Chronology

• 1123 Battle of the Russians and Polovtsians with the Mongols on the Kalka River
• 1237 - 1240 The conquest of Russia by the Mongols
• 1240 The defeat of the Swedish knights on the Neva River by Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich (Battle of the Neva)
• 1242 The defeat of the Crusaders by Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich Nevsky on Lake Peipus (Battle on the Ice)
• 1380 Battle of Kulikovo

The beginning of the Mongol conquests of the Russian principalities

In the XIII century. the peoples of Russia had to endure a hard struggle with Tatar-Mongol conquerors who ruled in the Russian lands until the 15th century. (the last century in a milder form). Directly or indirectly, the Mongol invasion contributed to the fall of the political institutions of the Kyiv period and the growth of absolutism.

In the XII century. there was no centralized state in Mongolia; the union of the tribes was achieved at the end of the 12th century. Temuchin, the leader of one of the clans. At a general meeting (“kurultai”) of representatives of all clans in 1206 d. he was proclaimed a great khan with the name Genghis(“Infinite Power”).

As soon as the empire was created, it began its expansion. The organization of the Mongolian army was based on the decimal principle - 10, 100, 1000, etc. The imperial guard was created, which controlled the entire army. Before the advent of firearms Mongolian cavalry took up in the steppe wars. She is was better organized and trained than any nomadic army of the past. The reason for success was not only the perfection of the military organization of the Mongols, but also the unpreparedness of rivals.

At the beginning of the 13th century, having conquered part of Siberia, the Mongols in 1215 set about conquering China. They managed to capture the entire northern part of it. From China, the Mongols took out the latest military equipment and specialists for that time. In addition, they received cadres of competent and experienced officials from among the Chinese. In 1219, the troops of Genghis Khan invaded Central Asia. Following Central Asia captured Northern Iran, after which the troops of Genghis Khan made a predatory campaign in Transcaucasia. From the south they came to the Polovtsian steppes and defeated the Polovtsians.

The request of the Polovtsy to help them against a dangerous enemy was accepted by the Russian princes. The battle between the Russian-Polovtsian and Mongol troops took place on May 31, 1223 on the Kalka River in the Azov region. Not all Russian princes, who promised to participate in the battle, put up their troops. The battle ended with the defeat of the Russian-Polovtsian troops, many princes and combatants died.

In 1227, Genghis Khan died. Ogedei, his third son, was elected Great Khan. In 1235, the Kurultai met in the Mongolian capital of Karakorum, where it was decided to begin the conquest of the western lands. This intention posed a terrible threat to the Russian lands. Ogedei's nephew, Batu (Batu), became the head of the new campaign.

In 1236, the troops of Batu began a campaign against the Russian lands. Having defeated the Volga Bulgaria, they set off to conquer the Ryazan principality. The Ryazan princes, their squads and townspeople had to fight the invaders alone. The city was burned and plundered. After the capture of Ryazan, the Mongol troops moved to Kolomna. Many Russian soldiers died in the battle near Kolomna, and the battle itself ended in defeat for them. On February 3, 1238, the Mongols approached Vladimir. Having besieged the city, the invaders sent a detachment to Suzdal, who took it and burned it. The Mongols stopped only in front of Novgorod, turning south due to mudslides.

In 1240 the Mongol offensive resumed. Chernigov and Kyiv were captured and destroyed. From here, the Mongol troops moved into Galicia-Volyn Rus. Having captured Vladimir-Volynsky, Galich in 1241, Batu invaded Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Moravia, and then in 1242 reached Croatia and Dalmatia. However, the Mongol troops entered Western Europe significantly weakened by the powerful resistance they met in Russia. This largely explains the fact that if the Mongols managed to establish their yoke in Russia, then Western Europe experienced only an invasion, and then on a smaller scale. This is the historical role of the heroic resistance of the Russian people to the invasion of the Mongols.

The result of the grandiose campaign of Batu was the conquest of a vast territory - the southern Russian steppes and forests of Northern Russia, the region of the Lower Danube (Bulgaria and Moldova). The Mongol Empire now included the entire Eurasian continent from the Pacific Ocean to the Balkans.

After the death of Ögedei in 1241, the majority supported the candidacy of Ögedei's son Gayuk. Batu became the head of the strongest regional khanate. He established his capital at Sarai (north of Astrakhan). His power extended to Kazakhstan, Khorezm, Western Siberia, the Volga, the North Caucasus, Russia. Gradually, the western part of this ulus became known as Golden Horde.

