The verb performs an important function of denoting various actions. In Russian, as in any other language, it is extremely difficult to do without it. What are its main forms, how are they formed and what are they used for?

About the verb

They can be static or dynamic, but they all express some kind of action. Of course, we are talking about verbs, which are an important part of the language. As a rule, they have a huge number of different forms, denoting different time periods, activity or passivity, the subject and some other features. There are many such variants in Russian, although Europeans, as a rule, do not lag behind, but their grammatical constructions are built somewhat more logically. In addition, modality or linking verbs play a much smaller role for us, their use is not always clear and regulated.

Forms

Conjugation, that is, a change in persons and numbers, as well as an indication of the period of time when an action is performed, is what most think about when it comes to metamorphoses of verbs. But these are not the only options. In addition, there are still active and as well as the infinitive, participle and participle, the latter two being sometimes distinguished into separate parts of speech, but more often they are considered special forms of the verb that express side effects.

And, of course, do not forget that there is such a category as indicative, imperative, subjunctive. Thus, they divide the entire set of verbs into three large groups and have serious differences among themselves. They will be discussed further.

About inclinations

One of the most important grammatical categories or classifications has its special property as a criterion. It's just about inclination. The subjunctive is when talking about events that may or could happen. It is this form that is used when it comes, for example, about dreams. In another way, it is called conditional. The indicative, or indicative, is used simply to describe what is happening or what has been and will be, it is to it that most forms apply, including those obtained by conjugation. It is the most neutral. Finally, the imperative, or imperative, is used in incentive sentences, when giving orders, formulating requests, and for other similar purposes.

Thus, each of the moods has its own function and role, which are extremely difficult to transfer to other constructions, that is, to express the same thing, but in other ways. All of them have their own characteristic features, but the most interesting is the subjunctive. After all, it is with its help that unrealized events are expressed.

Signs of the subjunctive

First of all, it is the particle "by", which in this case is an integral part of the verb form. Sometimes it can also join other words, forming a slightly different construction, for example, "to sing", "to be", etc. Both of these forms are complex compared to the others, which consist of only one grammatical unit.

In addition, the subjunctive mood is a construction that is easy to determine by meaning, because it denotes events that did not come true, that is, which are in the realm of unrealizable. Thus, it is not difficult to single out this form in the text.

Also, the subjunctive (or conditional), like the imperative, is an impersonal form of the verb. This means that it has only one form with minor changes in endings. What else is characteristic about it?

Peculiarities

The subjunctive mood is, although not a unique construction for the Russian language, but it has some interesting features and uses.

It seems rather strange that even if the subjunctive mood of the verb is used in relation to events in any tense, the form still expresses the past, although historically it had a slightly different meaning. On the other hand, this is quite logical, because we are talking about a situation that did not take place in the past and, perhaps, will not take place either in the present or in the future, that is, it has not been implemented. From this perspective, the subjunctive form of the verb in dependent sentences like "I want him to sing" also looks appropriate, since the action expressed with its help has not yet happened. All this should be remembered when drafting sentences, as well as when translating conditional constructions from foreign languages ​​into Russian.

Unlike other languages, it is this verb form that is used in both parts of a complex conditional sentence - both in the main and in the dependent.

There are other interesting constructions, and philologists argue about whether they can be attributed to the subjunctive mood. An example might be:

Oh, I wish I had more money!

He would marry.

In the first example, there is not even a verb, although its residual presence is obvious. However, such a construction still belongs to the boundary and cannot be unambiguously determined. The second refers more explicitly to the conditional mood, although the infinitive is used instead of the past tense. There are many such constructions, and this only confirms the richness and variety of techniques in the Russian language.

In the past time

Whatever events are discussed, the same form is used in conditional sentences - the subjunctive mood. A table in this case would be inconvenient, so it's easier to explain it with examples.

If it hadn't rained yesterday, we would have gone to the cinema.

He would call if he knew your phone number.

Here, as you can see, the situation can illustrate both a completely unrealizable event due to the fact that there were no suitable conditions in the past, and something that can still be realized, but this has not yet happened.

Present

The subjunctive mood can also be used to express the current situation. The examples below have a slight shade of past tense, but this is more likely due to the fact that a different situation was once realized, which led to circumstances that were not expected in the present.

