LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE, the language of Litov-tsev is the state language of the Litov-Republic of Lithuania.
It is a native language for 2 million 856 thousand inhabitants of Lithuania and a second language for 356 thousand people (2001, re-writing). Ras-pro-country is also in Russia (35 thousand people; 2002, re-writing), Be-lo-Russian-this (4 thousand people; 2009, estimate) , Latvia (13.2 thousand people; 2000, re-writing), Sweden (2 thousand people; 2009, estimate), Poland (5.6 thousand people. ; 2009, estimate), Germany (20 thousand people; 2009, estimate), Great Britain (80 thousand people; 2009, estimate), Ir- lands (22 thousand people; 2006, re-writing), USA (38.3 thousand people; 2009, estimate), Ka-na-de (8.6 thousand people; 2009, estimate), Bra-si-lii (10 thousand people; 2009, estimate), Ar-gen-ti-ne (8 thousand people; 2009, estimate), Ko-lum -bii (5 thousand people; 2009, estimate), Urug-vae (5 thousand people; 2009, estimate), Av-st-ra-lii (4 thousand people; 2009, estimate -ka) and other countries. The total number of speakers is over 3.7 million people
The Lithuanian language is from no-sit-sya to the eastern group of the Baltic languages. In ot-li-chie from la-tysh-sko-th, subjected-to-she-go-xia to strong influence of the Baltic-Finnish languages, better preserved the original language system, which was inherited from the cities of the southern part of the East Baltic area.
You-de-la-ut 2 main dialects - auk-shtait-sky (in Central, Southern and Eastern Lithuania) and same-mait-sky (on se-ve-ro-za-pa-de ). Formal criterion of their difference - the fate of the great-li-tov-skys *o̅, *e̅: in the Auk-shtait-sky dialect under the ud-re-ni -em in the root they correspond to-from-vet-st-vu-yut uo, ie, but raz-but-o-raz-their ref-leks-sov in the same-mait-sky (̅o, ̅e on the -pa-de, ou, ei on the se-ve-re and, ī in the south) serves as the basis for you-de-le-niya of the three main groups of the same-mait-sky go-vo-ditch. The main criterion of the group-pi-ditch-ki of the auk-shtait-skih-go-vo-ditch is the fate of tav-to-sil-la-bi-che-sky co-che-ta-ny with no- co-you-mi (an, ᶐ, en, ᶒ in the west, an, en, ī in the south and un, in, ī in the east). Kha-rak-ter-naya line of the southeastern go-vo-ditch - dze-ka-nye (pro-from-no-she-nie c ', ʒ' where before-hundred-vi-te- whether other auk-shtait-sky cities pro-from-no-syat č', ̌ʒ' and t', d'; nie af-fri-kat less ha-rak-ter-no). Go-in-frames of the eastern part of Lit-you are your own-st-ven-but so-called. “From-ver-de-nie l” before the voices-we-mi before-red-not-th row-yes-not-up-not-go rise-e-ma, in the south in pri-le-zha- There are no soft r, š, ž, č, ̌ʒ, c, ʒ areas that go to Be-lo-Rus-this. In the right-le-ni from south to north in the Lithuanian mountains usi-li-va-et-sya ten-den-tion to re-no-su ud-re-nia from the last syllables closer to the beginning of the word, especially ben-but brightly manifested in the same Mait dialect and se-ve-ro-pa-ne-vezh-go-vo-re of the stoch-noa-uk-shteit group and advancing to the reduction of windows -cha-ny. The Auk-shtait-sky dialect as a whole is more ar-hai-chen than the same-mayt-sky, in-no-va-tsi-on-nye devil-you for some-ro-th hour something is connected with the influence of the Curonian language. With the pro-ty-in-pos-tav-le-nii of the slo-go-vy ak-cents in the same Mait dialect, the movement plays a big role -on (in auk-shtait-sky - co-whether-che-st-ven-nye and ka-che-st-vein-nye ha-rak-te-ri-sti-ki slo-go-no-si- te-la), in the north-but-same-mayt-sky go-in-rah, it is real-li-zu-et-sya as a pre-ry-vis-ty ac-cent. In the same Mait-dia-lec-te, raz-ru-she-but sl-n-n-nie ad-la-ha-tel-nyh with u-os-no-howl, conjugation of the verb fishing with i-base-new, in the northwestern part of this dialect for vy-ra-zhe-ing the meaning of the past many times th time-me-no use-pol-zu-et-sya ana-ly-tic con-st-hand-tion. In the east-but-auk-shteit-sky go-in-rakh shi-ro-ko upot-reb-la-et-sya me-st-ny pa-dezh on-right-le-nia (ill-la -tiv), ras-pro-stra-nyon su-ping. For the same-mai-t-sko-go dialect and the northeastern part of the auk-shtait-sko-go dialect, ha-rak-ter-but the use of part for pe-re-da-chi pe-re-ska-zy-va-tel-no-sti. In the Eastern Auk-shtait-sky dialects, there is a significant number of glorious for-im-st-in-va-ny.
Vo-ka-lism or-ga-ni-zo-van in four-you-rekh-coal-system-te-mu pro-ti-vo-post-tav-le-niya-mi in a row (ne -red-ny - back-ny) and rise-e-mu (lower, middle, upper) and count-you-va-et 6 short and 8 long vowels (among-di-next-them - 2 in-leaf-ton-ha ie and uo, ar-ti-ku-li-rue-my with from-me-not-no-it rise-yo-ma and by -this-mu-sometimes on-zy-vae-my slip-za-schi-mi). Kha-rak-ter-naya feature of con-so-nan-tiz-ma - development of cor-re-la-tion by soft-to-sti-tver-to-sti (oh-wa -you-vayu-shaya all consonants, except for j). Pe-ri-feriy-ny-mi are-la-yet-s-meeting only in-for-im-st-in-va-ni-yah short vowels of the middle go-e-ma o, e and consonant vowels f, f', x, x', h, h' (voiced back-non-lingual), c, c', ʒ, ʒ ', hard č, ̌ʒ, as well as soft t', d'. In the phono-logical system, long syllables play an important role, because they are the basis for the realization of the ak-cent-no-go hit-re-niya of two types: aku-ta (nis-ho-dya-shche-go, sharp-ko-go) and cir-kum-flek-sa (vos-ho- da-sche-th, smooth-no-go): ru̅gti 'kiss-kick' - ru̅gti 'smoke'. In addition to long vowels, long syllables are about-ra-zu-yut-xia di-fton-ha-mi ti-pa au, ei, ui (in vi-di-mo-mu , i-lya-schi-mi-sya bi-fo-nem-ny-mi co-che-ta-niya-mi short vowels with j and v) and di-phthonic co-che-ta -niya-mi short vowels with but-with-you-mi and fluent-mi (al, er, un, im, etc.). For co-che-ta-ny consonant ha-rak-ter-ny: ab-so-lut-naya re-gres-siv-naya as-si-mi-la-tion according to firm-to-sti - soft-to-sti (except-key-to-start-up-only in complex words; at the end of the word in the literature of the Lithuanian language one meets only solid consonant vowels), ringing-ko-sti-glu-ho-sti (at the end of the word before the pause pro-is-ho-dit og-lu-she -nie), as-si-mi-la-tion according to the place of ob-ra-zo-va-nia (ru̅pesčiai 'troubles', banga 'wave-on'), up-ro-sche-nie ge-mi -nat (i ̌s ̌soko 'jumped out'). Shi-ro-ko represented-by-stav-le-we in-ka-lich-che-re-do-va-niya - as ref-lek-sy in-do-ev-ro-pei-sko-go ab-lau- that (a / e, ė / e [æ], er / ir, etc.) connected with mo-no-phthon-gi-for-qi-her tav-to-sil-la-bi-che-so-che-ta-ny with but-with-you-mi). Strike free, movable: galvа̀ ‘head’ - gálva ‘head’.
Mor-fo-lo-gi-che-ski Lithuanian language - ti-pich-ny pre-sta-vi-tel in-do-ev-ro-pei-s languages, has a raz-vi-thuyu flak -tiv-nuyu system-te-mu slope-non-niya and conjugation. Gram-matic ka-te-go-rii name - gender (male and female; in ad-la-ha-tel-nyh, chi-sli-tel-nyh and me-sto-name -ni-yah so-storage-nya-yut-sya re-lik-you are middle-not-go), number (singular and plural, in dialects it’s also double- st-ven-noe), case [nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, local (inees-siv), vocative; in dia-lects and pa-myat-ni-kah write-men-no-sti fi-si-ru-et-sya up to 4 local pas-de-zh: ines-siv (active -but also used in the mountains of Eastern Lithuania), il-la-tiv, ades-siv, al-la-tiv]. System-the-mu of personal forms of the gla-go-la or-ga-ni-zu-yut ka-te-go-rii of the face (1st, 2nd, 3rd), numbers (singular and plural, in dialects it is also double-st-ven-noe), tense (present tense, past tense, future; with as- pek-tu-al-ny-mi-zna-che-niya-mi connection-for-but about-ti-in-post-ta-le-ing forms of the past one-but-fold-but- go and pro-shed-she-go many-fold-no-go), on-clo-non-niya (ex-I-vi-tel-noe, conditional, in-ve-li- body). Ana-li-ti-che-ski about-ra-zu-yut-xia forms per-fek-ta and pass-siv-no-go for-lo-ha. They have special media-st-va pe-re-da-chi pe-re-ska-zy-va-tel-no-sti, os-but-van-nye on the use-reb-le-nii when -part-ty in the function of personal forms of the gla-go-la. Ka-te-go-riya vi-yes only partly-stich-but gram-ma-ti-ka-li-zo-va-na. As in other Baltic languages, the form of the 3rd person of the gla-go-la in the Lithuanian language does not have a ka-te-go-ri number. Kha-rak-ter-on-branch-linen-system-te-ma with-part-of-st-forms, in go-in-rah so-storage-nya-et-sya su-pin.
For syn-so-si-sa ha-rak-ter-ny pre-po-zi-tion not-so-gla-so-van-no-go op-re-de-le-nya in the genitive case, obi- a lie of different-but-about-different-part-of-st-turns, after-to-va-tel-but diff-fer-tsi-ro-van-nyh in for- vi-si-mo-sti from owls-pa-de-nia or not-owls-pa-de-nia of the subjects of the main-no-go and second-ro-step-pen-no-go dey-st -via, so-storage-nya-yut-sya ar-ha-ich-nye con-st-hand-tion with double-pas-de-zha-mi. Belonging to you-ra-zha-et-sya with the help of the gla-go-la turėti ‘to have’ (different from the Latvian language). In the mountains, it is not rare to meet con-st-hands with an object in the nominative case.
In the is-kon-noy lek-si-ke, the words of a different degree of antiquity are represented: general-in-to-ev-ro-pey-skie (for example, avis 'sheep', diena 'day'), Bal-to-Sla-Vyan-skie (galva 'head', liepa 'linden'), common-Baltian (šak-nis 'root', tur ̇eti 'to have'), East-Baltic (lietus 'rain', siena 'wall'), own-st-ven-but Li-tov-sky (̌zmona 'wife ', ̌sau-kštas 'spoon'). Languages-to-you-mi con-so-ta-mi explain-nya-is-not-a-small number for-im-st-in-va-ny: slav-vyan-sky (lenkas 'Pole', baž-ny-čia 'church', grybas 'mushroom', parakas 'in powder'), Germanic (yla 'awl', amatas 'craft', kambarys 'room'). Creation-on-the-tel-word-in-creation-che-st-in the way-sob-st-in-va-lo in full-non-niyu lek-si-ki of the Lithuanian language words-va-mi, cos -given-us-mi on the basis of-no-ve is-con-element-men-tov according to own-st-ven-no-lithuanian mo-de-lam, as well as introducing-den-ny-mi from cities (degtu-kas 'match', ateitis 'future', mokykla 'school', vaikaitis 'grandson', ru̅kyti 'to smoke', vi-ešbutis 'hotel', rinkmena 'file', traškučiai 'chips' ).