The struggle of the Russian people against Western aggression

When the Mongols occupied Russian cities, the Swedes, threatening Novgorod, appeared at the mouth of the Neva. They were defeated in July 1240 by the young prince Alexander, who received the name Nevsky for his victory.

At the same time, the Roman Church was making acquisitions in the countries of the Baltic Sea. Back in the 12th century, German chivalry began to seize the lands belonging to the Slavs beyond the Oder and in the Baltic Pomerania. At the same time, an offensive was carried out on the lands of the Baltic peoples. The Crusaders' invasion of the Baltic lands and Northwestern Russia was sanctioned by the Pope and the German Emperor Frederick II. German, Danish, Norwegian knights and hosts from other northern European countries also took part in the crusade. The attack on Russian lands was part of the doctrine of "Drang nach Osten" (pressure to the east).

Baltics in the 13th century

Together with his retinue, Alexander liberated Pskov, Izborsk and other captured cities with a sudden blow. Having received the news that the main forces of the Order were coming at him, Alexander Nevsky blocked the way for the knights, placing his troops on the ice of Lake Peipus. The Russian prince showed himself as an outstanding commander. The chronicler wrote about him: "Winning everywhere, but we won't win at all." Alexander deployed troops under the cover of a steep bank on the ice of the lake, eliminating the possibility of enemy reconnaissance of his forces and depriving the enemy of freedom of maneuver. Taking into account the construction of the knights as a “pig” (in the form of a trapezoid with a sharp wedge in front, which was heavily armed cavalry), Alexander Nevsky arranged his regiments in the form of a triangle, with a tip resting on the shore. Before the battle, part of the Russian soldiers were equipped with special hooks to pull the knights off their horses.

On April 5, 1242, a battle took place on the ice of Lake Peipsi, which was called the Battle of the Ice. The knight's wedge broke through the center of the Russian position and hit the shore. The flank attacks of the Russian regiments decided the outcome of the battle: like pincers, they crushed the knightly “pig”. The knights, unable to withstand the blow, fled in panic. The Russians pursued the enemy, “flashed, rushing after him, as if through air,” the chronicler wrote. According to the Novgorod Chronicle, in the battle “400 and 50 Germans were taken prisoner”

Stubbornly resisting the western enemies, Alexander was extremely patient with the eastern onslaught. Recognition of the sovereignty of the khan freed his hands to repel the Teutonic crusade.

Tatar-Mongol yoke

While persistently resisting the Western enemies, Alexander was extremely patient with the Eastern onslaught. The Mongols did not interfere in the religious affairs of their subjects, while the Germans tried to impose their faith on the conquered peoples. They pursued an aggressive policy under the slogan "Who does not want to be baptized must die!". Recognition of the Khan's sovereignty freed forces to repel the Teutonic crusade. But it turned out that the "Mongol flood" is not easy to get rid of. RRussian lands despoiled by the Mongols were forced to recognize vassal dependence on the Golden Horde.

In the first period of Mongol rule, the collection of taxes and the mobilization of Russians into the Mongol troops was carried out on the orders of the great khan. Both money and recruits went to the capital. Under Gauk, Russian princes traveled to Mongolia to receive a label to reign. Later, a trip to Saray was enough.

The incessant struggle waged by the Russian people against the invaders forced the Mongol-Tatars to abandon the creation of their own administrative authorities in Russia. Russia retained its statehood. This was facilitated by the presence in Russia of its own administration and church organization.

To control the Russian lands, the institution of Baskak governors was created - the leaders of the military detachments of the Mongol-Tatars, who monitored the activities of the Russian princes. The denunciation of the Baskaks to the Horde inevitably ended either with the summoning of the prince to Sarai (often he lost his label, and even his life), or with a punitive campaign in the unruly land. Suffice it to say that only in the last quarter of the XIII century. 14 similar campaigns were organized in Russian lands.

In 1257, the Mongol-Tatars undertook a census of the population - "recording in number." Besermen (Muslim merchants) were sent to the cities, to whom the collection of tribute was given. The size of the tribute (“exit”) was very large, only the “royal tribute”, i.e. tribute in favor of the khan, which was first collected in kind, and then in money, amounted to 1300 kg of silver per year. The constant tribute was supplemented by "requests" - one-time requisitions in favor of the khan. In addition, deductions from trade duties, taxes for “feeding” khan officials, etc. went to the khan's treasury. In total there were 14 types of tributes in favor of the Tatars.

