PANNONIA - Historical region in the Middle Danube; Roman province.
Pre-Roman Pannonia lo-ka-li-zu-yut mainly in the basins of Sa-vy and Dra-vy (according to Ar-ria-nu: me-zh-du yapo-da-mi, alive -shi-mi to the east from the Is-t-riya peninsula, and dar-da-na-mi, obi-tav-shi-mi in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Ma-ke-do-nii). Na-rod-dy, mainly on-se-lyav-shie this region in the 1st millennium BC - the beginning of the 1st millennium AD, from-no-syat to the northern part of the il- li-riy-tsev or a group-pe close to them - pan-non-tsam, including also a number of peoples who lived north to the Danube and to Nizh -nem Po-ti-sie.
From the 4th to the beginning of the 1st centuries BC, on this ter-ri-to-rii from-me-che-but several waves of races-se-le-niya cel-tov. From the 2nd century BC, na-chi-na-et-xia Roman military and eco-no-mic ex-pan-sia (an important Roman center became la Emo-na (now-not Love- la-na)), ending-shiv-shay-sya in-ko-re-ni-em of the city of Sis-kiya (35 BC; now not Si-sak) on Sa-ve, kel-tov -skor-di-skov in the lower-call-yah of Sa-vy (15 BC), a number of pan-non-tribes in the ho-de kam-pa-ny 12-9 BC , us-ta-nov-le-ni-em under the emperor Ok-ta-via-ne Av-gu-ste of the Roman control over all the right-in-be-cut-em of the Middle Danube. Sna-cha-la in-ko-ryon-nye lands enter-di-li into the province of Il-li-riya, from 10 AD - into Lower Il-li-riya, for someone swarm for-cre-pi-moose the name of Pannonia. The windows-cha-tel-but the Roman authorities us-ta-nov-le-na after-dav-le-niya krup-no-go pan-but-but-dal-mat-sko-go-st-sta- niya 6-9 years of our era. Between the years 102 and 107, Pannonia was raz-de-le-na into Upper Pan-no-ny (center in Kar-nun-te) and Lower Pan-no-ny (price- try Ak-vink and Sir-miy); from the end of the 3rd century - to Pannonia-I (center in Sa-va-rii, now not Som-bat-hei), Pannonia-Va-le-ria (center in So-pian-ne, now not Pec), Pannonia-Savia (center in Sis-kiya), Pannonia-II (center in Sir-mia).
Big-we-mi-go-ro-da-mi would it be the same Vin-do-bo-na (we-not Ve-na), Ar-ra-bo-na (modern Gyor), Bri-ge- cio (we are not Ko-ma-rum), Ying-ter-ci-za, Pe-to-vion (we are not Ptuy), Mur-sa (we are not Osi-ek) and others. Pannonia is strong-but-stra-da-la in the course of the Marco-Man wars of 166-180 (after something, they began to pour var-va-ditch here because of the gra -nits Im-pe-rii), on-pa-de-ny from outside and wars with usur-pa-to-ra-mi in the 250-260s. Ho-tya since 395, Pannonia was part of the Western Roman Empire, and after 476 - Byzantii, in the course of We-li-ko-go-pe-re-se -le-niya on-ro-dov part of Pannonia fak-ti-che-ski (as right-vi-lo, according to-go-in-ru with Im-pe-ri-she) con-tro-li -ro-wa-lis gun-na-mi, ost-go-ta-mi, ge-pi-da-mi, lan-go-bar-da-mi and other na-ro-da-mi.
From the West and on the way to the Prague culture (here since the 6th century), my connection with the Slavs. From 568, Pannonia (from 582 including Sir-miy) entered the Avar ka-ga-nat. After its destruction at the beginning of the 9th century, the lands on the se-ve-ro-for-pa-de-Pannonia con-tro-li-ro-wa-were the state of Ka-ro-ling-gov (with 843 years East-toch-no-Frank-sky ko-ro-left-vom), southeast went into the First Bolgar kingdom, southwest - to the principality of Hor-va-tov, the center - to Bla-ten-sky (Pan-non-sky) principality, se-ve-ro-east-tok - to Ve-li-ko-mo-rav-skuyu der- zha-woo, someone-paradise in the 4th quarter of the 9th century, with-so-di-ni-la Bla-ten-principality and some-some-rye-le-gay-ing lands.
