In this chapter:
§one. Types of subordination in NGN with several subordinate clauses
There can be more than one subordinate clause in NGN. In this case, it is important to understand how all parts of a complex sentence are interconnected, what is subordinate to what. Three types are possible:
1) consistent submission,
2) parallel subordination,
3) homogeneous subordination.
Sequential submission
With consistent subordination, a chain of sentences is formed: the first clause is subject to the main clause, the second clause is subordinate to the first clause, and so on. With this type of subordination, each subordinate clause is the main one for the subsequent subordinate clause.
I'm afraid that Anna will be late for the exam, which should start early in the morning.
Scheme: [ ... ], (conjunction what...), (connection word which…).
With sequential subordination, the subordinate clause related to the main one is called the subordinate clause of the first degree, and the following clause is called the subordinate clause of the second degree, etc.
Parallel subordination
If subordinate clauses of different types belong to one main clause, then a parallel subordination is formed. With this type of subordination, both subordinate clauses belong to the same main one. It is important that these clauses are of different types and they answer different questions.
When the teacher came in, the children stood up to greet her.
Scheme: (union word when...), [ ... ], (conjunction to …).
Homogeneous submission
If subordinate clauses are sentences of the same type and refer to the same member of the main clause or to the entire main clause as a whole, then a homogeneous subordination is formed. With homogeneous subordination, the subordinate clauses answer the same question.
I suddenly felt how the tension subsided and how easy it became in my soul.
Scheme: [ ... ], (conjunction as...) and (conjunction as …).
Subordinate explanatory sentences are similar to homogeneous members of the sentence, they are interconnected by the union and. Both subordinate clauses refer to the member of the sentence in the main clause. There is no comma between them.
It is important that with homogeneous subordination, unions or allied words can be omitted, which is typical for sentences with several subordinate clauses.
test of strength
Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that there can be more than one subordinate clause in NGN?
What is the name of subordination when the first subordinate clause is subordinate to the main clause, the second - to the first, etc.?
- sequential submission
- homogeneous subordination
- parallel subordination
What is the name of subordination when different types of clauses belong to the same main clause?
- sequential submission
- homogeneous subordination
- parallel subordination
What is the name of subordination when the subordinate clauses are sentences of the same type and refer to the same member of the main clause or to the main one as a whole?
- sequential submission
- homogeneous subordination
- parallel subordination
When the performance ended, the children clapped to make the artists feel their gratitude.?
- sequential submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
What is subordination in a sentence: I think that in the next episode, the hero will save the girl he is in love with.?
- sequential submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
What is subordination in a sentence: I heard the door slam and the people in the hallway talking.?
- sequential submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
What is subordination in a sentence: I think that my brother will be happy with my gift and that I made a very good choice.?
- sequential submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
In this form of NGN, simple sentences form a kind of chain: From the main sentence we ask the question of the 2nd subordinate clause, from the second we ask the question of the 3rd.
In the following examples, questions to the next clause will be put in brackets.
And Nikolai went to the service (why?) so that no one would say that he did not like his job (what?), which he really did not like.
NGN with a comma at the junction of 2 unions has a consistent subordination.
He said that when father comes, let's go to the park. (The proposal is analyzed below.)
Analysis: He said (what?) -> let's go to the park (when?) -> when father comes.
Unionless proposal
Associative compound sentence
Associative compound sentence- this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of unions or allied words: [Habit over us given]: [replacement happiness she is](A. Pushkin).
Semantic relations between simple sentences in allied and non-union complex sentences are expressed differently. In allied sentences, unions take part in their expression, therefore the semantic relations here are more definite and clear. For example, union so expresses the consequence because- the reason if- condition, but- opposition, etc.
Types of complex non-union proposals.
The classification of types of non-union sentences according to lexical meaning is the most widespread. In accordance with this, the following SBPs are distinguished:
- explanatory SBPs:
Something incomprehensible was happening on the street: an incredible noise was suddenly heard.
- SBP with sequence value:
The spring sun peeked out from behind the clouds, warming up quickly.
- additional SBP:
He decided to go to work: it was necessary to go instead of a sick partner.
- SBP with condition value:
I will return home - I will expel all the accustomed.
- SBP with cause value:
There was a sound of the opening door: Vika returned from school.
- SBP with time value:
The sun rose and the birds chirped merrily.