The Horde yoke slowed down the economic development of Russia for a long time, destroyed its agriculture, and undermined its culture. The Mongol invasion led to a decline in the role of cities in the political and economic life of Russia, urban construction was suspended, and fine and applied arts fell into decay. A severe consequence of the yoke was the deepening of the disunity of Russia and the isolation of its individual parts. The weakened country was unable to defend a number of western and southern regions, later captured by the Lithuanian and Polish feudal lords. Rus' trade relations with the West were dealt a blow: only Novgorod, Pskov, Polotsk, Vitebsk and Smolensk retained trade relations with foreign countries.

The turning point was 1380, when Mamai's army of thousands was defeated on the Kulikovo field.

Battle of Kulikovo 1380

Russia began to grow stronger, its dependence on the Horde weakened more and more. The final liberation took place in 1480 under Tsar Ivan III. By this time, the period was over, the collection of Russian lands around Moscow and was ending.

Already at the age of 12 future Grand Duke married, at the age of 16 he began to replace his father when he was absent, and at 22 he became the Grand Duke of Moscow.

Ivan III had a secretive and at the same time firm character (later these character traits appeared in his grandson).

Under Prince Ivan, the issue of coins began with the image of him and his son Ivan the Young and the signature "God All Russia". As a stern and demanding prince, Ivan III received the nickname Ivan the Terrible, but a little later, under this phrase, they began to understand another ruler Russia .

Ivan continued the policy of his ancestors - the gathering of Russian lands and the centralization of power. In the 1460s, Moscow's relations with Veliky Novgorod escalated, the inhabitants and princes of which continued to look west, towards Poland and Lithuania. After failing to improve relations with the Novgorodians twice, the conflict reached a new level. Novgorod enlisted the support of the Polish king and the Lithuanian prince Casimir, and Ivan stopped sending embassies. On July 14, 1471, Ivan III, at the head of a 15-20 thousandth army, defeated the almost 40,000th army of Novgorod, Casimir did not come to the rescue.

Novgorod lost most of its autonomy and submitted to Moscow. A little later, in 1477, the Novgorodians organized a new rebellion, which was also suppressed, and on January 13, 1478, Novgorod completely lost its autonomy and became part of Moscow State.

Ivan settled all the unfavorable princes and boyars of the Novgorod principality throughout Russia, and the city itself was settled by Muscovites. Thus he secured himself against further possible rebellions.

Methods of "carrot and stick" Ivan Vasilievich gathered under his rule the Yaroslavl, Tver, Ryazan, Rostov principalities, as well as the Vyatka lands.

End of the Mongol yoke.

While Akhmat was waiting for Kazimir's help, Ivan Vasilyevich sent a sabotage detachment under the command of the Zvenigorod prince Vasily Nozdrovaty, who descended along the Oka River, then along the Volga and began to smash Akhmat's possessions in the rear. Ivan III himself moved away from the river, trying to lure the enemy into a trap, as in his time Dmitry Donskoy lured the Mongols in the battle on the Vozha River. Akhmat did not fall for the trick (either he remembered the success of Donskoy, or he was distracted by sabotage behind his back, in an unprotected rear) and retreated from the Russian lands. On January 6, 1481, immediately upon returning to the headquarters of the Great Horde, Akhmat was killed by the Tyumen Khan. Civil strife began among his sons ( Akhmatova's children), the result was the collapse of the Great Horde, as well as the Golden Horde (which formally still existed before that). The remaining khanates became fully sovereign. Thus, standing on the Ugra became the official end Tatar-Mongolian yoke, and the Golden Horde, unlike Russia, could not survive the stage of fragmentation - later several unrelated states arose from it. And here is the power Russian state started to grow.

Meanwhile, Poland and Lithuania also threatened Moscow's calm. Even before standing on the Ugra, Ivan III entered into an alliance with the Crimean Khan Mengli-Gerey, the enemy of Akhmat. The same alliance helped Ivan in containing pressure from Lithuania and Poland.