At the beginning of the 10th century, most of these lands were-la-za-voe-va-na Hung-ra-mi, in go-su-dar-st-in-to-ryh after the di-na-stic bra -ka 1102, the Croatian ko-ro-left-st-vo also entered. By the middle of the 16th century, a significant part of Pannonia was za-hwa-che-on the Os-man-im-pe-ri-ey, but by the beginning of the 18th century from-voe-va-na and became-la cha- stee go-su-dar-st-va Gabs-burg-gov. Since 1918, the lands of Pannonia have become part of the eastern regions of Austria, the western parts of Hungary, se-ve-ra of Yugoslavia (since the 1990s east of Slo-ve-nii and Khor-va-tii, north of Bosnia and Ger-tse-go-vin-na, se-ve-ro-west of Serbia).
The meaning of the word PANNONIA in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree
PANNONIA
Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE".
Pannonia, a Roman province located between present-day Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Austria.
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Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is PANNONIA in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- PANNONIA
(Pannonia) Roman province, formed in 8 AD. e. It received its name from the Illyrian tribes that inhabited it - the Pannonians; occupied part of the territory ... - PANNONIA
(Pannonia), a Roman province formed in 8 A.D. e. after the division of the Roman province of Illyricum into two: Upper Illyricum - Dalmatia and ... - PANNONIA in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(????????) - one of the significant southern Danube regions of the Roman Empire, bounded on the W by Mount Cetius and part of the Noric Alps, on the S ... - PANNONIA in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PANNONIA (Rannonia), Rome. province formed in 8 AD Name received from the Illyrian tribes inhabiting it - the Pannonians; took part... - PANNONIA in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
(????????) ? one of the significant south-danubian regions of the Roman Empire, bounded on the west by Mount Cetius and part of the Noric Alps, on the south ... - PANNONIA in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
(Pannonia), a Roman province formed in 8 A.D. e. It received its name from the Illyrian tribes that inhabited it - the Pannonians; took part... - CROATIA in the Directory of Countries of the World.
- SLOVENIA in the Directory of Countries of the World:
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA State on the Balkan Peninsula. In the north it borders with Austria, in the northeast - with Hungary, in the southeast and south ... - HUNGARY in the Directory of Countries of the World:
HUNGARIAN REPUBLIC State in Central Europe. In the north it borders with Slovakia, in the northeast - with Ukraine, in the east - with ... - SYRMIA DIOCESE
Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Diocese of Sirmia (inactive). The founder of the diocese with its center in Sirmia (now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) by ... - SYRMIUS in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Sirmium, in ancient times the main city of Lower Pannonia, on the Sava River, a significant commercial and military … - AVARS in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Attention, this article is not finished yet and contains only part of the necessary information. Avars (Greek Αβαροι, Old Russian ... - BUDAPEST
Budapest is the capital of Hungary. It consists of three historical parts: Buda and Obuda - on the right bank of the Danube and Pest ... - AUSTRIA in the Directory of Characters and Cult Objects of Greek Mythology:
A'VSTRIA (Republic of Austria) is a state in Central Europe. The area is 83.8 thousand km2. Population 8 million people The capital is Vienna. In Austria... - HUNGARY in the Directory of Characters and Cult Objects of Greek Mythology:
State in Central Europe. In the north it borders on Slovakia, in the northeast - on Ukraine, in the east - on Romania, on ... - BULGARIAN LITERATURE in the Literary Encyclopedia:
the oldest of the Slavic literatures. Oral, so-called folk, Bulgarian literature is a product of the complex influence of national elements, just like ... - MARK AURELIUS ANTONIN in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Marcus Aurelius Antoninus) (April 26, 121 Rome - March 17, 180, Sirmius, Lower Pannonia), Roman emperor, representative of late Stoicism, author ... - ANDRONIKUS in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(1st century) apostle from the 70s, bishop in the Roman province of Pannonia (now in Hungary), relative and fellow prisoner of the Apostle Paul (Epistle to ... - AKVINK in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Aquincum) city of Roman times (c. 10 BC - 409 AD), from 107 AD. e. center of the Roman province … - YUGOSLAVIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
- CROATIA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(Hrvatska), Socialist Republic of Croatia (Socijalisticka Republika Hrvatska), a republic within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), in the northwestern part of the country, is washed by … - THEODORICH in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Great, Theoderich (Theodoricus, Theodcrich) (about 454, Pannonia - 26.8.526, Ravenna), king of the Ostrogoths from 493, founder of the Ostrogothic state in Italy. AT … - CYRIL AND METHODIUS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
and Methodius, Slavic enlighteners, creators of the Slavic alphabet, preachers of Christianity, the first translators of liturgical books from Greek into Slavonic. Cyril (before ...
