The birdie-groom sits on top of a thin birch. The mouse-bride walks about the door of her earthen tent. The metal ornaments on her braid tinkle, the mouse's head is pulled back. Read...
There lived two brothers, two people. One was rich, the other was poor. The poor man has only an old chum and an old mother. And the rich man has nine thousand deer, they are grazed by nine shepherds who live in nine tents. Moreover, the rich man has a large tent, in which his nine wives live. And the poor brother has no wife. Read...
An old owl lived with his old woman, and they had one and only son. Read...
The brave Vai lived on the very edge of the earth, in the tundra, by the sea. And the sea was terrible: big, wide, waves walked on it, sea animals lived under the waves. Read...
There lived a poor woman. She had three sons. Sons have grown up. They became strong, strong, and the mother grew old. A mother once said to her sons: Read...
We lived only together with my sister at the very mouth of Kharyuchi-Yaga. And our surname was Kharyuchi. I was single, she is a girl. Read...
In the royal city there lived a boy named Kolenka. If he eats in the morning, there is nothing to eat in the evening; If he eats in the evening, there is nothing to eat in the morning. He lived in a house that looked like a bathhouse. His clothes are all torn. So he lived. He didn't have anyone. Read...
There once lived a fox, and a bear lived nearby in the forest. Often they met, lived together, like brothers. In those days, the bear had a fluffy and long tail. Read...
A mouse was running somewhere. How long, how short ran, met Oleshka. Read...
Once a forest brown bear went north to the sea. At this time, the sea polar bear walked across the ice to the south, to the land. They met at the very edge of the sea. The polar bear's fur stood on end. Read...
There lived a poor woman. And she had four children. The children did not obey their mother. They ran and played in the snow from morning to evening, but did not help their mothers. They will return to the tent, they will drag whole snowdrifts of snow on pims, and take the mother away. The clothes will be wetted, and the mother will be sushi. It was difficult for the mother. From such a life, from hard work, she fell ill. Read...
At the fork of the river, the plague stood. There lived in that plague a woman with two little sons. Once a woman left to get food and did not return. What became of her is unknown. Maybe the bear pulled up, maybe she drowned in the river. Only her little sons were left alone in the plague.
One owner had a donkey, and for many years he tirelessly dragged sacks to the mill, but with old age he became weak and not as fit for work as before.
The owner thought that it was probably not worth feeding him now; and the donkey, noticing that things were not going well, took it and ran away from the owner and moved along the road to Bremen - he thought that he would be able to become a street musician there. So he walked a little, and he happened to meet a hunting dog on the way: she lay, breathing heavily, sticking out her tongue, apparently tired of running.
- What are you, Grab it, breathing so hard? the donkey asks her.
- Ox, - the dog answers, - I have become old, every day I get weaker and weaker, I can no longer go hunting; so the owner planned to kill me, but I ran away from him. How can I earn a living now?
There lived at the edge of a dense forest a poor woodcutter with his wife and two children; the boy's name was Hansel, and the girl's name was Gretel. The woodcutter lived from hand to mouth; one day, such a high cost came in that land that he had nothing to buy even bread for food.
And so, in the evening, lying in bed, he began to think, and all kinds of thoughts and concerns overcame him; he sighed and said to his wife:
- What will happen to us now? How can we feed the poor children, after all, we ourselves have nothing to eat!
“You know what,” answered the wife, “let’s go early in the morning, as soon as it starts to get light, let’s take the children into the forest, into the most remote thicket; let's build a fire for them, give each a piece of bread, and we ourselves will go to work and leave them alone. They won't find their way home, so we'll get rid of them.
No wonder people say that habit is second nature.
Over time, our Schildburgers became so accustomed to buffoonery that they could not keep up with it. Everything they did turned out to be stupidity. Therefore, you can’t joke with buffoonery, otherwise you will remain a fool forever.
One Schildburger heard that no one should be loaded with more than he can carry, and since then he has never loaded his mare. No, he put the sack of flour on his shoulders, and only after that he got on his horse and rode straight home from the mill. I thought it would be easier for the mare. Here he is driving along the road and sees - at the very border of the Schild lands there is a tree. And a cuckoo sits on a tree. Sits and cackles. And on the other side of the border is another tree. And a cuckoo also sits on it, but someone else's, and also cuckoos.