If I had a dog now, I would play with it.

If I had not been injured then, I would be a famous football player now.

Thus, the subjunctive mood can also serve to indicate the possible development of events if something had not happened, or vice versa - it happened in the past.

In future

In relation to events that have yet to be realized, but it is not known whether this will happen, the subjunctive mood is not directly used. It may be present, but then the attitude towards the future will be clear only from the context. In the usual case, instead, a simple conditional sentence is obtained, in which there are no difficulties or features:

If it's sunny tomorrow, we'll go to the beach.

If we go to London next year, you will have to learn English.

There is no question of the subjunctive mood here, although it is possible that the events in question will never be realized. This is the disadvantage - the inability to accurately express the certainty or doubt about whether this or that will take place.

Analogues in other languages

In English, there is no strict concept of inclination, but there are constructions expressing convention, that is, having the same function. They are called conditional or if clauses and are divided into several types. The first two varieties do not carry the same meaning as the subjunctive mood in Russian, but the rest are a complete analogue. In this sense, English is somewhat richer.

"Zero" and first types, in fact, reflect the events that can be and probably will be implemented. Here they belong to the subjunctive mood, but they will be translated through ordinary conditional sentences.

The second type expresses an action that seems unlikely, but still real. But the third - no, because it falls on the past. This is also the difference from the Russian language, because in English there is a degree of certainty whether an event will take place. We don't have. Both of these varieties are translated into Russian, and the subjunctive mood of the verb is used for this. In other European languages, similar constructions are also present and actively used in speech. Moreover, the variety of verb forms in them, as a rule, is higher than in Russian.

There are also adverbs in which there are no moods at all or there are more than a dozen of them. Russian cannot be called a rich language in this respect, but for the needs of a fairly accurate expression of one's thoughts, this set is still quite enough. In the future, new forms may arise for even more appropriate formulations, but for now, the subjunctive mood is a somewhat reduced form of what can be.

That's why it's so important. This part of speech is necessary in order to correctly name and describe the action. Like other parts of speech, it has its own morphological features, which can be permanent and non-permanent. So, permanent morphological features include person, gender, time, number. Let's deal with such a concept as the inclination of a verb in Russian. How to define it? All these questions can be answered in this article.

In contact with

What is inclination?

This is a grammatical feature of the verb, which helps to change the word. This category is required for express process relation, which just calls this word, to reality.

Important! The verb forms are indicative, imperative and conditional.

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Depending on how words express their attitude to those processes that actually occur, verbs have moods:

• direct;
• indirect.

By direct is meant the indicative mood, which allows you to objectively convey the action. Example: We watched a movie yesterday.

Indirect is an imperative or imperative mood. It serves to express those processes that do not coincide with reality. For example: I would read this novel tomorrow, but I will go to visit.

Thinking about the definition of a verb

Kinds

The classification is based on the features and peculiarities of the lexical meaning of verbs.

In modern times, there are three types:

1. Indicative.
2. Conditional.
3. Imperative.

The first type usually denotes the action that actually going on and could happen in the past, can happen in the present, and can happen in the future. For example: I will do my homework on Thursday.

The second type denotes an act that will be performed in the future, but already under a certain condition. For example: I would do my homework on Thursday, but I'm going to the theatre.

The third type is either an order to do something or a request. For example: Be sure to learn your lessons tomorrow.

Three types of verb mood

How to determine the mood of a verb

In order to determine this, it is necessary to understand how the action occurs and what grammatical characteristics it has. So, verbs in the indicative show a real act, so this word will change from time to time.

If the verb is in the imperative form, then it is the action will be performed by some other person. Such words usually encourage some kind of activity.

Therefore, the action will not be actually performed, but required. Most often, to get the imperative verb form, they use a specific tense, for example, the future or present, to which the suffix -i must be added. But it is possible without it. For example, catch, scream, die. If it is used in the plural, then the ending te is added respectfully to the ending of such a word. For example, catch, scream, die.

The conditional mood refers to those actions that could happen if all the necessary conditions were present. By the way, the conditional is also called the subjunctive. This form is easy to determine in the text, since it usually always has a particle would or b. For example, I would jump into the river if I had a swimsuit.