Pannonia (lat. Pannonia) - originally - the region inhabited by the Pannonians, Scordisks, Brevks, Karns and Dardanians, since 9/10 - a Roman province that occupied the territories of modern western Hungary, eastern Austria and partly Slovakia. The main cities of the provincial administration were Aquincum, Carnuntum, Sirmium, Mursa and Petovion. The Celts living in the province lived in separate settlements (civitates). In 108, Trajan divided Pannonia into Upper (Superior), with a center in Carnuntum, and Lower (Inferior), with a center in Aquincum. The first began to be controlled by the consular legate, the second - by the praetor, and starting from Marcus Aurelius - also by the consular. Hadrian became the first procurator of Lower Pannonia. In 166 the Lombards and Obii invaded Pannonia. In 213 the area around Brigetion was included in Upper Pannonia. The administrative reform of Diocletian divided Pannonia into four parts, with the principal cities of Carnuntum, Aquincum and Brigecio, Savia and Siskia, and Sirmium and Mursa. B 214-215 Pannonia survived the invasion of the Quadi, in 254 and 259-260 - also Marcomanni and Iazyges. Finally, in 396, Rome was forced to grant the Marcomanni, Quads and Vandals, and presumably the Sueves, settled in Pannonia, the status of federates (foederati).
In addition to the mountainous regions, the territory of Pannonia was infertile, especially after the forests were cut down under Probe and Gallienus - until that time, timber here was one of the main export items. Among agricultural crops, oats and barley dominated, from which the inhabitants brewed a beer called sabaea. Vineyards and olive trees were cultivated on a small scale. A certain role, in addition to Norik, was played by iron and silver mines. Pannonia was also known for its breed of hounds that hunted wild boar and bison.
In the 4th century, Pannonia became increasingly subject to barbarian raids, and Aquincum began to decline, a century later, the Roman defensive lines were broken through by the Huns. In the 6th century Pannonia was conquered by the Lombards. From 1018 to 1180 united Pannonia was part of Byzantium.
Roman procurators of Pannonia
14 - Junius Blaise
35 - Calvisius Sabinus
49-50 - Palpellius Istres
68-69 - Tampius Flavian
107-109 - Publius Aelius Hadrian
112 - T. Julius Maxim Manlian
134/135 - L. Attiy Macron
136/137 - L. Caionius Commodus
143 - Claudius Maximus
144 - M. Pontius Leliane Larcius Sabin
154 - M. Nonius Makrin
160 - M. Yally Bassius Fabius Valerian
175/176 - G. Vecius Sabinian Julius Gosp
189/193 - Septimius Severus
199/200 - T. Claudius Claudian
212 - G. Julius Sept (imius) Kastin
214 - L. Cassius Marcellinus
218 - Pontius Pontian
260 - P. Guy Regalian
268/270 - L. Domitius Aurelian
283/284 - M. Aurelius Julian
Ten emperors of the late empire were born in Pannonia - Trajan Decius, Herennius Etruscus, Hostilian, Aurelian, Probus, Constantius, two Valentinians, Valens and Gratian. Provinces of the Roman Empire in 120
Pannonia (Παννονία) published was known as one of the southern Danubian regions of the Roman Empire. The neighboring regions of Pannonia were Germany, Illyria, Dacia, Norik. Pannonia was a huge plain, surrounded by mountains, and descending in the east to the Danube. In addition to the Danube, two main rivers flowed in the Pannonian lands - the Drava and the Sava with numerous tributaries. Pannonia was inhabited by the Illyrians, who were distinguished by their warlike character. Separate Pannonian tribes were headed by princes, but already in the 1st century. BC. together with other tribes of the Illyrians and Dalmatians, the Pannonians were subjugated by the troops of Emperor Augustus and from 9 BC. Pannonia became a Roman province. Later, Pannonia was divided into 3 parts, which were ruled by civil and military governors.
