Ancient historians were sure that warlike tribes and "people with dog heads" live on the territory of Ancient Russia. A lot of time has passed since then, but many mysteries of the Slavic tribes have not yet been solved.
Northerners living in the south
The tribe of northerners at the beginning of the 8th century inhabited the banks of the Desna, the Seim and the Seversky Donets, founded Chernigov, Putivl, Novgorod-Seversky and Kursk.
The name of the tribe, according to Lev Gumilyov, is due to the fact that it assimilated the nomadic tribe of the Savirs, who lived in Western Siberia in ancient times. It is with the Savirs that the origin of the name "Siberia" is also associated.
Archaeologist Valentin Sedov believed that the Savirs were a Scythian-Sarmatian tribe, and the toponyms of the northerners are of Iranian origin. So, the name of the river Seim (Seven) comes from the Iranian śyama or even from the ancient Indian syāma, which means "dark river".
According to the third hypothesis, the northerners (northers) were immigrants from the southern or western lands. On the right bank of the Danube lived a tribe with that name. It could easily be "moved" by the Bulgars who invaded there.
The northerners were representatives of the Mediterranean type of people. They were distinguished by a narrow face, an elongated skull, were thin-boned and nosy.
They brought bread and furs to Byzantium, back - gold, silver, luxury goods. Traded with the Bulgarians, with the Arabs.
The northerners paid tribute to the Khazars, and then entered into an alliance of tribes united by the Novgorod prince Prophetic Oleg. In 907 they participated in the campaign against Tsargrad. In the 9th century, the Chernigov and Pereyaslav principalities appeared on their lands.
Vyatichi and Radimichi - relatives or different tribes?
The Vyatichi lands were located on the territory of the Moscow, Kaluga, Orel, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tula, Voronezh and Lipetsk regions.
Outwardly, the Vyatichi resembled the northerners, but they were not so nosey, but they had a high bridge of the nose and blond hair. The "Tale of Bygone Years" indicates that the name of the tribe came from the name of the ancestor Vyatko (Vyacheslav), who came "from the Poles."
Other scientists associate the name with the Indo-European root "ven-t" (wet), or with the Proto-Slavic "vęt" (large) and put the name of the tribe on a par with the Wends and Vandals.
Vyatichi were skilled warriors, hunters, collected wild honey, mushrooms and berries. Cattle breeding and slash-and-burn agriculture were widespread. They were not part of Ancient Russia and more than once fought with the Novgorod and Kyiv princes.
According to legend, Vyatko's brother Radim became the ancestor of the Radimichi, who settled between the Dnieper and the Desna in the territories of the Gomel and Mogilev regions of Belarus and founded Krichev, Gomel, Rogachev and Chechersk.
Radimichi also rebelled against the princes, but after the battle on Peschan they submitted. Chronicles mention them for the last time in 1169.
Krivichi - Croats or Poles?
The passage of the Krivichi is not known for certain, who since the 6th century lived in the upper reaches of the Western Dvina, Volga and Dnieper and became the founders of Smolensk, Polotsk and Izborsk. The name of the tribe came from the ancestor of Kriv. Krivichi differed from other tribes in high growth. They had a nose with a pronounced hump, a well-defined chin.
Anthropologists attribute the Krivichi to the Valdai type of people. According to one version, the Krivichi are the migrating tribes of white Croats and Serbs, according to another, they come from the north of Poland.
The Krivichi worked closely with the Varangians and built ships on which they went to Constantinople.
The Krivichi became part of Ancient Russia in the 9th century. The last prince of the Krivichi Rogvolod was killed with his sons in 980. Smolensk and Polotsk principalities appeared on their lands.
Slovenian vandals
Slovenes (Itelmen Slovenes) were the northernmost tribe. They lived on the shores of Lake Ilmen and on the Mologa River. Origin unknown. According to legend, their ancestors were Sloven and Rus, who founded the cities of Slovensk (Veliky Novgorod) and Staraya Russa even before our era.
From Slovene, power passed to Prince Vandal (known in Europe as the Ostrogoth leader Vandalar), who had three sons: Izbor, Vladimir and Stolposvyat, and four brothers: Rudotok, Volkhov, Volkhovets and Bastarn. The wife of Prince Vandal Advind was from the Varangians.
Slovene now and then fought with the Vikings and neighbors.
It is known that the ruling dynasty descended from the son of Vandal Vladimir. The Slavs were engaged in agriculture, expanded their possessions, influenced other tribes, engaged in trade with the Arabs, with Prussia, with Gotland and Sweden.
It was here that Rurik began to reign. After the emergence of Novgorod, the Slovenes began to be called Novgorodians and founded the Novgorod Land.
Russ. A people without a territory
Look at the map of the settlement of the Slavs. Each tribe has its own lands. Russians are not there. Although it was the Rus who gave the name to Russia. There are three theories of the origin of the Russians.
The first theory considers the Rus to be Varangians and relies on The Tale of Bygone Years (written from 1110 to 1118), it says: “They drove the Varangians across the sea, and did not give them tribute, and began to rule themselves, and there was no truth among them , and generations stood up against generations, and they had strife, and began to fight with each other. And they said to themselves: "Let's look for a prince who would rule over us and judge by right." And they went across the sea to the Varangians, to Russia. Those Varangians were called Rus, as others are called Swedes, and others are Normans and Angles, and still others are Gotlanders, and so are these.
The second says that the Rus are a separate tribe that came to Eastern Europe earlier or later than the Slavs.
The third theory says that the Rus are the highest caste of the East Slavic tribe of the Polyans, or the tribe itself, which lived on the Dnieper and on the Ros. “The meadows are even more called Rus” - it was written in the “Laurentian” chronicle, which followed the “Tale of Bygone Years” and was written in 1377. Here the word "Rus" was used as a toponym and the name of the Rus was also used as the name of a separate tribe: "Rus, Chud and Slovene", - this is how the chronicler listed the peoples who inhabited the country.
Despite the research of geneticists, disputes around the Rus continue. According to the Norwegian researcher Thor Heyerdahl, the Varangians themselves are descendants of the Slavs.
Slavic tribes on the territory of Russia in the X century.
