster ……………………………….……...…..22

5.People's actions:

a) at a warning signal: "Attention everyone!"

(sirens, intermittent beeps)…..………………………………………………23

b) under the threat of an earthquake ..………………………………….………...……..23

c) during a sudden earthquake….…………………..….………………........24

6.Rescue and emergency rescue

work in the aftermath of earthquakes………….……………..26

7.Conclusion…………………………………………..…………………...…....27

List of used literature………………….……………..…….…..…28

Introduction

The spontaneous actions of the forces of nature, which are not yet fully subject to man, cause enormous damage to the economy of the state and the population.

Natural disasters are such natural phenomena that cause extreme situations, disrupt the normal life of people and the operation of objects.

Natural disasters usually include earthquakes, floods, mudflows, landslides, snow drifts, volcanic eruptions, landslides, droughts, hurricanes, storms. In some cases, fires, especially massive forest and peat ones, can also be attributed to such disasters.

Dangerous disasters are, in addition, industrial accidents. Of particular danger are accidents at the enterprises of the oil, gas and chemical industries.

Natural disasters, fires, accidents... You can meet them in different ways. Bewildered, even doomed, as people have met various disasters for centuries, or calmly, with unbending faith in their own strength, with the hope of taming them. But only those who, knowing how to act in a given situation, can confidently accept the challenge of disasters, will make the only right decision: save themselves, help others, prevent, as far as possible, the destructive action of elemental forces.

The problem of natural and man-made disasters has recently been the subject of discussion by the Russian Security Council. In November 2003, a joint meeting of the Security Council and the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation was held, initiated by the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yu.S. Osipov and Minister of Emergency S.K. Shoigu. It is important to note that the Security Council has classified natural phenomena, along with other threats, among the most important strategic risks for the country.

Characteristics of natural disasters

Natural disasters are understood as natural phenomena (earthquakes, floods, landslides, snow avalanches, mudflows, hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons, fires, volcanic eruptions, etc.) material values.

Natural disasters can occur both independently of each other and in interconnection: one of them can lead to another. Some of them often arise as a result of not always reasonable human activity (for example, forest and peat fires, industrial explosions in mountainous areas, during the construction of dams, laying (development) of quarries, which often leads to landslides, snow avalanches, glacial collapses, etc.). P.).

Regardless of the source of occurrence, natural disasters are characterized by significant scale and varying duration - from a few seconds and minutes (earthquakes, avalanches) to several hours (mudflows), days (landslides) and months (floods).

earthquakes- these are strong fluctuations of the earth's crust caused by tectonic or volcanic causes and leading to the destruction of buildings, structures, fires and human casualties.

The main characteristics of earthquakes are: the depth of the focus, magnitude and intensity of energy on the earth's surface.

The depth of the earthquake source is usually in the range from 10 to 30 km, in some cases it can be much greater.

The magnitude characterizes the total energy of an earthquake and is the logarithm of the maximum amplitude of soil displacement in microns, measured from a seismogram at a distance of 100 km from the epicenter. Magnitude (M) according to Richter varies from 0 to 9 (the strongest earthquake). Increasing it by one means a tenfold increase in the amplitude of vibrations in the soil (or displacement of the soil) and an increase in the earthquake energy by a factor of 30. Thus, the amplitude of the displacement of the soil of an earthquake with M=7 is 100 times greater than with M=5, while the total energy of the earthquake increases by 900 times.

The intensity of energy on the surface of the earth is measured in points. It depends on the depth of the source, magnitude, distance from the epicenter, the geological structure of soils, and other factors. To measure the intensity of earthquake energy in our country, a 12-point Richter scale has been adopted.

Some data on earthquakes are given in Table 1.

Table 1

Earthquakes cause great material damage and claim thousands of human lives. For example, as a result of a catastrophic earthquake with an intensity of 8 on the Richter scale on June 21, 1990, in the north of Iran in the province of Gilan, more than 50 thousand people died and about 1 million people were injured and homeless. (The scale of the earthquake in Armenia is shown on the flyleaf.)

Fifteen hundred villages were destroyed. 12 cities were significantly affected, 3 of which were completely destroyed.