By the end of the 4th century AD. the inhabitants of Pannonia were Romanized, however, during the great migration of peoples, the Yazygs, Quadras (II century AD), Huns, Ostrogoths (V century AD), Lombards, Avars (VI century AD) came here. ). In the 7th century AD Slavs appear in Pannonia, driven out of Dacia by the Avars. Archaeological and linguistic data suggest that the Pannonian Slavs were the closest relatives of the current Slovenes.
The Pannonian Slavs formed the Pannonian, or Platen, Principality, whose history is limited to only a few decades from the overthrow of the Avar yoke to the emergence of new conquerors - the Magyars.
Around 835, the Moravian prince Pribina, expelled from Moravia by Mojmir, appeared to the eastern Frankish margrave Rathbod; he was kindly received by the margrave and baptized. For some reason, having quarreled with Ratbod, Pribina fled first to the possessions of the Bulgarian prince, then to Ratimir, the prince of Posava Croatia, then reconciled with the Frankish king and received from him about 840 in flax land along the river. Sale, which flows into Lake Blatenskoe. Thus, the Pannonian Slavs united around Pribina, scattered until then in southwestern Hungary. Seeing the loyalty of Pribina and his concern for the spread of Christianity, with the help of the priests of the Salzburg Archdiocese, King Louis the German made him a real sovereign in 848. Pribina built near the lake. Blatna (Magyar. Balaton, German Platten-See) is a city of the same name "Blatno" (lat. Urbs paludarum, German Moseburg). In 850, Pribina built a large church in Blatna and invited the Salzburg archbishop Liupram to its consecration; on this occasion, the "Salzburg Anonymous" ("Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum") names Pribina's close associates, some of whom have Slavic names, others German. The borders of the state of Pribina can be established approximately, according to the instructions of the "anonymous" of those cities in which Pribina built temples: the westernmost city was the current Optuj in southern Styria (Bettovia), the eastern one was Pechuh (Ad quinque baslias), the northern one was Kisek (Keisi); consequently, the power of Pribina covered most of present-day Hungary south and west of the Danube and reached eastern Styria. In 862, Pribina fell in the fight against the Moravans. After him the prince of Pannonia was his son Kozel.
When in 867 St. Cyril and Methodius traveled from Moravia to Rome to Pope Nicholas I, then they had to go through the Kotselov power. Kocel and his people gladly received the preachers, with their Slavic language and books, and listened to their sermon during several months of the first teachers' stay there. In 870, Methodius, returning from Rome, remained in Pannonia, as troubles were taking place in Moravia; the Pope named him Archbishop of Moravia-Pannon. The activities of the archbishop aroused against him the hatred of the German clergy and severe persecution.
Kocel died around 874. After his death, the son of King Louis Carloman seized power over the Pannonian Slavs, and then his son Arnulf, who was forced to transfer Pannonia to the Moravian prince in 884. Having recaptured Pannonia again, Arnulf in 896 handed over lower Pannonia, with the city of Blatn, to the prince of Pannonian Croatia Bratslav.
Since that time, news has disappeared not only about the former power of Pribina and Kotsel, but also about the Pannonian Slavs in general; the name Pannonia is still found in documents of the 11th century, but not in the sense of the state, but as a historical and geographical definition of various settlements. In the last years of the ninth and first tenth centuries. Pannonia was captured by the Magyars and swallowed up by the Slavs.
"Pannonia", a motorcycle produced by the Hungarian engineering company Csepel, was produced from 1954 to 1975. The Hungarian engineers took the German-made DKW RT-125 motorcycle as the basis for the design. Several prototypes were called "Chapel". And when the project was developed and a new full-fledged model TL 250 was mastered, it received the name Pannonia. "Pannonia" - a motorcycle with good performance for that time, 250 cc, stable on the move and easy to control. He was well received by the general public.