The end of Igor's war with Byzantium and the exchange of peaceful embassies favored the fact that the first accurate data about Slavic tribes and cities appeared in Byzantine sources. In the Notes of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, information about Russia was recorded from the words of the Byzantines who traveled with an embassy to Kyiv, or the ambassadors of the Rus, who arrived in Constantinople in 944 to conclude a peace treaty. The emperor's work describes in most detail the journey through the Dnieper rapids, which was associated with mortal risk. The Notes reproduced the Scandinavian (Russian) and Slavic names of most of the rapids. According to linguists, the Slavic names of the rapids were less distorted in the Byzantine record than the Scandinavian ones. This indicated that the compilers of the Notes used Slavic sources of information. The knowledge of the person who provided the imperial officials with information about Russia was limited mainly to the Kyiv district. Of the seven Slavic cities named in the Notes, four were located in Southern Russia. Their names (Kyova, Chernigoga, Vusegrad and Vyatichi) are rendered more accurately, while the names of two cities outside the Kyiv region are distorted beyond recognition (Meliniski and Teliutsy). The last name is not decipherable at all. Among the Slavic tribes are named Kriviteins (Krivichi), Lendzanins (Lendzyans) and Derevlenins (Verviaans, Drevlyans). The author of the Notes received more detailed information about these tribes and therefore mentions them twice. In addition to them, the northerners (severii), druguvits (dregovichi) and ultins (street) are named. The names of the tribes of Slovenes, Polochans, Vitichs, Volhynians, Tivertsy, who lived far from Kyiv, do not appear in the Notes. The compilers of the Notes showed great awareness of Kyiv and the Kyiv region. However, in the Byzantine list of Slavic tribes there are no meadows that lived in Kyiv itself. At the same time, the authors of the Notes narrate about certain Lendzyans who are absent from The Tale of Bygone Years. There is an assumption about the identity of these tribes. As established in the literature, the word "Ledzyane" reproduces the self-name of the Poles (lendjane; Russian Lyadsky, Poles). The word "meadow" has the same meaning. The name of the glades of the Greater Poland lands and the glades from the Kyiv district coincide. Noteworthy is the order in which the tribes are listed in the Notes of Constantine Porphyrogenitus. The Lendzyans are mentioned in one case next to the Krivichs, and in the other - next to the streets and Drevlyans. If the neighbors of the Lendzians were the Krivichi (on the one hand), the Drevlyans and Ulichi (on the other), then this means that they lived in precisely those places that, according to the annals, were occupied by the meadow and the Radimichi. This small tribe also remained unknown to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, as well as the Glade tribe. It can be assumed that the small tribes of the Polyans and Radimichi were fragments of a large tribe that remained united in the middle of the 10th century, but disintegrated in the 11th-12th centuries. A reflection of this fact was the recollection of the common ancestors and the common origin of the tribes, recorded by the chronicler. "Radimichi bo and Vyatichi," Nestor argued, "from the Poles: byasta bo 2 brothers in Lyasekh - Radim and the other Vyatko, and the gray-haired Radim came to Syezha, and was nicknamed Radimichi, and Vyatko was gray-haired with his family on Ots, from him he was nicknamed Vyatichi". Radom was one of the oldest cities in Poland. The words "Radim" and "Radimichi" correlate with this toponym.
The inhabitants of Kyiv considered themselves glades, which determined the attitude of the chroniclers to this tribe: "Men are wise in terms of meaning, I have become a clearing, from them there is a clearing in Kyiv to this day." Wise meadows had the custom of "meek and quiet", relatives "great shame imeh" had a "marriage custom". On the contrary, Radimichi, Vyatichi and their neighbors "live in the forest, like any other animal, eating everything unclean and shameful before the fathers ...". The obvious partiality of judgment put Nestor in a difficult position. If he admitted that the Polans have common ancestors with the Radimichi and Vyatichi, then the reasoning about the special wisdom and virtues of the Polans would lose ground. It becomes clear why the chronicler decided to pass over in silence the question of the origin of the glades, although the problem of the origin of this tribe and its first prince Kyi was one of the most topical. The Poles, wrote Nestor, settled on the Vistula, and "from those Poles they called themselves a clearing"; "the same is true of the Slovenes who came and gray-haired along the Dnieper and swung across the clearing, and the friends of the Drevlyans, gray-haired in the forests"; "to glades who lived in the mountains," etc. Explaining that the Drevlyans got their name because they lived in the forest, the chronicler left the reader in complete ignorance of why the future people of Kiev, having settled "on the mountains," began to be called "glades." Having named on one page the Polish glades and the Kyiv glades, the learned scribe did not explain what relations these tribes had with each other. Meanwhile, the name of the Wielkopolska Plyakhs-Polyany strictly correlated with the name of the Kyiv Lendzyan-Polyakhs-Polyany. The name Kiowa (Arabic Kuyavia) is close to the toponym Kuyavia in Poland. In the agreement of the Kyiv prince Igor in 944, one of the senior Kyiv "archons" (kings) bore the name Volodislav, characteristic of the Polans.
Researchers expressed surprise that the tiny tribe of Polyans played such an outstanding role in the history of Russia. In fact, a small tribe could hardly survive, much less subdue the much more powerful tribes that surrounded it and occupied vast territories. According to Nestor, the glades were "offended" by their closest neighbors - the Drevlyans, a tribe by no means large. Notes of Constantine Porphyrogenitus explain the matter. Until the middle of the X century. Polyan, Radimichi, and, probably, Vyatichi retained belonging to a single tribe of Lendzyan, which was not inferior in number and power to the union of Krivichi or Ilmen Slovenes. The Norman conquest hastened the disintegration of this tribe. The Lendzyans who lived in the Dnieper region submitted to the Rus, while the Vyatichi remained under the rule of the Khazars for a long time. Old tribal ties were destroyed in the Slavic lands, which were mastered by the Normans in the first place. These lands were also the first to undergo Christianization.
Konstantin Porphyrogenitus described in detail the polyudie of the Rus. In this description, there are no clearings and radimichi. The Rus did not go to the Lendzyans (Polyany, Radimichi) in polyudie for the reason that the Lendzyans' lands in the Dnieper region became their habitat, while the Vyatichi still remained tributaries of the Khazars.
Nestor was an educated monk, a talented and conscientious writer. His description of the life and customs of the ancient Slavs was by no means fiction. The chronicler only followed the impressions of contemporary life. By the beginning of the XII century. Kyiv glade not only received baptism, but also imbued with the Christian spirit, while their former tribesmen Radimichi and Vyatichi still remained pagans. In the middle of the X century. the Lendzyans throughout the entire territory from Kyiv to the lands of the Radimichi beyond the Dnieper and the Vyatichi on the Oka remained pagans. Only after the adoption of Christianity did the differences between the capital and the periphery come out.
