What is spelling in Russian. What is spelling? Definition, history, basic principles

what is spelling

Spelling is one of the sections of vocabulary, the science of language. Spelling, or spelling, is the set of all the rules that determine the spelling of words and sentences. Each of the modern languages has its own spelling, and this is not surprising, because otherwise people would not be able to come to a common opinion on how to write this or that word correctly, they would no longer correctly understand the definition written by another person. Here's what spelling is and why it's extremely important for order and for understanding language. The word orthography itself has ancient roots and comes from the ancient Greek words correct and write. That is, the importance of spelling manifested itself when people began not only to speak verbally among themselves, but also to write down their speech. Since then, many rules have changed, but spelling is still designed to ensure the unity of the principles of transmitting the language in writing. Moreover, in different languages this happens on the basis of different principles: phonetic (the sound of a word is transmitted, as in the Ukrainian language), morphological (the spelling is always the same, regardless of the sound, as in Russian) or semantic (the spelling is not related to the sound, but reflects only a specific meaning, as in Chinese).
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Good luck in your studies!
spelling or spelling is called the totality
A synonym for the word spelling is the word spelling. Indeed, according to the definition fixed in the Russian language, spelling is the uniformity of the transmission of words and grammatical forms of speech in writing. The section of applied linguistics deals with this set of rules. The main goal of spelling is the uniformity of spelling, smoothing out individual pronunciation.
There are three main principles of orthography: morphological, semantic and phonetic. Let's take a closer look at each of them. The morphological principle is characteristic, to a greater extent, for the Russian language. It lies in the fact that the spelling of a morpheme does not depend on pronunciation, does not depend on positional changes. For example, move walk find...
A synonym for the word spelling is the word spelling. Indeed, according to the definition fixed in the Russian language, spelling is the uniformity of the transmission of words and grammatical forms of speech in writing. The section of applied linguistics deals with this set of rules. The main goal of spelling is the uniformity of spelling, smoothing out individual pronunciation.
There are three main principles of orthography: morphological, semantic and phonetic. Let's take a closer look at each of them. The morphological principle is characteristic, to a greater extent, for the Russian language. It lies in the fact that the spelling of a morpheme does not depend on pronunciation, does not depend on positional changes. For example, move walk find exit. In this series, the morpheme move is written the same way. The semantic principle is that writing is absolutely unrelated to sound. It reflects only semantics. The last one is the phonetic principle - the pronunciation of words in writing. In particular, with its help, the spelling reflects the weakening of unstressed vowels (spelling o / e, a / z).

There is also the principle of graphically uniform design of spellings of words belonging to certain grammatical categories. It includes: the uniform spelling of feminine nouns ending in a hissing consonant (a soft sign indicates the third declension); writing a soft sign after the hissing at the infinitive (this is a formal sign of the indefinite form of the verb); writing the imperative mood with a soft sign at the end (form indicator).

Russian spelling has almost two hundred years of history. The first scientist who became interested in spelling was V. K. Trediakovsky, who wrote about the need to introduce the phonetic principle. After him, M. V. Lomonosov proposed a combination of phonetic and morphological principles. Then there was the work of J. K. Grot Controversial issues of Russian spelling from Peter the Great to the present.

There are certain norms and spelling rules that govern the spelling of words in a language. But it is wrong to consider these norms as something harmful to immutable laws. Of course, most of them are due to historical patterns, changes that occur in the language.

So, in the process of language changes, the letters "b" and "b" lost their sound meanings, respectively, the spelling of the words in which they denoted sounds also changed. No more "b" at the end of words ending in a consonant, and some letters such as "yat" or "fita" fell into disuse.

And this process continues! Language is a living thing. All language "laws" and "rules" are periodically reviewed and changed. More recently, the use of the word "coffee" could only be in the gender, but now the rules "legitimize" the use of this also in the gender of the middle. There are many such examples.

If most native speakers get used to using this or that “wrong” word, its form, then gradually this becomes the norm. Thus, it is a reflection of commonly used ways of conveying linguistic realities.

Sometimes a spelling that is completely “wrong” from a historical point of view is perceived by a modern person as the only possible one. For example, we, without hesitation, form from the word "honeycomb" - "honeycomb". But, following the historical trend, the plural in this case should be the same as in the word "mouth" - "mouths", "lion" - "lions", etc. It is unlikely that anyone, except for small children, will now change this word in this way.