Language history
By the time of the appearance of the first written memories, the Lithuanian language would have been in two states - su-dar-st-wah - East Prussia and Ve- Li-com of the prince-same-st-ve Li-tov-skom (ON). The first Lithuanian book is Lu-te-ran-sky ka-te-khi-zis Mar-ti-na-sa Mazh-vi-da-sa (“Catechismvsa prasty sza-dei”, from Dan in Kö-nigs-berg in 1547), further development of the Lithuanian printed word in East Prussia in la-chi-lo in labor B. Vi-len-ta-sa, J. Bret-ku-na-sa, S. Vaish-no-ra-sa, Y. Re-zy, D. Klein-na (av-to-ra first gram-matik of 1653 and 1654, which played a big role in the establishment of the language norm). The first book, from-given on the territory of the GDL, is a kind of personal ka-te-hi-sis M. Da-uk-shi (went to Vil-no in 1595). Ka-te-hi-zis and Po-steel-la (a collection of pro-po-ve-dey) of the same av-to-ra (from da-na to Ville-no in 1599) - the first ak-tsen-tui-ro-van-nye (from the point of view of the place of ud-re-niya) pa-myat-ni-ki of the Lithuanian language. On the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, there were two variants of the Lithuanian language: central and eastern (the language of pa-myat-nik-kov, creating-yes-vav-shih-sya in East Prussia, consider-ta-et-xia to be a western variant). In the central variant of the literary Lithuanian language (with a center in Ke-dai-nyai), except for Da-uk-shi, pi-sa-li M. Pyat-kya-vi-chus, Y Mor-ku-us, S.M. li-ko-van new re-re-water of a personal ka-te-hi-zi-sa (also ak-tsen-tui-ro-van-ny), you went to work K. Sir-vi-da-sa [aut-to-ra of the first word-va-rya (circa 1620), re-re-ra-bo-tan-naya version of ko-to-ro th (1631) you-de-zha-la 4 from-give and eye-for-la su-sche-st-ven-noe influence on the development of the language], Y. Yak -on-wee-chu-sa. Due to the lo-ni-za-tion Vil-no, the eastern variant of the literary Lithuanian language, by the beginning of the 18th century, ceased its su-st-in-va-nie, in the 18th century -step-pen-no de-gra-di-ro-val and its central variant, and only in East Prussia did the development of the Lithuanian language, despite the German -for-tion, not pre-beautiful-elk (here, in 1765-1775, the creation of a poem by K. published by L. Rezoy in 1818). In East Prussia, the first scientific gram-ma-ti-ka of the Lithuanian language was published by A. Schlei-he-ra (1856), Lithuanian-German dictionary G. Nes-sel-ma-na (1851), gram-ma-ti-ka (1876) and words-va-ri (1870-1874, 1883) F. Kur-shay-ti-sa; the first Lithuanian newspapers “Auszra” (“Dawn”, 1883-1886) and “Varpas” (“Bell”, 1889-1905) appeared. In Lithuania, after the 3rd time-de-la Re-chi Po-po-li-toy (1795) and entering the Russian Empire in-lo- ni-for-tion changed ru-si-fi-ka-qi-ey. For the promotion of the pa-gan-dy of the Lithuanian language in the 1st half of the 19th century, many authors from Zhe-mai-tia made a lot - S. Dau-kan-tas, M. Va-lan -chus, pi-sav-shie on-scientific works-bo-you in the same-mayt-sky dialect-te. The development of the Lithuanian language was again os-ta-nov-le-but behind-the-pre-Lithuanian pe-cha-ti with Latin boo-to-va-mi (1864-1904), in-ro -div-shim moving books-go-nosh, dos-tav-lyav-shih books from East Prussia.
Ma-te-ri-al of the Lithuanian language, b-go-da-rya to his ar-ha-ich-no-mu ha-rak-te-ru, active-but is-pol-zo-val- Xia in-do-ev-ro-pei-hundred-mi with time-me-no rise-nick-but-ve-niya in language-to-knowledge compare-no-tel-but-is-to-ri -th-method-yes (F. Bopp, R. Rusk, A. Pott); various in-pro-li-tua-ni-sti-ki and bal-ti-sti-ki in the sacred work of A. Les-ki-na, K. Brug-ma-na, A . Betz-tsen-ber-ge-ra (Germany), O. Wie-de-ma-na (Germany), A. Bruck-ne-ra (Poland), Ya. Roz-va-dov-sko-go, A. Meillet, F. de Saus-su-ra and others. ki in Russia is connected with the names of F.F. yes-va-nie L. Ya. in Moscow University), V. Po-rzhe-zin-sko-go, G. Ul-ya-no-va, etc.
Na-cha-lo to the Lithuanian national language-to-knowledge in lo-zhi-li A. Ba-ra-nau-skas, K. Yau-nyus (Yav-nis) and K. Bu-ga ( author of fun-dam. os-no-howl for the 20th volume of the aka-de-mic word-va-rya of the Lithuanian language). J. Jab-lon-skis contributed to the formation of the modern literary Lithuanian language. . Among other well-known literary figures of the 1st half of the 20th century: P. Skard-jus, A. Sa-lis, Y. Bal-chi-ko-nis, Y. Ge-ru -fox (G. Ge-rul-lis), as well as J. Ot-remb-sky (Poland), E. Fren-kel (author of this mo-logical dictionary ; Germany), K. Stang (Norway), A. Zenn (Senn; Lithuania, USA), in Russia - M. N. Peter-son, B. A La-rin. In the 2nd half of the 20th century, aka-de-mic gram-ma-ti-ki were created: three-volume (1965-1976) and one-but-volume-naya, having several re- dak-tsy (in Russian, 1985; in Lithuanian, 1994; in English, 1997), aka-de-mic slo-var (1941-2002) and other lek-si-ko-graphic ra -bo-you, works on dia-lek-to-logia [dia-lek-to-logic at-las (volume 1 - lek-si-ka, 1977; volume 2 - pho-not- ti-ka, 1982; volume 3 - mor-fo-logy, 1991), dialect words-va-ri], theo-re-tic grammar-ma-ti-ke, fo-not-ti -ke, historical gram-ma-ti-ke and history of the Lithuanian language, it-ma-sti-ke.
The most famous researches-sle-do-va-te-li: J. Pau-lau-skas, A. Va-letz-ke-ne, V. Gri-na-vets-kis, Z. Zin-kya-vi-chus, V. Ma-ju-lis, A. Wi-du-gi-ris, K. Mor-ku-nas, A. Sa-ba-lyau-skas, V. Ur- boo-tis, V. Am-bra-sas, J. Kaz-lau-skas, N. Sli-same-ne, A. Va-na-gas, V. Wit-kau-skas, A. Pow-lau- ske-ne, S. Ka-ra-lyu-us, A. Gir-dya-nis, V. Chek-mo-us, E. Ge-nyu-she-ne, A. Ro-si-nas, A. Pa-kya-ris, A. Kau-ke-ne, B. Stund-zha, A. Hol-foot and others. V. N. To-po-ditch, Vyach.Vs. Ivanov, T. V. Bu-ly-gi-na, Yu. S. Ste-pa-nov, T. M. Sud-nik, Yu. V. Ot-kup-shchi-kov, A. E. Ani-kin (Russia); A. P. Not-to-kup-ny (Uk-rai-na); V. V. Mar-ty-nov (Be-lo-rus-sia); V. Smo-chinsky (Poland); I. Mar-van (Czech Republic); V. P. Schmidt, R. Eckert, I. Range (Germany); T. Ma-ti-as-sen (Nor-ve-gia); K. Luk-ko-nen (Fin-lyan-diya); F. Kortlandt (Netherlands); G. Mi-ke-li-ni, P. U. Di-ni (Italy); D. Petite (France); W. Schmol-stig, S. Young (USA).
Centers for the study of the Lithuanian language - University of Vilnius, Institute of the Lithuanian Language, University of Wi-tau-ta-sa We-li-ko-go in Kau-na-se, Klai- Ped-sky and Shiau-lyai-sky universities. The Lithuanian language is included in the program of under-go-to-ki years-to-no-stov and bal-ti-stov in Latvia, as a ness of study in Russia (St. Petersburg, Moscow), Poland (Po-znan, Warsaw), Czech Republic (Brno, -ga), Fin-lyan-dia (Hel-sin-ki), Ger-ma-nii (Greifs-wald), pre-yes-et-sya also in the universities of Be-lo-rus- these countries, Hungary, Italy, France, Sweden, the USA and other countries.
Writing-men-ness on the basis of the Latin al-fa-vi-ta from the 16th century. In the first texts, the Gothic font is used (see. Gothic writing), in East Prussia 2nd world war howl, and in Lithuania in a step-pen-but (by the 18th century) ousted an-tik-howl (see Latin script -mo). For a long time, var-i-ro-va-lo denotes the meaning of shi-five consonant and long vowels (bu-k-vo-so-che- ta-niya, different-but-ob-different di-ak-ri-tic signs). The modern form of al-fa-vit was taken at the beginning of the 20th century: shi-pya-sche designations according to the Czech model (č, š, ž), soft-bone co- vowels in front of the voices of the back row - as in Polish, with the help of i (myliu 'I love'). Designation of long vowels not-after-before-va-tel-but: with the help of letters u̅, y, ė, as well as o in use con-words or no-co-letters ᶐ, ᶒ, ų, ᶖ (according to these mo-lo-gich. principle-qi-pu - in the place of mo-no-phthon-gi-zi- ro-vav-shih-sya co-che-ta-niy an, en, un, in), boo-to-you a, e in unstressed-on-lo-same-no-sign-cha- they make short sounds, in shock they can mean both short and long ones. Ringing af-fri-ka-you denoting-cha-yut-sya di-gra-fa-mi dz and dž, in bodice-ton-gi ie and uo - di-gra-fa-mi ie and uo, deaf-hoy back-ne-lingual-linguistic x - di-gra-fom ch.
Slo-va-ri:
Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vilnius, 1941-2002. T. 1-20;
Fraenkel E. Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. HDlb., 1962-1965. Bd 1-2;
Rusų-lietuvių kalbų žodynas. Vilnius, 1982-1985. T. 1-4;
Lemchenas Ch., Macaitis J. Rusų-lietuvių kalbų žodynas. Wilnius, 2003;
Da-bartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Wilnius, 2006;
Lyberis A. Lietuvių-rusų kalbų žodynas. Wilnius, 2008.
Probably no two groups within the European language family are as close to each other as the Slavs and the Balts.
SLAVS. There are a number of versions of the etymology of the word "Slavs", but none of them is recognized as fundamental. Written monuments from the 6th century, primarily Byzantine Greek-speaking: Procopius of Caesarea, the "Strategikon" of Mauritius, as well as the Latin-speaking historian of the Goths Jordan - steadily speak of the Slavs, neighbors and frequent military opponents of Byzantium. The authors of medieval Russian chronicles believed that some of the Slavs after the Flood manifested themselves near Illyria (the coast of the Adriatic Sea). In the presentation of The Tale of Bygone Years, the post-Flood events appear as follows: “In the Japhet part (among others - ed.), Rus, Chud and all sorts of peoples are sitting: Merya, Muroma, All, Mordva, Zavolochskaya Chud, Perm, Pechera, Yam, Ugra , LITHUANIA, Zimigola, Kors, Letgola, Livs. The Poles and the Prussians, the Chud, are sitting near the Varangian (Baltic - ed.) Sea ... After the destruction of the pillar and the separation of the peoples, the sons of Shem took the eastern countries, and the sons of Ham - the southern countries, while the Japhetovs took the west and the northern countries. From the same 70 and 2 language came the Slavic people, from the tribe of Japheth - the so-called Norics, who are the Slavs "From a scientific historical point of view, the Slavs from ancient times inhabited the lands up to the Rhine (displaced from here by the Germanic ethnos, who lived east of the Rhine and to north of the upper and lower Danube - ed.) and further south, to the Balkan Mountains, the entire Central European plain space, flesh to the Volga, where they lived mixed with other Finno-Ugric tribes that had their own pantheon of pagan gods.
After 1054, in connection with the split of the Christian Church into Catholicism and Orthodoxy, as well as under the influence of various political factors, two main confessional groups of Slavs were formed according to the religious principle: Orthodox and Catholics.
ORTHODOX (Christianity in Eastern ("Byzantine") form) - Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Serbs, Montenegrins, Bulgarians, Macedonians.
CATHOLICS (Christianity in Western ("Latin") form) - Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes, Croats.