Earthquakes also cause other natural disasters, such as landslides, avalanches, mudflows, tsunamis, floods (due to dam failure), fires (when oil storage facilities are damaged and gas pipelines break), damage to communications, power lines, water supply and sewerage, accidents at chemical enterprises with the expiration (spill) of SDYAV, as well as at nuclear power plants with a leak (emission) of radioactive substances into the atmosphere, etc.

Currently, there are no sufficiently reliable methods for predicting earthquakes and their consequences. However, according to the change in the characteristic properties of the earth, as well as the unusual behavior of living organisms before an earthquake (they are called precursors), scientists often manage to make predictions. Earthquake harbingers are: a rapid increase in the frequency of weak shocks (foreshocks); deformation of the earth's crust, determined by observation from satellites from space or shooting on the earth's surface using laser light sources; change in the ratio of the propagation velocities of longitudinal and transverse waves on the eve of the earthquake; change in the electrical resistance of rocks, the level of groundwater in wells; radon content in water, etc.

The unusual behavior of animals on the eve of an earthquake is expressed in the fact that, for example, cats leave villages and carry kittens to meadows, and birds in cages begin to fly 10-15 minutes before the earthquake; before the shock, unusual cries of birds are heard; pets in barns panic, etc. The most likely reason for this behavior of animals is anomalies in the electromagnetic field before the earthquake.

To protect against earthquakes, seismically dangerous zones are identified in advance in various regions of the country, that is, the so-called seismic zoning is carried out. Seismic zoning maps usually highlight areas that are threatened by earthquakes with an intensity higher than VII-VIII on the Richter scale. In seismically hazardous areas, various protection measures are provided, starting with strict compliance with the requirements of norms and rules during the construction and reconstruction of buildings, structures and other objects to the suspension of hazardous industries (chemical plants, nuclear power plants, etc.).

floods- these are significant flooding of the area as a result of a rise in the water level in a river, lake, reservoir, caused by various reasons (spring snowmelt, heavy rainfall and rainfall, ice jams on rivers, breakthrough of dams, dammed lakes and enclosing dams, wind surge of water, etc. . P.). Floods are not, are huge and material damage and lead to human casualties.

Direct material damage from floods consists in damage and destruction of residential and industrial buildings, roads and railways, power lines and communications, reclamation systems, death of livestock and crops, damage and destruction of raw materials, fuel, food, feed, fertilizers, etc. . P.

As a result of heavy rains that took place in Transbaikalia in early July 1990, floods unprecedented in these places arose. More than 400 bridges have been demolished. According to the data of the Regional Emergency Flood Commission, the national economy of the Chita Region has been damaged in the amount of 400 million rubles. Thousands of people were left homeless. There were no human casualties either.

Floods can be accompanied by fires due to breaks and short circuits of electrical cables and wires, as well as ruptures of water and sewer pipes, electrical, television and telegraph cables located in the ground, due to the subsequent uneven settlement of the soil.

The main direction of flood control is to reduce the maximum flow of water in the river by redistributing the runoff over time (planting forest protection belts, plowing the land across slopes, preserving coastal water-protective vegetation belts, terracing slopes, etc.).

A certain effect is also given by the arrangement of ponds, sumps and other containers in logs, gullies and ravines to intercept melt and rainwater. For medium and large rivers, the only radical remedy is the regulation of flood flow with the help of reservoirs.

In addition, the well-known method of building dams is widely used for flood protection. To eliminate the risk of blockage formation, certain sections of the riverbed are straightened, cleared and deepened, as well as the destruction of ice by explosions 10-15 days before its opening. The greatest effect is achieved when charges are placed under the ice to a depth 2.5 times its thickness. The same result is obtained by sprinkling the ice cover with ground slag with the addition of salt (usually 15-25 days before the opening of the river).

Ice jams with a thickness of ice accumulations of no more than 3-4 m are also eliminated with the help of river icebreakers.

Landslides- these are sliding displacements of rock masses down the slope, arising from an imbalance caused by various reasons (washing out rocks with water, weakening their strength due to weathering or waterlogging by precipitation and groundwater, systematic shocks, unreasonable human economic activity, etc.).

Landslides can occur on all slopes with a steepness of 20° or more and at any time of the year. They differ not only in the rate of displacement of rocks (slow, medium and fast), but also in their scale. The speed of slow displacements of rocks is several tens of centimeters per year, medium - several meters per hour or per day, and fast - tens of kilometers per hour or more.