Spelling principles

But to perceive the spelling or spelling system as something completely chaotic, not subject to any laws, is also wrong. There are 3 basic principles of spelling:
- phonetic;
- morphological;
- historical.

Simplified, they can be described as follows:

With the phonetic (phonemic) principle of spelling, sounds in writing are displayed in the same way as they are pronounced in speech.

The phonetic principle operates, for example, in the Belarusian language.

Under the morphological principle, the spelling of a word or part of it, taken as the main one, does not change when the word changes.

The morphological principle of spelling operates in the Russian language.

The historical principle is characterized by the fact that the spelling of a word does not change, no matter what the word is.

The English language is a prime example of this principle.

This principle is also called traditional.

Sources:

Spelling. Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

How often one hears the expressions: “I will follow the principle”, “a matter of principle”, “an unprincipled person”. Integrity is a concept familiar to almost everyone. But have you ever thought about its meaning?

Instruction

The word "principle" comes from the Latin principium, "beginning", "basis". According to explanatory dictionaries, in the language it has several meanings. So, the principle is called the basic position of the doctrine, theory, social structure. In addition, this word features the operation or device of machines, equipment, various devices. Finally, the principles are the beliefs of a person that affect his attitude to certain events and phenomena.

People of principle are often called those who know exactly what they want and go straight to the intended goal without hesitation. Thanks to hardness and perseverance, they often achieve better results than those around them. However, adherence to principles is not an innate character trait. Beliefs are formed under the influence of life experience: upbringing, perception of one's own personality, as well as other people, social circle, failures and victories.

But principles can get in the way of life. Rigidity, self-righteousness and the desire to insist on a certain point of view deprive a person of flexibility and ease of thinking. When it is necessary to act according to circumstances, to make quick decisions, based not on one's own convictions, but on the desire to find the best option, a person can get into a dead end. When well-being, success and happiness of loved ones are on one side of the scale, and his own integrity is on the other, he turns into a slave of his life attitudes.

To principles did not fetter the actions and thoughts of a person, they must be developed independently. Very often, the fear of retreating from one's convictions is based not on confidence in one's own position, but on the fear of being misunderstood by relatives, friends, colleagues, who imposed certain views on life. However, in the case when principles are the result of personal experience, a person act according to circumstances, seek compromises and new solutions.

Synonyms (from the Greek synonymas - the same name) - the same part of speech, which differently name the same object or phenomenon. These words are similar in meaning, but different in spelling (magician - wizard; read - disassemble - run - look). It is generally accepted that in the language there are no absolute, completely identical to each other in meaning. Close to the absolute degree of synonymy of a pair of words: linguistics -, hippopotamus - hippopotamus. In most cases, they can differ greatly in shades of meaning, style, scope and frequency of use, and the degree of modernity. Usually synonyms are combined into groups - synonymous series, for example: build, arrange, erect, erect, construct, build, create. In such a group, as a rule, there is the most general, neutral, pivotal word, which is usually called a dominant (from Latin dominans - dominant). In the above synonymous series, the dominant word is "build". In relation to it, the word "arrange" has an additional component of lexical meaning ("put in proper order"); "erect", "erect" and "construct" refer to the book style; "build up" and "create" have a stylistic connotation of elation. In synonyms, style shades are indicated by special marks (colloquial, bookish, raised, etc.). Not all languages have synonyms. For example, you cannot pick synonyms to proper names (Alexander Pushkin, Izvestia), countries and their inhabitants (Great Britain, Eskimos), some household items (scissors, tablecloth). Also, species-generic pairs are not synonymous (flower - orchid), denoting related concepts (house -).

Sources:

Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language

There are three main principles of orthography: morphological, semantic and phonetic. Let's take a closer look at each of them. The morphological principle is characteristic, to a greater extent, for the Russian language. It lies in the fact that the spelling of a morpheme does not depend on pronunciation, does not depend on positional changes. For example, move - walk - find - exit. In this series, the morpheme "hod" is the same. The semantic principle is that writing is absolutely unrelated to sound. It reflects only semantics. The last one is the phonetic principle - words in writing. In particular, with its help, the spelling reflects the weakening of unstressed vowels (spelling o / e, a / z).