Our Schildburger listened, listened, and suddenly noticed that someone else's cuckoo began to cuckoo the Schild's one. He got angry here, jumped off his horse, climbed a tree and let his cuckoo help someone else's cuckoo.
The field under Schilda turned green, then bloomed, and in the end what the inhabitants of the city took for salt ripened and, to tell the truth, most of all resembled thistles, nettles, in a word, weeds.
One day, the Schildburgers all over the world went around their salt field: in front of them was the mayor, followed by advisers, judges, and then the common people. They walked around the field on one side, walked around on the other, and decided that it was time to start harvesting. And they began to sharpen the sickle, some to harness the horses, some to get on the cart, and some to prepare the flails - it was necessary to thresh the salt.
The Schildburgers cut through the windows in their town hall and set to work on the interior.
First of all, they decided to tidy up the Fool's Chamber, and then to take up the Chamber for Sweating and, after all, the Chamber for Sweating.
Not much time passed, and the triangular town hall, to the glory of all the jesters, was arranged and re-lit.
Winter came, the first snow fell, and the mayor blew his famous horn. Hearing him, the Schildburgers hurried to the town hall in a crowd. And it must be said that they are now so wiser that none of them forgot to grab a log - it was necessary to heat the stove, but burdening the treasury with the cost of firewood is worthless. But when they gathered in the Shutov's Chamber, they saw: not only is there no stove in the town hall, but even the place for it has not been determined.
For a long time, the inhabitants of Schilda could not get enough of their town hall and sat in it from morning to night. Luckily for them, it never rained until autumn, and therefore a hole in the roof did not prevent them from making many important decisions.
But then the gentle summer passed, and the sun often began to hide its cheerful face behind gray clouds - winter was approaching, severe and unmerciful, and more and more often it began to drip in the Shutovskaya chamber.
The real fools would have set to work if they had stocked up with neither logs, nor stone, nor lime, sand, everything that is needed for a good building.
It’s not like the Schildburgers, because their mind should b: fade away not suddenly, but gradually, as a tallow candle burns out.
And so they all set off in a crowd into the valley behind the mountain, and began to cut down trees.
And when the trunks were cleared of branches and bark, some of them, daydreaming, thought: “Oh, if I now had such a crossbow so that I could put a log into it and shoot it all the way to the market square. .."
GERMANY(Federal Republic of Germany) - a state in Central Europe with a population of 82.4 million people (2003). The territory of Germany is 356.9 thousand km 2. The capital of the country is a city Berlin. The state of Germany consists of several "lands" - administrative units, the same as in the Russian region.
The main population of Germany - Germans(Deutsch, Deutsche) (95% or 75.5 million people, 2004) Significant groups of Germans also live in Hungary, Poland, Kazakhstan, Russia. The total number of Germans in the world is about 80 million people. In the US, 45.5 million citizens are recognized as descendants of immigrants from Germany. In the north and east of Germany, the majority of believers are Lutherans, in the south - Catholics.
In Germany, the official language is German, which is spoken by the majority of the population. In everyday life, along with the literary language, the Germans use dialects. The Germans are very proud of the fact that each land has managed to preserve the features of its language. Literary German was founded in the 16th century when a monk Martin Luther translated the Bible from Latin into the Saxon dialect.
The process of national consolidation of the Germans was hampered by the long fragmentation and economic disunity of the country. Until the 19th century, we cannot speak of a united Germany. On its territory there were dozens of small principalities, whose inhabitants were descendants of the ancient Germanic tribes - the Bavarians, Saxons, Swabians and others. They spoke different dialects of the German language, sometimes very different from each other. Germany as a single state takes shape only in the 19th century, during the reign of Bismarck, whom his contemporaries called the "iron Bismarck". The 20th century and the Second World War again make changes to the map of Germany. And only in the 90s. 20th century, after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Germany emerges within its modern borders.