- SBP with mapping value:
Business time - fun hour.
- SBP with the meaning of the consequence:
The TV broke down: there was a power surge.
Direct speech and its design in writing.
Making direct speech
1. Direct speech must be quoted.
3. If direct speech precedes the words of the author, then a comma and a dash should be placed after it. In the event that direct speech contains an exclamation or a question, then a question or exclamation mark and a dash should be placed after it. In all cases, the words of the author should begin with a capital letter. Direct speech sentences:
"I won't give you to anyone," Anton whispered excitedly.
"Who's there?" Pashka asked in fear.
"Let's run faster!" Seryozha shouted.
2. If it is supposed to put a dot at the place where direct speech breaks, then after direct speech it is necessary to put a comma and a dash, and after the author's words - a dot and a dash. In this case, the second part should be written with a capital letter. The format of direct speech in this case looks like this.
Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what "sequential submission" is in other dictionaries:
sequential submission
sequential submission- A method of communication in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses, when the subordinate clause of the first degree is subordinate to the main part, and each subsequent clause is connected to the previous one (there is a second, third, etc. degree ... ... Syntax: Dictionary
This article or section describes some linguistic phenomenon in relation to the Russian language only. You can help Wikipedia by adding information about this phenomenon in other languages and typological coverage ... Wikipedia
Connecting sentences using subordinating conjunctions or allied (relative) words. Makar did not even notice before that it seemed to be getting light on the plain (Korolenko). A guide was needed who would know the forest paths well (B. Polevoy). wed…
Subordination, or subordinating connection, is the relation of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence. In such a connection, one of the components (words or sentences) ... ... Wikipedia
Subordination, or subordinating connection, is the relation of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence. In such a connection, one of the components (words or sentences) ... ... Wikipedia
Firm- (Firm) Definition of a firm, signs and classification of firms Definition of a firm, signs and classification of firms, concepts of a firm Contents Contents Firm Legal forms The concept of a firm and entrepreneurship. The main features and classifications of firms ... ... Encyclopedia of the investor
scheme for analyzing a polynomial complex sentence- 1) the type of sentence by the nature of the main syntactic connection and the number of predicative parts; 2) the type of subordination according to the method of connection of subordinate clauses: a) sequential subordination (indicate the degree of subordination); b) subordination: homogeneous subordination ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
A complex sentence, which has more than two parts (see parallel subordination, sequential subordination) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Considers the structure of phrases and sentences. At the same time, the construction and punctuation of various types of complex sentences usually cause particular difficulty, especially with three or more predicative parts. Let us consider, using specific examples, the types of NGN with several subordinate clauses, the ways of connecting the main and subordinate parts in them, the rules for putting punctuation marks in them.
Complex sentence: definition
To clearly express a thought, we use a different sentence characterized by the fact that two or more predicative parts are distinguished in it. They can be equivalent in relation to each other or enter into a relationship of dependence. NGN is such a sentence in which the subordinate part is subordinate to the main part and joins it with the help of subordinating conjunctions and / or For example, " [Styopka was very tired in the evening], (WHY?) (since he walked at least ten kilometers in a day)". Hereinafter, the main part is denoted, round - dependent. Accordingly, in NGN with several subordinate clauses, at least three predicative parts are distinguished, two of which will be dependent: “ [The area, (WHAT?) (which they were passing now), was well known to Andrei Petrovich], (WHY?) (since a good half of his childhood passed here)". It is important to correctly determine the sentences where you need to put commas.
NGN with multiple clauses
A table with examples will help determine what types of complex sentences with three or more predicative parts are divided into.
Type of subordination of the subordinate part of the main | Example |
Sequential | The guys rushed into the river with a run, the water in which had already warmed up enough, because the last few days had been incredibly hot. |
Parallel (non-uniform) | When the speaker finished speaking, there was silence in the hall, as the audience was shocked by what they heard. |
Homogeneous | Anton Pavlovich said that reinforcements would soon arrive and that you just need to be patient a little. |
With different types of submission | Nastenka re-read the letter for the second time, which was trembling in her hands, and thought that now she would have to quit her studies, that her hopes for a new life had not come true. |
Let's figure out how to correctly determine the type of subordination in NGN with several subordinate clauses. The examples above will help.
