- How many languages you know - that many times you are a person.
How many languages you know, so many times you are human. - If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart
If you speak to a person in a language that he understands, you are talking to his head. If you speak to a person in his native language, you speak to his heart.
(Nelson Mandela) - By words the mind is winged.
From words the mind aspires to heights.
(Aristophanes) - Language is the means of getting an idea from my brain into yours without surgery.
Language is a means of getting ideas from my brain into yours without surgery.
(Mark Amidon) - A different language is a different vision of life
Another language is a different vision of life.
(Federico Fellini) - To have another language is to possess a second soul.
To speak another language is like having a second soul.
(Charlemagne) - If we spoke a different language, we would perceive a somewhat different world.
If we spoke a different language, we would experience the world a little differently.
(Ludwig Wittgenstein) - Language exerts hidden power, like the moon on the tides.
The tongue has a hidden influence, like the moon on the ebb and flow
(Rita Mae Brown) - Language is the road map of a culture. It tells you where its people come from and where they are going.
Language is the roadmap of culture. He will tell where his people came from and where they are going.
(Rita Mae Brown) - He who does not know foreign languages does not know anything about his own.
He who does not know foreign languages does not know anything about his own.
(Goethe)
Present Continuous
1. Personal plans for the future
- We are going to the country on the weekend.
- My sister is coming to see us in the evening.
2. Future action in subordinate clauses of time and condition (only with verbs used in continuous, i.e. with everything except the verbs of mental and sensory perception)
- While you are sleeping, I'll do this work.
present simple
1. Planned future action that goes according to plan, program, schedule, but NOT personal plans
- I'm on duty the next week.
- The match starts at 7 o'clock tomorrow.
- The shop opens at 9 a.m.
2. future action in subordinate clauses of time and conditions
- If you pay me, I'll do this work.
“to be going to”
1. Predictions about the near future, when the speaker is sure that this will happen, due to the existing conditions indicated in the sentence or not
- Look at these clouds. It's going to rain in a minute.
- Look! The child is going to fall
2. previously planned decisions, agreements and intentions
- We are going to play tennis this afternoon.
Future Simple
1. a prediction about the future based on something that indicates that this event will happen
-look! It will rain. The sky is overcast.
2. facts and statements about the future
- She will be 20 next month.
3. decision made at the moment of speaking
- O.K. I think, I will help you.
4. promises and offers
- Of course, I will come.
- I'll post the letters for you.
Future Continuous
1. an action that will take place at a certain time in the future
- I shall be working in the garden all day long tomorrow.
2. planned or decided action for the future
-I'll be cleaning the room this time tomorrow.
3. asking about people's plans if we need something from them
- Will you be using your car tomorrow? I'll need it.
Also, the future action can be expressed by the imperative mood:
Let's go to the cinema tonight, shall we?(Let's go to the cinema tonight, okay?)
Give it to me!(Give it to me!) - the action refers to the future, because not yet done), the form of the verb is an infinitive without the particle to.
Don't take my pen.(Don't take my pen!) - the negative form is formed using the auxiliary verb do + not (more often in the abbreviated form: don't).
Difference between Future Simple and “to be going to”:
(Helen)- My bicycle is broken. Can you repair it for me?
(father)- O.K. but I can't now. I'll repair it tomorrow.(decision making at the moment of speaking, Future Simple)
(mother)- Can you repair Helen's bicycle? It is broken.
(father)- Yes, I know. She told me. I'm going to repair it tomorrow.(planned action, “to be going to”)
SHALL and WILL in requests, offers and suggestions
(in requests, suggestions and assumptions)
Shall I carry that bag for you? (help offer)
- Yes, please.
Shall we go out? (expressing a suggestion or for the purpose of obtaining an order)
- I don't feel like that.
Will you help me, please? (polite request)
- Yes, of course.
PRESENT SIMPLE and CONTINUOUS in clauses of time and condition
(in subordinate clauses of time and condition)
In subordinate clauses of time and conditions that have the meaning of the future tense, instead of Future Simple used present simple, and instead of Future Continuous is used Present Continuous. A link in such a sentence can be the words:
If- if
In case, on condition that, provided that- if
Unless- if not
After- after
Before- before
Till, until, as long as- bye; until…; until…
as soon as- once
When- when
While- bye; while (continuous)
note! If the intention is expressed in the sentence (I will definitely do it), then SHALL changes to WILL.
present simple:
If the weather is fine tomorrow, (then) I'll go to the country.(subordinate condition)
When he comes, he'll do it himself.(subordinate time)
Present continuous:
While you are sleeping, I'll be cooking.(subordinate time)
I'll be waiting for Peter till he comes.
I'll be on time unless something happens.
I'll finish the work before she comes back.
She will help you as soon as she is free.
It is also necessary to distinguish the subordinate clause of time and conditions from object clause.
If he comes, he will do it.(subordinate clause (if?): If he comes, he will do it.)
But I don't know if he will come.(subordinate clause “additional” (don't know what?): But I don't know if he'll come.)