In the 1st century BC. ancient Germanic tribes already lived in Central Europe. Two Roman authors tell about the life of these tribes - Caesar, who encountered them half a century BC, and Tacitus, who wrote a historical work about the Germans called "Germany". In 9 AD Arminius, leader of the German tribe of the Cherusci, inflicted the largest defeat on the Romans in the Teutoburg Forest. The Roman conquests had an impact on the cultural development of the Rhine Germans. Then the tribal unions of the Alemanni, Bavarians, Thuringians, Saxons were included in the 6th-8th centuries. into the Frankish kingdom. Later, it was these tribes that formed the ethnic basis of the Germans. Elements of the unity of the German people can be traced from the 10th century.
The German country proper, located east of the Rhine, was formed after the division of the Kingdom of the Franks between the grandchildren of Charlemagne in 843. Ludwig the German took possession of the so-called East Frankish kingdom with a predominantly German-speaking population. On its basis, the German kingdom was formed, which was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty. It included the duchies: in the north - Saxony, in the central part - Franconia and Thuringia, in the south - Swabia and Bavaria. The duchies were named after the tribes that inhabited their territory.
Under Otto the Great, the German kingdom owned Bohemia, Lorraine and the Slavic lands in the east. Having annexed Langobardia by marriage, Otto the Great crowned in 962 with the crown of the Roman emperor. This is how Holy Roman Empire which lasted until 1806.
In 1024, Conrad II of the Salian dynasty came to the throne, during whose reign the empire reached its highest degree of power. Conrad II achieved the crown of the Burgundian kingdom, which, along with Germany and Italy, became part of the Holy Roman Empire. Henry III (1017-1056) reformed the church and placed German bishops on the papal throne. At the first weakening of the power of Emperor Henry IV, Pope Gregory VII unleashed a dispute over the right to appoint bishops. After the “walk to Canossa” of Henry IV, who retained his power as a result of humiliating repentance and received the support of the pope, the emperor’s clashes with the German princes, who were striving for independence, continued. During the reign of the last representative of the Salian dynasty, Henry V, in 1122, a peace agreement was reached with the church, according to which the German king received the right to appoint bishops in Germany, but not in Italy and not in Burgundy.
Returned the former greatness of the German kingdom Frederick I Barbarossa, but he also failed in the fight against the papacy and the Lombard cities and was forced to give the cities independence, subject to the preservation of the supreme power of the emperor. In the 12th-13th centuries. there was a powerful spread of German domination in the east. Part of the West Slavic and Baltic tribes (Prussians), whose lands were captured by German knights in the 10-13 centuries, became part of the emerging German people. The Slavic princes in Mecklenburg and Pomerania became directly subordinate to the emperor, and Silesia, which had previously belonged to Poland, was peacefully annexed.
In 1226, the Teutonic (German) Order settled in Prussia and founded its own state there, to which Courland and Livonia were subordinated. In the late Middle Ages, German history was no longer made in the empire, but in strongly fortified principalities. But the decline of the empire did not affect the economic and spiritual development of the country. The imperial cities flourished, both the Hanseatic cities of Cologne and Lübeck, and the southern German cities of Augsburg, Ulm, and Nuremberg. In 1348 the first German university was founded in Prague. It was followed by universities in Heidelberg (1386), Cologne (1388). The Germans took a lively and fruitful part in the new art that came from Italy (the Renaissance) and in science.
In the 16th century, a powerful religious Reformation movement. The political leadership of the Reformation was seized by the princes of the land. They were opposed by imperial knights and peasants who sought to turn religious opposition into socio-political transformations (the Peasant War in Germany).
Germany split into Catholic and Protestant principalities. According to the Augsburg Religious Peace (1555), the principle was established: "whose land, that is faith." The religious confrontation between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League resulted in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), which turned into a pan-European struggle for power between the Habsburgs, France and Sweden in Germany. The war ended with the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia, as a result, Germany was thrown back in its development 100 years ago: the empire practically collapsed, a third of the population died, the economy fell into complete decline.