BALTS. A few words about the origin of the term - the Baltic languages, the speakers of which were the so-called. the Baltic tribes, isolated by German historians and linguists from the Slavs for purely anti-Russian political reasons only 150 years ago. Until the middle of the 19th century, there were no other generalized names for the Latgalians, Zhmudins, Curonians, Prussians, etc. there were no speakers of a language based on which, like the Slavs, a single Indo-European language. The new name was given to them by professor of Königsberg University Georg Heinrich Ferdinand Nesselman (1811-1881), one of the most significant researchers of the Prussian language, compiler of a large Lithuanian-German dictionary, who published works on Sanskrit, Arabic and Turkic languages. In the book “The Language of the Old Prussians” published in 1845, he wrote the following phrase: “I propose to call the family of these languages the Baltic languages or something else.” The first follower of Nesselman was found in Denmark - a professor at the University of Copenhag Caspar Wilhelm Smith, who studied and researched the Lithuanian language in Koenigsberg. In 1857-1859, he published a three-volume edition in Latin about the languages of the Balts and Slavs, and already in the very title of the book he used the term "Balts" - linguarum Balticarum et Slavonicarum. Since then, the term "Balts" has gone around the world."
Kurshaitis Friedrich - (1806-1884), theologian, Lutheran pastor. He studied at the theological faculty of the University of Königsberg (1836-1844). In 1842 he was the pastor of the Lutheran palace church in Königsberg. 01/12/1944 - pastor of servicemen from Zhmud who served in the military units of East Prussia. After graduation, he was transferred to Berlin, where he continued to perform the functions of a military chaplain. In 1865 became a professor of theology at Königsberg University, with the aim of spreading Lutheranism more widely, taught courses on the study of the languages of the inhabitants of the southern Baltic states (Prussia, Zhmud, Courland, Zemgalia), thereby laying the grammatical foundations of the modern Lithuanian language. He published “Mertino Luteraus mazaji Katgisma” (“A small catechism of Martin Luther” - 1845), “Beitraege zur Kunde der Litauischen Sprahe” (“Help for those interested in the Lithuanian language” - 1865), “Deutsch litauishe Phraseologie der Pr;positionen” (“ Phraseological German-Lithuanian Dictionary" - 1870), "Grammatik der Littauschen Sprache" ("Grammar of the Lithuanian language" - 1876), "W;rterbuch der Littauschen Sprache" ("Dictionary of the Lithuanian language", where 25 "Lithuanian" were printed folk songs and a map of the distribution of the "Lithuanian language" - 1883). In the wake of the European Revolution of Nations in 1848. issued the first appeal to the indigenous inhabitants of East Prussia: "Brolei Lietuwininkai" ("Brothers of the Flying Girl"). This publication served as the basis for the creation of a small national conservative party. Also in 1848 the Prussian authorities allowed the publication of a small newspaper - "Kelewi" ("Traveler"), which was partially subsidized. In 1874 was nominated to the Prussian parliament from the Tilsit district, however, having received only 30 votes, out of the required 7000, he did not pass.
Therefore, in the primary sources one cannot find any mention of the belonging of any prince to the Balts. These were Litvins, as people who originated from the territory of historical Lithuania - the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and spoke the Old Church Slavonic language. The very definition of Lithuanians - lietuvininkai, lietuviai appeared only in the 19th century.
In his article on the topic under consideration, Andrey Morozov calls on Russian researchers: Compare your experience of learning some Germanic (German, English ...) or Romance (French, Italian ...) languages \u200b\u200band the first contact with Lithuanian (who already had it). And whoever has not yet begun to study this in all respects wonderful dialect (Lithuanian language - ed.) ... you will immediately feel that the language is not completely alien. First of all, of course, the vocabulary is striking - that is, even with the “naked ear” we hear a lot of similar-sounding words. This is a common Indo-European layer: Slavic and, for example, Germanic languages also have a “common fund” (for example, “wolf” and “Wolf”, “milk” and “Milch”, “birch” and “Birke”), while how Russians understand Lithuanian words;v;ris, ;amas, E;ys, Bebras, Gerv; and hundreds of others. The concepts denoted by these words have always been with our common ancestors - since they described the phenomena of everyday life. The Russian and Lithuanian languages have the same basic vocabulary denoting family relations, household items, animals, and basic actions. Moreover, this circle is very wide: according to various estimates, up to 1000 units of speech.
In addition, the words of a lot of Lithuanian and Russian words demonstrate the same similarity t.s. at the genetic level. Even if the words do not match, they still demonstrate patterns, knowing which, one can “count” the words of one language into another. In Lithuanian, Russian “zh” corresponds to “g” (iron, gele; is -; ele; is; alive, gyvas -; ivas), “z” - “;” (know, ;inoti - Zinoti; winter, ;iema - Ziema), "h" - "k" (flow, tek;ti - te;;ti; four, keturi - ;eturi) and so on.
When words are borrowed, it does not adapt to the language into which it is embedded. For example, in the modern Lithuanian language, which is based on the Zhmud dialect, the word "boyar" acquired (at the beginning of the 20th century, after the corresponding innovations and introductions of the Lithuanian linguist from the Perm University K. Buga) only a characteristic completion, such as, for example, bajorAS - boyar.
The Russian and Lithuanian languages have very close phonetics, morphology and syntax. Indeed, even with the most active borrowing of words, the structure of speech does not change: listen to the speech of emigrants in America or Germany: they sometimes use up to 50% of borrowed words, but they decline, conjugate and coordinate with each other in Russian anyway, i.e. this part of the language is very conservative, and its similarity in the languages of the Slavs and the Balts speaks precisely of genetic kinship.
Andrey Morozov emphasizes that the Italian scientist P.U. Dini follows the similarities of the two languages. Phonetics: correspondences in the accent paradigm (simply speaking, tendencies of stress when changing the word, for example, by cases), similar change of some ancient Indo-European diphthongs (*eu), similar development of Indo-European R, the same lengthening of vowels.
Morphology: the same ending for the genitive singular. nouns with the stem ending in –o, the formation of certain adjectives (in Russian we almost always use certain adjectives, calling them “full form” and do not think that this is a short form + an ancient personal pronoun, for example, “mal” + “й” = "small"), the similarity in the formation of some pronouns of the 1st person, the basis on -i of the verb with the infinitive on -e-, the presence of a number of common suffixes (-ik, -ib, -uk and others).
Syntax: double negation (we differ from most other Europeans in this), substituting the genitive case for the accusative after the negation ("I have a book" but "I don't have a book" would be the same in Lithuanian), instrumental to denote an impermanent state ("he was a teacher" - "jis buvo mokytoju"). Such serious similarities have long excited the imagination of scientists, who, as mentioned above, offered various explanations.
Designated by the Germans as "Balts", these ancient Slavs appear as guardians of the ancient form of Sanskrit, while others, who actually retained the definition of "Slavs" - as its "innovators".
For example, the ancient word barda through the Old Slavonic "barda" turned into the Russian "beard", and in the modern Lithuanian "barzda" remained. Galva became "head" and then "head" (in Lithuanian - "galva"). Similarly, varna - through the alternation of consonants became "liar" and "crow", and in Lithuanian this word repeats the ancient original - and so on.
Note that in nature there is no such phenomenon as a “Lithuanian accent” - a native speaker of the Lithuanian language may not know certain Russian words or change them incorrectly - but the pronunciation will always be flawless - there are simply no sounds in Russian that would not exist in Lithuanian . And we are quite similar to Akai (which once again raises the question of the “ethnogenesis” of the original population of the Moscow region and, by the way, Belarusians, who also grew up on the Baltic substrate, also Akai).
It is obvious that the modern Lithuanian language has its roots in the Indo-European language. The essence is the same Slavic language, which is one of its dialects, and only revised at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, in the process of changing the political situation in Europe in connection with the development of capitalism. Prior to that, from the middle of the 16th century, this archaic Slavic language was spoken only by the local rural population living in the territory between the current Riga and Curonian lagoons to the line in the south bounded by the rivers Nevezha - Incorrect (now - Nev;; is) and Holy (; ventoji). Due to the territorial isolation of Zhmudi, its people - Zhmudins (as they were called in ancient times), whose basis of life was tillage, best of all preserved the original Sanskrit lexicon in their "boorish language" (as this language was called by the Polish-speaking local schlechta). This language did not have its own alphabet and, as a result, its own writing. The earliest fixed work written in the Zhmudin language dates back to 1547 and is a pamphlet. It was written for the catechesis (initiation to Christianity) of the pagans who lived in Samogitia - Zhmudi, a Lutheran monk from Königsberg Martinus Mosvidius - 1510-1563. (now renamed by Lithuanian linguists into - Martinas Mavidas).
How exactly the "Lithuanian language" - the language of the Zhmudins, received the right to official life in the North-Western provinces of the Russian Empire (Vilna, Kovno and Suwalki) only after the suppression of the Polish January Uprising (1863-1865) in these territories (more details here: After suppression of this uprising, not without the petition of the Governor-General Count M.N.
Primary education was established among the children of peasants. Education was conducted in the local "Zhmud dialect", as the current Lithuanian language was then called. A Lithuanian gymnasium was opened in Mariampole, and a permanent teacher's seminar was opened in Veivery. In Lithuanian (in Cyrillic) the works of Yulia Žemaitė, Antanas Baranauskas and other authors began to appear.
A number of scholarships were established at Russian universities, which were intended specifically for local children. Many young people from more prosperous families went to receive higher education in the educational institutions of the Russian Empire. Among them, for example, were Jonas Basanavičius, Antanas Smetona and other future "founding fathers" of the current state of Lithuanians.
He studied at Moscow University and Jonas Jablonskis (Ivan Yablochny): the creator of the "Grammar of the Lithuanian language" - he first normalized it in 1901, introduced the original current alphabet based on Latin letters. Since 1904, Lithuanian books began to appear, written in the now known Lithuanian alphabet. The first grammar of the Lithuanian language, authored by J. Jablonskis, was published for the first time in 1920 and became the basis for the execution of documents for the new ethno-political state of Lithuanians that had just been created as a result of the Russian-German peace treaty in Brest-Litovsk.
Thus, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, the formation of a new Lithuanian national intelligentsia, the bearer of the modern Lithuanian language, took place.