Important! Any verbal word form can be used in oral and written speech not only in the literal sense, but also figuratively. Usually, the figurative meaning completely changes the meaning of the word, so this category also changes.

indicative

The most common verbal word form in Russian is considered to be indicative, since it allows us to say that what actually happens to a person, object, or person. Only the indicative time can be determined, and how this action is performed will depend on what it is: in reality or it will be in the future.

Another feature of this form is the change in persons and numbers. If the verb is perfective, then it can change over time:

1. The present.
2. Future.
3. Past.

Every time here is formed in its own way. So, the future tense is formed with the help of the word "to be", which is added to the verb in the indefinite form. But this is a complex form of the future tense, and a simple form is. For example: I clean my apartment all day long. (present time). I cleaned my apartment all day long. (past time). I'll be cleaning the apartment all day long. (bud. vr.).

The indicative mood can be found in various types of speech, and therefore in many speech situations these verb forms are the most common.

Conditional

Words that are used in a conditional form indicate those actions that can occur, but some conditions are necessary for this. For example: I would pass this test if they helped me. To form such forms, you just need to put the verb in the past tense and attach the particle would or b. The particle can be placed anywhere in the sentence. It is necessary in order to highlight the word you need, which can be any part of speech.

The subjunctive, or conditional, has its own peculiarities of use. It allows not only to express some kind of action that could occur if special facilities were created for this, but also helps to express desires and dreams, doubts and fears.

The subjunctive mood in Russian helps to express the shades of the action condition. Examples: I would like to go to the sea if my work didn't keep me. There would be no trouble!

imperative

Imperative verbs induce the listener to do something. Such words, diverse in emotional and grammatical design, can be both polite when they contain some kind of request, and an order. For example: Please bring a book. Bring a book!

This article tells about how the conditional mood is formed and used in Russian speech. To make it more interesting for children to get acquainted with a complex topic, you can use a fairy tale. An entertaining story about the conditional mood will surely be remembered by students rather than a dry presentation of the material. So, we read a fairy tale and find in it a hint that from ancient times it was a good lesson for good fellows.

The first chapter of the tale about how the conditional mood was formed

Once upon a time there were a variety of words in the verb state. Of course, the bulk of the population were verbs. But next to them lived both particles and short adjectives. Only now the verbs considered themselves persons of the upper class, and the rest were not worth a penny. Especially got from them particles. They were very small, they could not fight back.

Imperative verbs were most proud of all. They just made themselves masters.

Everyone must obey us. Come on, quickly obey our orders! Step march to the kitchen! Cook dinner, wash dishes - at-two!

They didn't even consider other verb forms. The rest of the inhabitants of the state were very offended by them, but could not do anything. And gradually stopped talking to them. Only the verbs of the imperative mood did not pay any attention to this - they continued to command.

And then take the verb in the past tense and make friends with the particle Would! Yes, they liked being together so much that they became like water - where one, there and the second. They will climb somewhere far away from everyone and dream ...

“Now, if it had been a good rain, a lot of mushrooms would have grown in the forest!” one says. “And then we would go and pick up a whole basket!” - echoes his interlocutor. There is just no rain. Already the earth cracked from the heat, and the trees dropped their leaves, what kind of mushrooms are there? After all, if there are no conditions for the commission of an action, there is no action itself.

Friends will sit and sit and start dreaming again. Only all the time the particle would put some condition: it would be possible to go to the cinema, if classes at school ended early, then it would be nice to eat ice cream, but my throat hurts. Thus, the conditional mood was formed.

Chapter Two: About how friends gathered for a space flight

Sometimes comrades were simply brought into unreality. For example, they began to think about what would happen if a ship with aliens landed on the city. And they got such sentences with a conditional mood that at least write down a fantastic book! “We would make friends with aliens from outer space and ask them to visit the planet for a little while!” No, has anyone heard this? Laughter, and more! And after all, this is an example of the use of the actual conditional mood in its direct meaning!

Why literally? Yes, it’s just that in reality this is impossible, but in a fantasy or parallel worlds it’s easy. Therefore, this option is referred to the counterfactual meaning of the conditional mood.