France seized the possessions of the Habsburgs in Alsace, Sweden received the lower reaches of the Oder, Elbe and Weser rivers. Switzerland and the Netherlands formally withdrew from the Holy Empire. The Peace of Westphalia actually recognized the independence of the German princes and consolidated the feudal fragmentation of Germany.
The newly independent German states participated or were involved in all major European conflicts. These were the War of the Spanish Succession, as a result of which the hegemony of France in Europe was broken, the War of the Austrian Succession, the Northern War, the struggle for the Polish throne. At this time, the Electors of Brandenburg received the title of kings of Prussia, which, under Frederick II the Great, moved to the forefront of European politics. This rise of Prussia led to a bitter rivalry with Austria for dominance in Germany, which led to the Silesian Wars and the Seven Years' War.
At the end of the 18th century in Prussia, Saxony and the Rhenish-Westphalian states, an economic upsurge and the growth of national self-consciousness began, accompanied by a desire to unite the country, as well as the flourishing of science and art. It was a century of strengthening absolutism in the German lands: in Prussia, Austria, Saxony, Bavaria. After the French Revolution of 1789, coalition wars began and Napoleon invaded Germany. At his request, Emperor Franz II in 1806 laid down the crown of the German emperors, thereby the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation ceased to exist.
After the defeat of Napoleon, on the site of the empire, the German Confederation was created by decision of the Congress of Vienna, in which Austria played the leading role. The struggle with Prussia for hegemony in the unification of the German states ended with the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, in which Austria was defeated. The German Confederation was dissolved, and instead the North German Confederation (without Austria) was created, headed by Prussia. The policy of Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck led to the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), which ended with the victory of Prussia and the proclamation of the German Empire. In 1871, under the auspices of Prussia, the formation of the German nation was basically completed.
Despite a series of European crises, Bismarck managed to keep the peace through the conclusion of political and economic alliances and acquire colonies in Africa. The contradictions between the leading European powers led to the First World War (1914-1918), in which Germany played an important role.
After the defeat in the war and the November Revolution of 1918, the monarchy was overthrown in Germany and proclaimed Weimar Republic. The Treaty of Versailles, humiliating for Germany, caused sharp discontent in all sections of the German people, which ensured the coming to power of the fascist party led by Hitler. Hitler forced the victorious countries to agree to a revision of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1938 Austria was annexed. In 1939, Czechoslovakia was occupied. On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany unleashed the Second World War with a provoked attack on Poland, and on June 22, 1941, it treacherously attacked the Soviet Union.
During the Second World War, Germany was defeated. According to the decision taken by the victorious powers at the Yalta Conference in 1945, Germany was divided into 4 zones of occupation: American, British, French and Soviet. The main problems in Germany in subsequent years were the problems of refugees and displaced persons, problems of food and housing. The Marshall Plan Western Zones received a large amount of financial assistance. On May 23, 1949, the formation of Federal Republic of Germany, and on October 7, the third German Congress proclaimed the Constitution German Democratic Republic. In 1950, the Christian Democratic Party of Germany was formed, whose leaders L. Erhard and K. Adenauer carried out successful reforms. Berlin was also divided into 4 sectors, and its status was a constant stumbling block in resolving the Berlin question, since Berlin itself was in the Soviet zone. To prevent the mass transition of the inhabitants of the GDR to the West in 1961, the Berlin Wall was erected. In 1955, the FRG was admitted to NATO, and the GDR became a member of the Warsaw Pact of socialist countries. In 1955, the Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with the FRG, recognizing the existence of two independent German states.
In a big city in Germany many years ago a shoemaker and his wife lived modestly and quietly. The shoemaker usually sat in a shop on the corner of the street and mended shoes and slippers. It happened to him sometimes to sew new shoes, if there were customers, but for this he had to buy leather every time, since he did not have stocks due to poverty. shoemaker's wife...
This became clear already at his birth, because, despite the persuasion and threats of the doctor and the pressure of the midwife, he did not dare to be born. And when he finally saw the darkness of this world, he himself looked very unpresentable, and his head looked very much like an ordinary red cabbage.
As a child, he suffered a lot from his timidity, but this same ...