Let's look at the presented table and compare the Lithuanian and Russian words included in the everyday vocabulary of these two Slavic peoples
(source:
Baba Boba Boyar Bajoras Felting (rolling up) Velti
Trouble B;da Be Afraid Bijoti Play Volioti
Run B;gioti Scold Barnis Cook Virti
White Baltas Dawn Br;k;ti Carry Ve;ti
Birch Ber;as Bresti Bristi Veko Vokas
Turn pale Blyk;ti Ford Brasta Crown of Vainikas
Fade Blukti Roam Braidyti Rope Virv;
Shine Blizg;ti Fermentation Bruzd;jimas String Virtin;
Pancake Blynas Lingonberry Brukn; Top Vir;us
Flea Blusa Grouch Niurzga Apex Vir;;n;
Beaver Bebras Wake Budinti Vesti Vesti
Body Badyti Booth B;del; All visas
Swamp Bala Buffalo Buivolas Wind V;jas, v;tra
Beard Barzda Life Buitis Evening Vakaras
Boletus Baravykas Genesis B;tis Species Pavidalas, vaizdas
Borscht Bar;;iai Be B;ti Vika Wikiai
Barefoot Basas Boots Veltiniai Vit Vyti
Curl Vyniotis Chest Kr;tin;, kr;tis Esti
Vityaz Vytis Mushroom Gruzdas Spare Gail;ti
Cherry Vy;nia Sinker Grimzdas Sting Gelti
Water Vanduo Gnaw Grau;ti Sting Geluonis
Voivode Vaivada Hoot Gausti Heat;arijos
Wolf Vilkas Away Toli Iron Gele;is
Wave Vilnis Tribute to Duokl; Yellow Geltonas
Red tape Vilkinimas Give Duoti Acorn Gil;
Drag Vilkti Two Du Millstones Girna
Will Valia Two Dvi Burn Degti
Coo Burkuoti Door Durys Live Gyvas
Crow Varna Yard Dvaras Life Gyvenimas
Gate Vartai Nobleman Dvarininkas Vein Gysla
Turn Vartyti Brother Dieveris Live Gyventi
Wax Va;kas Nine Devyni Crane Gerv;
Pasture Ganykla Share Dalyti Envy Pavyd;ti
Otter;dra Day Diena Glow;ara
Extinguish Gesinti Ten De;imt Star;vaigzd;
Carnation Gvazdikas Child D;ti Beast;v;ris
Iron Glostyti For D;l Yawn;iovauti
Smooth Glotnus Bottom Dugnas Land;em;
Deep Gilu Long Ilgas Winter;iema
Drive Guiti, ginti Share (fate) Dalia Sign;enklas
Nest Lizdas Share (part) Dalis Knowledge;inios
Bend Gniu;ti Daughter of Dukra Know;inoti
Fasting Gav;nia Fuck Dr;ksti Bison Stumbras
Head Galva Tremble Dreb;ti Son-in-law;entas
Voice Balsas Thrush Strazdas Oriole Volung;
Throat Gerkl; Friend Draugas Igo Jungas
Mustard Garsty;ios Flabby Sudrib;s Play Groti
Ready Gatavas Dudka D;da Go Eiti
Rake Gr;blys Blow Dumti From I;
Rowing Gr;bti Strangle Dusinti Headboard Pagalv;
Mushroom Grybas Smoke D;mai Caviar Ikrai
Threaten Gr;sti Breathe D;sauti Search Ie;koti
Thunder Griausmas Uncle D;de What Koks
Pile up Griozdinti Food;dalas Stone Akmuo
Rude Grubti Hedgehog E;ys Cough Kosulys
Bust Gr;stis Spruce Egl; Kissel Kisielius
Swallow Knib;d;ti Bark Loti Mor Maras
Laying Kloti Light Lengvas Sea Marios
Glue Klijai Ice Ledas Mortise Marinti
Scream Klegesys Climb L;sti Wet Mirkyti
Maple Klevas Flax Linas Can Mok;ti
Click Klykauti Fly L;kti Moshka Masalas
Bubbling Kunkuliuoti Sculpt Lipdyti Fly Mus;
Forge Kaustyti Lick Lai;yti We Mes
When Kada Lin Lynas Soap Muilas
Leather Oda Linden Liepa Thought Mintis, m;sl;
Kol Kuolas Sticky Lipti Soft Mink;tas
Knee Kelis, kelienis Pouring Lieti Meat M;sa
Save Kaupti Surplus Liekas Crush Minti
Head Kupeta Elbow Alk;n; On Ant
Hoof Kanopa Tray Latakas Splash Brinkti
Kornati Karpyti Bow Lankas Navar Nuoviras
Cow Karv; Pounding Lupti Hiring Nuoma
Spit Kasa Small Ma;as Sprinkle Krapnoti
Which Katras Mammoth Mamutas Gentle Gle;nas
Edge Kra;tas Manatki Manta Spawning Ner;tas
Krasa Gro;; Max Mostas Carry Ne;ti
Armchair Kr;slas Wave Mojuoti Nobody Niekas
Curve Kreivas Haze Migla Nail Nagas
Scream Riksmas, klyksmas Honey Medus Nose Nosis
Blood Kraujas Mezha E;ia Night Naktis
Painstaking Kruop;tus Mill Mal;nas Burden Na;ta
Groats Kruopos Mena Mainai Now N;nai
Kum K;mas Change Mainyti Dive Nerti
Kuma K;ma Dead Mir;s, mirtuvys Both Abu
Marten Kiaun; Month M;nuo, m;nesis Both Abi
Smoke R;kyti Throw M;tyti Shoe Auti, apauti
Partridge Kurapka Stir Mai;yti Oats Avi;os
Bite K;sti Sack Mai;as Sheep Avis
Piece K;snis Cute Mielas Fire Ugnis
Palm Delnas Bear Me;ka Cucumber Agurkas
Lap Lakti Wet Mirkti Oats Avi;os
Paw Letena, lopa Pray Melsti Sheep Avis
Patch Lopyti Patch malti Fire Ugnis
Cucumber Agurkas Chaff Pelai Tripe Rumbas
Lake E;eras Whipping P;rimas Ore R;da
Deer Elnias Piglet Par;iukas Hand Ranka
Tin Alavas Flog Perti Sleeve Rankov;
Alder Alksnis Gunpowder Parakas Sob Raudoti
Eagle Erelis Standing Pastovus Trotter Rist;nas
Nut Rie;utas Indulge Pataikauti Lynx Ristas
Osa Vapsva Belt Juosta Ruffle Raibinti, raibti
Sharp A;trus Suburb Priemiestis pockmarked Raibas
Axis A;is Fresh Pr;skas Fritillary Jerub;
Open Atverti At Prie With Su
Lapel Atvartas Reception Pri;mimas Garden Sodas
Glasses Akiniai Take Priimti Plant Sodinti
Monument Paminklas Land Pristoti Soot Suod;iai
Memory Atmintis Sell Pardavin;ti Fresh;vie;ias
Fern Papartis Clearing Proskyna Candle Svirplys
Guy Bernas Ask Pra;yti Light;viesa
Ashes Pelenai Millet Soros Lead;vinas
Before Priekis Simple Paprastas Own Savas
Change Permainos Little bird Pauk;tis Brother-in-law Svainis
Perun Perk;nas Frighten Bauginti Saint;ventas
Tangle Per;;ti Confused Painioti Sev S;ja
Infantryman P;stininkas Pooh P;kas North;iaur;
Walking P;s;ias Chubby Putlus Family;eima
Pyragas Pie Fluffy P;kuotas Seed S;kla
Scaffold Pliauska Five Penki Hay;ienas
Mold Pel;siai Work Darbas Sulfur Siera
Splashing Pliuk;;ti Tearing Rauti Heart;irdis
Weave Pinti Thin Ret;ti Core;erdis
Shoulders Peciai Rare Retas Silver Sidabras
Baldness Plik; Cut R;;ti Sister Sesuo
Flat Plok;;ias Sharp Rai;us, ry;kus Sit down S;sti
Square Plotas Turnip Rop; Sow S;ti
Swim Plaukti Sieve R;tis Sit S;d;ti
Sneaky Palai;unas Resolute Ry;tingas Sieve Sietas
Trash Padugn; Horn Ragas gallop;okti, ;okuoti
Regiment Pulkas Rye Rugys Folding Sklandus
Full Pilnas Chamomile Ramun;l; Lean Skurdus
Polova Pelai Rosa Rasa Glory;lov;
Plum Slyva Darkness Temti Rubbish;lam;tas
Layer Sluoksnis Dark Tamsus Cold; altis
Mooch Slankioti Rub Trinti Horseradish Krienas
Death Mirtis Grater Tarka King Caras
Tar Smilkti Hew Ta;yti Enchantment Kerai
See Matyti Dough Te;la Worm Kirm;l;
Snow Sniegas Black grouse Tetervinas Roof tiles;erp;
Sable Sabalas Aunt Teta Cherry Tre;n;
Sunka sap Current T;km; Garlic;esnakas
Falcon Sakalas Flow Tek;ti Four Keturi
Catfish;amas Quiet Tylus Sneeze;iaud;ti
Sleep Sapnas Smolder D;l;ti Mongrel;uo, ;uva
Magpie;arka Turner Tekintojas Striding;ygiuoti
Dry Sausti Poplar Tuopa, topolis Checkers;a;k;s
Become Stoti That Tas Rough;iurk;tus
Stem Stiebas Point Ta;kas Hornet;ir;;
Glass Stiklas Three Trys Six;e;i
Wall Siena Drone Tranas Shilo Yla
Steppe; Shake Kr;sti Puppy;uniukas
Hundred;imtas Tour Tauras Sliver;ipulys
Table Stalas Thousand T;kstantis Pinch;iupsnis
Pillar Stulpas Pull Tempti Sneer;iepti
Moan Sten;ti Moisturize Suvilgyti Brush;epetys
Stand Stov;ti Oppress Engti Feel;iupin;ti
Passion Aistra Charcoal Anglis Apple Tree Obelis
Arrow Str;l; Eel Ungurys Ash Uosis
Knocking Stuksenti Dill Krapai Clear Ai;kus
Stingi Stingti Beehive Avilys Yatvingia Jotvingiai
Souk; aka Laukas Street
Promise Si;lyti Die Mirti
Dry Sausas Rest Spirti
Teach Sukti Mention Min;ti
Cheese S;ris Manor Sodyba
Satiated Sotus Dotted Nus;ti
Such Toks Service Paslauga
Carry T;syti Have time Sp;ti
Solid Tvirtas Mustache;sai
Your Tavo Approve Tvirtinti
Tely;ia Ear Ausis ...
For a long time, the Lithuanian language was considered not prestigious enough for written use. There was no single language. Linguistic differences were significant between regions. There were Aushtaitian and Samogitian dialects (or separate languages) and their numerous dialects. There were expectations that the Lithuanian language was about to die out on the territory of modern Lithuania. Many people used Polish and Belarusian in everyday life. At the beginning of the 19th century, the use of the Lithuanian language was largely limited to Lithuanian rural areas.
The only area where the Lithuanian language was considered suitable for literature was German-controlled Lithuania Minor in East Prussia. Surprisingly, the basis of the modern Lithuanian language was the language of the people who never considered themselves part of the Lithuanian nation.
The territory on which the Prussian Lithuanians lived was previously inhabited by the tribes of the ancient Prussians and the closely related Skalvins and Kurens. The area between the Lava and the Neman became almost uninhabited after the crusade against the pagan Prussians and the wars between the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Order. It is believed that local tribes were relocated, either voluntarily or forcibly, to the monastic state of the Teutonic Order and to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Over time, the border between the two states stabilized. Better living conditions than their lords could offer in the Teutonic Order attracted many Lithuanians and Samogitians to settle there.
The last Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Albert, became a secular prince and transformed the order into the Protestant state of Prussia. The majority of Prussian Lithuanians also adopted Protestantism. According to Protestant doctrine, Albert allowed church services for Prussian Lithuanians in their native language. The Lithuanians who settled in Prussia were mostly peasants. However, in the 16th century, educated Protestant immigrants from Lithuania appeared here. For example, Martynas Mažvydas, Abramos Kulvetis and Stanislovas Rapolionis. The latter became one of the first professors at the University of Königsberg, founded in 1544. Martynas Mažvydas was an ardent Protestant and called for an end to all contacts between Prussian Lithuanians and the inhabitants of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in order to reduce Catholic influence in the country.
It is believed that the same Mažvydas published the first book in Lithuanian - a translation of the Lutheran catechism. Other authors who wrote in Lithuanian were not Prussian Lithuanians, but Germans: Mikael Marlin, Jakob Kwuandt, Wilhelm Martinius, Gottfried Ostermeier, Siegfried Ostermeier, Daniel Klein, Andreu Krause, Philipp Rihig, Matthäus Praetorius, Christian Milke, Adam Schimmerpfeng and others. In general, Prussia of those times is a Protestant country. It was inhabited by Huguenots who migrated from other countries. The local autochthonous population disappeared somewhere, they say, back in the days of the Teutonic Order. Therefore, the Germans should be understood as a diverse Protestant rabble from all over Europe.
The official language in Prussia at that time was the so-called "Lower Prussian" language. Closely related to Dutch and Flemish. Since the majority of the population of Prussia were immigrants from those places. The Prussian Lithuanians who settled in the cities became bilingual and Germanized over time. The peasants also knew "Lower Prussian". Borrowed words from it, adding specific Lithuanian endings.
It is believed that the first grammar of the Prussian-Lithuanian language was written by the Tilsit pastor Daniel Klein in the middle of the 17th century. In the 18th century, the German-Lithuanian dictionary was written by Jakob Brodowski. August Schlechter standardized Prussian-Lithuanian grammar in the middle of the 19th century. His version, called "southwestern Aushtaitian", would later become the basis for the creation of the modern Lithuanian language.
By the way, Prussian-Lithuanian writing is based on the German style, while on the territory of modern Lithuania - on the Polish style. Prussian Lithuanians wrote in Gothic script. Lithuanians did not read Prussian-Lithuanian publications and vice versa. Cultural communication was very limited. At the beginning of the 20th century, attempts to create a unified writing system for the entire Lithuanian language were unsuccessful.