The Crimean Khan in the 80s of the XV century defeated the Polish-Lithuanian troops and defeated their possessions in the territory of present-day central, southern and western Ukraine. Ivan III, on the other hand, entered the battle for the western and northwestern lands controlled by Lithuania.

In 1492, Kazimir died, and Ivan Vasilievich took the strategically important fortress of Vyazma, as well as many settlements on the territory of the current Smolensk, Oryol and Kaluga regions.

In 1501, Ivan Vasilyevich ordered the Livonian Order to pay tribute for Yuryev - from that moment Russian-Livonian war temporarily stopped. The sequel was already Ivan IV Grozny.

Until the end of his life, Ivan maintained friendly relations with the Kazan and Crimean khanates, but later relations began to deteriorate. Historically, this is associated with the disappearance of the main enemy - the Great Horde.

In 1497, the Grand Duke developed his collection of civil laws called Sudebnik and also organized Boyar Duma.

The Sudebnik almost officially fixed such a concept as “ serfdom”, although the peasants still retained some rights, for example, the right to transfer from one owner to another in Yuriev day. Nevertheless, the Sudebnik became a prerequisite for the transition to an absolute monarchy.

On October 27, 1505, Ivan III Vasilyevich died, judging by the description of the chronicles, from several strokes.

Under the Grand Duke, the Assumption Cathedral was built in Moscow, literature (in the form of chronicles) and architecture flourished. But the most important achievement of that era - liberation of Russia from Mongolian yoke.

The question of the date of the beginning and end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russian historiography as a whole did not cause controversy. In this short post, he will try to dot the i's in this matter, at least for those who are preparing for the exam in history, that is, as part of the school curriculum.

The concept of the "Tatar-Mongol yoke"

However, to begin with, it is worth dealing with the very concept of this yoke, which is an important historical phenomenon in the history of Russia. If we turn to ancient Russian sources (“The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu”, “Zadonshchina”, etc.), then the invasion of the Tatars is perceived as a God-given reality. The very concept of "Russian land" disappears from the sources and other concepts arise: "Horde Zalesskaya" ("Zadonshchina"), for example.

The very same "yoke" was not called such a word. The words "captivity" are more common. Thus, within the framework of the medieval providential consciousness, the invasion of the Mongols was perceived as the inevitable punishment of the Lord.

Historian Igor Danilevsky, for example, also believes that such a perception is due to the fact that, due to their negligence, the Russian princes in the period from 1223 to 1237: 1) did not take any measures to protect their lands, and 2) continued to maintain a fragmented state and create civil strife. It is for fragmentation that God punished the Russian land - in the view of contemporaries.

The very concept of "Tatar-Mongolian yoke" was introduced by N.M. Karamzin in his monumental work. By the way, he deduced from it and substantiated the need for an autocratic form of government in Russia. The emergence of the concept of the yoke was necessary in order, firstly, to justify Russia's lagging behind the countries of Europe, and, secondly, to justify the need for this Europeanization.

If you look into different school textbooks, then the dating of this historical phenomenon will be different. However, it often dates from 1237 to 1480: from the beginning of the first campaign of Batu to Russia and ending with the Standing on the Ugra River, when Khan Akhmat left and thus tacitly recognized the independence of the Muscovite state. In principle, this is a logical dating: Batu, having captured and defeated North-Eastern Russia, has already subjugated part of the Russian lands to himself.

However, in my classes I always determine the date of the beginning of the Mongol yoke in 1240 - after the second campaign of Batu, already to South Russia. The meaning of this definition is that at that time the whole Russian land was already subordinate to Batu and he already imposed duties on it, arranged Baskaks in the occupied lands, etc.

If you think about it, the date of the beginning of the yoke can also be determined in 1242 - when Russian princes began to come to the Horde with gifts, thereby recognizing dependence on the Golden Horde. Quite a few school encyclopedias place the date of the beginning of the yoke exactly under this year.

The date of the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke is usually placed in 1480 after Standing on the river. Acne. However, it is important to understand that for a long time the Muscovite kingdom was disturbed by the "fragments" of the Golden Horde: the Kazan Khanate, Astrakhan, Crimean ... The Crimean Khanate was completely liquidated in 1783. Therefore, yes, we can talk about formal independence. But with reservations.

Sincerely, Andrey Puchkov

Mongol-Tatar yoke - the period of the capture of Russia by the Mongol-Tatars in the 13-15 centuries. The Mongol-Tatar yoke lasted for 243 years.