The legend about the Polish origin of the glades was known to Nestor. But the topic of the day dominated him - friction between the Christian capital and the pagan outskirts, disputes over whose volost - Kyiv or Novgorod - was ancient, "who in Kyiv began first to reign", etc. Answering all these questions, the Kyiv chronicles outlined the legend of Kiev . The chronicle story about the three brothers, the founders of Kyiv, apparently, was based on a folklore plot. Three brothers Kyi, Shchek and Khoriv sailed and sat on three mountains (Kievskaya Gora, Shchekovitsa and Horivitsa), while their sister Lybid sat under the mountain on the Lybid River. The legend about the brothers - the founders of a city or a state can be found in the folklore sources of many countries. The Kyiv chroniclers did not fail to report on the origin of Rurik, Radim, Vyatko, etc., and kept silent about the origin of the ancestor of all Kyivans - the first Kyiv prince. This greatly reduces the historical value of the legend of Kiya.
Vyatichi is a union of East Slavic tribes that lived in the second half of the first millennium AD. e. in the upper and middle reaches of the Oka. The name Vyatichi presumably came from the name of the ancestor of the tribe, Vyatko. However, some associate this name by origin with the morpheme "veins" and Veneds (or Venets / Vents) (the name "Vyatichi" was pronounced as "Ventichi").
In the middle of the 10th century, Svyatoslav annexed the lands of the Vyatichi to Kievan Rus, but until the end of the 11th century, these tribes retained a certain political independence; campaigns against the Vyatichi princes of this time are mentioned.
Since the XII century, the territory of the Vyatichi became part of the Chernigov, Rostov-Suzdal and Ryazan principalities. Until the end of the 13th century, the Vyatichi retained many pagan rituals and traditions, in particular, they cremated the dead, erecting small mounds over the burial place. After Christianity took root among the Vyatichi, the rite of cremation gradually went out of use.
Vyatichi retained their tribal name longer than other Slavs. They lived without princes, the social structure was characterized by self-government and democracy. The last time the Vyatichi are mentioned in the annals under such a tribal name was in 1197.
Buzhans (Volynians) - a tribe of Eastern Slavs who lived in the basin of the upper reaches of the Western Bug (from which they got their name); since the end of the 11th century, the Buzhans have been called Volynians (from the locality of Volyn).
Volhynia is an East Slavic tribe or tribal union, mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years and in the Bavarian chronicles. According to the latter, the Volhynians owned seventy fortresses at the end of the 10th century. Some historians believe that the Volhynians and Buzhans are descendants of the Dulebs. Their main cities were Volyn and Vladimir-Volynsky. Archaeological research indicates that the Volynians developed agriculture and numerous crafts, including forging, casting and pottery.
In 981, the Volynians were subordinated to the Kyiv prince Vladimir I and became part of Kievan Rus. Later, the Galicia-Volyn principality was formed on the territory of the Volynians.
Drevlyans - one of the tribes of Russian Slavs, lived along Pripyat, Goryn, Sluch and Teterev.
The name Drevlyane, according to the chronicler, was given to them because they lived in the forests.
From archaeological excavations in the country of the Drevlyans, it can be concluded that they had a well-known culture. A well-established burial rite testifies to the existence of certain religious ideas about the afterlife: the absence of weapons in the graves testifies to the peaceful nature of the tribe; finds of sickles, shards and vessels, iron products, remnants of fabrics and leather indicate the existence of arable farming, pottery, blacksmithing, weaving and leather crafts among the Drevlyans; many bones of domestic animals and spurs indicate cattle breeding and horse breeding; many items made of silver, bronze, glass and carnelian, of foreign origin, indicate the existence of trade, and the absence of coins suggests that the trade was barter.
The political center of the Drevlyans in the era of their independence was the city of Iskorosten; at a later time, this center, apparently, moved to the city of Vruchiy (Ovruch)
The Dregovichi are an East Slavic tribal union that lived between the Pripyat and the Western Dvina.
Most likely the name comes from the Old Russian word dregva or dryagva, which means "swamp".
Under the name of Drugovites (Greek δρονγονβίται), the Dregovichi are already known to Konstantin Porfirorodny as a tribe subordinate to Russia. Being aloof from the "Road from the Varangians to the Greeks", the Dregovichi did not play a prominent role in the history of Ancient Russia. The chronicle mentions only that the Dregovichi once had their own reign. The capital of the principality was the city of Turov. The subjugation of the Dregovichi to the Kyiv princes probably happened very early. On the territory of the Dregovichi, the principality of Turov was subsequently formed, and the northwestern lands became part of the principality of Polotsk.
Duleby (not duleby) - an alliance of East Slavic tribes on the territory of Western Volhynia in the 6th - early 10th centuries. In the 7th century they were subjected to the Avar invasion (obry). In 907 they took part in Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad. They broke up into tribes of Volhynians and Buzhans, and in the middle of the 10th century they finally lost their independence, becoming part of Kievan Rus.
Krivichi is a numerous East Slavic tribe (tribal association), which occupied the upper reaches of the Volga, Dnieper and Western Dvina, the southern part of the Lake Peipsi basin and part of the Neman basin in the 6th-10th centuries. Sometimes the Ilmen Slavs are also classified as Krivichi.
The Krivichi were probably the first Slavic tribe to move from the Carpathians to the northeast. Limited in their distribution to the northwest and west, where they met stable Lithuanian and Finnish tribes, the Krivichi spread to the northeast, assimilating with the living Tamfins.
Having settled on the great waterway from Scandinavia to Byzantium (the path from the Varangians to the Greeks), the Krivichi took part in trade with Greece; Konstantin Porphyrogenitus says that the Krivichi make boats on which the Rus go to Tsargrad. They participated in the campaigns of Oleg and Igor against the Greeks as a tribe subordinate to the Kyiv prince; Oleg's contract mentions their city of Polotsk.
Already in the era of the formation of the Russian state, the Krivichi had political centers: Izborsk, Polotsk and Smolensk.
It is believed that the last tribal prince of the Krivichi Rogvolod, together with his sons, was killed in 980 by the Novgorod prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich. In the Ipatiev list, the Krivichi are mentioned for the last time under 1128, and the Polotsk princes are named Krivichi under 1140 and 1162. After that, the Krivichi are no longer mentioned in the East Slavic chronicles. However, the tribal name Krivichi was used for quite a long time in foreign sources (until the end of the 17th century). The word krievs entered the Latvian language to designate Russians in general, and the word Krievija to designate Russia.
The southwestern, Polotsk branch of the Krivichi is also called Polotsk. Together with the Dregovichi, Radimichi and some Baltic tribes, this branch of the Krivichi formed the basis of the Belarusian ethnic group.