The Lithuanian national awakening that arose at the end of the 19th century was not popular among the Prussian Lithuanians. For them, integration with Lithuania was neither clear nor acceptable. The first Prussian Lithuanian elected to the Reichstag, Johann Smalalis, strongly campaigned for the integrity of the German Empire.
Until 1870, the policy of Germanization did not concern the Prussian Lithuanians. They voluntarily adopted the German language and culture. After the unification of Germany in 1871, the study of the German language (the new higher German - Hochdeutsch) was made compulsory in public schools. The study of the German language was supposed to provide Prussian Lithuanians with an opportunity to become familiar with Western European culture and values. Germanization also provoked a cultural movement among the Prussian Lithuanians. In 1879 and 1896, petitions for the return of the Lithuanian language in schools were signed by 12,330 and 23,058 Prussian Lithuanians. In general, the Lithuanian language and culture were not persecuted in Prussia.
After the end of the First World War, the northern part of East Prussia beyond the Neman River was separated. The territory inhabited by Prussian Lithuanians was divided between Weimar Germany and the Klaipeda region (Memelland) under French administration. The organization "Deutsch-Litauischer Heimatbund" sought to reunite with Germany or, in extreme cases, to create an independent state of Memelland. In 1923, the Republic of Lithuania occupied the Klaipeda region.
People from Greater Lithuania carried out state administration in the region. From their point of view, Prussian Lithuanians are Germanized Lithuanians who should be re-Lithuanized. Prussian Lithuanians saw Litvinization as a threat to their own culture and began to support German political parties and even began to identify themselves as Germans. Residents of the Klaipeda region constantly voted for German or German-oriented parties.
Nazi Germany returned Klaipeda after the German ultimatum to Lithuania in 1939. Residents were allowed to choose Lithuanian citizenship. Only 500 people asked for it and only 20 accepted it. The reunification of Klaipeda with Germany was greeted with joy by the majority of the inhabitants.
After the end of World War II, Prussian Lithuanians, along with the Germans, were resettled from East Prussia to West Germany. There they disappeared among the Germans. Their dialect has sunk into oblivion...
It's been two months since I started learning Lithuanian. To be honest, it turned out to be more difficult than I expected. None of the languages I know help here. Lithuanian is one of the most archaic languages in the world, perhaps the closest to it in terms of grammar is Russian. But Russian does not always save either) The worst thing about Lithuanian is the cases, there are no CASES. :)
A little about history:
The Lithuanian language has largely retained the original phonetics and morphological features of the prototypical Indo-European language, and thus is of interest for linguistic research. There is an opinion that among modern languages, Lithuanian is the closest to Proto-Indo-European (the speech of a Lithuanian peasant is perhaps the closest similarity to the speech of hypothetical Proto-Indo-Europeans). Some facts indicate that the group of Baltic languages existed separately from other Indo-European languages already from the 10th century BC. e. Although many of the archaic properties of the Lithuanian language are evident, the way in which the Baltic languages evolved from Proto-Indo-European remains unclear.
The Eastern Baltic languages separated from the Western Baltic (or perhaps from a hypothetical proto-Baltic language) between the 400s and 600s. The differentiation between Lithuanian and Latvian began in the 800s, however, they remained dialects of the same language for a long time. Intermediate dialects existed at least until the 14th-15th centuries, and apparently until the 17th century. The occupation of the Daugava River basin (almost coinciding with the territory of modern Latvia) by the Livonian Order in the 13th and 14th centuries also had a significant impact on the independent development of languages.
The earliest written monument of the Lithuanian language dates back to 1545 and is a prayer written by hand on the last page of the book “Tractatus sacerdotalis” published in Strasbourg. The text follows the Dzukian dialect and appears to have been copied from an earlier original. There is no doubt that Lithuanian church texts existed earlier, perhaps even at the end of the 14th century, because Christianity, introduced in 1387 in Aukštaitija, certainly required such texts for religious practice (historical sources mention that Jogaila himself translated the first church texts into Lithuanian ).
Typography begins in 1547 with the Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas, written in the Samogitian dialect and published in Karalyaučius (Kaliningrad). The book contains the first Lithuanian textbook - "Easy and quick science of reading and writing", in which the author gives the alphabet and several grammatical terms he invented. The literacy rate of Lithuanians during the 18th century was low, so the books did not become publicly available, and yet the development of the literary Lithuanian language begins with the publication of the first book.
In 1620, the first textbook of the Lithuanian language appeared, which later went through five editions - Dictionarium trium linguarum by Konstantinas Sirvydas. In 1653, a grammar textbook, Grammatica Litvanica, by Danielius Kleinas, was published. Thus, in the 17th century, the scientific study of the Lithuanian language began, which became especially intense with the advent of comparative linguistics in the 19th century.
In 1864, after the January Uprising, Mikhail Muravyov, the Governor-General of Lithuania, imposed a ban on the use of the Latin alphabet and printed texts in Lithuanian. Lithuanian books continued to be printed abroad, in East Prussia and in the United States of America. Imported into the country, despite the harsh court sentences, books helped the growth of national feeling, which in 1904 led to the lifting of the ban.
He is so alone.
It is difficult to say what is the most difficult thing in Lithuanian, because almost everything is difficult. In addition to cases, there is also a completely incomprehensible stress. I singled out one rule for myself, and, having talked with other representatives of the Russian-speaking dispora, I was convinced that it is correct, because the guys think the same way. So, about stress: if it seems to you that the stress should be in one place, 100% it will be in another :) One of the "wonderful" features of the Lithuanian language is accentuation. Few languages have this type of stress. If in other languages (for example, in English) the stress is individual and you just need to learn it for each word, or it is fixed on a certain syllable (for example, in French), then in Lithuanian there is a whole system of rules indicating which syllable the stress falls on and the intonation of this syllable. There are two syllabic intonations in Lithuanian - ascending and descending; so in words laukti and laucas stressed diphthong is pronounced with different intonation. In fact, the same stress system is present in Latin, Prussian and Sanskrit. The Latvian language has lost this system due to Finnish influence, and the stress in it has shifted to the first syllable. The Lithuanian language has a developed system of inflections, and thus is similar to Latin, especially in its fixation of case endings and the use of adjectives or other nouns placed in front of it to describe nouns (which are put in the genitive case).
Two examples:
- naujas vyrų ir moterų drabužių salonas= new salon of men's and women's clothing, but literally: new men's and women's clothing salon
- nationalinis dramos teatras= National Drama Theatre, but literally: National Drama Theatre.
But there is good news: there are no articles in the Lithuanian language. Three tenses are used mainly (one-time past, present, future; the multiple past is less often used). Unusual is the presence of many participial forms, which are now found in such a variety only in the Lithuanian language. For each temporary form there is an active and passive participle, with the help of these participles it becomes possible, in addition to the main temporary forms, to form complex forms of the active and passive moods.
About cases
This is my pain. There are seven cases in Lithuanian. And despite the name, they don't look like Russian cases at all, because the questions don't match! Look here:
Lithuanian case names (the question to which each of them answers is indicated in brackets):
- Vardininkas(Kas?) (nominative)
- Kilmininkas(Ko?) (genitive)
- Naudininkas(Kam?) (dative)
- Galininkas(Ką?) (accusative)
- Įnagininkas(Kuo?) (Instrumental (creative))
- Vietininkas(Kur?) (Local)
- Sauksmininkas(Vocative)
About declensionsLithuanian has 5 declensions. Nouns with endings-as, -ias, -ys or -jas, belong to the first declension. With endings-a, -ia or -ė to the second slope. With endings-us or -ius- to the 4th declension. With the end-uo, as well as a few-ė - to the fifth declension. The main difficulty here is presented by nouns in-is, since they can refer to the 1st or 3rd declension. Of course, they all lean differently, who would doubt it!
Verbs
This is the second pain, but here at least you can feel the logic. So, there are several conjugations. To understand which conjugation a verb belongs to, you do not need to know the indefinite form, but you need to know the third person singular or plural. That is, the form "to do" will not bring you any knowledge, but "does" very much. As I wrote above, times, fortunately, are few. As always, there is something good, here is the rule "there are no types of conjugations in the multiple past and future tenses, all regular verbs are conjugated in the same way." I mean, no exceptions, uff.
My favorite is the conjugation of the verb (to be):
- as esu- I am)
- tu esi- you (you)
- jis/ji yra- he/she is
- mes esame- we (esma)
- jus esate- you (are)
- jie/jos yra- they (essence)
In general, I myself am only immersing myself in this interesting world of a new language, but if there are questions, I promise to answer. :)
Geros dienos!
We are especially grateful to Andrey Morozov for providing and preparing the material for this section.
Probably no two groups within the European language family are as close to each other as the Slavs and the Balts. Indeed, compare your experience of learning some Germanic (German, English…) or Romance (French, Italian…) languages – and the first contact with Lithuanian (who already had it). And who has not yet begun to study this wonderful dialect in all respects - do not be lazy, work with the materials of this site. And you will immediately feel that the language is not completely alien.
First of all, of course, the vocabulary is striking - that is, even with the “naked ear” we hear a lot of similar-sounding words. And, if we “dig” deeper, we will stumble upon striking correspondences in morphology, syntax, and punctuation. But more on that later.
What is it connected with? At different times, scientists gave different explanations, reflecting the level of development of linguistics of their era. But, as a rule, they all agreed that the similarity of languages is not an accident and not the result of contacts between peoples (although this factor is not completely excluded), but a reflection of some long period of common history, when the Proto-Slavs and Proto-Balts already differed from ancestors of the Celts and Germans, but at the same time they were still a single ethnic group.
Indeed, there are clear arguments against considering similar vocabulary as the result of borrowings.
Firstly, when peoples come into contact with each other, the names of objects and phenomena new to some of the peoples are usually borrowed. Such a process is actively taking place today with borrowings from the English language. But these are precisely new concepts that were absent in the former life of the people. And our languages have the most basic vocabulary similar to each other, denoting family relationships, household items, animals, basic actions. Moreover, this circle is very wide: according to various estimates, up to 1000 units of speech.
Of course, no one has canceled the common Indo-European layer: Slavic and, for example, Germanic languages also have a “common fund”, but it is much poorer (for example, “wolf” and “Wolf”, “milk” and “Milch”, “birch” and “Birke”), while the Lithuanian words Žvėris, Šamas, Ežys, Bebras, Gervė and hundreds of others are quite clear to us. The concepts denoted by these words have always been with our ancestors - these are phenomena of natural and social life, without which no European nation is inconceivable. This means that there is no particular need to borrow such words, and mass borrowing is simply impossible.
Secondly, our vocabulary is not just the same, it is precisely genetically similar. That is, the words do not coincide, but they demonstrate patterns, knowing which, you can try to “count” the words of one language into another (in principle, we widely use this when studying other Slavic languages - small contacts with Ukrainian are enough - and intuitively you begin to replace “o ” to “i” ... becoming the hero of jokes about a Muscovite who was looking for a “stop”). But listen to Lithuanian: Russian “zh” here corresponds to “g” (geležis, gyvas), “z” - “ž” (žinoti, žiema), “ch” - “k” (tekėti, keturi) and so on.
When borrowing, the situation is completely different: the borrowed word looks alien, for centuries it does not adapt to the language where it has taken root. In principle, there are such examples in our case: for example, the word “boyar” is adopted in the Lithuanian language - it only changed the root vowel and acquired a characteristic completion: “bajoras”. Or vice versa: the word “anchutka” (dirty, from the Lithuanian name for a duckling - “ančiukas”) entered the Russian language (more precisely, into some dialects). But, again, these are exceptions.
Finally, thirdly, as mentioned above, the matter is not limited to vocabulary: we have very close phonetics, morphology and syntax. And this is very important. Indeed, even with the most active borrowing of words, the structure of speech does not change: listen to the speech of emigrants in America or Germany: they sometimes use up to 50% of borrowed words, but they decline, conjugate and coordinate with each other in Russian anyway, i.e. this part of the language is very conservative, and its similarity in the languages of the Slavs and the Balts speaks precisely of genetic kinship.
Here are the features noted by the Italian scientist P.U. Dini.
Phonetics: correspondences in the accent paradigm (simply speaking, tendencies of stress when changing the word, for example, by cases), similar change of some ancient Indo-European diphthongs (*eu), similar development of Indo-European R, the same lengthening of vowels.