There is also the principle of graphically uniform design of spellings of words belonging to certain grammatical categories. It includes: the uniform spelling of feminine nouns ending in a hissing (soft sign indicates the third); writing a soft sign after the hissing at the infinitive (this is a formal sign of the indefinite form of the verb); writing the imperative mood form with at the end (form indicator).

Russian spelling has almost two hundred years of history. The first scientist who became interested in spelling was V. K. Trediakovsky, who wrote about the need to introduce the phonetic principle. After him, M.V. Lomonosov proposed a combination of phonetic and morphological principles. Then there was the work of J. K. Grot "Controversial issues of Russian spelling from Peter the Great to the present."

What is spelling?

The word "spelling" consists of two words of ancient Greek origin - "orphos" - correct, "grapho" - I write. In other words, the word "spelling" means "spelling".

History of Russian orthography

The basis of modern Russian orthography is the Old Slavonic alphabet - Cyrillic. To facilitate Christian sermons among the South Slavic population, the Greek missionary Kirill came up with a new alphabet, which was based on Greek graphics supplemented with letters taken from other languages and adapted to the sounds of the Old Bulgarian language. The popularity of the Cyrillic alphabet was so high that this alphabet was used not only for oral communication, manuscripts and books were published in Cyrillic.

The Cyrillic alphabet in its original form existed until the 18th century, until, by order of Peter I, a new alphabet was invented - the civil one. Its distinctive feature was the simplicity of writing and the absence of some letters that have doubled characters in the Cyrillic alphabet. Despite such changes, the civil alphabet still retained some doublets, which were removed as a result of the reform of Russian spelling in 1917, aimed at changing the letter system of the language.

Russian spelling has undergone several changes. And in 1956, a new set of rules for Russian spelling and punctuation appeared, which are still relevant today.

Principles of Russian spelling

The spelling of the Russian language is based on a combination of several principles - morphological, the essence of which is the unity of writing parts of the word (root, suffixes, endings and prefixes), and traditional, preserved from the Old Slavonic language. So, for example, we know that after the letters "g" and "sh" the letter "i" is always written. And the words "good" and "passed" are written according to the morphological principle of spelling.

In addition, the phonetic principle of spelling also “works” in spelling - I write as I hear.

I would like to note that in order to be considered a connoisseur of spelling, you need to know more than 100 rules, a large number of exception words, as well as the correct spelling of dictionary words. In addition, the already complex spelling system of Russian vocabulary is constantly replenished with words borrowed from foreign languages, the spelling of which causes additional spelling difficulties.

It is clear that it is simply impossible to learn all the words of the Russian language. However, you need to know where to look for answers to questions that arise about the spelling of certain words.

Historical significance of orthography

Everyone decides for himself whether he needs spelling or not. Looking for an answer to the question " Why spelling is needed ?”, do not forget that Russian spelling is not only a method that facilitates written speech, but also the centuries-old traditions of writing not only the Russian language, but also other existing languages. As the culture of speech changes, spelling also changes. So, for example, our modern written language would hardly have been understood in Russia 100 years ago and would have been mistaken for a foreign one.

"Modern" spelling

Some people may object that why do you need spelling if any computer application that has a built-in automatic check will do just fine with spelling?

One can object to such statements: when typing, the program highlights some spelling errors, but skips lexical ones. Therefore, the “work” of such applications still needs to be checked.

Why do you need spelling?

So, why do you need spelling ? Spelling is more than just spelling. This word has a deeper meaning. Spelling, as the basis of written speech, which allows the transfer of information between different generations, over the course of historical time, enables society to learn from old mistakes, allows not only to read, but also to pass on to future generations the best literary works, and also prevents society from returning to using only oral speech. Spelling is the linguistic heritage of any existing culture, so every native speaker is simply obliged to know the basic rules of spelling in order to correctly convey information to those who will use it.

Dictionary Ushakov

Spelling

spelling, spelling, female(from Greek orthos - correct and grapho - writing). Spelling rules. Russian spelling. French spelling. New orthography (rules of Russian spelling established by the reform of 1917 G.). "Zemsky literate people do not know spelling, they have never heard of word composition." Saltykov-Shchedrin. "In Russian spelling, mother herself was not strong." A.Turgenev.

| Compliance with spelling rules. Write without any spelling. His spelling is lame.