The northeastern branch of the Krivichi, settled mainly in the territory of modern Tver, Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions, was in close contact with the Finno-Ugric tribes.
The boundary between the territory of settlement of the Krivichi and Novgorod Slovenes is determined archaeologically by the types of burials: long barrows near the Krivichi and hills among the Slovenes.
The Polochans are an East Slavic tribe that inhabited the lands in the middle reaches of the Western Dvina in today's Belarus in the 9th century.
Polochans are mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years, which explains their name as living near the Polota River, one of the tributaries of the Western Dvina. In addition, the chronicle claims that the Krivichi were descendants of the Polotsk people. The lands of the Polochans stretched from the Svisloch along the Berezina to the lands of the Dregovichi. The Polochans were one of the tribes from which the Polotsk principality was later formed. They are one of the founders of the modern Belarusian people.
Glade (poly) - the name of the Slavic tribe, in the era of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs, who settled along the middle course of the Dnieper, on its right bank.
Judging by the chronicles and the latest archaeological research, the territory of the land of the glades before the Christian era was limited to the course of the Dnieper, Ros and Irpin; in the north-east it was adjacent to the derevskaya land, in the west - to the southern settlements of the Dregovichi, in the south-west - to the Tivertsy, in the south - to the streets.
Calling the Slavs who settled here glades, the chronicler adds: “outside in the gray field.” The glades differed sharply from the neighboring Slavic tribes both in moral properties and in the forms of social life: and to sisters and to their mothers .... marriage customs having a husband.
History finds the glades already at a rather late stage of political development: the social system is composed of two elements - communal and princely-druzhina, the former being strongly suppressed by the latter. With the usual and ancient occupations of the Slavs - hunting, fishing and beekeeping - cattle breeding, agriculture, "woodworking" and trade were more common among the meadows than other Slavs. The latter was quite extensive not only with Slavic neighbors, but also with foreigners in the West and East: the coin treasures show that trade with the East began as early as the 8th century - it stopped during the strife of the specific princes.
At first, about the middle of the 8th century, the glades, who paid tribute to the Khazars, due to their cultural and economic superiority, from a defensive position in relation to their neighbors, soon turned into an offensive one; Drevlyans, Dregovichi, northerners and others by the end of the 9th century were already subject to the glades. They also adopted Christianity earlier than others. Kiev was the center of the Polyana (“Polish”) land; its other settlements are Vyshgorod, Belgorod on the Irpen River (now the village of Belogorodka), Zvenigorod, Trepol (now the village of Trypillya), Vasilev (now Vasilkov) and others.
Zemlyapolyan with the city of Kyiv became the center of the possessions of the Rurikovichs from 882. The last time in the annals the name of the glades was mentioned in 944, on the occasion of Igor's campaign against the Greeks, and was replaced, probably already at the end of the Χ century, by the name Rus (Ros) and Kiyane. The chronicler also calls the Glades the Slavic tribe on the Vistula, mentioned for the last time in the Ipatiev Chronicle under 1208.
Radimichi - the name of the population that was part of the union of East Slavic tribes that lived in the interfluve of the upper reaches of the Dnieper and the Desna.
Around 885 Radimichi became part of the Old Russian state, and in the XII century they mastered most of Chernigov and the southern part of Smolensk lands. The name comes from the name of the ancestor of the Radima tribe.
Northerners (more correctly, the North) are a tribe or tribal union of Eastern Slavs who inhabited the territories east of the middle reaches of the Dnieper, along the Desna and Seimi Sula rivers.
The origin of the name of the north is not fully understood. Most authors associate it with the name of the Savir tribe, which was part of the Hunnic association. According to another version, the name goes back to the obsolete Old Slavic word meaning "relative". The explanation from the Slavic siver, north, despite the similarity of sound, is considered extremely controversial, since the north has never been the most northerly of the Slavic tribes.
Slovenes (Ilmen Slavs) are an East Slavic tribe that lived in the second half of the first millennium in the basin of Lake Ilmen and the upper reaches of the Mologa and made up the bulk of the population of Novgorod land.
The Tivertsy are an Eastern Slavic tribe that lived between the Dniester and the Danube near the Black Sea coast. They are first mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years along with other East Slavic tribes of the 9th century. The main occupation of the Tivertsy was agriculture. The Tivertsy took part in the campaigns of Oleg against Tsargrad in 907 and Igor in 944. In the middle of the 10th century, the lands of the Tivertsy became part of Kievan Rus.
The descendants of the Tivertsy became part of the Ukrainian people, and their western part underwent Romanization.
The Ulichs are an East Slavic tribe that inhabited the lands along the lower reaches of the Dnieper, the Southern Bug and the Black Sea coast during the 8th-10th centuries.
The capital of the streets was the city of Pereseken. In the first half of the 10th century, the streets fought for independence from Kievan Rus, but nevertheless they were forced to recognize its supremacy and become part of it. Later, the streets and neighboring Tivertsy were driven north by the arriving Pecheneg nomads, where they merged with the Volhynians. The last mention of the streets dates back to the annals of the 970s.
Croats are an Eastern Slavic tribe that lived in the vicinity of the city of Przemysl on the San River. They called themselves white Croats, in contrast to the tribe of the same name with them, who lived in the Balkans. The name of the tribe is derived from the ancient Iranian word "shepherd, guardian of cattle", which may indicate its main occupation - cattle breeding.
Bodrichi (encouraged, rarogs) - Polabian Slavs (lower reaches of the Elbe) in the VIII-XII centuries. - the union of the Wagrs, Polabs, Glinyakov, Smolensk. Rarog (among the Danes Rerik) is the main city of the Bodrichs. Mecklenburg in East Germany.
According to one version, Rurik is a Slav from the Bodrich tribe, the grandson of Gostomysl, the son of his daughter Umila and the Bodrich prince Godoslav (Godlav).
The Wislans are a West Slavic tribe that has lived in Lesser Poland since at least the 7th century. In the 9th century, the Wislans formed a tribal state with centers in Krakow, Sandomierz and Straduv. At the end of the century, they were subjugated by the king of Great Moravia Svyatopolk I and were forced to be baptized. In the 10th century, the lands of the Vistulas were conquered by the Polans and incorporated into Poland.
Zlichane (Czech Zličane, Polish Zliczanie) is one of the ancient Czech tribes. They inhabited the territory adjacent to the modern city of Kourzhim (Czech Republic). East and South Bohemia and the region of the Duleb tribe. The main city of the principality was Libice. The princes of Libice Slavniki competed with Prague in the struggle for the unification of the Czech Republic. In 995, the Zlichans were subjugated by the Přemyslids.