It is worth saying that sometimes the direct meaning of their dreams was hypothetical, that is, quite acceptable in the real world. Friends could even give practical advice to neighbors. Clear recommendations more than once helped to avoid trouble, although they used a conditional mood. Need examples? Please!

So their neighbor began to build a new house for himself. Yes, he lays bricks right on the sand - he builds a wall. So the comrades could not stand it, they came up and told him bluntly: “You, my friend, first poured the foundation, and then did the brickwork!” They hinted so modestly, carefully, and the unlucky builder obeyed them - and avoided huge troubles!

Chapter Four: About how friends of neighbors organized to help, or Direct meaning of the conditional mood proper in positive and negative connotations

Friends were able not only to express their desires but to aimlessly dream of the unrealizable. Sometimes they could say so, to shame those around them, that they had to hide their red cheeks for a long time. Here, for example, how, using the form of the conditional mood, they forced the neighbors to help build the house: “At least someone would help! At least one of them has a conscience!” And, having expressed their negative connotation, they themselves were the first to take up a shovel - to dig a hole under the foundation.

If necessary, they could put a presumptuous neighbor in their place. It was even possible to drive someone away with the help of the subjunctive mood. “Couldn’t you, good sir, choose a farther back street for your walks?” - after such a phrase, hardly anyone will have a desire to be close to those for whom this presence is undesirable.

Fifth chapter: about how friends saved Little Red Riding Hood from the Wolf, or Figurative meaning of the conditional mood

So it was only at first glance that friends could seem spineless and spineless. In fact, they knew how to give good advice and scold. But they did it gently, carefully. This action is also called the pragmatic function of inclination.

That is, friends say real things, but not in a categorical form, which is why they say that in the sentence the conditional mood is used in a figurative sense, because no conditions are needed to perform an action.

“We would advise you, dear girl, not to talk to this animal,” friends once intervened in a conversation between Little Red Riding Hood and the Gray Wolf. Strictly so they said, with pressure. And, although the particle By, as always, stood next to the verb, it became clear to the Wolf that it was present here only to soften the treatment, so as not to scare the girl. “You, bully, would go your own way, otherwise you wouldn’t get stuck between the ears with this club!” - they threatened the vicious and cunning predator. And the phrase sounded as if friends used an imperative mood.

Sixth chapter: about how the conditional mood was elected to the government of the state

The election campaign began in the country. The imperative mood, of course, immediately began to run for the presidency. "Vote for us! Let's all go to the polls! Choose the imperative mood! - it yelled at all crossroads. And only the conditional mood modestly declared: “We should choose another government, comrades. If everyone rallied, we could create a truly happy society.” And the inhabitants of the country thought: “Could you help us build a kindergarten and a hospital in the state? It would also be great if we built a sanatorium on the seashore for the rest of everyone who wants, and absolutely free of charge!” And the "verbals" agreed.

So, with the help of a request, friends were able to organize the beginning of the construction of a whole social complex in the country. And it seems that there was no order here, but no one could refuse. So the conditional mood turned into an imperative.

The citizens of the Verbal State thought, and they elected their friends as presidents. But they nevertheless took representatives of other inclinations as assistants. For everything to be fair. And so they began to rule the country together and indicative, and conditional, and imperative mood. One head, as they say, is good, and when there are many minds, it is even better.

Briefly about the main

The form of the conditional (subjunctive) mood in writing coincides with the past tense verb in combination with the particle "by". With verbs, the particle is always written separately. It can be placed anywhere in the sentence.

The verb is formed in the same way as the past tense form, that is, from the base of the indefinite form with the suffix -l-. It varies by gender and number. The verb is also conjugated according to the past tense pattern.

The mood of the verb is a very important characteristic of it. In morphological analysis, it is indicated necessarily. Inclination also affects other signs of this part of speech, for example, time. Do not forget that certain spelling norms are associated with this category, which we will touch on in this article. We will also consider in detail what forms of mood the verb has, we will give examples so that this constant morphological feature does not cause difficulties.

What does the category of inclination express?

The verb gives our speech liveliness, makes it dynamic. It is not for nothing that our ancestors, the Slavs, called the word “verb” their entire speech in principle. Sentences without these parts of speech are very rare.

