Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Penza State Pedagogical University. Belinsky
Faculty of Foreign Languages

Abstract on the discipline "Russian language and culture of speech" on the topic "Morphological norms of the use of the verb"

Performed
Group A-11 student
Feshchenko I.A.
checked
teacher
Shirshakov R.V.
____________
credited / not credited

Penza 2011
Content:

1. Introduction
2) Common mistakes in using the verb
A) Insufficient verbs
B) Abundant verbs
C) Mistakes in the formation of verb constructions
D) Errors in the formation of the imperative mood of some verbs
3) Morphological norms for the use of verb forms
A) Norms for using the participle as a special form of the verb
B) Norms for the use of gerunds as a special form of the verb
4) Literature

1. Introduction

Morphological norms are the norms for the formation and use of words.The focus of this work will be the problem of morphological norms of the Russian language and cases of their violation when using verbs in oral and written speech. The morphological norm regulates inflection and word formation. When morphological norms are violated, speech errors occur, which are associated with the use of different parts of speech. The occurrence of errors is primarily due to the variance of norms in the field of morphology. In this paper, we will consider the most common mistakes associated with the use of verbs. In addition, in we will consider the causes of these errors.

2) Common mistakes in the use of the verb. Insufficient verbs.

Errors in the use of verbs, in most cases, are associated with the existence of a group of so-called insufficient verbs and with the possible confusion of the use of parallel forms.
Insufficient verbs - verbs that do not have a complete set of forms for one reason or another. This insufficiency is sometimes due to the laws of euphony (for example: win, convince, convince, dissuade, find oneself, feel, eclipse, dare). But the verb can be insufficient and because of the meaning. Take, for example, such a verb as "ripen". We can say "cheeses are ripening", "Camembert is ripening". But we cannot say "we are maturing". This would be nonsense, which means that all personal forms except the third person would be impossible.
The table shows some of the insufficient verbs:
* The imperative mood of some of these verbs is formed from synonymous verbs (look, listen)

Abundant verbs

Abundant verbs form two forms of the same verb. There are two distinctions of parallel forms:
1) Stylistic
2) Semantic
Some verbs form dual forms of the present tense, for example, “rinse” in the presence of normative forms “rinse”, “rinse”, “rinse”, “rinse”, “rinse” has valid forms “rinse”, “rinse”, “rinse”, “rinsing”, “striped”. That is, the options differ in the style of speech.
As for the semantic, the same verb, having two or more meanings, can have different forms in each. For example, the verb "splash", meaning « sprinkle, sprinkle » , has personal forms "splashing, splashing » (splashing water ) , but in the meaning « scatter drops" , « pour splashes » has personal forms "splatter", "splashes" (the fountain splashes).
The verb "move" in meanings “move by pushing or pulling”, “move, move”, “make go forward, direct” has personal forms "move", “moves”, (move furniture, move fingers, move troops); in the meanings "to promote the development of smth.", "to be the cause of someone's deeds" has personal forms "drives", “driven” (driving forces, what drives them!); in the meaning of "set in motion, in action" has parallel personal forms "moves - moves" ( spring moves / moves clockwork). The verb "drip", in the meaning of "fall in drops" has parallel personal forms "drip", "drip" and "drop", "caplet" (dripping tears, rain caplet), but in phraseology only: " they don’t drop over us”; in the meaning of “pour, pour in drops” has the personal forms “drip”, “drip” (drips the medicine).
The verb “to throw”, in the meaning of “to sew”, “to sew with stitches”, “to sheathe a loop” has personal forms “I throw”, “throws” (throws jacket, throws the seam). Its homonym is the verb “to throw”, in the meaning of “scatter, scatter”, has personal forms “sword”, “mosque” (mosque Thunder and lightning, mosque angry eyes; See also: mosque caviar). In the same sense of "throw" in sports, the form "throws" is used. » (throws grenade, disk, spear etc.).
In vernacular and in dialects, there are forms “clicks” (instead of calling - from clicking), “meows » (from meowing; the literary form meows - from meowing).