Motorcycle "Pannonia": specifications
The motorcycle is characterized by the following indicators:
- engine - single-cylinder, two-stroke;
- cylinder volume - 246 cm3;
- piston stroke - 68 mm;
- - 39,8;
- cylinder diameter - 68 mm;
- maximum power - 14 hp;
- top speed - 110 km / h;
- wheelbase - 1380 mm;
- motorcycle length - 2100 mm;
- height - 980 mm;
- distance from the steering wheel to the front saddle - 650 mm;
- width - 680 mm;
- ground clearance - 130 mm;
- weight - 146 mm;
- gas tank capacity - 18 liters;
- reserve tank for refueling, with a switch - 4 liters.
The Pannonia motorcycle, whose characteristics were already at a fairly high level, was nevertheless constantly improved in the production process. There were no cardinal changes, but small changes were regularly made during the assembly line, which contributed to the image of the car. Particular attention was paid to the level of comfort of the "Pannonia", the saddles were divided, depreciation was improved.
electrical equipment
"Pannonia" is equipped with an inertial flywheel ignition, 6 volts, 45 watts. The dynamo is installed at the end of the final drive shaft and interacts with the voltage regulator and the generator. standard, M14 brand Bosch. The onboard consumer power supply circuit is common, adopted for most middle-class motorcycles. Six-volt lighting bulbs do not quite meet the requirements of night operation, they are low-power. The rest is quite reliable and does not require adjustment.
Production development
In 1956, a new model TLT 250 was mastered, and two years later - a modification of the TLF in two versions: TLB - distinguished by separate seats and TLD with a new efficient 60-watt generator ignition system. The mass production of the TLT series marked the beginning of the export of Pannonia to the Soviet Union, which soon became the main buyer of Hungarian motorcycle products throughout Europe. The Vneshtorg of the USSR received 25,000 cars a year. However, Hungary sent "Pannonia" to other European countries, as well as to the United States. No more than 30 percent of all manufactured motorcycles remained for the domestic consumer.
"Pannonia", a motorcycle of perfect design, reliable and relatively inexpensive to operate, became increasingly popular. However, progress required further development, and in 1968 the Chepel enterprise launched a new P20 model, replacing the outdated TLT modifications. The P20 was copied from the Japanese "Yamaha YDS-2". The car turned out to be of a high class, with excellent running data, but the quality was too expensive, its retail price increased significantly. The management of "Chepel" soon realized their miscalculations, they should not have destroyed the already created sales structures, for the sake of ephemeral ambitions to create new supermotorcycles under the Pannonia brand, even if by analogy with Japanese motorcycles. The market has its own strict laws, and they eventually led the production of a successful model with good prospects to stagnation, and then to closure.
Falling demand
The Soviet Union was the first to abandon the P20 model, considering it too expensive for itself to purchase too complex and expensive equipment. Then several other countries announced their refusal. The Hungarian manufacturer had problems with the sale of products, which quickly turned into insurmountable difficulties. In 1975, the production of "Pannonia" was discontinued. Warehouse stocks were gradually realized, but there were no new receipts.
The Pannonia project, a motorcycle with a high reputation, perfect enough for its time, ceased to exist. However, until now, throughout the entire expanse of the former USSR, on the roads you can find a two-wheeled black car with a characteristic profile, like a memory of the past.
Motorcycle "Pannonia": price
The cost of a rarity is determined primarily by its age. The technical condition also matters. "Pannonia" was produced more than forty years ago, its collection value is obvious. A Hungarian-made motorcycle costs at least two hundred dollars today, depending on the "degree of shabbyness." The price of well-groomed, collector's items can reach up to $ 1,500, and sometimes up to two. Red and white modifications with a stroller are even more expensive.
Repair
Like any motorized equipment of the middle of the last century, "Pannonia" needs to be restored. The motorcycle mainly needs cosmetic repairs, the paintwork must be flawless, the engine is cleaned, the plumage is polished. However, the machine requires competent technical rehabilitation. All components and assemblies undergo diagnostics, and after identifying all defects, overhaul can begin. Spare parts for the Pannonia motorcycle have been in short supply for a long time, but it is thanks to this that you can still find the necessary parts. With a regular visit to the weekend market for the sale of repair supplies, you can find any spare parts to replace failed ones.