One of the characteristics of the verb is its ability to express the relation of the subject of speech to reality: an action takes place with the subject in fact or simply desirable, imaginary. This characteristic is also called modality. It is she who is realized through the mood of the verb.

Thus, it is this important category of the predicate that contains the main meaning. What forms of mood does the verb have? We will give the answer right now: indicative, conditional and imperative. Each of them is designed to report on the correspondence of the action to reality. Let's prove it.

For example, let's compare the sentences: I will drink tea. - I'd like some tea. - Have some tea. It is easy to guess that all three verbs in these sentences are used in different moods. And if the first of them speaks of a specific action that will happen in the future, then the other two speak either of the conditionality of the act or the motivation for action (events may not take place).

Indicative

The most common form of inclination, which speaks of the reality of what is happening with the subject, is indicative. A distinctive feature is the presence of a form of time, this indicates that the action happened earlier or will be in the future, or maybe it is being performed at the moment.

The verb in the form changes not only in tenses, but also in persons, as well as numbers.

This type of mood is closely related to the type of predicate. So, they have all three temporal characteristics. Moreover, the future tense of such words is complex, i.e. formed by adding to the verb to be used in the simple future of the infinitive containing the main meaning.

For example: I study for the exam all day long. (present tense) - I've been preparing for the exam all day. (past tense) - I will study for the exam next days.

What forms of mood has If we talk about the indicative, then such predicates are presented in two tenses: the past and the simple future.

I prepared very well for the exam. (past tense). - I will prepare for the exam very well.

The category of the indicative mood is found in all types of speech in various speech situations. Reasoning, narration, description, dialogue or speech to a large audience - everywhere these predicates will be the main ones, they are universal and emotionally neutral.

Conditional mood

The verb in the form talks about an action that will happen if some conditions are met. Otherwise, it is impossible.

For example: With your help, I would cross the gorge. You should have crossed that little bridge yourself. The second sentence expresses not so much the presence of a certain condition as the desire to perform an action.

Forming the shape of this inclination is very simple. It is enough to put the verb in the past tense and attach the particle would (b): I would call, I would come, I would spend, I would take.

The role of this is to logically highlight the necessary word. It can be in any part of the sentence. For example, compare: Would you bring the goods today. - You would bring the goods today. Today you would bring the goods. In the first sentence, the emphasis is logically on the verb-predicate, in the second on the subject, and in the third on the adverbial tense.

Imperative mood

Speaking about what forms of mood the verb has, it should be said about the last - imperative. From its name it becomes clear that such a predicate contains some kind of motivation for the action of the listener. Depending on the design, grammatical and emotional, this meaning can range from a polite request to an order.

Please solve the problem. - Write the following example. - Get your notebooks!

If the verb in the imperative is preceded by a particle not, then such a sentence will express the undesirability of the action. For example: Do not hurt animals! This is a request that the "offend" action not be performed.

Formation of the imperative mood

To make a polite request, special introductory words are often attached to imperative verbs: please, be kind, be kind. Do not forget that these constructions are separated by commas: Please, tell us your first and last name.

Also, for a polite call to action, it is necessary to put the verb in the plural form: Ekaterina Valerievna, please pass the book.

From singular verbs, the imperative mood is formed with the help of the suffix -and-. He joins the basis of the present tense: bring - bring, put - put, take - take. The use of this suffix is ​​optional: get up - get up, pour - pour.

Particular attention should be paid to close - close - close; but close - close - close. In the first case, imperfective verbs are used, in the second - perfective.

An imperative mood can be formed and with the help of particles, let, let: Let the boys clean the class today.

If you want to achieve a rude order, you should form this mood with the help of the infinitive: Everyone lie down in bed!

As a rule, in sentences with imperative verbs, the subject is absent, but this does not apply to those in which the form is formed with the help of let / let. Let Natasha set the table. Subject Natasha, predicate - let him cover.

How to determine inclination?

To distinguish which mood forms a verb has (we gave examples of them above), you must follow the algorithm:

However, it should be remembered that one mood can be used in the form of another. For example, the indicative in the meaning of the imperative: Brought me coffee! Take a newspaper with you. The reverse situation may also be: Take it and jump out of your hands. In this case, what forms of mood the verb has is determined solely by the meaning of the entire sentence.