Mistakes in the formation of verb constructions

Speech errors occur when constructs are formed with words that are close in meaning or have the same root, but require different control.To prevent them, it is important to correctly pose the question that predetermines the case form of a noun in such constructions:

- pay attention (to what?) to the facts

– pay attention to (what?) recruitment

– advise (whom?) the client

- consult (with whom?) with the professor, with the professor

- demand (what?) explanations

– demand (what?) a pass

- be based (on what?) on facts

- substantiate (with what?) with factual data

– recommend (whom?) an agent

– recommend (for what?) for participation

- recommend (why?) for use.

Errors in the formation of the imperative mood of some verbs

In the formation of the imperative mood in a number of verbs, there is an alternation of consonants and vowels in the stem:
run - run (!), run; save - take care; take - take; drive - drive; burn - burn (!); call - call; seek - seek; put - put (!), put (!) and etc.
In addition, for some verbs, when forming the imperative mood, the suffix is ​​\u200b\u200bnot added-and . In most cases, the use of these forms in speech does not cause difficulties:
attack - attack, command - command, spend the night - spend the night, follow - follow, wash - mine, get up - get up, get dressed - get dressed
Sometimes two variants coexist in the literary language (with the suffix-and and without it):
iron and wipe, clean and clean, clean and clean up, cleanse and clean, spoil and spoil, spoil and spoil, ruin and mess up.
When considering the morphological norms of the use of the verb, attention should be paid to the formation of forms imperative mood some verbs:
look - look - look
go - go - go
climb - climb - climb
arrive - arrive - arrive
lie down - lie down - lie down
touch - touch - touch
smear - smear - smear
You also need to pay attention on the formation of the imperative mood from the verb drive and derivatives from it: drive– go, go . Acceptable form drive, but the forms common in common parlance are completely unacceptable: go, go! When negating in the literary language, the following forms should be used: don't go don't go .

3) Morphological norms for the use of verb forms. Norms of the use of the participle as a special form of the verb.
The difficulties associated with the use in speech of a special form of the verb - participles, can be divided into two groups: in the formation of participle forms and in the use of participles.
Errors in the formation of participles usually consist in the incorrect design of the formative basis (the use of the wrong form " galloping" instead of normative galloping") and in the wrong choice of the formative suffix.
When choosing a formative suffix in the formation of the participle form, pay special attention to the following cases.
1) Most of the real past participles are formed using suffixes-vsh- from the stem of the infinitive (past tense) ending in a vowel:
write - wrote, decide - decider.
Suffix -w- used when the stem of the infinitive ends in a consonant:
carry - carried, carry - carried.
2) Passive past participles use suffixes-nn- (-n- ), -enn- (- en- ) and -t- (ubra nn oh, stuck enn oh, dopi t th). In speech, quite often there is a mistake associated with the use of one suffix instead of another.
For example, in a sentence: Cleaned up in the room- instead of the normative form removed with suffix-n- misused suffix-t- .
3) It should be remembered that when forming a participle, all derivational prefixes and suffixes of the verb must be preserved. The most common mistake is dropping the suffix-sya in the formation of participles from reflexive verbs.
For example, in a sentence: The wind tore off the leaves left on the trees- wrongly omitted suffix-sya . The grammatically correct sentence would be: The wind blew the leaves off the trees.
4) It should be borne in mind that some verbs are characterized by the absence or uncommonness of certain forms of participles. So, according to the rules of Russian grammar, passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs:
read a book - read a book; celebrate an anniversary - a celebrated anniversary.

Passive participles cannot be formed from verbs like get up, lie down etc., since these verbs cannot be combined with the accusative case without a preposition.
Passive present participle forms are not used (suffixes -om-, -em-, -im-
etc.................