The young man did not make himself ask twice. He climbed a tree, took the princess out of the nest and carefully lowered her to the ground.
The young people looked at each other, and love found shelter in their hearts. They kissed and decided to become husband and wife. Nobody mentioned Samarkand anymore; they decided to start their own family. Therefore, hand in hand, they went back to that ...
Once upon a time there was a nice, nice old man who had only one bad habit: from time to time he invented all sorts of reasonable things. Actually, this habit became bad only due to the fact that he invents something like this, but does not keep it to himself, but considers it his duty to report everything to specialists. But since he was rich, and besides, despite his ...
Your spleen is getting on our nerves." He looked like Santa Claus in a civilian dress: well, there, a white beard, such a wide one, red cheeks, and eyebrows as if made of Christmas cotton wool. And no signs of insanity. Is that too good-natured. After examining it properly, I again stared at the newspaper. “It doesn’t concern us at all what you will do with these three desires,” he said, “...
It happened a very, very long time ago. There were many states on earth, and each of them was ruled by a king. And kings always have only one thing on their minds: land, power, and more subjects. That is why the war went on between the peoples, and there was no end to this war. The kings sent more and more troops against their neighbors, and ...
For many years, a golden button eked out a miserable existence on a princely uniform and did not experience any joy from this. And she was unhappy and sad because life passes so monotonously and meaninglessly, and her fellow tribesmen, whether it be a lamp standing there in a niche, or gold coins, which people sometimes hold in large quantities in their hands, still benefit . Yes, and how...
Once the Fatherland wanted to know who loves it the most, and it took on a human form, and dressed, and decided to visit its most diverse inhabitants.
Having descended on its native land, it turned out to be in front of a huge building in the center of a busy city and heard loud music. It was a soft, warm night, and people in black frock coats and hats walked in endless rows through the streets and lanes and ...
Mr. Berlin rubs his sleepy eyes on the streets with a peddler's cart. So, and now very soon the tram will ring along the street. Ah, if it were possible to sleep at least an hour more, but - the position obliges! And he yawns, then stretches. Hey, now it's time! Where did the city train go and where is the tram? Ah, lazy people! Ha-ha-ha hee-hee-hee, - comes from under the roofs of the stations, - don't you have a calendar? ...
Prince Jazanfar, the offspring of the great caliph and an illustrious navigator, was shipwrecked in his magnificent galleon on one of his voyages through the northern seas.
Together with three companions, he managed to find salvation on the shores of some midnight land, cut up by innumerable narrow bays, in which storms and hurricanes were tamed.
The victims of the disaster did not know the name of this country, they did not know whether they were on an island or on ...
In one big stone city there lived a girl Elsa... No, not like that.
Once upon a time there was a big, big wolf, and his hair was so black that wherever he went, an impenetrable black night immediately set in. On the brightest sunny day, as soon as the wolf appeared, and everything around became dark, dark, the birds in the forest fell silent and went to bed, the flowers closed, the hares hid in ...
It is known that chickens do nothing but fuss and cackle over their chickens. This is the great call of nature. It does not arise and does not disappear, you cannot teach it, you cannot wean it from it, it is not born and is not destroyed. He simply is, as there is morning light and night darkness in the world. This is the eternal call of nature.
However, chickens are not only black and white, ...
The carrier Porezel felt homesick - the work did not bring any income. Tired and dull, he sat day and night on the goats. Tired and stupidly stood and cowardly and his gelding, who for eleven years of service had become accustomed to the Porezel reins and even slept next to the owner after work.
One morning the driver, as usual, lounged on the straw in the stable and sighed:
Manuel Assoup became a wealthy landowner thanks to hard work, intelligence and conscientiousness. His only son, a quiet young man, was called Shelikh. He finished school. Now he had to yell out his profession. 1when asked, he rather hesitantly replied that he wanted to be a sailor. The father dissuaded him. Marine life, they say, is harsh and dangerous. Shelikh, they say, can, having a good school education, achieve more reliable happiness in another area. ...