We continue to study English grammar, and today we want to introduce you to a curious grammatical phenomenon in the English language. Is it a conditional or Conditional Mood . We will consider the types of this mood, examples of sentences with it, etc. How is the conditional mood built in English?

Conditional mood in English is a very interesting thing. As in Russian, the conditional mood in English indicates that an action can or must be performed under some condition. But still there are significant differences from Russian.

Sentences in the conditional mood are complex sentences, usually consisting of two simple ones, of which one is the main one, and the second is dependent. The main clause expresses the condition of action in the dependent clause.

The catch is that in English there are three cases or types of conditional mood, while in Russian there are only two. But if you look carefully, you will realize that everything is not so difficult.

In Russian: the first type expresses a real condition in the present tense; the second type expresses the unreal condition in the past tense.

• If I go home, I will have lunch.
• If I went home, I would have lunch. (And since I didn’t go home, I didn’t have lunch, that is, the action is unrealistic under this condition)

In English: the first type expresses a real condition in the present tense; the second type expresses the real condition in the past tense; the third type indicates an unreal condition in the past tense. Let's trace the same sentence, but in English:

• If I go home, I will have lunch
• If I went home, I would have lunch
• If I had gone home, I would have had lunch.

And now we will consider each type of Conditional Mood in the language we are studying separately.

The easiest is the first type!

It's really easy. Here we are dealing with a real condition in the present tense.

Notice the phrase If I have money, I buy a car (If I have money, I will buy a car). The main part of this sentence can also be in the future tense: If I have money, I will buy a car.

For example:

• If you drink a lot of coffee, you have problems with your heart. Or: If you drink a lot of coffee, you will have problems with your heart. If you drink a lot of coffee, you will have heart problems.

But a subordinate clause in English can never be in the future tense. After the word If the verb must be in the present tense present simple. That is, the subordinate clause is in the present tense, and most importantly - in the future.

Suggestion examples:

• If you eat a lot of sweets, you will have problems with your teeth. - If you eat a lot of sweets, you will have problems with your teeth.
• I will speak with Tom, if I find him. — I'll talk to Tom if I find him.
• If we go home, we will have a rest. If we go home, we will rest.

As we can see, in each sentence there is a real action under a real condition.
Three types of English conditional

The second type of conditional mood

The second type expresses the real condition in the past tense. And here, as in the first case, we are dealing with a real action under a real condition. In this case, the subordinate clause must be in past simple, and most importantly in Future in the Past.

Take a look at the example sentences:

• If I had money, I would buy a flat. — If I had money, I would buy an apartment
• If you did your homework, you would get a good mark. If you had done your homework, you would have received a good mark.

Instead of would in the main clause can be should, could, might. For example:

• If you met Jim, you should speak with him. — If you met Jim, would you talk to him
• You could read the whole book if you wanted. You could read the whole book if you wanted
• You might take my notebook, if I brought it. You could take my laptop if I brought it.

Don't be afraid of the third type!

The third case of the conditional mood is not found in Russian. But if you get acquainted with the scheme according to which it is built, then there is nothing complicated.

Note that in the subordinate clause the verb is in past perfect, and in the main scheme would + have + verb + ending -ed (or the third form of the verb).

This type expresses an unreal, impossible condition in the past tense. Note:

• If you had won the competition, you would have gone to France. — If you won the competition, you would go to France. (But you didn’t win, so you won’t go, that is, action under such a condition is impossible)
• If we had come on time, we would have met Ann. If we had arrived on time, we would have found Anna. (But we did not arrive on time, so we did not catch her, the action is unrealistic under this condition).

Here, as well as in the second type, there can be verbs in the main sentence should, could, might. For example:

• If she had spoken with her brother, he could have given his car. — If she talked to her brother, he could give his car
• You should have been more polite with mr Anders, if you had wanted. — You could be more polite to Mr. Anders if you wanted to.
• If I had found Tom, I might have spoken with him about that case. — If I found Tom, I would talk to him about that case.

The third type Conditional expresses an unrealistic action under an unrealistic condition.

Well, as we have seen, the conditional mood in English plays a very important role, and is an important part of English speech. Use it to express a condition in action. You will definitely make friends with him. We wish you success!