University: Subject: File:

17. Morphological norms of the use of the verb and verb forms.

Errors in the use of verbs are associated with the existence of a group of so-called insufficient verbs and with the possible confusion of the use of parallel forms.

Insufficient verbs are verbs that are limited in the formation of personal forms: they do not have the form of the first person of the present and future simple tenses. This group includes verbs: to dream, to dare, to win, to convince, to be weird, to find oneself, to feel, to have mercy.

You can't say: run, feel(feel) is a gross error. If necessary, use descriptive forms:I can win, I'll try to convince, I hope to find myself.

maybe parallel use of two forms verbs with the same meaning: recover - recover; moves - moves; measures - measures. The first form in each pair is bookish (normative), the second is colloquial. In business speech, the former should be preferred. In the case of the verb move each form has its own meaning: moves - moves something, moves - encourages (it is driven by direct calculation).

Pairs form and species forms verb - perfect and imperfect. During the formation of the nose. verb form with suffixes – yva-, -iva- in some cases, the root vowel o changes into a. For example, work out - work out, freeze - freeze. In some cases, in the verbs nes. It will not be a mistake to use two options in pairs: to condition - to condition, to sum up - to sum up. The second forms (with root A) are colloquial in nature, therefore, in business speech, it is more natural to use the book version (with root O).

Verbs want, crave, see, hear, go, be able do not have an imperative. You can't say "want" or "can". Here imperative forms are formed from synonymous verbs: look, listen. For verb drive The literary form of the imperative mood would be: go, go(go, go, go - colloquial forms that are unacceptable in speech). If the action refers to a third person, then the forms of the imperative mood are formed using particles let and let in combination with verb forms 3 l.: let him ride, let them see. It must be remembered that these particles give speech a colloquial tone.

Speech mistakes arise during the formation constructions with words that are close in meaning or have the same root, but require different management. For their warning it is important to ask the right question, which predetermines the case form of a noun in similar constructions:

!- pay attention (to what?) to the facts - pay attention (to what?) to the selection of personnel;

!- consult (whom?) the client - consult (with whom?) with the professor, with the professor;

! - demand (what?) explanations - demand (what?) a pass;

!- be based (on what?) on facts - substantiate (by what?) with actual data;

When using verbs in speech, the greatest difficulties are usually caused by the ratio of some verbs by aspect and the formation of some forms.

In the formation of imperfective verbs in the literary language, in some cases there is vowel alternation o–a in stem: morning about it - morning a to awake, podt about read - subt a read, read about to lie - one a lie.

When forming imperfective verbs from verbs determine, focus acceptable forms condition, focus, however, the main normative option remains the form without alternation - condition, focus.

When forming the forms of the 2nd and 3rd person singular and the forms of the 1st and 2nd person plural of the present and simple future tense from verbs of the I conjugation with a stem on g, k observed alternation these consonants with hissing f, h: those h b - those to y - those h et - those to ut, le h b - la G Ulya and et - la G ut, take h b - take G y - take and et - take G ut.

Some verbs do not have a number of present and future tense forms.

1) The 1st person singular form of verbs is not used:

outshine, find oneself, win, convince, make sure, moan, be born.

2) The verbs do not have the forms of the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural: boil, boil, boil away (about water), roll up (about a round object, about a heavenly body), step on (about time), surround, come true, to turn out, to happen, to be distributed, to be born, to be created, to take place, to flow, to succeed, etc.

3) Forms like I will win, I will run, etc. are not allowed in the literary language. When it is necessary to express this meaning, descriptive constructions should be used: I am sure that I can win; I will be able to win.

In the formation of past tense forms, in some cases, there is loss of suffix -nu- arose well t - arose, dried up well t - dried up, disappeared well t - disappeared, died well t - died.

In the formation of the imperative mood in a number of verbs, there is alternation of consonants and vowels in stem:run - run (!), run; save - take care; take - take; drive - drive; burn - burn (!); call - call; seek - seek; put - put (!), put (!) etc.