Lusatians, Lusatian Serbs, Sorbs (German Sorben), Wends - the indigenous Slavic population living in the territory of Lower and Upper Lusatia - areas that are part of modern Germany. The first settlements of the Lusatian Serbs in these places were recorded in the 6th century AD. e.
The Lusatian language is divided into Upper Lusatian and Lower Lusatian.
The dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron gives a definition: "Sorbs are the name of the Wends and, in general, the Polabian Slavs." Slavic people inhabiting a number of areas in Germany, in the federal states of Brandenburg and Saxony.
Lusatian Serbs are one of the four officially recognized national minorities in Germany (along with gypsies, Frisians and Danes). It is believed that about 60,000 German citizens now have Lusatian Serb roots, of which 20,000 live in Lower Lusatia (Brandenburg) and 40,000 in Upper Lusatia (Saxony).
The Lyutichi (Wiltzes, Velets) are a union of West Slavic tribes that lived in the early Middle Ages on the territory of present-day eastern Germany. The center of the union of the Lyutichs was the sanctuary "Radogost", in which the god Svarozhich was revered. All decisions were made at a large tribal meeting, and there was no central authority.
The Lyutichi led the Slavic uprising of 983 against the German colonization of lands east of the Elbe, as a result of which colonization was suspended for almost two hundred years. Even before that, they were ardent opponents of the German king Otto I. About his heir, Henry II, it is known that he did not try to enslave them, but rather lured them with money and gifts to his side in the fight against Poland, Boleslav the Brave.
Military and political successes strengthened the adherence to paganism and pagan customs in the Lutiches, which also applied to related Bodrichs. However, in the 1050s, civil war broke out among the Lutici and changed their situation. The union quickly lost power and influence, and after the central sanctuary was destroyed by the Saxon duke Lothar in 1125, the union finally broke up. Over the following decades, the Saxon dukes gradually expanded their holdings to the east and conquered the lands of the Luticians.
Pomeranians, Pomeranians - West Slavic tribes that lived from the 6th century in the lower reaches of the Odryn coast of the Baltic Sea. It remains unclear whether there was a residual Germanic population prior to their arrival, which they assimilated. In 900, the border of the Pomeranian area passed along the Odra in the west, the Vistula in the east and the Notech in the south. They gave the name of the historical area of Pomerania.
In the 10th century, the Polish prince Mieszko I included the lands of the Pomeranians into the Polish state. In the 11th century, the Pomeranians revolted and regained their independence from Poland. During this period, their territory expanded westward from the Odra into the lands of the Luticians. At the initiative of Prince Vartislav I, the Pomeranians adopted Christianity.
From the 1180s, German influence began to grow and German settlers began to arrive on the lands of the Pomeranians. Because of the devastating wars with the Danes, the Pomeranian feudal lords welcomed the settlement of the devastated lands by the Germans. Over time, the process of Germanization of the Pomeranian population began.
The remains of the ancient Pomeranians who escaped assimilation today are the Kashubians, numbering 300 thousand people.
East Slavic union of tribes that lived in the basin of the upper and middle reaches of the Oka and along the Moscow River. The resettlement of the Vyatichi took place from the territory of the Dnieper left bank or from the upper reaches of the Dniester. The Vyatichi substratum was the local Baltic population. Vyatichi retained pagan beliefs longer than other Slavic tribes and resisted the influence of the Kievan princes. Rebelliousness and militancy are the hallmark of the Vyatichi tribe.
The tribal union of the Eastern Slavs of the 6th-11th centuries. They lived in the territories of the current Vitebsk, Mogilev, Pskov, Bryansk and Smolensk regions, as well as eastern Latvia. Formed on the basis of the alien Slavic and local Baltic population - the Tushemly culture. In the ethnogenesis of the Krivichi, the remnants of the local Finno-Ugric and Baltic - Ests, Livs, Latgals - tribes, who mixed with the numerous alien Slavic population, participated. Krivichi are divided into two large groups: Pskov and Polotsk-Smolensk. In the culture of the Polotsk-Smolensk Krivichi, along with Slavic elements of jewelry, there are elements of the Baltic type.
Slovenian Ilmen- a tribal union of the Eastern Slavs on the territory of Novgorod land, mainly in the lands near Lake Ilmen, in the neighborhood of the Krivichi. According to The Tale of Bygone Years, the Slovenes of Ilmen, together with the Krivichi, Chud and Merya, participated in the calling of the Varangians, who were related to the Slovenes - immigrants from the Baltic Pomerania. A number of historians consider the ancestral homeland of the Slovenes in the Dnieper region, others deduce the ancestors of the Ilmen Slovenes from the Baltic Pomerania, since the traditions, beliefs and customs, the type of dwellings of the Novgorodians and Polabian Slavs are very close.
Duleby- tribal union of Eastern Slavs. They inhabited the territory of the Bug River basin and the right tributaries of the Pripyat. In the 10th century Duleb union broke up, and their lands became part of Kievan Rus.
Volynians- East Slavic union of tribes, who lived on the territory on both banks of the Western Bug and at the source of the river. Pripyat. Volynians were first mentioned in Russian chronicles in 907. In the 10th century, the Vladimir-Volyn principality was formed on the lands of the Volynians.
Drevlyans- East Slavic tribal union, which occupied in the 6-10 centuries. the territory of Polissya, the Right Bank of the Dnieper, west of the glades, along the course of the Teterev, Uzh, Ubort, Stviga rivers. The habitat of the Drevlyans corresponds to the area of the Luka-Raikovets culture. The name Drevlyane was given to them because they lived in the forests.
Dregovichi- tribal union of Eastern Slavs. The exact boundaries of the Dregovichi habitat have not yet been established. According to a number of researchers, in the 6th-9th centuries, the Dregovichi occupied the territory in the middle part of the Pripyat River basin, in the 11th - 12th centuries, the southern border of their settlement passed south of Pripyat, the northwestern - in the watershed of the Drut and Berezina rivers, the western - in the upper reaches of the Neman River . When settling in Belarus, the Dregovichi moved from south to north to the Neman River, which indicates their southern origin.
Polochane- Slavic tribe, part of the tribal union of the Krivichi, who lived along the banks of the Dvina River and its tributary Polot, from which they got their name.
The center of the Polotsk land was the city of Polotsk.
Glade- a tribal union of Eastern Slavs, who lived on the Dnieper, in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Kyiv. The very origin of the glades remains unclear, since the territory of their settlement was located at the junction of several archaeological cultures.