Rapid displacements include landslides-flows, when solid material mixes with water, as well as snow and snow-rock avalanches. It should be emphasized that only rapid landslides can cause catastrophes with human casualties.

The volume of rocks displaced during landslides ranges from several hundred to many millions and even billions of cubic meters.

Landslides can destroy settlements, destroy agricultural land, create a danger in the operation of quarries and mining, damage communications, tunnels, pipelines, telephone and electrical networks, water facilities, mainly dams. In addition, they can block the valley, form a dammed lake and contribute to floods. Thus, the economic damage they cause can be significant.

For example, in 1911, in the Pamirs on the territory of our country, a strong earthquake (M==7.4) caused a giant landslide. About 2.5 billion m 3 of loose material slid down. The village of Usoy with its 54 inhabitants was littered. The landslide blocked the river valley. Murgab and formed a dammed lake, which flooded the village of Saraz. The height of this natural dam reached 300 m, the maximum depth of the lake was 284 m, and the length was 53 km.

The most effective protection against landslides is their prevention. Of the complex of preventive measures, it should be noted the collection and diversion of surface water, artificial transformation of the relief (in the zone of possible land separation, the load on the slopes is reduced), fixing the slope with the help of piles and the construction of retaining walls.

snow avalanches also refer to landslides and occur in the same way as other landslide displacements. The adhesion forces of snow cross a certain limit, and gravity causes the snow masses to move along the slope. An avalanche is a mixture of snow and air crystals. Large avalanches occur on slopes of 25-60°. Smooth grassy slopes are the most prone to avalanches. Bushes, large rocks and other obstacles keep avalanches at bay. Avalanches are very rare in the forest.

Snow avalanches cause huge material damage and are accompanied by death of people. So, on July 13, 1990, on Lenin Peak, in the Pamirs, as a result of an earthquake and a large snow avalanche, the climbers' camp, located at an altitude of 5300 m, was demolished. 40 people died. There has never been such a tragedy in the history of Russian mountaineering.

Avalanche protection can be passive or active. With passive protection, the use of avalanche-prone slopes is avoided or barrage shields are placed on them. With active protection, avalanche-prone slopes are shelled, causing small non-hazardous avalanches to descend and thus preventing the accumulation of critical masses of snow.

sat down - these are floods with a very high concentration of mineral particles, stones and rock fragments (from 10-15 to 75% of the volume of the flow), arising in the basins of small mountain rivers and dry ravines and are usually caused by heavy rainfall, less often by intense snowmelt, and also a breakthrough of moraine and dammed lakes, a collapse, a landslide, an earthquake.

The danger of mudflows is not only in their destructive power, but also in the suddenness of their appearance.

According to the composition of the transported solid material, mudflows can be mudflows (a mixture of water with fine earth at a low concentration of stones, bulk density y \u003d 1.5-2 t / m 3), mud and stone (a mixture of water, pebbles, gravel, small stones, y \u003d\u003d 2.1-2.5 t / m 3) and water stone (a mixture of water with predominantly large stones, y \u003d 1.1-1.5 t / m 3).

Many mountainous regions are characterized by the predominance of one or another type of mudflow in terms of the composition of the solid mass carried by it. So, in the Carpathians, water-stone mudflows of relatively small thickness are most often found, in the North Caucasus - mainly mud-stones, in Central Asia - mud flows.

The mudflow flow velocity is usually 2.5-4.0 m/s, but when the blockage breaks, it can reach 8-10 m/s or more.

The consequences of mudflows are catastrophic. So, on July 8, 1921, at 21:00, a mass of earth, silt, stones, snow, sand, driven by a mighty stream of water, fell on the city of Alma-Ata from the side of the mountains. This flow was demolished at the foot of the city buildings along with people, animals and orchards. A terrible stream broke into the city, turned its streets into raging rivers with steep banks of destroyed houses.

The horror of the catastrophe was aggravated by the darkness of the night. There were cries for help that were almost impossible to say. Houses were torn off their foundations and carried along with the people by a stormy stream.

By the morning of the next day, the elements had calmed down. The material damage and loss of life were significant.