A number of verbs are characterized by the absence or uncommonness of imperative mood forms: weigh, see, move, be able, hate, undergo, happen, hear, mature, cost, flow, see, become obsolete, want, etc.

Participle.

From verbs go, fade and various verbs with given roots ( enter, exit, wither) real past participles are formed from the basis of the past tense: log in - voshѐ l - entered, find - ourѐ l - found, fade - faded - faded.

from the verb move(I conjugation) the passive present participle is formed with the suffix -them- --movable: driven by a sense of compassion.

!!! From some transitive imperfective verbs, passive participles of the present tense are not formed: hold, beat, revenge, write, cut, sew, etc.

!!! Some verbs do not form passive past participles: drive (but expel - expelled), know (but recognize - recognized), take (but choose - chosen), live (but live - lived).

Some verbs in - sti (-st)form different forms of the real participles of the past tense: a) from the basis of present tense and b) from the basis of the past tense, for example: invent - inventing (and inventingѐ former), acquire - acquired (and acquiredѐ former), sweep - sweepѐ tshiy (and swept). The forms of such participles with d and t are fundamentally characteristic only of book speech. Forms without d and t are characteristic of colloquial and colloquial speeches.

Suffix - Xiamust be preserved when forming real participles of the present and past tenses from reflexive verbs, for example: to be formed - formed; rise - rising. If the suffix -sya in participles formed from reflexive verbs is omitted, this is a violation of the norms of the literary language: (for example) thunder rolls fettered us and kept us in a state incessant fear.

!!! Present participles are not formed from perfective verbs, otherwise the norms of the literary language will be violated, for example: We envy the audience who will get to the performance.

General participle.

Depending on the type of the verb, the form of which is the gerund, gerunds differ imperfect form(appoint - assign, operate - operate) and perfect look(delete - deleting, consider - considering). AT gerunds, arr. from reflexive verbs,the suffix is ​​preserved(-съ) (to rise - having risen; to return - having returned).

Imperfect gerunds are not formed from some verbs: a) from verbs whose roots consist of only consonants: pour - pour, sew - sew, beat - beat, tear - tear, burn - burn, wait - wait, lie - lie. Exception: rush - rush - rush; b) from most verbs with a stem to sibilant in the present tense: write - write, whip - whip; in) from verbs with stems in g, k, x: cherish - cherish, guard - guard; flow - flow; G) from verbs with the suffix -nu-: get wet - get wet, go out - go out.

Most participles with a suffix -lice, -yuchiare either outdated, or are stylistically painted under folk or ancient speech. N-r: Having given the word, be strong; having taken off their heads, they do not cry over their hair; or - to live in clover.

1. Some verbs in Russian do not have the form of the 1st person singular, since they are difficult to pronounce, that is, because of their dissonance: VICTORY, CONVINCE, CHANGE, CONSUME, FEEL, FEEL, SHUT OUT, DARE, VACUUM, PROTECT, TEAR, etc.

In cases where it still turns out to be necessary to use the 1st person singular form of these verbs, they resort to a descriptive method of expression - they form a phrase in which the verb is in an indefinite form, and another, auxiliary verb forms the personal form:

I WANT (I CAN, I HOPE) TO CONVINCE;

I WILL TRY TO FEEL;

I MUST WIN;

I CAN FIND OUT;

I HOPE TO PROTECT.