The truth about the Mongol-Tatar yoke

The Russian princes at that time were in a state of enmity, so they could not give a fitting rebuff to the invaders. Despite the fact that the Cumans came to the rescue, the Tatar-Mongol army quickly seized the advantage.

The first direct clash between the troops took place on the Kalka River, on May 31, 1223, and was quickly lost. Even then it became clear that our army would not be able to defeat the Tatar-Mongols, but the onslaught of the enemy was held back for quite a long time.

In the winter of 1237, a targeted invasion of the main troops of the Tatar-Mongols into the territory of Russia began. This time, the enemy army was commanded by the grandson of Genghis Khan - Batu. The army of nomads managed to move quickly enough inland, plundering the principalities in turn and killing everyone who tried to resist on their way.

The main dates of the capture of Russia by the Tatar-Mongols

• 1223. The Tatar-Mongols approached the border of Russia;
• May 31, 1223. First battle;
• Winter 1237. The beginning of a targeted invasion of Russia;
• 1237. Ryazan and Kolomna were captured. Palo Ryazan principality;
• March 4, 1238. Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich was killed. The city of Vladimir is captured;
• Autumn 1239. Captured Chernigov. Palo Chernihiv Principality;
• 1240 year. Kyiv captured. The Kiev principality fell;
• 1241. Palo Galicia-Volyn principality;
• 1480. The overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

Causes of the fall of Russia under the onslaught of the Mongol-Tatars

• the absence of a unified organization in the ranks of Russian soldiers;
• numerical superiority of the enemy;
• the weakness of the command of the Russian army;
• poorly organized mutual assistance from scattered princes;
• underestimation of the strength and number of the enemy.

Features of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia

In Russia, the establishment of the Mongol-Tatar yoke with new laws and orders began.

Vladimir became the actual center of political life, it was from there that the Tatar-Mongol Khan exercised his control.

The essence of the management of the Tatar-Mongol yoke was that the Khan handed the label to reign at his own discretion and completely controlled all the territories of the country. This increased the enmity between the princes.

The feudal fragmentation of the territories was strongly encouraged, as it reduced the likelihood of a centralized rebellion.

Tribute was regularly levied from the population, the “Horde output”. The money was collected by special officials - Baskaks, who showed extreme cruelty and did not shy away from kidnappings and murders.

Consequences of the Mongol-Tatar conquest

The consequences of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia were terrible.

• Many cities and villages were destroyed, people were killed;
• Agriculture, handicrafts, and the arts declined;
• Feudal fragmentation increased significantly;
• Significantly reduced population;
• Russia began to noticeably lag behind Europe in development.

The end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke

Complete liberation from the Mongol-Tatar yoke occurred only in 1480, when the Grand Duke Ivan III refused to pay money to the horde and declared the independence of Russia.

The Tatar-Mongol Yoke is a concept that is truly the most grandiose falsification of our past with you, and besides, this concept is so ignorant in relation to the entire Slavic-Aryan people as a whole that, having understood all the aspects and nuances of this RELATION, I want to say ENOUGH! Stop feeding us these stupid and delusional stories, which, as if in unison, tell us about how wild and uneducated our ancestors were.

So, let's start in order. To begin with, let's refresh our memory of what the official history of the Tatar-Mongol yoke and those times tells us. Around the beginning of the XIII century from R.Kh. in the Mongolian steppes, one very outstanding character was drawn, nicknamed Genghis Khan, who stirred up almost all the wild Mongolian nomads and created from them the most powerful army of that time. After that, they set off, which means they conquer the whole world, crushing and smashing everything in their path. To begin with, they conquered and conquered all of China, and then, having gained strength and courage, they moved west. Having traveled about 5000 kilometers, the Mongols defeated the state of Khorezm, then in 1223 Georgia reached the southern borders of Russia, where they defeated the army of Russian princes in the battle on the Kalka River. And already in 1237, having gathered their courage, they simply fell with an avalanche of horses, arrows and spears on the defenseless cities and villages of the wild Slavs, burning and conquering them one by one, more and more oppressing the already backward Rusichs, and besides, even without encountering serious resistance along the way. After that, in 1241 they already invade Poland and the Czech Republic - a truly Great Army. But being afraid to leave devastated Russia in their rear, their entire numerous horde turns back and imposes tribute on all the occupied territories. It is from this moment that the Tatar-Mongol yoke and the peak of the greatness of the Golden Horde begin.