Radimichi- an East Slavic union of tribes that lived in the eastern part of the Upper Dnieper, along the Sozh River and its tributaries in the 8th-9th centuries. Convenient river routes passed through the lands of the Radimichi, connecting them with Kyiv. Radimichi and Vyatichi had a similar burial rite - the ashes were buried in a log house - and similar temporal female jewelry (temporal rings) - seven-rayed (for Vyatichi - seven-paste). Archaeologists and linguists suggest that the Balts, who lived in the upper reaches of the Dnieper, also participated in the creation of the material culture of the Radimichi.
northerners- East Slavic union of tribes that lived in the 9th-10th centuries along the Desna, Seim and Sula rivers. The origin of the name northerners is of Scythian-Sarmatian origin and is derived from the Iranian word "black", which is confirmed by the name of the city of northerners - Chernihiv. The main occupation of the northerners was agriculture.
Tivertsy- an East Slavic tribe that settled in the 9th century in the interfluve of the Dniester and Prut, as well as the Danube, including the Budzhak coast of the Black Sea on the territory of modern Moldova and Ukraine.
Uchi- East Slavic union of tribes that existed in the 9th - 10th centuries. Ulichi lived in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Bug and on the Black Sea. The center of the tribal union was the city of Peresechen. For a long time, the Ulichi resisted the attempts of the Kyiv princes to subjugate them to their power.
1. Course subject. Historical sources and historiography.
2. The peoples who inhabited the territory of Ukraine in antiquity.
3. Kievan Rus.
4. Feudal fragmentation of Russia. Galicia-Volyn principality.
1. Course subject. Historical sources and historiography.
When determining the subject of the history of Ukraine, it is necessary to take into account two
aspect. First, by the history of Ukraine we mean the history of those
lands that make up the territory of the modern state "Uk-
raina". And secondly, the history of Ukraine includes the history of Ukrainian
tsev on all lands of their settlement around the world. Ukrainian diaspora.
According to various estimates e? the number ranges from 14 to 20 million people
century. Of these: Russia - 8 million, USA - 2 million, Canada - 1 million, Kazakhstan -
900 thousand, Moldova - 600 thousand, Brazil - 400 thousand, Belarus - 300 thousand and
etc.
The main feature of the history of Ukraine is that on the territory
territory of modern Ukraine at the same time (in parallel) exist-
there were different state formations. Western lands of Ukraine
in general, for a long time they lived separately from the rest of the Ukrainian lands
stranded. On the Western Ukrainian lands, several historical
ski regions that have their own history. This is Eastern Ga-
Lycia (or Galicia) with a historical center in the city of Lviv, Northern Buko-
wines (historical center - Chernivtsi), Volyn (historical center -
Lutsk), Transcarpathia (historical center - Uzhgorod).
However, all Ukrainian lands, starting from the Middle Ages, were
settled by one people who have a common origin, a common
language and common cultural traits.
historical sources. Any history and history of Ukraine in part
ness is studied on the basis of historical sources. historical
sources are everything that directly reflects the historical pro-
process and makes it possible to study the past, that is, everything that was previously created
given by mankind and has come down to our days in the form of material objects
noah culture, written monuments and other evidence.
All historical sources are conditionally divided into several types:
written (for example, annals, legal acts, periodicals
61
Denmark, correspondence, etc.); real (they are mainly studied by archaeologists)
gia); ethnographic (data about life, manners, customs); linguistic
(language data); oral (epics, fairy tales, songs, thoughts, proverbs,
work, etc., i.e. folklore); photo, film, video, background materials and sources
nicknames on electronic media.
The term "historiography" has two meanings. First, it is
riya of historical science, or a scientific discipline that studies the history
riu of historical science. Secondly, it is a set of studies
dedicated to a specific topic or historical era.
2. The peoples who inhabited the territory of Ukraine in antiquity.
The first human traces discovered in the territory of modern
Ukraine, are about a million years old. These are found in Zakarpa-
tie at the site of the early Paleolithic archeoanthrope tools. About 150
thousand years ago, people of the following anthropological type appeared -
Paleoanthropes (Neanderthals). On the territory of Ukraine, archaeologists
followed by more than 200 Neanderthal sites, in particular the Negroid
type. Modern man is a neoanthrope (Cro-Magnon, homo sapiens)
appeared no earlier than 40 thousand years ago. All over Ukraine
lived then no more than 20-25 thousand people.
The first highly developed primitive agricultural
pastoral culture on the territory of modern Ukraine, about which
swarm historians have enough information, there was a Tripoli culture (V - ІІІ
thousand BC e). It existed when the pyramids were being built in Egypt.
dy. Trypillia inhabited the Dnieper and Transnistria. They knew how
process copper, were able to make tools, weapons, build 1-
2-storey rectangular adobe dwellings with a wooden frame,
sculpted quite perfect dishes, which were decorated with original
ornament.
From the middle of the II millennium BC. e. south of Ukraine from the foothills of the Carpathians and
zine of the Danube to the Kuban was inhabited by agricultural and pastoral tribes
Cimmerians, the first on the territory of Ukraine, which are discussed in
written sources ("Odyssey" by Homer, ancient Greek historians
Herodotus, Eustatius, Skimp, modern Assyrians to the Cimmerians, Judeo-
dei, urartian authors). The Cimmerians already widely used the same
lezo. Thanks to this, they had a relatively highly developed agriculture.
lie and crafts, achieved great success in military affairs. Memories
about the Cimmerians disappear after 570 BC.
In the VIII Art. BC e. militants migrate from Asia to the steppe Ukraine
military tribes of the Scythians (of Iranian origin), which gradually
ousted the Cimmerians. The Scythians successfully fought with the Persian king
Darius, who in 514-513. tried to conquer them. All R. I millennium BC e.
17
Scythian tribes united and created a primitive state
new formation - Scythia. This is the first public association in
territory of Ukraine. At first, the capital of Scythia was on the Left Bank (city of
Gelon). From the end of III Art. BC e. the Scythian capital was in the city of Ne-
Apol-Scythian in the Crimea, not far from Simferopol. Expressive
a monument of Scythian times - grandiose burial mounds, which
scattered across the steppe Ukraine. In the burial places of noble Scythians
archaeologists find highly artistic gold jewelry.
From III Art. BC e. they also come to southern Ukraine from the Volga and the Urals
Iranian-speaking tribes of the Sarmatians, who partially displaced, partially
conquered and absorbed the Scythians, thus establishing dominance over
Ukrainian steppe. This situation continued until III Art. n. e., when
The ancient Germanic tribes of the Goths came to the Baltic. The Goths subjugated the places
nye agricultural and pastoral tribes, the Sarmatians and the remnants of the Scythians.