2. The following formation of imperative forms of a number of verbs is normative

initial form of the verb	Imperative form (singular)	Imperative form (plural)
lie down	YOU LIE (Wrong LIE)	YOU LIE (Wrongly LIE)
DRIVE	YOU GO (wrong GO, GO, GO)	YOU GO (wrong GO, GO, GO)
PARTY	YOU DISCOVER	YOU DISCHARGE (incorrectly DISCHARGE, DISCHARGE)
RIDE	YOU RIDE (wrong RIDE, RIDE)	YOU RIDE (wrong RIDE, RIDE)
PUT	YOU put (Wrong PUT)	YOU PUT (wrong PUT)
LOOK	YOU look (Wrong LOOK)	YOU LOOK (Wrong LOOK)
TOUCH	YOU DON'T TOUCH (wrong DON'T TOUCH)	YOU DON'T TOUCH (wrong DON'T TOUCH)
WAVING	YOU DO NOT WAVE (Wrong DO NOT WAVING)	YOU DO NOT WAVING (wrong DO NOT WAVING)
LAYING	YOU LOAD (wrong LOAD)	YOU LAY (wrong LIE)
RUN	YOU RUN (wrong RUN)	YOU RUN (wrong RUN)
ROLL OUT	YOU RASH (Wrong RASH)	YOU ROLL OUT (Wrongly ROLL OUT)
RINSE	YOU RINSE (wrong RINSE)	YOU WILL RINSE (wrongly RINSE)

3. The following formation of personal forms of verbs of the present, future tense is normative:

RIDE - I RIDE, HE RIDES (wrong I RIDE, HE RIDES)

CLIMBING - I LAZY, HE CLIMBES (wrong I LAZY, HE LAZY)

WAVING - I WAVING, YOU WAVING, HE WAVING, WE WAVING, YOU WAVING, THEY WAVING.

BURN (BURN, BURN, BURN) - I BURN, YOU BURN, HE BURNS, WE BURN, YOU BURN, THEY BURN.

OVEN (BAKE, BAKE) - I BAKE, YOU BAKE, HE BAKE, WE BAKE, YOU BAKE, THEY BAKE

SAVE (SAVE) - I SAVE, YOU SAVE, HE SAVE, WE SAVE, YOU SAVE, THEY SAVE.

GUARD - I GUARD, YOU GUARD, HE GUARDS, WE GUARD, YOU GUARD, THEY GUARD.

The literary language is characterized by the following verb forms HE WAVES (WAVES incorrectly), HE SPASHES (SPATCHES incorrectly), HE WAVES (WAVES incorrectly), HE CLUGS (CLUBS incorrectly), HE PURS (purrs incorrectly), HE MEOWS (MEOWS incorrectly), HE TRY (Wrong TRY.),

When forming reflexive forms of the verb, AFTER THE VOICES, the suffix -СЫ should be used, and not -СЯ.

For example: they met (incorrect “they met”), I wanted (incorrect “I wanted to”), we returned to this topic (incorrect “we returned to this topic”), you dress warmer (incorrectly “you dress warmly”).

6. Do not confuse the verbs to put on and dress:

The WORD "CLOTH" means "to cover someone's body with clothes." YOU CAN DRESS SOMEONE ELSE BUT NOT YOURSELF: for example, DRESS A CHILD, DRESS A DOLL.

The WORD “PUT ON” means “to cover oneself with clothes”. You can WEAR SOMETHING ON YOURSELF: for example, PUT ON A COAT, DRESS, HAT.

IT IS POSSIBLE TO PUT SOMETHING ON ANOTHER PERSON: TO PUT ON WHOM? WHAT? - PUT A COAT ON THE CHILD.

The following poetic rule helps to remember the correct use of the above verbs in speech:

Can't wear Hope

You can't wear clothes.

You can wear clothes.

You can wear Hope.

7. Normative use of the verbs EAT and EAT:

The verb “EAT” is cloyingly polite and is used only to invite guests to eat (SERVED TO EAT) or when referring to a child (VOVOCKA, WILL YOU EAT?).

In other cases, the verb "IS" is used. Therefore, it is not recommended to say about yourself “I EAT”, it would be more correct to say: “I EAT”. For example: "I usually eat yogurt in the morning."

It’s better not to ask like this: “Have you already eaten today?”. It would be more correct to ask: “Have you already eaten today?”