Spelling

(from Greek orthos - straight, correct + grapho - I write) (spelling). Rule system:

1) about the spelling of words and their significant parts,

2) about continuous, hyphenated and separate spellings of words,

3) on the use of uppercase and lowercase letters,

4) transferring words from one line to another.

Morphological principle of spelling.

1) The principle of orthography that underlies Russian writing and consists in the fact that morphemes common to related words retain a single style in writing, despite differences in pronunciation (non-positional alternations in morphemes are transmitted). cf. unity of spelling;

a) roots house (house), home (d ^ m) ashny, brownie (d'm) ova;

b) prefixes: sign (pot) write, sign (nbt) write;

c) suffixes: brownie (-ov-), brownie (-^ in-);

d) endings: on the river (s), on the river (s). This principle of graphically uniform writing of morphemes is realized in form and word formation. Deviations from it are phonetic and traditional spellings ( cm. corresponding dictionary entries, as well as differentiating spellings).

2) The principle of graphically uniform design of spellings of words belonging to certain grammatical categories. These include:

a) writing feminine nouns with final hissing: daughter, thing, rye, mouse. Writing a soft sign at the end of silent words does not have a phonetic meaning, but serves as an indicator of grammatical gender and graphically combines all feminine nouns with final consonants (both non-sibilant and sibilant) in one type of the 3rd declension ( cf. the unity of case forms in the named words and such as nov, notebook, snowstorm, shadow, swamp, cinder, bed, etc.);

b) writing an infinitive with a final hissing: to protect, guard, shear, achieve. And in this case, the soft sign is not a sign of softness, but serves as a formal sign of the indefinite form of the verb, and its spelling creates a graphic uniformity in the design of the infinitive ( cf. the presence of a soft sign in the bulk of verbs in an indefinite form: take, believe, write, etc.);

c) writing the form of the imperative mood with the final hissing: multiply, assign, console. Also here, writing a soft sign serves the purposes of morphology: it acts as a graphic indicator of the form of the imperative mood, which creates a uniform external design of the imperative ( cf. writing a soft sign for all verbs in the form of an imperative mood with final soft consonants: correct, discard, measure, discard, mark, etc.).

Russian spelling has more than two hundred years of history. After the reform of Russian graphics, carried out in 1708 by the decree of Peter I on the introduction of a civil type, spelling issues began to be associated with general questions about the development of the Russian literary language, and by the middle of the 18th century. acquired public importance. The first who began to specifically deal with them was V.K. Trediakovsky, who proclaimed in his treatise "A Conversation Between a Foreign Man and a Russian About the Old and New Spelling and Everything That Belongs to This Matter" (1748) the need for a phonetic principle in Russian spelling as best suited to the interests of the masses. This proposal, which contradicted the already established system of Russian writing, could not be successful.

Spelling issues were reflected in the "Russian Grammar" by M. V. Lomonosov (1755). The orthographic norms proposed by him, built on a combination of the phonetic principle with the morphological principle, were not approved by the highest state institution and did not receive the force of law. The establishment of spelling norms on a morphological basis is associated with the publication of the "Russian Grammar" of the Academy of Sciences (1802, 1803, 1819) and the "Dictionary of the Russian Academy" (1789-1794). However, the orthographic norms of that time were not stable, and throughout almost the entire 19th century there was a significant spelling inconsistency both in official documents and in the works of writers.

An exceptionally important milestone in the history of Russian spelling was the capital work of Academician Ya. K. Grot "Controversial Issues of Russian Spelling from Peter the Great to the Present" (editions of 1873, 1876 and 1885) and his book "Russian Spelling" (1885), representing is a practical guide for school and print. The set of spelling rules compiled by Grot played an important role in establishing spelling standards, however, despite the fact that it was recommended as an academic one, it did not completely destroy the then-existing inconsistency and did not simplify Russian spelling. The special spelling commission, created in 1904 at the Academy of Sciences, failed to do this. The resolution on the reform of spelling, adopted at a wide meeting of the Academy of Sciences on May 11, 1917, had no practical significance, since it remained not binding on the school and the press. Only by decrees of the Soviet government of December 23, 1917. and October 10, 1918, who approved the said decree, the reformed spelling was recognized as obligatory for all citizens.