After some time, Russia got stronger (interestingly, under the yoke of the Golden Horde) and began to be insolent to the Tatar-Mongol representatives, some principalities even stopped paying tribute. Khan Mamai could not forgive them for this, and in 1380 he went to war against Russia, where he was defeated by the army of Dmitry Donskoy. After that, a century later, the Horde Khan Akhmat decided to take revenge, but after the so-called "Standing on the Ugra" Khan Akhmat was afraid of Ivan III's superior army and turned back, ordering to retreat to the Volga. This event is considered the decline of the Tatar-Mongol yoke and the decline of the Golden Horde as a whole.

Today, this crazy theory about the Tatar-Mongol yoke does not stand up to criticism, since a huge amount of evidence of this falsification has accumulated in our history. The main misconception of our official historians is that they consider the Tatar-Mongol to be exclusively representatives of the Mongoloid race, which is fundamentally wrong. Indeed, a lot of evidence indicates that the Golden Horde, or how it is more correct to call it Tartaria, consisted mainly of the Slavic-Aryan peoples and there was no smell of any Mongoloids there. Indeed, until the 17th century, no one could even imagine such a thing that everything would turn upside down and such a time would come that the greatest empire that existed during the time of our era would be called the Tatar-Mongolian. Moreover, this theory will become official and taught in schools and universities as the truth. Yes, we must pay tribute to Peter I and his Western historians, it was necessary to distort and defile our past with you in such a way - just trample the memory of our ancestors and everything connected with them into the mud.

By the way, if you still doubt that the "Tatar-Mongols" were precisely representatives of the Slavic-Aryan people, then we have prepared quite a few proofs for you. So let's go...

PROOF FIRST

The appearance of the representatives of the Golden Horde

This topic can even be covered in a separate article, since there is a great deal of evidence that some "Tatar-Mongols" had a Slavic appearance. Take, for example, the appearance of Genghis Khan himself, whose portrait is kept in Taiwan. He is presented as tall, long-bearded with green-yellow eyes and blond hair. In addition, this is not a purely individual opinion of the artist. This fact is also mentioned by the historian Rashidad-Did, who found the "Golden Horde" in his lifetime. So, he claims that in the family of Genghis Khan, all children were born white-skinned with light blond hair. And that's not all, G.E. Grumm-Grzhimailo preserved one ancient legend about the Mongolian people, in which there is a mention that the ancestor of Genghis Khan in the ninth tribe of Boduanchar was fair-haired and blue-eyed. Another not unimportant character of that time also looked like Batu Khan, who was a descendant of Genghis Khan.

And the Tatar-Mongol army itself, outwardly, was no different from the troops of Ancient Russia and Europe, as evidenced by the paintings and icons painted by contemporaries of those events:

A strange picture is obtained, the leaders of the Tatar-Mongol, throughout the entire existence of the Golden Horde were the Slavs. Yes, and the Tatar-Mongol army consisted exclusively of the Slavic-Aryan people. No, what are you talking about, they were then wild barbarians! Where are they there, they crushed half the world under themselves? No, this cannot be. It is not sad, but this is exactly what modern historians argue.

PROOF TWO

The concept of "Tatar-Mongols"

Let's start with the fact that the very concept of "Tatar-Mongols" - DOES NOT MEET in more than one Russian chronicle, and everything that was found about the "suffering" of the Rus from the Mongols is described in just one entry from the collection of all Russian chronicles:

"Oh, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are glorified by many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clear fields, marvelous animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, gardens monasteries, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and many nobles. You are filled with everything, the Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith! From here to the Ugrians and to the Poles, to the Czechs, Germans to Karelians, from Karelians to Ustyug, where the filthy Toymichi live, and beyond the Breathing Sea; from the sea to the Bulgarians, from the Bulgarians to the Burtases, from the Burtases to the Cheremis, from the Cheremis to the Mordtsy - everything, with the help of God, was conquered by the Christian people, these filthy countries obeyed the Grand Duke Vsevolod, his father Yuri, Prince of Kyiv, his grandfather Vladimir Monomakh, with whom the Polovtsians frightened their small children. were not born, and the Hungarians fortified the stone walls of their cities with iron gates so that the great Vladimir would not conquer them, and the Germans were glad that they were far away - beyond the blue sea. Burtases, Cheremis, Vyads and Mordovians were beekeeping for Grand Duke Vladimir. And the emperor of Constantinople Manuel, out of fear, sent great gifts to him, so that the Grand Duke Vladimir Constantinople would not take from him.