8. should NOT be used in speech the following construction: “I'm sorry” (this can be understood as follows: “I excuse myself”; this is the meaning that the suffix -СЯ gives to the reflexive verb). In this case, it would be correct to say: "SORRY (SORRY) ME."

9. Normative use of the verbs FINISH - FINISH:

REMEMBER: FINISH WORK, CASE; but FINISH SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY. Do NOT use the expression "finish school".

10. Normative use of the verbs PAY - PAY:

The verb "PAY" is used without a preposition.

REMEMBER: PAY THE TRAVEL, PAY THE MOBILE PHONE, but PAY THE FAR.

11. Normative use of the verbs SIT down - SIT down:

You should NOT say, inviting the interlocutor to sit down: “SIT down, PLEASE” (due to the ambiguity of the verb “SIT down”, this phrase can be understood ambiguously: you recommend the interlocutor not to sit on a chair, on a sofa, but “take a pose with bent knees”, that is, “sit down squatting").

The following usage is normative: "SIT UP, PLEASE".

12. There is NO word "LAY" in the Russian literary language, therefore it is impossible to say like this: "DO NOT LAY YOUR HAT ON THE TABLE." The verbs "PUT", "ADD", "DESPECT" without prefixes are not used. It is correct to say: "DO NOT PUT YOUR HAT ON THE TABLE."

13. Normative use of the verbs "TO GO OUT / GO OUT" and "GO OUT / GO OUT":

The verb with the prefix С (СО) + the preposition С means “to go down the surface” (for example, to go down the mountain). Therefore, it is NOT possible to say: GET OFF THE BUS; this would mean that you are walking from the roof of the bus on its surface.

The verb with the prefix YOU + the preposition FROM has the meaning "to leave the room", that is, from the inside to the outside. Therefore, it is recognized as normative usage: GET OUT OF THE BUS.

14. Normative use of the verbs PRESENT - PROVIDE:

The verb PRESENT has the meaning “1) to introduce someone to someone; 2) present (documents, evidence)."

The verb PROVIDE has the meaning: “to give at the disposal, use of someone; give a word."

15. Remember the normative use of the following verbs:

CUT YOUR HAIR (there is no prefix UNDER in this word)

Formation and use of the verb and verb forms in speech should be normative, but in case of violation of the norms, gross grammatical errors occur. The verb is a rather complex part of speech in terms of form usage. . Errors when using the verb and its forms connected with:

Incorrect education

ignorance of the stylistic differences of individual verb forms;

non-observance of alternations in the basis of the verb;

Non-normative formation of forms of the imperative mood;

Incorrect formation of aspect pairs of verbs.

Among Russian verbs there is a group of words called insufficient verbs. Usually these verbs are devoid of the 1 (sometimes 2) person singular present and future tenses. Thus, it is impossible in the language (unless it is done for a special stylistic purpose) to say : I calve or bud, flow or rust , since these actions denote processes taking place in inanimate nature or in the animal and plant world, they also include actions related to the functioning of the human body (dissolve, stick together) and abstract meanings (say, conclude).

Missing in the system of language and form 1 person from verbs win, convince, find oneself, feel, kink, dare, blow, buzz, immortalize, nonsense, mischief, since, theoretically formed, these forms are not very pleasing to the ear. If you need to use them in speech, you should use the descriptive form: I can convince, I want to find myself, etc.

Another group of words forms the so-called abounding verbs:rinse, cackle, purr, drip, move, splash, prowl, wave, splash- which suggest two forms of the present tense: for example, cackle and cackle . The colloquial nature of the second form should be noted. And in other verbs, doublet forms express semantic differentiation: so , splash (splash) - “sprinkle, sprinkle”, and splash (sprinkle) - “scatter drops, scatter drops”.