Spelling reform 1917-1918 greatly simplified our writing, but did not touch upon many private issues of spelling, which served as a source of discord in the practice of writing. In 1930, an attempt was made to carry out a radical reform in the field of spelling, but the draft of such a reform, drawn up by a special commission under the Glavnauka Narkompros, introduced a break into Russian spelling that was not caused by a genuine vital necessity and scientifically not justified.

Since the mid-1930s, work has been carried out to compile a complete set of spelling and punctuation rules in order to streamline and unify our spelling. The result of a long work was published and approved by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR and the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR in 1956.

"Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation" in force to the present. However, the task of completely eliminating inconsistency in writing, the task of its possible simplification, has not yet been resolved, and in 1962 it was formed at the Institute of the Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Spelling Commission, which is working to further improve Russian writing.

Pedagogical terminological dictionary

Spelling

(Greek orthographia, from orthos - correct and graphio - I write)

rules establishing the uniformity of the ways of transmitting speech in writing. O. determines the transmission of sounds (phonemes) by letters; continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of words; the use of capital letters; transfer methods. Sometimes the term "spelling" is used as a synonym for O., which also has a broader meaning, including punctuation.

In Ros. Federations for the Russian language operate the "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation," approved in 1956. The method of teaching orthography at school includes numerous exercises, which are divided into three main ones. type: various options for copying from the book; various types of dictations and creative written works: presentations, compositions, etc.

(Bim-Bad B.M. Pedagogical encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 2002. S. 181)

Dictionary of linguistic terms

Spelling

(Greek όρθός direct + γραφό write)

Spelling, the generally accepted system of ways to write all the words of a given language. A collection of rules for the normative spelling of words and their parts. In addition to writing letters, it establishes continuous, separate and semi-continuous (hyphenated) spelling of words, rules for hyphenation and abbreviation of words.

Gasparov. Entries and extracts

Spelling

♦ St. Mirsky in "Russian Lyrics" 1923 prints St. Petersburg poets according to the old spelling, and Moscow according to the new one.

♦ "One of the requirements of the spelling regime is a unified and competent design of school documentation" (Collection of Orders and Instructions of the Ministry of Education, 1983, No. 9, p. 30).

♦ Alexander I regretted the impossibility of forbidding the letter yat by decree. (Gr. 319) This seems to be a reminiscence from a conversation between Emperor Tiberius and a grammarian who said: "You write the laws of Rome, not the laws of the language."

♦ The spelling is old, in the lane. Mey from Hugo: "They asked they: as on fast canoes ... - Row, - onet When translated into a new spelling, the dialogue becomes meaningless; so, it seems to be meaningless, it is sung in Rachmaninov's romance.

Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (Alabugina)

Spelling

AND, well.

The system of rules for writing words of a given language; spelling.

* Learn spelling. *

|| adj. orthographic, th, th.