They created a powerful state, adopted Christianity, had a written
ness (their translation of the Bible into Old German has been preserved).
From IV Art. n. e. The Great Migration (resettlement) of peoples begins.
And almost all waves of this migration go through Ukraine. The first such wave
Noah for Ukraine were the Huns. They came from Transbaikalia and in 375
smashed the state is ready. Then the majority of ready went to the Danube-
lands, a minority remained in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and the Crimea, where the state
Goths existed until 1475.
Further, the Bulgarians (V-VII centuries), Avars
(VI century), Khazars (VII century), Ugrians (Hungarians) (IX century), Pechenegs (X-XI century), Cumans
(XI-XII centuries), Mongol-Tatars (XIII century). Some of them are completely (baked-
bliss, Polovtsy), and some partially settled on the territory of modern
exchange Ukraine.
Starting from the 7th century BC e on the northern coast of the Black Sea se-
the Greeks are pouring, who created the most developed civilization at that time -
tion of the world. They founded the cities of Istria (at the mouth of the Danube), Borisfenida
(under modern Ochakov), Tyra (at the mouth of the Dniester), Olbia (at the mouth
Southern Bug, near modern Nikolaev), Chersonese (modern
Sevastopol), Karkinitides (modern Theodosius), Panticapaeum (city of
Kerch), etc. These colony cities became centers of crafts and trade. They are
had the status of independent states. In the 5th century BC. Greek colonies in
Taman and Kerch peninsulas united into the Bosporan kingdom
stvo with the center in Panticapaeum. Connections of highly developed Greek cities
with the population of the south of Ukraine - Scythians, Sarmatians and other tribes
positively influenced the development of these peoples. From the 1st century BC e. Greek cities in
northern Black Sea region fall under the rule of the Roman Empire and remain
81
under it until the invasion of nomads who destroyed them. Later was
restored only Chersonese.
Thus, in ancient times, the peoples who inhabited the
temporary Ukraine, replaced one another repeatedly (Cimmerians,
Scythians, Sarmatians, Greeks, Goths, Huns, etc.). And they all contributed to
ethnogenesis of the Ukrainian people. With the displacement of some peoples by others
there has always been a certain part of the people being repressed, which was
strongly tied to the ground. And this part remained in place. Therefore, du-
mother, that with the advent of some peoples, others completely disappeared - it was
would be naive. New peoples gradually assimilated with the previous ones.
Ukraine at that time was a huge ethnic cauldron, in which
clans, gradually melting down, formed the basis of the Ukrainian ethno-
sa. And the decisive role in the process of ethnogenesis of the Ukrainian people was played by
ralli the Slavs.
More than 2000 years ago on the territory of modern Ukraine,
Belarus, Poland, tribes appeared, which were called Slavic
not. It is difficult to say whether the Slavs were autochthonous in these lands, or Al-
lochtons. Most scientists believe that the ancestral home of the Slavs is located
occupied the territory between the middle Dnieper, Pripyat, Carpathians and
Vistula. The movement to the south of the Germanic tribes is ready and the Great Migration
peoples violated the integrity of the Slavic world. There was a division
Slavs into three large groups: western, southern and eastern.
In the IV century. it was the Eastern Slavs, most likely, who formed the core
states of the Ants. This state stretched from the Dniester to the Don.
In addition to the Slavs, it included the remains of the Goths, Greeks, Scythians, Sarmatians.
The Antes traded and fought with Byzantium. The state of the Ants survives
shaft until the 7th century. and died in the fight against the Avars. Eastern Slavs divided
lied against tribes and unions of tribes (of which 15 are large), which settled
lis on the territory of Ukraine, Russia, Belarus. So, the clearing lived in
Middle Dnieper, Drevlyans - mainly in modern Zhi-
Tomir region, Siverians - mainly in Chernigovshchen, dulibs (they are
Buzhans, or Volynians) - in the Bug basin, white Croats - in the Carpathian region,
Tivertsy - in Transnistria, the interfluve of the Southern Bug and the Dniester.
The East Slavic tribes occupied a very favorable geographic
cultural position - through their lands passed the most important middle
centuries-old trade routes.
Cities were the centers of the tribes. The main city of the Siverians was
Chernigov, Drevlyane - Iskorosten (modern Korosten). In the middle of I
ths. e. Kyiv founded. It became the center of the meadows. Its favorable me-
location at the crossroads of trade routes "from the Varangians to the Greeks" and from
Asia to Europe quickly turned the city into an economic, political
19
and cultural center. At the beginning of the 8th century glade and siverians recognized power
Khazar Khaganate and became its tributaries.
3. Kievan Rus.
Socio-economic and political development of the Eastern Slavs
led to the creation of their state, which soon became known as Kievan Rus.
In the middle of the ninth century on the lands of the Eastern Slavs began to appear
the inhabitants of Scandinavia are the Varangians (Normans, Vikings). Typically, this would
whether the merchant soldiers, who, together with their squads (armed
detachments) traveled by trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks". Along the way
they made attacks on Slavic and Finnish settlements,
beat them. At that time, all of Europe was afraid of the raids of the militant Vikings.
Their military organization, as well as tactics and ability to fight, were unsurpassed.
ascended. The Varangians conquered some East Slavic and Finnish
tribes. And there were also such tribes that themselves began to invite the military
Varangian chiefs (konungs) with their squads to reign for that
go to protect against the expansion of neighbors.
Around 862, the Varangian king (prince) Rurik united several
East Slavic and Finnish tribes in the north (Slovenes, Krivichi, Chud,
Vesi) and founded a state with the capital in the Slovenian city of Novgorod.
In historical science, there are several interpretations of the emergence
statehood among the Eastern Slavs. Polar among them are
Norman and anti-Norman theories. Normanists believe that the state
Normans (Varangians) brought property to the Eastern Slavs. Antinor-
Manists see in the Norman theory a hint of the inability of the Slavs to self-
worthy to create their own statehood and therefore completely
deny the main role of the Varangians in the formation of the ancient Russian state
va.
The truth probably lies somewhere in between. Historical
experience shows that the state can only arise if there is
deep internal, indigenous socio-economic conditions.
It is possible to create a state without these conditions. History knows such
measures. But such artificially created states are unstable and
collapse in a short period of time. Kievan Rus was very
stable state formation, the strongest European environment
a non-secular state that lasted several centuries.