Sequential submission
In a sentence " [The guys ran into the river] 1 , (the water in which has already warmed up enough) 2 , (because the last few days have been incredibly hot) 3»First, we select three parts. Then, with the help of questions, we establish semantic relationships: [... X], (in which ... X), (because ...). We see that the second part has become the main one for the third.
Let's take another example. " [There was a vase with wild flowers on the table], (which the guys gathered), (when they went to the forest on an excursion)". The scheme of this NGN is similar to the first: [... X], (which ... X), (when ...).
With homogeneous subordination, each subsequent part depends on the previous one. Such NGN with several subordinate clauses - examples confirm this - resemble a chain, where each subsequent link joins the one in front.
Parallel (heterogeneous) subordination
In this case, all subordinate clauses refer to the main part (to the whole part or the word in it), but they answer different questions and differ in meaning. " (When the speaker finished speaking) 1 , [there was silence in the hall] 2 , (as the audience was shocked by what they heard) 3 » . Let's analyze this NGN with several clauses. Its scheme will look like this: (when ...), [... X], (since ...). We see that the first subordinate part (it stands before the main one) denotes time, and the second - the reason. Therefore, they will answer different questions. Second example: [Vladimir certainly needed to find out today] 1, (at what time the train from Tyumen arrives) 2, (in order to have time to meet a friend) 3". The first subordinate clause is explanatory, the second is purpose.
Homogeneous submission
This is the case when it is appropriate to draw an analogy with another well-known syntactic construction. For registration of PP with homogeneous members and such NGN with several subordinate clauses, the rules are the same. Indeed, in the sentence [Anton Pavlovich talked about] 1, (that reinforcements will arrive soon) 2 and (that you just need to be patient a little) 3» subordinate parts - 2nd and 3rd - refer to one word, answer the question "what?" and both are explanatory. In addition, they are interconnected with the help of the union and, which is not preceded by a comma. Imagine this in a diagram: [... X], (what ...) and (what ...).
In NGN with several subordinate clauses, with homogeneous subordination between the subordinate clauses, any coordinating conjunctions are sometimes used - the punctuation rules will be the same as when making homogeneous members - and the subordinating conjunction in the second part may be completely absent. For example, " [He stood at the window for a long time and looked] 1, (as cars drove up to the house one after another) 2 and (workers unloaded building materials) 3».
NGN with several subordinate clauses with different types of subordination
Very often, four or more parts are distinguished as part of a complex sentence. In this case, they can communicate with each other in different ways. Let's look at the example in the table: [Nastenka re-read the letter for the second time, (which was shaking in her hands) 2 , and thought] 1 , (that now she would have to quit her studies) 3 , (that her hopes for a new life were not justified) 4". This is a sentence with parallel (heterogeneous) (P 1,2,3-4) and homogeneous (P 2,3,4) subordination: [... X, (which ...), ... X], (what ...), (what ... ). Or another option: [Tatyana was silent all the way and only looked out the window] 1, (behind which small, closely located villages flickered) 2, (where people fussed) 3 and (work was in full swing) 4)". This is a complex sentence with sequential (P 1,2,3 and P 1,2,4) and homogeneous (P 2,3,4) subordination: [... X], (followed by ...), (where ...) and (... ).
Punctuation marks at the junction of conjunctions
To arrange in a complex sentence, it is usually enough to correctly determine the boundaries of the predicative parts. The complexity, as a rule, is the punctuation of NGN with several subordinate clauses - examples of schemes: [... X], (when, (which ...), ...) or [... X], [... X], (how (with whom ...), then ...) - when two subordinating unions (allied words) are nearby. This is characteristic of sequential submission. In such a case, you need to pay attention to the presence of the second part of the double union in the sentence. For example, " [An open book remained on the sofa] 1, (which, (if there was time) 3, Konstantin would certainly have read to the end) 2 ". Second option: " [I swear] 1 , (that (when I get back from my trip home) 3 , I will definitely visit you and tell you everything in detail) 2 ". When working with such NGN with several clauses, the rules are as follows. If the second clause can be excluded from the sentence without compromising the meaning, a comma is placed between unions (and / or allied words), if not, it is absent. Let's return to the first example: " [There was a book on the sofa] 1, (which had to be finished in time) 2 ". In the second case, if the second subordinate part is excluded, the grammatical structure of the sentence will be violated by the word "that".
Should be remembered
A good assistant in mastering the NGN with several subordinate clauses - exercises, the implementation of which will help consolidate the knowledge gained. In this case, it is better to act according to the algorithm.