Non-observance of alternations in the basis of the verb is associated with the influence of vernacular: one cannot say burns, protects, guards - it should burn, guard, guard. but the forms with - O are the property of book speech. For this reason, the phrases should be recognized as true: The development of science determines technical progress. At the end of the lesson, summarize everything that has been said. Of the forms of the past tense such as dry - dried, wet - wet, preference is given to the shorter one. Colloquial forms should not be used in speech: we run, we want, (it should - we run, we want), so these verbs have a special system of conjugation, they are called heterogeneous.

Difficulties arise in the formation of imperative mood forms from the verbs to go, to go. Forms go (those) and go (those) have a colloquial connotation and should not be used in the literary language. As a replacement, you should use the form - go (those), although the verb itself to travel is no longer in the language system.

Speech errors in the formation of aspect pairs of the verb occur when the heterogeneous aspect pairs are replaced by single-root ones ( to put - to lay, to lay down - to put) and in the formation of a verb that does not exist in the language system ( divide - divide). The norm involves the use of a pair lay and lay, divide and divide, lay and lay.

You have to be careful and two-part verbs type injure, execute, command, marry. In their use, a comprehension error entails a speaking and writing error, when a two-pronged verb is perceived by a native speaker as a single verb: he married her.

Species diversity(or temporary inconsistency) can occur with the unmotivated use of both imperfective and perfective verbs in one sentence: As soon as you get into the forest, you will immediately see the golden dress of autumn. (Follow: as soon as you get...) A similar mistake also happens with the incorrect use of the participle on - shchy with the meaning of the future tense from perfective verbs: The book describes the events taking place in the 15th century. ( Should: taking place in the 15th century) Errors on collateral inconsistency may be associated with the wrong choice of voice of the verb, including the voice of the participle: Toys produced by the Zagogrska factory are known all over the world. Or: Endless applause. ( Should: produced ... incessant.)

At the formation of participles, it must be remembered that participles formed from non-prefixed verbs with the suffix -nu- usually retain it ( get wet - wet, sticky - sticky, deaf - deaf), and those formed from prefixed verbs, as a rule, are used without it ( get wet – wet, stick - stuck, deaf - deaf.) In some cases, forms are formed with the suffix ( stuck, disappeared) or parallel forms - with and without a suffix ( withered - withered, withered - withered, dried up - dried up, etc.)

A speech error can occur when the same forms of the verb are abused (in particular, the forms of the participle, participle, infinitive.): Not allowed in winter let water freeze in pipes . (Follow: Water must not be left in pipes in winter, as it may freeze). Birds arriving from the south and occupying empty nests incubate chicks. (Follow: Birds that come from the south and occupy empty nests...)

Quite frequent in speech are errors associated with the use of verbs and verb forms in - Xia Verbs in - Xia cannot be used if they have the same two meanings - passive and reflexive: Cucumbers are washed under running cold water. Citizens walking along the boulevard. (Follow: Cucumbers are washed under running cold water. Citizens walking along the boulevard.) However, when it comes to automatic action, the form on -sya not replaced by a personal verb: The door opens automatically. Form on -sya prefer in scientific texts when it is important to focus not on the subject, but on the object of action: The report addresses the following issues.

When using adverbs it must be remembered that they are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs of the perfect and imperfect form, from the verbs of each of the three voices: real, passive and middle: walk - walking, stop - stopping, discussing - discussing. However, from a number of imperfect verbs, gerunds are not formed: bake, sleep, save, prick and etc. It is impossible to form gerunds from most verbs with the suffix -well-:sour, smell, wither, look, also from part of the verbs of 1 conjugation, forming the basis of the indefinite form with the help of the suffix -a, and the basis of the present (or future simple) without this suffix: knit - knit, plow - pasha, dance - dance. gerund with suffix - learn, - yuchi Besides being are used as a rule in folk-poetic speech: looking, playing, thinking

Perfective gerunds with a vowel stem can be used in two forms - With suffixes -in and - lice: writing - writing, closing - closing, bending - bending. In the modern literary language, forms with the suffix -in. Forms on – lice inherent archaic, colloquial or colloquial character: He sat with his eyes closed. ( Should: He sat with his eyes closed.) Possible options freezing - freezing, wiping - wiping, erasing - wiping(the second form in each pair is colloquial). In this case, you should only pronounce bringing out(without bringing out),sweeping (not sweeping), finding (not finding), taking (not taking), making a mistake (not making a mistake), carrying (not carrying), etc.