There is one more mention, but it is not very significant, because. contains a very meager passage that does not mention any invasion, and it is very difficult to judge any events from it. This text was called as "The Word about the death of the Russian Land":

"... And in those days - from the great Yaroslav, and to Vladimir, and to the present Yaroslav, and to his brother Yuri, Prince of Vladimir, disaster struck the Christians and the filthy littered the monastery of the Caves of the Most Holy Theotokos."

PROOF THREE

The number of troops of the Golden Horde

All official historical sources of the 19th century claimed that the number of troops invading our territory at that time was about 500,000 people. Can you imagine HALF A MILLION PEOPLE who came to conquer us, but they didn’t come on foot?! Apparently it was an incredible amount of carts and horses. Since feeding such a number of people and animals required simply titanic efforts. But after all, this theory, yes, namely THEORY, and not a historical fact, does not stand up to criticism, since not one horse will reach from Mongolia to Europe, and it was not possible to feed such a number of horses.

If we take a sensible look at this situation, then the following picture emerges:

For each "Tatar-Mongol" war, there were about 2-3 horses, plus you need to count the horses (mules, bulls, donkeys) that were in the carts. So, no grass would have been enough to feed the Tatar-Mongolian cavalry stretched for tens of kilometers, since the animals that were at the forefront of this horde had to devour all the fields and leave nothing for those who follow behind. Since it was not possible to stretch a lot or go different routes, because. from this, the numerical advantage would be lost and it would be unlikely that the nomads would have even reached that same Georgia, not to mention Kievan Rus and Europe.

PROOF FOUR

The invasion of the Golden Horde into Europe

According to modern historians who adhere to the official version of events, in March 1241 from R.Kh. "Tatar-Mongols" invade Europe and capture part of the territory of Poland, namely the cities of Krakow, Sandomierz and Wroclaw, bringing with them destruction, robbery and murder.

I would also like to note a very interesting aspect of this event. Around April of the same year, the road to the "Tatar-Mongolian" army was blocked by Henry II with his ten thousandth army, for which he paid with a crushing defeat. The Tatars used strange military tricks for that time against the troops of Henry II, thanks to which they won, namely, some kind of smoke and fire - "Greek fire":

"And when they saw a Tatar running out with a banner - and this banner looked like an "X", and on top of it was a head with a long beard shaking, filthy and stinking smoke from the mouth of the Poles - everyone was amazed and horrified, and rushed to run in all directions could, and so they were defeated ... "

After that, the "Tatar-Mongols" sharply deploy their offensive to the South and invade the Czech Republic, Hungary, Croatia, Dalmatia and finally break through to the Adriatic Sea. But in none of these countries the "Tatar-Mongols" try to resort to subjugation and taxation of the population. Somehow it makes no sense - why was it then to capture ?! And the answer is very simple, because. before us is a pure deceit, or rather a falsification of events. Strange as it may seem, these events coincide with the military campaign of Frederick II, Emperor of the Roman Empire. So the absurdity does not end there, then a much more interesting turn takes place. As it turns out later, the "Tatar-Mongols" turned out to be also allies with Frederick II, when he fought with the Pope - Gregory X, and Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary - defeated by wild nomads, were on the side of Pope Gregory X in that conflict. And on the departure of the "Tatar-Mongol" from Europe in 1242 AD. for some reason, the crusader troops went to war against Russia, as well as against Frederick II, whom they successfully defeated and stormed the capital Aachen to crown their emperor there. Coincidence? I don't think.

This version of events is far from believable. But if instead of the "Tatar-Mongol" Rus invaded Europe, then everything falls into place ...

And there are far from four such proofs, as we have presented to you above - there are many more of them, just if you mention each one, then this will not turn out to be an article, but a whole book.

As a result, it turns out that no Tatar-Mongols from Central Asia have ever captured or enslaved us, and the Golden Horde - Tartaria, was a huge Slavic-Aryan Empire of that time. In fact, we are the same TATARS who kept the whole of Europe in fear and horror.