- Read the sentence carefully, mark the grammatical foundations in it and indicate the boundaries of the predicative parts (simple sentences).
- Select all means of communication, not forgetting about compound or used conjunctions.
- Establish semantic connections between the parts: to do this, first find the main one, then ask a question (s) from it to the subordinate (s).
- Build a diagram, showing on it with arrows the dependence of parts on each other, put punctuation marks in it. Move commas into the written sentence.
Thus, attentiveness in the construction and analysis (including punctuation) of a complex sentence - NGN with several specific clauses - and reliance on the above features of this syntactic construction will ensure the correct execution of the proposed tasks.
Lecture 75 Types of subordination of subordinate clauses
This lecture discusses the main types of complex sentences with several subordinate clauses.
Types of subordination of subordinate clauses
This lecture discusses the main types of complex sentences with several subordinate clauses.
Lecture plan
75.1. Consistent subordination of subordinate clauses.
75.2. Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
75.3. Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses.
75.1. Sequential subordination of subordinate clauses
In lectures 73 and 74 we talked about the complex sentence, about various types of subordinate clauses, but basically paid attention only to sentences with one subordinate clause. Much more often in the texts there are sentences of three or more parts in which several subordinate clauses are used.
Depending on how these subordinate clauses are attached to the main one, complex sentences (CSS) are divided into:
1) NGN with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses;
2) NGN with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses;
3) NGN with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses;
4) NGN with various types of subordinate clauses.
Let's analyze the proposal:
The arrows show where exactly we ask the question to the subordinate clause (from the end of the previous part, from the beginning or from the middle). In this sentence, we ask a question to both subordinate clauses from the end of the previous part.
Consider a few more sentences with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
It can be seen from this diagram that the second part breaks the first one, since the question is asked from the middle of the main sentence.
I want to draw attention to another type of complex sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses. This case is quite complicated, so pay special attention to it.
[I thought] 1 , (that later it will be difficult for me to free myself from his guardianship) 2 , (if I don’t argue with the old man at this decisive moment) 3 .
Now try to draw diagrams of several sentences on your own. To do this, you need to drag and drop various elements from the bottom field into the table.
1) She wrote to him that she had decided to hasten her departure from Dresden, because her aunt's health had completely improved.
2) Mechik could not believe that Levinson was really the way Chizh portrayed him.
3) She looked at him as one looks at a person in whom they saw what they had long expected.
75.2. Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses
About homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, we say if in a complex sentence all subordinate clauses
- refer to the same word of the main part,
- are of the same type
- connected with each other by a non-union or coordinative connection.
Let's look at a few examples.
In other cases, the homogeneous nature of the clauses may not be so obvious:
[She went with him, pleased] 1, (that she pleased him) 2 and (now she can stay on the shore and take a break from nursing the bored Pavlik) 2 .
Between homogeneous clauses there is a connecting union, but in the second clause the allied means (the union WHAT) is omitted, but it can easily be restored:
[For the medieval reader, it is predominantly important], (what the work is dedicated to) and (by whom it was created).
And now try to assemble complex clauses with homogeneous subordination from scattered simple sentences. Pay attention to the meaning of the sentence.
75.3. Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses
Parallel (non-uniform) subordination of subordinate clauses occurs in two cases:
- if subordinate clauses are attached to one word of the main part, but are different in semantics;
- subordinate clauses are the same in meaning, but refer to different words of the main part.
Let's look at both cases with examples.
(Because we never kept birds) 1 , [then I understood] 2 , (that this cage belongs to the new tenant) 3 .
In this sentence, the second part is the main one, both subordinate clauses depend on the same word, but at the same time they are different in meaning: the 1st part is the subordinate clause of the cause, and the 3rd part is the explanatory clause. Let us now represent this proposal schematically.
Please note that the scheme is very similar to the scheme of a complex sentence with homogeneous subordinate clauses, but the questions are asked differently.
Now consider a sentence with subordinate clauses that have the same meaning, but refer to different words of the main part.
Both subordinate clauses in this sentence are explanatory, connected by the same conjunctions, but at the same time they depend on different words.
Specify the numbers of complex sentences with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. In case of an incorrect answer, be sure to read the pop-up comment.
| Date: 2010-05-22 10:47:52 | Views: 25390 |