Mudflow was caused by heavy rains in the upper part of the river basin. Small Almaty. The total volume of the mud stone mass was about 2 million m 3 . The stream cut the city with a 200-meter ditch, oh strip.

Ways to deal with mudflows are very diverse. This is the construction of various dams to delay solid runoff and pass a mixture of water and fine fractions of rocks, a cascade of dams to destroy the mudflow and release it from solid material, retaining walls to strengthen slopes, upland runoff intercepting and catchment ditches to divert runoff to the nearest watercourses, etc.

Mudflow forecasting methods do not currently exist. At the same time, for some rural areas, certain criteria have been established to assess the likelihood of mudflows. So, for areas with a high probability of mudflows of storm origin, the critical amount of precipitation for 1-3 days is determined, mudflows of glacial origin (i.e., formed during outbursts of glacial lakes and intraglacial reservoirs) - the critical average air temperature for 10-15 days or a combination of these two criteria.

Hurricanes - these are winds of force 12 on the Beaufort scale, i.e. winds that exceed 32.6 m/s (117.3 km/h).

Tropical cyclones that occur in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Central America are also called hurricanes; in the Far East and in the regions of the Indian Ocean, hurricanes (cyclones) are called typhoons. During tropical cyclones, wind speeds often exceed 50 m/s. Cyclones and typhoons are usually accompanied by heavy rain showers.

A hurricane on land destroys buildings, communication and power lines, damages transport communications and bridges, breaks and uproots trees; when propagating over the sea, it causes huge waves with a height of 10-12 m or more, damages or even leads to the death of the ship.

So, for example, in December 1944, 300 miles east of about. Luzon (Philippines) ships of the US 3rd Fleet were in the area near the center of the typhoon. As a result, 3 destroyers sank, 28 other ships were damaged, 146 aircraft carriers and 19 seaplanes on battleships and cruisers were wrecked, damaged and washed overboard, over 800 people died.

Hurricanes and storm winds (their speed on the Beaufort scale is from 20.8 to 32.6 m/s) in winter can lift huge masses of snow into the air and cause snowstorms, which leads to drifts, stoppage of road and rail transport, disruption of water systems. -, gas, electricity and communications.

Thus, from the hurricane winds of unprecedented strength and gigantic waves that hit the coastal regions of East Pakistan on November 13, 1970, a total of about 10 million people suffered, including about 0.5 million people who died and went missing.

Modern methods of weather forecasting allow several hours or even days to warn the population of a city or an entire coastal region about an impending hurricane (storm), and the civil defense service can provide the necessary information about the possible situation and the required actions in the current conditions.

The most reliable protection of the population from hurricanes is the use of protective structures (metro, shelters, underpasses, building basements, etc.). At the same time, in coastal areas, it is necessary to take into account the possible flooding of low-lying areas and choose protective shelters in elevated areas.

fires - it is an uncontrolled combustion process that entails the death of people and the destruction of material values.

The causes of fires are careless handling of fire, violation of fire safety rules, such a natural phenomenon as lightning, spontaneous combustion of dry vegetation and peat. It is known that 90% of fires are caused by humans and only 7-8% by lightning.

The main types of fires as natural disasters, covering, as a rule, vast territories of several hundred, thousands, and even millions of hectares, are landscape fires - forest (grassroots, riding, underground) and steppe (field).

For example, forest fires in Western Siberia in 1913 destroyed about 15 million hectares over the summer. In the summer of 1921, during a long drought and hurricane winds, more than 200 thousand hectares of the most valuable Mari pine were destroyed by fires. In the summer of 1972, peat and forest fires that developed during a long drought in the Moscow region engulfed large areas of forests, destroying some peat deposits.

According to the intensity of burning, forest fires are divided into weak, medium and strong, and according to the nature of burning, ground and crown fires are divided into fugitive and stable.

Forest ground fires are characterized by burning of forest litter, ground cover and undergrowth without capturing tree crowns. The speed of the ground fire front is from 0.3-1 m/min (with a weak fire) to 16 m/min (1 km/h) (with a strong fire), the flame height is 1-2 m, the maximum temperature at the edge of the fire reaches 900 ° C.