Morphology: the same ending for the genitive singular. nouns with the stem ending in –o, the formation of certain adjectives (in Russian we almost always use certain adjectives, calling them “full form” and do not think that this is a short form + an ancient personal pronoun, for example, “mal” + “й” = "small"), the similarity in the formation of some pronouns of the 1st person, the basis on -i of the verb with the infinitive on -e-, the presence of a number of common suffixes (-ik, -ib, -uk and others).
Syntax: double negation (we differ from most other Europeans in this), substituting the genitive case for the accusative after the negation ("I have a book" but "I don't have a book" would be the same in Lithuanian), instrumental to denote an impermanent state ("he was a teacher" - "jis buvo mokytoju").
Such serious similarities have long excited the imagination of scientists, who, as mentioned above, offered various explanations.
As a rule, positions of scientists are adjacent to one of two groups. The first believe that after the collapse of the Indo-European unity, for some time there was a common "Balto-Slavic" proto-language, which only relatively late split into two branches. Others believe that there was no proto-language, but two language groups developed from very close dialects, the speakers of which, after the collapse of Indo-European unity, were in close contact with each other (with breaks, which again belong to different eras by different scientists).
What is important for us here is that, in fact, these two positions are "converted" one into the other. Indeed, the "disintegration" of the Indo-European unity can hardly be imagined as something similar to the collapse of the Soviet Union: yesterday it happened, today it doesn't. Surely this process dragged on for centuries, if not millennia, and it is impossible to fix such a moment when one common language was divided overnight into several descendant languages. And today, scientists and politicians are arguing, for example, over whether Serbian, Croatian and Bosan are one language - despite the fact that their speakers, regardless of beliefs, perfectly understand each other.
Thus, if we agree with the existence of “similar dialects within the Indo-European proto-language”, we only attribute the single Balto-Slavic language to a slightly earlier era, but the essence remains unchanged: there was a time when our ancestors understood each other, and communicate with other Indo-Europeans should have been through an interpreter.
The most interesting interpretation of the issue was proposed by the late academician, Professor V.N. Axes. He proposed to subdivide the Baltic peoples (and their languages) not into eastern and western, as is customary today, but into central and peripheral ones. The current Lithuanian, Latvian and Latgalian languages are typical examples of the Central languages (as are most of the extinct Baltic languages). But there were also peripheral ethnic groups with their own dialects, for example, golyad - to the west of present-day Moscow (and maybe to the south - someone called the river on which the city of Chekhov stands, "Lopasney", i.e. "fox ").
So, according to the hypothesis of Prof. Toporov, on the basis of some ancient peripheral Baltic dialects, the Proto-Slavic language was formed. Then this language received independent development, in turn began to be divided into dialects, its speakers settled throughout Europe, apparently no longer recognizing recent relatives in the Balts inhabiting these spaces - and there a written history began, in which there were also wars of Russian princes with golyads, and the call of the Polish king of the crusaders to the Prussian lands, and much more ...
We agree that the hypothesis of the Russian scientist explains a lot: both the similarity in the main elements of morphology and syntax, and a huge layer of common vocabulary, and very similar phonetics. Note that in nature there is no such phenomenon as a “Lithuanian accent” - a native speaker of the Lithuanian language may not know certain Russian words or change them incorrectly - but the pronunciation will always be flawless - there are simply no sounds in Russian that would not exist in Lithuanian , and we are very similar to Akai (which once again raises the question of the “ethnogenesis” of the original population of the Moscow region and, by the way, Belarusians, who also grew up on the Baltic substrate, also Akai).
In this case, the absence of a territory in Europe where Slavic hydronyms would form the most ancient layer gets its explanation - this is how the homeland of a particular people is now determined. In principle, there are many Slavic hydronyms, but they always overlap with someone else's, more ancient ones. If we assume that in the era when rivers and lakes received their first names, our common ancestors spoke a language that can be attributed to the Baltic, everything falls into place. Then the Balts look (in terms of language) the guardians of the ancient form, and the Slavs - "innovators".
Let us illustrate this statement with several lexical examples. So, the ancient word barda through the Old Slavonic “barda” turned into the Russian “beard”, and in modern Lithuanian it remained “barzda”. Galva became "head" and then "head" (in Lithuanian - "galva"). Similarly, varna - through the alternation of consonants became "liar" and "crow", and in Lithuanian this word repeats the ancient original - and so on.
Of course, ambiguities remain. The very mechanism of the formation of the Slavic community on the periphery of the settlement of the Balts is not clear. What is this process? If assimilation with other peoples, then with what? Why are there no transitional forms between the two groups? What followed then - the resettlement of the ancestors of the Slavs and the rapid increase in their numbers?
Another thing is not entirely clear: well, the similarity of thousands of lexical units has been explained. But what about thousands of others, different? And what about such words that are not borrowed from the Finno-Ugric and Turkic languages, but developed on the original Indo-European base? If three thousand years ago the language was common, then where do today's differences come from? Perhaps, initially there were many synonyms in the language, and then each language group preferred one particular solution (fortunately, there are several hundred examples when a living word of the Lithuanian language is related to an obsolete Russian)? Probably, these are questions for new generations of scientists.
But we, living in the twenty-first century, should rejoice and not be lazy to discover new common features in such rich languages as Russian and Lithuanian - after all, our languages are books where the history of our peoples is encrypted.
Pietro U. Dini, Baltic languages. Moscow, OGI 2002.
Languages of the world. Baltic languages, ed. prof. V.N. Toporova et al. Moscow, Academia 2006.
Z. Zinkevičius, A. Luhtanas, G. Chesnis, Where Lithuanians come from. Vilnius, MELI 2006.
A. Efanov, Dictionary of related Russian-Lithuanian words. Vilnius, Žaltvykstė 2006.
Commonly used directly related words
| Woman | Boba |
| Trouble | Beda |
| Run | Begioti |
| White | Baltas |
| Birch | Berzas |
| turn pale | Blyksti |
| Fade | Blukti |
| Shine | Blizgeti |
| Crap | Blynas |
| Flea | Blusa |
| Beaver | Bebras |
| Bodab | badyti |
| Swamp | Bala |
| Beard | Barzda |
| Borovik | Baravykas |
| Borsch | Barsciai |
| Barefoot | Basas |
| boyar | Bajoras |
| Afraid | Bijoti |
| swearing | barnis |
| glimpse | Breksti |
| Bresti | Bristi |
| Ford | Brasta |
| To roam | Braidyti |
| Fermentation | Bruzdėjimas |
| Cowberry | Brukne |
| Killjoy | Niurzga |
| wake up | Budinti |
| Booth | Budelė |
| Buffalo | Buivolas |
| Life | Buitis |
| Being | Butis |
| To be | Buti |
| Felt boots | Veltiniai |
| roll (roll up) | Velti |
| to wallow | Volioti |
| cook | Virti |
| carry | Vežti |
| Eyelid | Vokas |
| Crown | Vainikas |
| Rope | Virve |
| string | Virtine |
| Top | Virsus |
| Vertex | Viršūnė |
| News | Vesti |
| Whole | visas |
| Wind | Vėjas, vėtra |
| Evening | Vakaras |
| View | Pavidalas, vaizdas |
| Vika | Wikiai |
| Vit | Vyti |
| curl | Vyniotis |
| Knight | Vytis |
| Cherry | Vyšnia |
| Water | Vanduo |
| Governor | Vaivada |
| Wolf | Vilkas |
| Wave | vilnis |
| Red tape | Vilkinimas |
| Drag | Vilkti |
| Will | Valia |
| Coo | Burkuoti |
| Crow | Varna |
| Gates | Vartai |
| toss and turn | Vartyti |
| Wax | Vaskas |
| Pasture | Ganykla |
| Otter | Ūdra |
| Extinguish | Gesinti |
| Carnation | Gvazdikas |
| Iron | Glostyti |
| Smooth | Glotnus |
| Deep | Gila |
| drive | Guiti, ginti |
| Nest | Lizdas |
| Bend | Gniuzti |
| Fasting | Gavenia |
| Head | Galva |
| Voice | Balsas |
| Throat | Gerkle |
| Mustard | Garstycios |
| Ready | Gatavas |
| Rake | Greblys |
| row | Grebti |
| Mushroom | Grybas |
| threaten | Gresti |
| Thunder | Griausmas |
| pile up | Griozdinti |
| be rude | Grubti |
| huddle | Grustis |
| Breast | Krūtinė, krūtis |
| breast | Gruzdas |
| Sinker | Grimzdas |
| gnaw | Grauzti |
| buzz | Gausti |
| Long away | Toli |
| Tribute | Duokle |
| To give | Duoti |
| Two | Du |
| Two | Dvi |
| Door | Durys |
| yard | Dvaras |
| Nobleman | Dvarininkas |
| brother-in-law | Dieveris |
| Nine | Devyni |
| Divide | Dalyti |
| Day | Diana |
| Ten | Desimt |
| child | Deti |
| For | Del |
| Bottom | Dugnas |
| Long | Ilgas |
| Share (fate) | Dalia |
| Share (part) | Dalis |
| Daughter | Dukra |
| tear | Dreksti |
| tremble | Drebeti |
| Thrush | Strazdas |
| Friend | Draugas |
| Flabby | Sudribes |
| Dudka | Duda |
| Blow | Dumti |
| choke | Dusinti |
| Smoke | Dūmai |
| Breathe | Dusauti |
| Uncle | Dede |
| Food | Edalas |
| Hedgehog | Ezys |
| Spruce | Egle |
| Is (be) | Esti |
| regret | Gaileti |
| Sting | Gelti |
| The sting | Geluonis |
| Heat | Zarijos |
| Iron | Gelezis |
| Yellow | Geltonas |
| Acorn | Gile |
| Millstone | Girna |
| Burn | Degti |
| Alive | Gyvas |
| Life | Gyvenimas |
| Lived | Gysla |
| Live | Gyventi |