* Orthographic dictionary. *

Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms

Spelling

(Greek) or spelling. A system of rules that establish uniform methods of speech transmission in sound writing, i.e. in such a letter, the signs of which (letters) serve to convey sounds. When a sound letter occurs, Ph.D. there may not be a certain O. people. O. appears later as a result of an often unconscious desire to maintain a connection with what was written earlier or to make what was written accessible to a significant number of people over a vast territory. Meanwhile, the language changes over time and, moreover, within the entire territory occupied by this language, is not homogeneous; finally, writing can even unite speakers of different languages close to each other. Therefore, what was written earlier, in one era or in one place, may not correspond to the pronunciation of another, later era or another locality. In such cases, the tradition of writing, striving to preserve the old, though inconsistent, spellings, is usually stronger than the desire to convey one's own pronunciation. But since the custom is created to write, guided not by hearing, but by the way they wrote before or write in other places, then it is also necessary to establish the rules of O., fixing this custom. O. rules are usually developed long after the appearance of writing, and therefore fix the spelling of words that were not established simultaneously and correspond to different eras in the life of the language, often even spellings that are erroneous from the point of view of the history of the language; so, Russian spelling follows the tradition of writing the letter about in unstressed syllables in all cases where it sounded about before the advent of akanya, and yet legitimizes a in the words ram, ferry, glass, where it used to sound about, and where about is preserved even now in the Northern Great Russian dialect. Over time, as living speech diverges more and more from O., the old O. may be subject to separate corrections and radical reforms. The latter are most easily implemented where there is no developed literature, and therefore the traditions of the old O. are relatively weak; on the contrary, where there is a rich literature, spelling traditions make a radical reform of O. difficult to implement. As a result, such a reform was carried out almost without difficulty, for example, among the Serbs in the first half of the 19th century. Karadzic and his followers and is hardly possible among the French, British and Germans. O. can be based on various principles, namely: historical, etymological and phonetic, which usually enter into various combinations with each other. The first of them boils down to the rule: write as you wrote before. So, in words, work, growing, the current Russian O. requires writing a in the 1st syllable, p. h., this was the spelling of these words from the very beginning of Russian writing (this O. is not Russian in origin, but Old Slavonic). The etymological principle establishes the rule: to write words according to their origin, i.e. in accordance with the history of the language, so, O. the word "water" with about justified from the point of view of both the historical and etymological principle: earlier they not only wrote “water”, but also pronounced this word with the sound about. The etymological principle often coincides with the historical principle, as in the above example, but may not coincide, for example, if the traditional O. goes back to the O. of another language, cf. railway in the word rain, where in Russian yaz. never spoken railway. Finally, the phonetic principle prescribes that when writing, be guided by pronunciation. On this principle, for example, the rule of Russian O. on spelling is based with in front of the deaf in prefixes without, who, from, bottom, times, through. The consistent implementation of this principle would eliminate the O itself. In fact, such cases are rare, the P. O., which is phonetic for one dialect of the language, ceases to be such when applied to another dialect of the same language. Present Russian O. represents a combination of all three principles; in English and French orthography, the historical principle prevails.

The question is asked by every person at school. However, it is very difficult to fully understand what this concept contains. Let's try to figure it out.

So, spelling is called a set of rules that determine the rules for the transmission of words and sentences in writing using a system of signs. The main function of orthography is considered to be the creation of general rules in the spelling of words for each person in order to make communication understandable to other speakers of a particular language. Since spelling appeared simultaneously with writing, it is writing that influences its basic rules. Spelling in different languages is built according to different principles - according to phonetic, morphological and semantic, but more on that later.

History of Russian orthography

To better understand what the spelling of the Russian language is, you need to learn a few facts from its history. The basis of modern Russian graphics is the Cyrillic alphabet - the alphabet that was used by the ancient Slavs. According to legend, the Cyrillic alphabet was invented by a Greek missionary in order to preach Christianity in the Slavic countries. Later, manuscripts began to be written in Cyrillic. In the 18th century, Peter the Great came up with a civil alphabet, later, in 1917, a spelling reform took place. Several decades later, in 1956, new rules were streamlined - the "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation".

spelling: principles of spelling

1) Morphological principle. It consists in establishing a common spelling of specific morphemes, regardless of phonetic differences in their pronunciation. This principle has a high level of meaningfulness. This spelling is considered more perfect and more promising than others. Note that the Russian orthography is built exactly according to the morphemic principle.

2) Phonetic principle. This character of the construction of spelling is focused on pronunciation. Words, according to him, are written as they are pronounced. A common spelling can be achieved through the general designation of specific sounds. If the language is built on the basis of such spelling, it is very difficult to follow the pronunciation in writing. There is an opinion that each person hears the word in his own way, so if the spelling is based only on the phonetic principle, it is almost impossible to achieve its uniformity.

3) The historical principle. According to him, you need to write as you wrote before, that is, such a principle of constructing spelling can be called traditional.

There is also a differentiating principle, which is to distinguish in writing what is not distinguished in pronunciation. It is used very rarely when distinguishing homonyms or homophones, for example.

Today, you can even check the spelling of a text on the Internet. The system has been streamlined for a long time, and specialists have created a huge number of programs that can help prevent mistakes. Basic spelling rules can also be found in Russian language textbooks, which may not have been very interesting in school days. Read them again from cover to cover, read this article, and the question "what is spelling" will disappear once and for all.

Portal for the student. Self-training

Spelling principles

What is spelling?

History of Russian orthography

Principles of Russian spelling

Historical significance of orthography

"Modern" spelling

Why do you need spelling?

Dictionary Ushakov

Pedagogical terminological dictionary

Dictionary of linguistic terms

Gasparov. Entries and extracts

Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (Alabugina)

Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms

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