Forest crown fires develop, as a rule, from ground fires and are characterized by the burning of tree crowns. During a quick crown fire, the flame spreads mainly from crown to crown at a high speed, reaching 8-25 km / h, sometimes leaving entire sections of the forest untouched by fire. With a stable crown fire, not only crowns, but also tree trunks are engulfed in fire. The flame spreads at a speed of 5-8 km / h, covering the entire forest from the soil cover to the tops of the trees.

Underground fires arise as a continuation of ground or top forest fires and spread through the peat layer located in the ground to a depth of 50 cm or more. Combustion is slow, almost without air access, at a speed of 0.1-0.5 m / min with the release of a large amount of smoke and the formation of burnt voids (burnouts). Therefore, it is necessary to approach the source of an underground fire with great care, constantly probing the ground with a pole or probe. Burning can continue for a long time even in winter under a layer of snow.

Steppe (field) fires occur in open areas in the presence of dry grass or ripened bread. They are seasonal in nature and occur more often in summer as the herbs (bread) ripen, less often in spring and are practically absent in winter. Their propagation speed can reach 20-30 km/h.

The main ways to fight forest ground fires are: flooding the edge of the fire, filling it with earth, filling it with water (chemicals), creating barrage and mineralized strips, starting oncoming fire (annealing).

Annealing is more often used in case of large fires and a lack of forces and means for fire extinguishing. It begins with a support strip (river, stream, road, clearing), on the edge of which, facing the fire, a shaft is made of combustible materials (twigs, dry grass). When the draft of air towards the fire begins to be felt, the shaft is set on fire first opposite the center of the fire front in a section of 20-30 m, and then after the fire advances by 2-3 m and neighboring sections. The width of the burnt strip should be at least 10-20 m, and in case of a strong ground fire - 100 m.

Extinguishing a forest crown fire is more difficult to carry out. It is extinguished by creating barrier strips, using annealing and using water. At the same time, the width of the barrier strip must be at least the height of the trees, and burned out in front of the crown fire, at least 150-200 m, in front of the flanks, at least 50 m. Steppe (field) fires are extinguished in the same ways as forest ones.

Extinguishing underground fires is carried out mainly in two ways. In the first method, a trench (ditch) is dug around a peat fire at a distance of 8-10 m from its edge to a depth of a mineralized soil layer or to the groundwater level and filled with water.

The second method is to arrange around the fire a strip saturated with chemical solutions. To do this, with the help of motor pumps equipped with special stems-peaks (needles) up to 2 m long, an aqueous solution of chemically active substances-wetting agents (sulfanol, washing powder, etc.) is injected into the peat layer from above, which speed up the process hundreds of times. penetration of moisture into the peat. Injection is carried out at a distance of 5-8 m from the expected edge of the underground fire and 25-30 cm apart.

This method, in order to increase productivity, apparently, can be improved by laying a special fire hose with branches for connecting nutrient hoses-needles previously installed in the ground on a 100-200 m section. One fire engine with a set of needles (300-500 pieces) and hoses can move along the edge of an underground fire and inject the solution.

Attempts to flood the underground fire with water were unsuccessful.

When extinguishing fires, the personnel of the formations are exposed to smoke, as well as carbon monoxide (oxide). Therefore, at a high concentration of carbon monoxide (more than 0.02 mg / l, which is determined using a gas detector), work should be carried out in insulating gas masks or filtering with hopcalite cartridges.

Analysis of natural disasters on Earth in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century

Natural hazards common in our country include more than 30 different phenomena, among which the greatest threat is earthquakes, floods, hurricane winds and storms, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, failures and subsidence of the earth's surface, landslides, mudflows, snow avalanches and glaciers, abnormal temperatures, forest fires.

An analysis of data on natural disasters that occurred on Earth in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century allows us to speak about certain trends in the development of natural hazards both in our country and in the world as a whole. These trends are expressed in:

• an increase in the number of natural disasters,
• increasing social and material losses,
• dependence of the protection of people and the technosphere on the socio-economic level of development of countries.

Over the past fifty years, the number of natural disasters on Earth has almost tripled (Fig. 1). The most common natural hazards in the world are tropical storms and floods (32% each), earthquakes (12%), and other natural processes (14%) (Fig. 2). Among the continents of the world, Asia (38%) and North and South America (26%) are the most affected by natural hazards, followed by Africa (14%), Europe (14%) and Oceania (8%).