In pairs putting - laying down (hand on heart), gaping - gaping (listen to open mouth), fastening - holding fast (to agree reluctantly), breaking - breaking (rush headlong), lowering - later (work through the sleeves) etc. the second forms are obsolete and are preserved only in phraseological expressions. An outdated shade is also observed in the forms remembering, meeting, bored, discovering, turning, leaving, forgiving, falling out of love, parting, seeing, hearing, grasping and etc.

Uncommon in the modern language of the form running, burning, searching, carrying, writing, kohl, dancing, walking, laughing, scratching, etc.

1. Verbs ending in -sya, cannot be used in speech if the text does not clearly distinguish between two meanings: a) passive, indicating that someone is experiencing someone else's influence; b) reflexive, indicating that someone directs the action on himself. The coincidence of these meanings in speech sometimes creates an ambiguity of meaning: I erased yesterday Did you wash yourself? The guys threw cones Did you throw yourself at yourself? In these cases, it is necessary to replace the form with -sya with another verb.

Only scientific texts do not need such editing, in which it is necessary to emphasize the significance of the action or process itself, and not its producer, and also if it is necessary to pay attention to the object of the action, and not to the subject: The book studies…., the facts are… etc.

2. In the literary language, forms of 1 person singular are not used. h. present or future tense from verbs win, convince, find yourself, freak out, hang etc. Instead of these combinations, it is better to use a descriptive phrase ( i will win).

3. In Russian, when forming imperfective verbs ( what to do?) using suffixes -yva- , -willow- from perfective verbs ( what to do?) there is an alternation of root vowels O / A.

For example: to touch - to touch, to master - to master, to challenge - to challenge, to assimilate - to assimilate, to double - to double, to honor - to honor and etc.

Today, in imperfective verbs, the norm recognizes the priority root A.

List of exclusions: to disgrace, to condition(and add. condition), sum up, legitimize, defame, time, empower, preoccupy, disturb, vulgarize, entertain, scatter, wrinkle, anesthetize, accelerate, delay, focus(and additional . concentrate).

4. Shapes are recommended rinses, splashes, waves, sways, cackles, purrs, meows, sprinkles, pinches(but not: rinses, splashes, waves, sways, clicks, cackles, purrs, meows, sprinkles, pinches- colloquial and colloquial forms).

5. The following forms of the imperative mood are considered literary: stick out, expose, straighten, pour out, clean, do not spoil, do not writhe, notify, cork, feast on, uncork, look, come out, do not steal, put.

6. It is necessary to correctly form the real participle of the present tense (suffixes –usch-, -yusch-, -ash-, -yash-) to prevent the appearance of words such as seeking. To prevent errors, it is necessary to consistently show the formation of the participle: look for - they are looking for - looking for(verb ending -ut replaced by the participle suffix - yi).

7. The forms of participles in -sch from perfective verbs with the meaning of the future tense are incorrect, which they do not have according to the norm (incorrect: do - doing, think - thinking etc.). The forms of participles with a particle are also erroneous would, since verbs in the conditional mood do not form participles (incorrect: communication depending on the situation).

8. Correctly form from verbs with a suffix -well- the following participles:

save suffix -well- in participles formed from verbs without prefixes ( wet, blind);

eliminate the suffix in participles formed from verbs with prefixes ( wet, stuck, blind).

9. Observe the temporal correlation of verbs and participles with other members of the sentence (Incorrect: An experienced psychiatrist consults, treats at home or comes to the patient on call. Correctly: An experienced psychiatrist consults, treats at home or comes to the patient on call.).