This means that it arose and developed on its own, immanent (internal)
inherent) basis.
On the other hand, it is unhistorical and unscientific to ignore
the important role played by the Varangians in the formation of Old Russian
state, because it is impossible not to recognize that all of its first
the rulers were Varangians and the ancient Russian elite was at first an advantage
venno Varangian.
After the death of Rurik, power passed to his combatant and relatives.
vennik Oleg, since the son of Rurik Igor was still very small. Oleg re-
carried the capital of the state to Kyiv, after which Russia became Kievan. Next-
the princes of Kyiv were Igor, Olga, Svyatoslav.
Vladimir I the Great (Red Sun, Baptist) ruled in
Kyiv from 980 to 1015. He united the lands that conquered him
predecessors, extended his power to other territories. So
Thus, under the rule of the Kyiv prince Vladimir the Great, there was the most
large state in Europe. The territory of Kievan Rus included in
lands from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south and from
Carpathians in the west to the river. Volga in the east.
In order to strengthen the unity of such a large state and
to raise his authority, Prince Vladimir decided to establish one state
natural religion. The pagan cult of many gods slowed down the process of
unity of the lands. In addition, different social groups gave preference
reverence for different gods (druzhina - Perun, blacksmiths - Svarog, zem-
lollipops - Yarile, sailors - Stribog, etc.), which also does not contribute
voval consolidation of ancient Russian society. In addition, paganism
hindered the formation of equal relations with advanced peoples
of that time, who professed monotheistic religions and considered
whether pagans (including Russians) are savages. So the new state
The religious religion was to be monotheistic. But what? Basic-
New world religions had already taken shape at that time. Asian countries, with
with which Kievan Rus actively strengthened economic ties, using
Islam and Judaism were in charge, Europe - Christianity. The choice of religion, which
paradise in the Middle Ages was the basis of the entire spiritual life of each individual
individual and society as a whole, meant the choice of foreign policy
orientation of the state. Vladimir to make this choice in favor of Europe and
accepted Christianity. But the specifics of the geopolitical situation in Kyiv
Russia (between the West and the East) determined the choice of Christianity to resurrect
exact, Byzantine rite.
Russia was baptized in 988. Hierarchically, the ancient Russian church was
associated with the Constantinople (Tsargrad) Patriarchy.
Baptism was of great importance for the whole life of Kievan Rus.
si. It contributed to the unification of the state and raising the authority
grand duke. Baptism significantly improved international status
Kyiv state, which entered as an equal in the circle of European
countries. It is difficult to overestimate the influence of baptism on the development of the culture of Ki-
Jewish Rus.
4. Feudal fragmentation of Russia. Galicia-Volyn principality.
After the death of Vladimir the Great of Kyiv who replaced
Prince Yaroslav the Wise begins a period of feudal fragmentation
Ancient Russia. It is characterized by the gradual disintegration of a single state
donations to several independent principalities, strife between princes,
new economic trends, increased attacks by external enemies
to a weakened Russia.
The period of feudal fragmentation is a general historical
regularity, a certain stage in the development of feudal society. He
characteristic of most countries that had early feudal states
and comes after the heyday of these states.
The objective reasons for feudal fragmentation lie in
development of the productive forces of feudal society. This development
led to the economic growth of local centers (for Ancient Russia -
centers of specific principalities). In the conditions prevailing during feudalization
me subsistence economy separate territories of the Rennefeudal state
states become economically independent from the nationwide
center. Economic independence inevitably leads to political
separatism. The local feudal lords no longer only
needed a centralized authority to protect against external enemies, but
and on their own economic base could successfully resist this
authorities.
Subjective factors that have become catalysts for the process
sa collapse of the Kievan state, became the introduction of Yaroslav the Wise
seignorate principle in succession to the throne and economic decline
Kyiv.
The introduction of the seignorate in the succession to the throne led to princely
strife.
The economic fall of the nationwide center - Kyiv then -
It also accelerated the disintegration processes in Russia.
At one time, the separation of Kyiv from other East Slavic regions
exchange centers was most facilitated by its cost-effective
geographical position at the crossroads of the European-Asian trade
exit ways. But from the end of the XI century. the importance of these routes in international trade
the head began to fall. Italian merchants connected Europe with the East
permanent Mediterranean sea routes, which no longer
Vikings piracy. The Byzantine Empire entered the period of its
sunset, and trade relations with it became less and less profitable. And in
1204 Constantinople was sacked by the crusaders. After that
he was never able to recover from the blow until the very conquest by the Turks. Ta-
Thus, the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks" has completely lost its meaning.
22
The Arab Caliphate also suffered a rapid fall. As a result, Kyiv
not only lost its major trading partners, but was also left without
income from the transit of foreign merchants. All this had disastrous consequences.
actions for Kyiv. The impoverished "mother of Russian cities" was not physically
able to play the role of a state center. United Russia disintegrated
gave way, and princely strife inflicted heavy
loss.
For some time, this disintegration was suspended by the Kyiv prince Vla-
dimir Monomakh (1113-1125). But after the death of his son Mstislav (1132)
The Kievan state was finally divided into several separate
principalities, between which there were constant wars.
At the end of the XII century. Volyn stood out among these principalities. In 1199
Volyn prince Roman united Galicia with Volhynia and created Galicia
Ko-Volyn principality. Some time later, he added to his
their possessions Kyiv. Galicia-Volyn state with the center in Vla-
dimir stretched from the Carpathians to the Dnieper and was the strongest in Ru-
si.
In the XIII century. Old Russian principalities have new enemies from Asia
- Mongol-Tatars. In 1222 they came to the Ukrainian lands. Old Russian
The princes united to protect their lands. But in 1223 the Mongol
Tatars in the battle on the Kalka River defeated the army of ancient Russian princes.
On the Volga, the Mongol-Tatars created the state of the Golden Horde.
Roman's son, Prince Danilo Galitsky, was preparing for an active struggle against the Tatars.
He significantly strengthened the Galicia-Volyn principality, but
could not free himself from Tatar dependence.
Danilo Galitsky founded the city of Lvov.
In the second half of the XIII - the first half of the XIV centuries. Galician-
The Volyn principality was constantly at war with its neighbors: Lithuania,
Poland, Hungary. As a result, in 1340 Lithuania occupied Volhynia, and
in 1349 Poland took Galicia into its possession. Under Polish rule
Galicia was until 1772.
Transcarpathian Ukraine became part of Hungary, where it stayed until
1918 Bukovina after the collapse of the Galicia-Volyn principality entered
composition of Moldova. She stayed there until 1774.