| Crane | Gerve |
| Envy | Pavydėti |
| Glow | Zara |
| Star | Zvaigzde |
| The beast | Zveris |
| To yawn | Ziovauti |
| Earth | Zemme |
| Winter | Ziema |
| Sign | Zenklas |
| Knowledge | Zinios |
| Know | Zinoti |
| bison | Stumbras |
| son-in-law | Zentas |
| Oriole | Volunge |
| Yoke | Jungas |
| Play | Groti |
| Go | eiti |
| From | Is |
| headboard | Pagalve |
| Caviar | Ikrai |
| Search | Ieskoti |
| Which | Koks |
| Stone | Akmuo |
| Cough | Kosulys |
| Kissel | Kisielius |
| swarm | Knibždėti |
| put | Cloti |
| Glue | Klijai |
| Scream | Klegesys |
| Maple | Klevas |
| click | Klykauti |
| bubbling | Kunkuliuoti |
| Forge | Kaustyti |
| When | Kada |
| Leather | Oda |
| Col | Kuolas |
| Knee | Kelis, kelienis |
| save | Kaupti |
| Kopna | Kupeta |
| Hoof | Kanopa |
| Kornat | Karpyti |
| Cow | Karve |
| Spit | Casa |
| Which the | Katras |
| edge | Krastas |
| Beauty | Groze |
| Armchair | Kreslas |
| Crooked | Kreivas |
| scream | Riksmas, klyksmas |
| Blood | Kraujas |
| painstaking | Kruopstus |
| Groats | Kruopos |
| Qom | Kumas |
| Kuma | Kuma |
| Marten | Kiaune |
| smoke | Rukyti |
| Partridge | Kurapka |
| Bite | Kasti |
| A piece | Kasnis |
| Palm | Delnas |
| lap up | Lakti |
| Paw | Letena, lopa |
| Mend | Lopyti |
| Bark | Loti |
| Light | Lengvas |
| Ice | Ledas |
| climb | Listi |
| Linen | Linas |
| Fly | Lekti |
| sculpt | Lipdyti |
| Lick | Laizyti |
| Tench | Lynas |
| Linden | Liepa |
| Stick | Lipti |
| Pouring | Lieti |
| Extra | Liekas |
| Elbow | Alkūnė |
| Tray | Latakas |
| Onion | Lancas |
| thrash | Lupti |
| Small | Mazas |
| Mammoth | Mamutas |
| Manatki | Manta |
| max | mostas |
| waving | Mojuoti |
| mist | Migla |
| Honey | Medusa |
| Mezha | Ezia |
| Mill | Malūnas |
| Mena | Mainai |
| Change | Mainyti |
| Dead | Mires, mirtuvys |
| Month | Mėnuo, mėnesis |
| throw | Metyti |
| Interfere | Maisyti |
| Bag | Maisas |
| Cute | Mielas |
| bear | Meska |
| get wet | Mirkti |
| pray | Melsti |
| Grind | Malti |
| Mor | Maras |
| Sea | marios |
| stain | Marinti |
| wet | Mirkyti |
| can | Mokėti |
| Midge | Masalas |
| Fly | Muse |
| We | Mes |
| Soap | Muilas |
| Thought | Mintis, mislė |
| Soft | Minkstas |
| Meat | Mesa |
| Mint | Minti |
| On the | Ant |
| blubber | Brinkti |
| Navar | Nuoviras |
| Hiring | Nuoma |
| scribble | Krapnoti |
| Gentle | Gležnas |
| Spawning | Nerstas |
| Carry | Nesti |
| Nobody | Niekas |
| Nail | Nagas |
| Nose | Nosis |
| Night | Naktis |
| Burden | Nasta |
| Now | Nunai |
| Dive | Nerti |
| Both | Abu |
| Both | Abi |
| put on shoes | Auti, apauti |
| oats | Avizos |
| Sheep | Avis |
| Fire | Ugnis |
| Cucumber | Agurkas |
| Lake | Ezeras |
| Deer | Elnias |
| Tin | Alavas |
| Alder | Alksnis |
| Eagle | Erelis |
| Nut | Riesutas |
| Wasp | Vapsva |
| Spicy | Astrus |
| Axis | Asis |
| open | Atverti |
| Lapel | Atvartas |
| Glasses | Akiniai |
| Monument | paminklas |
| Memory | Atmintis |
| Fern | Papartis |
| Guy | Bernas |
| Ash | Pelenai |
| Before | Priekis |
| Turn | Permainos |
| Perun | Perkūnas |
| Pershite | Peršėti |
| Infantryman | Pestininkas |
| On foot | Pescias |
| Pie | Pyragas |
| chopping block | Pliauska |
| Mold | Pelesiai |
| Splash | Pliukšėti |
| Weave | Pinti |
| Shoulders | Peciai |
| baldness | Plike |
| Flat | Plokscias |
| Square | Plotas |
| swim | Plaukti |
| Podliza | Palaizunas |
| scumbag | Padugne |
| Regiment | Pulkas |
| Full | Pilnas |
| Polova | Pelai |
| Flogging | Perimas |
| Piglet | Parsiukas |
| smack | Perti |
| Powder | parakas |
| Constant | Pastovus |
| Indulge | Pataikauti |
| Belt | Juosta |
| Suburb | Priemiestis |
| Fresh | Preskas |
| At | Prie |
| Reception | Priemimas |
| Accept | Priimti |
| to stick | Pristoti |
| Sell | Pardaviniti |
| clearing | Proskyna |
| Ask | Prasyti |
| Millet | soros |
| Simple | paprastas |
| Bird | Paukstis |
| Frighten | Bauginti |
| Confuse | Painioti |
| fluff | Pukas |
| Plump | Putlus |
| Fluffy | Pukuotas |
| Five | Penki |
| Work | Darbas |
| Tear | Rauti |
| Thin out | Retiti |
| Rare | Retas |
| Cut | Rėžti |
| Cutting | Raizus, ryskus |
| Turnip | Ropė |
| Sieve | Retis |
| Decisive | Ryžtingas |
| Horn | Ragas |
| Rye | Rugys |
| Chamomile | Ramunele |
| Dew | Rasa |
| Scar | Rumbas |
| Ore | Ruda |
| Hand | Ranka |
| Sleeve | Rankovė |
| sob | Raudoti |
| Trotter | Ristūnas |
| trotting | Ristas |
| Ruffle | raibti, raibti |
| pockmarked | Raibas |
| Grouse | Jerube |
| FROM | Su |
| Garden | sodas |
| Plant | Sodinti |
| Soot | Suojiai |
| Fresh | Šviežias |
| Candle | Svirplys |
| Light | Šviesa |
| Lead | Švinas |
| Mine | Savas |
| brother-in-law | Svainis |
| Saint | Sventas |
| Sev | Seja |
| North | Šiaurė |
| A family | Seima |
| Seed | Sekla |
| Hay | Sienas |
| Sulfur | Siera |
| Heart | Sirdis |
| Core | Serdis |
| Silver | Sidabras |
| Sister | Sesuo |
| sit down | Sesti |
| Sow | Seti |
| Sit | Sedeti |
| Sieve | Sietas |
| gallop | Šokti, šokuoti |
| folding | Sklandus |
| Scarce | Skurdus |
| Glory | Šlove |
| Plum | Slyva |
| Layer | Sluoksnis |
| loitering | Slankioti |
| Death | Mirtis |
| Resin | Smilkti |
| Watch | Matyti |
| Snow | Sniegas |
| Sable | Sabalas |
| Juice | Sunka |
| Falcon | Sakalas |
| catfish | Samas |
| Dream | Sapnas |
| Magpie | Sarka |
| Dry | Sausti |
| Become | Stoti |
| Stem | Stiebas |
| Glass | Stiklas |
| Wall | Siena |
| Steppe | Stepe |
| One hundred | Simtas |
| Table | Stalas |
| Pillar | Stulpas |
| Moan | Steneti |
| Stand | Stovėti |
| Passion | Aistra |
| Arrow | Strėlė |
| Knock | Stuksenti |
| get cold | Stingti |
| souk | Saka |
| Promise | Sillyti |
| Dry | Sausas |
| Twist | Sukti |
| Cheese | Suris |
| well-fed | Sotus |
| Such | toks |
| drag | Tasyti |
| Solid | Tvirtas |
| Your | Tavo |
| Heifer | Telycia |
| get dark | Temti |
| Dark | Tamsus |
| Rub | Trinti |
| Grater | Tarka |
| hew | Tasyti |
| Dough | Tesla |
| black grouse | Tetervinas |
| Uncle | Theta |
| Flow | Tėkmė |
| Flow | Teketi |
| Quiet | Tylus |
| Smolder | Dulėti |
| Turner | Tekintojas |
| Poplar | Tuopa, topolis |
| That | Tas |
| Dot | Taskas |
| Three | trys |
| Drone | Tranas |
| Shake | Kresti |
| Tour | Tauras |
| One thousand | Tukstantis |
| To pull | Tempti |
| Moisturize | Suvilgyti |
| Oppress | engti |
| Coal | Anglis |
| Acne | Ungurys |
| Dill | Krapai |
| Hive | Avilys |
| The outside | Laukas |
| Die | Mirti |
| abut | alcohol |
| Mention | Mineti |
| manor | Sodyba |
| dot | Nusėti |
| Service | Paslauga |
| Be on time | Speti |
| Mustache | Ūsai |
| Approve | Tvirtinti |
| Ear | Ausis |
| Trash | Slamstas |
| Cold | Saltis |
| Horseradish | Krienas |
| Tsar | caras |
| Enchantment | Kerai |
| Worm | Kirmėlė |
| Roof tiles | Cerpe |
| Sweet cherry | Trešnė |
| Garlic | Česnakas |
| Four | Keturi |
| Sneeze | Čiaudėti |
| mongrel | Suo, Suva |
| Step | Zygiuoti |
| Checkers | Saskės |
| Rough | Šiurkštus |
| Hornet | Širšė |
| Six | Sesi |
| Awl | Yla |
| Puppy | Šuniukas |
| Sliver | Šipulys |
| Pinch | Ziupsnis |
| squint | Siepti |
| Brush | Sepetys |
| Feel | Čiupinėti |
| Apple tree | Obelis |
| Ash | Uosis |
| Clear | Aiskus |
| Yatvingians | Jotvingiai |
Indirectly related words
| vigil | Budeti | be on duty |
| Bes | Baisus | scary |
| Log | Briauna | wood rib |
| Shave | Brėžti | to scratch |
| Storm | Bure | sail |
| Spindle | Verti | thread |
| Spring | Vasara | summer |
| Wind | Vetra | storm |
| View | Veidas | face |
| See | Vyzdys | pupil |
| delve into | Įnikti | get involved |
| Drag | Valkata | tramp |
| Enemy | Vargas | grief |
| Gad | Geda | ashamed |
| crap | Gadinti | spoil |
| cinder | Garas | steam |
| gat | Gatvė | the outside |
| sneer | Gluminti | puzzle |
| Beef | Gyvuliai | livestock |
| Naked | Galas | the end |
| Hump | Garbana | curl |
| Rob | Grobti | rob, seize |
| Ridge | Gristi | pave |
| Thick | Gausus | abundant |
| Pull | Dirginti | annoy |
| Wood | Drėve | hollow |
| Wood | Rieve | tree ring |
| Hold | Dirzas | belt |
| boldly | Drasiai | boldly |
| Wild | Dykas | empty, useless |
| Run wild | Isdykauti | play pranks |
| Fraction | Trapus | fragile |
| Shiver | drugys | fever |
| Fidget | Erzinti | annoy |
| Stallion | Zirgas | horse |
| Corn | Zirnis | peas |
| Call | Zavesys | the charm |
| Willow | Ieva | bird cherry |
| portray | Braizyti | draw, scratch |
| Kara | Karas | war |
| Boil | Kupinas | full |
| Treasure | Klodas | layer |
| Track | Kelias | road |
| prick | Kalti | hammer |
| Kom | Kamuolys | ball, ball |
| Mosquito | Kamane | bumblebee |
| Dig | Kapoti | chop |
| save | Kepti | fry |
| Root | Keroti | take root |
| scab | Karsti | comb wool, linen |
| Touch | Kasyti | scratch |
| twist | Kruteti | stir |
| Steep | Krantas | Coast |
| cover | Krauti | fold |
| dumpy | Kresnas | stocky |
| kulich | Kulti | thresh |
| smoke | Kurti | kindle |
| Bush | Kuokstas | bundle |
| wrap up | Kiautas | shell |
| Shop | Lova | bed |
| Laziness | Letas | slow |
| Pouring | Lituoti | solder |
| Boat | Gelda | trough |
| People | Liaudis | people |
| Fierce | Liutas | a lion |
| Chalk | Smelis | sand |
| fade away | Merkti | squint |
| To sweep | Mesti | quit |
| Month | Menesiena | moonlight at night |
| Moment | Miegas | dream |
| flicker | Myleti | be in love |
| Blink | Marguoti | dazzle |
| Wise | Įmantrus | artsy |
| Flour | Minkyti | knead |
| Thought | Mįsle | mystery |
| Wash | maudyti | bathe |
| Soft | Menkas | weak |
| Nickname | Nykti | fade away, disappear |
| Strive | Noriti | to want |
| disposition | Noras | a wish |
| Need | Nauda | benefit |
| Gadfly | Uodas | mosquito |
| He | Anas | that |
| Feather | Sparnas | wing |
| Saw | Peilis | knife |
| Food | Pietus | dinner |
| Plast | Pluostas | fiber |
| Weave | Plestis | expand |
| Shoulder | Platus | wide |
| Flesh | Pluta | crust |
| swim | Plusti | to flow strongly |
| Help | Pamokyti | teach |
| stop | Atsikratyti | get off |
| Adventure | Kliutis | let |
| Prompt | Varyti | drive |
| Simple | Prastas | bad, not special |
| Jump | Sprukti | run away |
| Become swollen | Pusti | blow |
| Rod | Regzti | weave |
| Mercury | Ritinti | roll |
| Ferocious | Svarus | important |