Little fry, if you keep quiet for five minutes, I will tell you a fairy tale about Little Red Riding Hood, if only I could remember a fairy tale ... Old Captain Mukelman told me this story when I was as small and stupid as you. He never lied, Captain Mukelman!
Well, then, lissen to mi! There lived a girl. In the rank of Little Red Riding Hood. I mean, that was her nickname. That's why…
Once upon a time there was a fairy who decided to become a beautiful princess. She lived in a magnificent palace, and she had countless servants, and golden carriages, and thoroughbred horses, and her clothes were carried everywhere. And so the princess ordered to announce throughout the country that she wanted to find a husband for herself, but only one who could neither lie nor be hypocritical. For she loved truth and sincerity...
Lochi of the king himself, out of reverence, immediately fell into his legs, blinded by royal grandeur.
After this incident, for many years nothing disturbed peace and order in the country.
But when the young poet became an old poet and was already dying, he tore off his glasses from his eyes, which were about to close forever, and at that moment it seemed to him that he saw again ...
There was one large, rich country in the world, and peace and order always reigned there. And although in this country there were poor and rich, and the rich oppressed the poor, nonetheless, no one ever complained, and even more so never grumbled or, God forbid, was indignant. A fat, fat king sat for himself, sat on a golden throne, and fat, well-fed bourgeois ...
“Hey,” exclaimed the cockchafer, “look at this blooming tree, dear bee!” Very soon, wonderful flowers will bloom on it. You can thank me for bringing you here.
- Dear Maybug, - the bee answered, - but there is almost nothing here! On this miserable bush honey-bearing flowers will never blossom. Let's hurry on! I so want to get to the flowering one as soon as possible ...
Far, far away in the East lived a once rich and powerful sultan. And he had a wife who combined many high virtues. She was versed in both the sciences and the arts, and struck with beauty and grace. Long ago, when she was still a child, she was kidnapped by robbers, taken away from the high mountains of her free homeland and presented as a gift to the Sultan.
There lived a little king. He was very annoyed by the fact that the sun, like this, without asking anyone, rises over the mountains. And he ordered the sun not to rise without asking, but to wait until he himself called him. But the sun did not listen to him.
Then the little king became extremely angry. He ordered his commanders to bring chains and ropes and drive ten thousand soldiers. And the little one swore...
The panther hid in the wild thickets and hid there to catch his breath and catch his breath. Suddenly, a voice rang out right above her head.
“Hee hee hee, well, what did I say? What is the use of having strong paws and snarling fiercely? You will end your life in fear and fear anyway. You don't know how to intelligently adapt to the situation. See how…
Slenky, once caught by dwarf hunchbacks and made their slave. He cultivated their fields, spun yarn for dresses, ground flour and baked bread, took care of livestock and cooked. The giant built houses for the dwarfs, and even cut down trees in the forest and mined stones in the mountains. He knew how to get coal, iron and gold from the bowels of the earth; he went after ugly dwarf children, rocked them to sleep ...
“You don’t know folk tales - you will stumble in fate”
Nenets folk wisdom
Nenets fairy tales are distinguished by a special national flavor, where folk beliefs are mixed with worldly wisdom of people living in harsh climatic conditions, “on the edge of the earth”. The Nenets people did not just survive, but for centuries formed their fabulous culture, which reflected their best hopes and dreams, a humorous look at some everyday situations and instructions to posterity.
Many stories are similar to other peoples. The human community lives on the same Earth, and therefore their fairy tales are similar. But each national soul has its own, special motives.
Special motifs of Nenets fairy tales
Often they are sad or even tragic, but always sincere and instructive. And it doesn't matter - short or long, just naive, imaginative and original. It captivates and touches the soul.
The tale itself among the Nenets is the hero of the plot. Special respect is given to the spirits and owners of the localities. Respect for ancient heroes. Rebuking human vices. Tales of animals famous in their forests. There are much fewer legends about living clans or the history of sacred places, because they were not disclosed to visitors from foreign lands.
The tales of the Nenets people are amazing and poetically instructive, but have been preserved in a small number of written sources. Therefore, it will be a real success to open them for the children of the modern urban world.