| Chamois | Stirna | roe |
| Net | Sieti | be related |
| Strength | Siela | soul |
| Through | Skverbtis | permeate |
| Slope | Klonis | valley, hollow |
| brace | Kablys | hook |
| Scrape | Skobti | hollow |
| mournful | Skurdus | poor |
| Scarce | Skaudėti | get sick |
| Servant | Slauge | nurse |
| Savvy | Smegenys | brain |
| Resin | Smalka | sealing wax |
| close | Smaugti | choke |
| Juice | Sakai | tree resin |
| Sleep | Sapnuoti | dream |
| Become (noun) | Status | straight |
| Pillar | Stabas | idol |
| Obstinate | Stropus | diligent |
| Raw | Surus | salty |
| create | Tvarka | order |
| Crowd | Tilpti | place |
| burdened | Tingeti | be lazy |
| quench | Tilti | subside |
| Morning | Ausra | dawn |
| Learn | Jaukinti | tame |
| Want | Ketinti | mean |
| Chara | Taure | cup |
| Cap | Kepurė | hat |
| Through | Skersas | transverse |
| draw | Kirsti | chop |
| be naughty | Šėlti | rage |
| Wool | Šertis | shed |
| Six | Šeriai | stubble |
| Shield | sydas | veil |
Obsolete directly related words
| Az | I | As |
| Aksamit | velvet | Aksomas |
| Al | beer | Alus |
| Alcati | starve | Alkti |
| Alkota | hunger | Alkis |
| Albo | or | Arba |
| At | duck | Antis |
| Batog | whip | Botagas |
| Goddess | church | Bažnyčia |
| vaiga | channel | Vaga |
| Veveritsa | squirrel | Vovere |
| Bucket | clear up | Giedrytis |
| Vel | big | Didelis |
| Willow | bars | Verba, virbas |
| screech | cry | Verkti |
| Wave | wool | vilna |
| thief | fence | Tvora |
| gnite | compress | Gniaužti |
| Year | desired | Pageidavimas |
| Goiti | live | Gyti |
| Gomba | outgrowth | Gumbas |
| Mountain | forest | Giria |
| burn | evaporate | Garuoti |
| Gruden | December | Gruodis |
| breasty | uneven | Grublėtas |
| Newspapers | get stuck | Grimzti |
| Hood | rumors | Gandai |
| two tenths | twenty | Dvidesimt |
| Dvicets | twin | Dvynys |
| two-lipped | double | Dvigubas |
| Right hand | right hand | Desinė |
| Dokol | Kol | |
| Until then | tol | |
| duzhiy | big | Daug |
| One | one | Vienas |
| Yesi | you are | Esi |
| Gape | open up | Ziojėti |
| ripen | watch | Ziūrėti |
| Zъvъ | fish | Zuvis |
| Imati | take | Imti |
| Kaina | price | Kaina |
| Kayati | curse | Keikti |
| crate | pantry | Klėtis |
| Klunya | threshing floor | Kluonas |
| Coble | big vat | Kubilas |
| Colic | which the | Kelintas |
| Komonitsa | horse | Kumelė |
| dig | beat, cut | Kapoti |
| Cord | sword | Kardas |
| Korsta | tomb | Karstas |
| Krat | once | Kartas |
| Kutas | cord with tassels | Kutas |
| Katti | read | Skaityti |
| Kyi | hammer | Kujis |
| Lek | remainder | Liekana, liekas |
| Summer | rainy season | Lietus |
| Lop | sheet | Lapas |
| Luba | flooring, roof | Lubos |
| Luke | bend | Lanka |
| Luspina | husk | Lupena |
| Beam | expect | Laukti |
| Beam | bend | Lenkti |
| Lyakh | Pole | Lenkas |
| Mayati | wave | Mojuoti |
| Place | city | Miestas |
| revenge | milk | Melžti |
| Mniti | think | Manyti |
| Murza | filthy | Murzinas |
| Murovat | lay a brick | Muryti |
| Myt | duty | Muitas |
| Naked | naked | Nuogas |
| Leg | hoof | Naga |
| Noora | sullen | Nirus |
| cloud | dress | Apvilkti |
| Obvála | round | Apvalus |
| Eye | eye | Akys |
| Oralo | plow | Arklas |
| Oratay | plowman | Artojas |
| Orati | plow | Arti |
| groin | armpit | Pazastis |
| Pegot | abscess | Spoogas |
| Penyaz | money | Pinigai |
| Blame | blame | Peikti |
| Finger | finger | Pirstas |
| pert | bath | Pirtis |
| Plate | stone | Plyta |
| Plyucha | lung | Plauciai |
| greet | promise | Zadėti |
| Porkt | sweat | Prakaitas |
| Pouga | stick | Pagalys |
| Prati | wash, wash | Prausti |
| Fetters | fetter | Panciai |
| Frame | arable land | Arimas |
| Ramo | support | Remti |
| Rdet | blush | Raudonuoti |
| resty | find | Rusty |
| Decide | to knit | Risti |
| Ore | red | Raudonas |
| Ruple | caring | Rupestingas |
| Sviron | barn | Svirnas |
| Whistler | marmot | Švilpikas |
| Rock | cleft | Įskilimas |
| Skepa | sliver | Skiedra |
| Skran | cheek, cheekbone | Skruostas |
| Skrynya | box | Skrynia |
| Slizko | slippery | Slide |
| smear | beat | Smogti |
| Smerdeti | stink | Smirdeti |
| Stench | stink | Smarve |
| close | subside | Smukti |
| cloth | dress | Suknelė, suknia |
| Tak | trail | Takas |
| Stronghold | fortress | Tvirtove |
| Teneto | net | Tinklas |
| thorpe | interval | Tarpas |
| touch | tear | Traukti |
| trupiti | crumble | Trupinti |
| Tuk | fat | Taukai |
| to drown | get fat | Tukti |
| tunny | empty | Tuscias |
| slop | sway | Klebinti |
| Child | child | Kudikis |
| Chelo | mountain | Kalnas |
| Cula | pig | Kiaule |
| Sheshok | ferret | Seskas |
| Make noise | call for | Saukti |
| Ju | already | Jau |
| Jutiti | feel | Justi |
| I am for | wound | Zaizda |
| Yarka | young sheep | Eriukas |
| Yaro | brutally | Ziauriai |
Obsolete indirectly related words
| bosti | prick | besti | stick |
| Century | strength, health | Veikti | act |
| to hoist | do smth clumsily | Veržtis | break through |
| fold | to knit | Veržti | tighten |
| Verpsti | cut off | Verpti | spin |
| Whole | dwelling | Viesceti | guest |
| Broadcast | make public | Viesinti | make public |
| Soar | to be, to live | Vieta | place |
| Viti | chase | Vyti | drive |
| parish | region | Valstybe | state |
| parish | Valstietis | peasant | |
| Gobineau | abundance | Gobsus | greedy |
| City | fencing | Gardas | stall |
| Goub | bent | Gaubtas | shade |
| Rob | scratch | Grobti | grab, rob |
| Gridnya | room | Grycia | house |
| pile | broken, crushed | Grūdai | corn |
| muddy | advance | Grįžti | return |
| Lip | ledge | Guba | mop |
| Tug | connection | Gūžta | nest |
| Walk | rest | Guleti | lie |
| wilds | gorge | Dauba | ravine |
| Right hand | right hand | Desnis | law |
| Div | superbeing | Dievas | God |
| Doba | benefit | Dabinti | decorate |
| Expensive | useful | Doras | moral |
| tan | handle | dubuo | Bowl |
| Jeti | Drive | Joti | ride |
| endova | bowl | India | tableware |
| Ash | gray | Zilas | gray-haired |
| Wait | spend | Izdas | coffers |
| drop | receptacle | Kapines | cemetery |
| Katy | punish | Kaltinti | blame |
| Klob | round object | clubs | hip |
| Cludity | mock | Kliudyti | catch, interfere |
| Komon | Horse | Kamanos | Bridles |
| Cross | strike a fire | Kirsti | cut, hit |
| cook | sadness | Kuklus | modest |
| Mite | contribution | Lesos | funds |
| Face | accurate image of faces | Lygus | smooth |
| Lub | bark | Luoba | husk |
| Luky | appointed by fate | Likimas | fate |
| Merkija | swamp | Merkti | wet |
| Purse | purse, bag | Makstis | case |
| snort | drag | Mazgotė | rag |
| Barn | grain drying shed | Javai | corn |
| Auger | because | Ogi | after all |
| Oralo | plow | Arklys | horse |
| Orichi | destroy | Irti | fall apart |
| Ork | clinging | Erke | mite |
| Osrovati | flow around | Srovė | flow |
| foul | poor | Paskutinis | last |
| cry | rinse | Plakti | beat |
| Cry | beat one's chest in grief | Plaktis | beat |
| Captivity | booty | Pelnas | income |
| Rake | frivolous person | Plevesa | varmint |
| Povet | canopy, roof | Pavėsine | alcove |
| hate | forbid | Priesintis | resist |
| smash | cut | Ruozas | band |
| Ramen | shoulders | Raumuo | muscle |
| frame | strong | Raumeningas | muscular |
| Rekti | talk | Rekti | scream |
| Siry | lonely | Sirgti | get sick |
| Scarlat | expensive clothing | Skarele | handkerchief |
| Skobl | tool | oblius | plane |
| Skud | outerwear | Skuduras | rag |
| Skust | to pinch, to pull | Skustis | to shave |
| Slana | frost | Salna | frosts |
| Smerd | slave | Smerkti | condemn |
| Sochivo | porridge | Sociai | satisfying |
| Old | big | stories | thick |
| Stack | stack top | Stogas | roof |
| Syagachi | touch | Segti | fasten |
| Tolerate | freeze | Stirti | numb |
| Toloka | crowd | talka | help at work |
| trupiti | crumble | Truputis | a little |
| tunny | empty | Tunoti | to be forgotten |
| Tyti | get fat | Tinti | swell |
| womb | interior | Troba | hut |
| Canoe | boat | Keltas | ferry |
| Shanovat | respect | Šaunumas | valor |
| Vale | a place of sadness | Liudesys | sadness |
| Jag | fertile | Jėga | strength |
Words borrowed from the Baltic languages
and mutual borrowing
Mutual borrowing
| Watermelon | Tatar | Arbuzas |
| Artel | Turk. | Artele |
| Bike (fabric) | Goal. | Bajus |
| Eggplant | Turk. | Baklazanas |
| Drum | Turk. | Barbenti |
| Tower | Polish | Bokstas |
| Own | st.-sl. | Valdyti |
| Power | st.-sl. | Valdzia |
| Involve | st.-sl. | Vilioti |
| Leader | st.-sl. | Vadas |
| penny | Polish | Grasis |
| Pear | Iran. | Kriausce |
| Suede leather | Polish | Zomsa |
| dry out | st.-sl. | Sekti |
| Cossack | Turk. | Kazokas |
| Cabbage | lat. | Kopustai |
| Astrakhan | Turk. | Karakulis |
| carp | lat. | Karosas |
| Chestnut | Polish | Kastonas |
| Sprat | est. | Kilkė |
| Pick | Greek | Kirka |
| Book | Turk. | Knyga |
| Trump | Polish | Koziris |
| Hemp | lat. | Kanapė |
| Boiler | lat. | Katilas |
| Cutlet | French | Kotletas |
| Starch | German | Krakmolas |
| Corn | Turk. | Kukuruzai |
| Avalanche | German | Lavina |
| Manna | Greek | Manai |
| tradesman | Polish | Miescionis |
| Imaginary | st.-sl. | Menamas |
| A monkey | Persian. | Beždžionė |
| A donkey | lat. | Asilas |
| Peacock | German | Povas |
| Coat | French | Paltas |
| pan | Polish | Ponas |
| Peach | lat. | Persikas |
| Pilaf | Turk. | Plovas |
| Before | st.-sl. | Pries |
| Bullet | Polish | Kulka |
| Blizzard | Finnish | Puga |
| Paradise | indo-iran. | Rojus |
| Market | German | Rinka |
| Carp | Turk. | Sazanas |
| Seimas | Polish | Seimas |
| Herring | isl. | Silke |
| Silage | Spanish | Silosas |
| Sweet | st.-sl. | Saldus |
| Camp | Turk. | Taboras |
| Taiga | Turk. | Taiga |
| Cockroach | Turk. | Tarakonas |
| Ram | Greek | Taranas |
| Bargain | Turk. | Turgus |
| ink | German | Tusas |
| Hurricane | French | Uraganas |
| Robe | Turk. | Chalatas |
| Halva | Turk. | Chalva |
| Cheburek | Turk. | Ceburekas |
| Shawl | French | Salikas |
| Chess | Persian. | Sachmatai |
| Kebab | Turk. | Saslykas |
| Silk | isl. | Silkas |
| Helmet | st.-sl. | Salmas |
| Anchor | lat. | Inkaras |