! In a subordinate clause if and whether correspond in Russian to a particle whether or not translated.
As you can see, the variable part of this construction is the verb to be, and therefore, it is precisely thanks to that that the construction be going to is consistent with the subject and has the forms of the present and past simple tenses.
Be going to PRESENT SIMPLE.
Consider the use of be going to in Present Simple.
Be going to PAST SIMPLE.
Consider the use of be going to in Past Simple.
Usually, use be going to limited to the two times described above - Present Simple and Past Simple.
Basic rules and features of the use of be going to.
The use of be going to often overlaps with the use of verbs in the Future Simple or Present Continuous. Consider these cases, as they often cause difficulties.
The difference between be going to and Future Simple.
Be going to means ‘going to do something’, while the verbs in Future Simple indicate spontaneity / momentary decision. Compare:
Polly's going to visit her granny on Sunday. - Polly is going to visit her grandmother on Sunday.
MOTHER: Polly, you granny's just phoned. She feels bad.
POLLY: OK, I will visit her on Sunday.
(MOM: Polly, Grandma called. She doesn't feel well.
POLLY: Okay, I'll visit her on Sunday)
In the first case, we are talking about a deliberate intention, and in the second, a momentary decision caused by circumstances.
The difference between be going to and Present Continuous.
One of the meanings of Present Continuous is an indication of an action planned for the future.
Polly is visiting her granny on Sunday. Polly plans to visit her grandmother on Sunday.
Then What is the difference between be going and Present Continuous? There is a difference, although it is not always obvious.
The use of Present Continuos for planned activities usually means:
- having an agreement with someone
- availability of pre-purchased tickets or any other preparations for future action.
Be going to only expresses personal intention perform some action.
In this way:
Polly is visiting her granny on Sunday. (Polly plans to visit her grandmother on Sunday. She made arrangements with her grandmother, perhaps bought tickets, bought her a present, or something like that.)
Polly is going to visit her granny on Sunday. (On Sunday, Polly plans to visit her grandmother. Polly decided this without agreeing with anyone.)
It is worth emphasizing once again that the difference between be going and Present Continuous can be obvious only from the context. Without context, both sentences - Polly is visiting her granny on Sunday and Polly is going to visit her granny on Sunday - will be true and we will not be able to stop at one specific option.
Note!
Be going, as a rule, is not used with the verbs go and come. If in Russian "I'm going to go" is a perfectly acceptable phrase, then in English 'I'm going to go' does not sound quite correct. Instead of 'I'm going to go' (I'm going to go) and 'I'm going to come' (I'm going to come) should just use 'I'm going' and 'I'm coming'.
Be going can mean inevitability, great probability, evidence of a future event. As a rule, the context describes signs that the event will occur.
Polly "s missed the bus. She's going to be late. - Polly missed her bus. She will probably be late.
You will probably also find the article useful, where you will find not only theory, but also exercises on this topic.
Six constructions are used to denote the future tense:
- Will: I" ll get you a cup of coffee.
- Going to: She" s going to get a new car soon.
- Present Continuous: I" m flying to Berlin tomorrow
- Present Simple: Does the train leave at 6 or 7?
- Future Continuous: Just think! you" ll be flying to Paris this time tomorrow!
- Future Perfect: I hope Bill will have finished the report by eight.
The last two constructions require a separate lesson. In addition, they are rarely used. Therefore, today we will not talk about them. But the first four constructions are usually reduced by students to one - they say "Will" everywhere. Is it good to say - She "ll buy a new car next week? And this is I" ll fly to Berlin tomorrow? In fact, it sounds very strange, and we will soon understand why. And you can't say "I shall return home at six" at all - it's outdated 50 years ago. Shall in widespread use say in questions when they expect guidance to action: Shall I open the door?
Let's sum it up right away: 'Will' has three basic values (and one rare, we will not talk about it). 'Going to'- two. Present Continuous (when it comes to about the future, not about the present moment!) - one. Present Simple (again, in the meaning future tense) - one. Now in order.
Don't forget about abbreviations! In colloquial speech, speak she'll, but not she will.
a) If we accept spontaneous decision about the future, we say “will”. For example, we are sitting with an open window and suddenly a gust of wind bursts into the room. We accept spontaneous decision- a second ago we did not want to close the window, but now we are saying: I'll close the window. Another example: we want to bake a cake and suddenly find that the house has run out of flour. Then we accept spontaneous decision: I'll go and get some flour.
b) If we do prediction about future, not based on facts, we say “will”. Often this is accompanied by introductory phrases like "I think" and the like. For example, you think that your pregnant cat will have three kittens. Why? Well, you like the number three. And be sure to want one white. Here you are saying: I think Fluffy will have three kittens! And I'm sure one will be white. Another example: you think that Russia will never win the European Football Championship. This is just an opinion, there are no 100% facts for or against. And you say: I don't think Russia will win the Euro 2008.(note - I don't think Russia will win, not I think Russia won "t win).
c) If we have First Conditional - that is, a real condition about the future (for more details, see Lesson 10)
2. GOING TO
a) If we have a plan, we use the going to construction. Example: I "m going to visit Austria for my next holiday. (That is, it is no longer spontaneous decision, but not yet exact arrangement. That's the plan.)
b) If you do prediction about future, based on obvious facts, we use the construction going to. For example, you see black storm clouds. it obvious fact? Yes. And you say look! It's going to rain. And against the backdrop of thunderclouds, you see a drunken brow staggering right on the edge of the roof and singing songs. it obvious fact and you scream in fear: Oh no! He's going to fall!
3. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
if you have exact arrangement about the future (for example, this is written in your diary), you need to use Present Continuous. Notice exact arrangement- this is more than a plan. The plan is what you really want, but it's still not 100% determined. But exact arrangement- everything, time is already reserved, tickets are bought, etc. Example: Tomorrow night I "m seeing a new film with James.
To make it clearer, I'll tell you a story. You have been thinking all your life that a holiday in the African country of Zimbabwe is nonsense. It's hot there, AIDS, poverty, dangerous snakes... And now your friend is returning from there. And he excitedly says: in Zimbabwe: there are a lot of white people there, because of the highlands it is never hot, great rest and a lot of exotic. And everything is cheap. And you, fired up by this idea, shout: " Wow! I "ll go to Zimbabwe for my next holiday!"Why will form? Because you have accepted spontaneous decision. Then you start preparing for the journey. You buy summer clothes, apply for a visa, collect information about the country. Your friend sees the Lonely Planet guidebook on the table and asks "Why did you buy it?". And you answer: " Because I'm going to spend my next holiday in Zimbabwe". It's your plan- Consequently, going to design. And finally, you got a visa, booked a hotel, bought tickets. On the eve of departure, your friend calls you and says "Let" s go dancing tomorrow!" And you say: "Sorry, I can" t! - "Why not?" - "Because I'm flying to Zimbabwe tomorrow". The plan turned into precise agreement- hence, Present Continuous.
4. PRESENT SIMPLE
Present Simple in the meaning of the future tense is used when you need to talk about events on a fixed regular schedule. Often these are classes in educational institutions and transport schedules. Example: The French class starts at six tomorrow. Another example: Does the train leave at 7 in the morning or in the evening?
Exercises.
Respond to feedback.
Example: It's very cold in here! Oh! I'll close the window.
If your sentence is grammatically the same, but different in meaning, then the answer is correct.
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It is no secret that not all tenses in English are used to express only those time frames that are contained in their very name. Yes, for example, Past forms can only express past actions. But as for the future, here the ways of expressing it can be very different, and it would be wrong to say that the future tense in English is achieved by using only the Future times.
Non-standard education of the times of the category Future
In some sources, you can find the opinions of various linguists who make the assumption that the grammatically future tense in English is basically impossible. Such a bold statement, however, has its weighty arguments. For example, the verb to be. If in the past and present it has its own special forms (am / is / are and was / were), then in the future there are no special forms; Here, the auxiliary verbs will and shall, typical for Future, are used, i.e. it looks like will be or shall be. Another difference is the verb form. If Present has the first form, Past has the second, Perfect has the third, then Future has no special form, and here they also resort to the help of shall or will.
One way or another, in English there are still forms of Future, named by analogy with other tenses - Simple, Continuous, etc. But there are other ways that are used, and very often, to express the future tense. Next, all these possible ways will be presented, and the difference between these or those forms will be demonstrated.
Present Simple as one of the ways to express Future
One of the tenses that is used to convey the future tense is . There is only one case of its use here: it is relevant when it comes to a schedule or schedule in the future, which the speaker cannot influence. Especially often here you can find verbs of motion - come, go, leave, etc .:
The bus leaves at 5.35 p.m., don’t be late - the bus leaves at 17.35, don’t be late
Tomorrow at 8 a.m. I start my new job - Tomorrow at 8 am I start a new job
Present Continuous + to be going to
Time has one exact wording that emphasizes its use in situations with the future tense - Present Continuous for future arrangements, i.e. when it comes to pre-planned actions, the decision to commit which was made earlier, sometimes long before their implementation. Examples are as follows:
We are our visiting grandparents in next month - We will visit our grandparents next month
She is returning from France in two days, she told me this a few days ago - She is returning from France in two days, she told me about this a few days ago
However, there is another construction that also conveys the meaning of plans for the future tense. This is to be going to, where in place of to be, as it becomes clear, the desired form is used: am, is or are.
Note: if there is an agreement in the sentence when the dependent part is adjacent to the main one, standing in the past tense, then the construction will take the form were or was going to. The same will apply to the form will, which has a special form would in Future in the Past.
The construction going to has the translation “to be going to do something” and is usually used in cases where there is a similar translation inside the sentence. It is followed by the verb in its original form:
I am going to call for you in a few hours - I'm going to pick you up in a few hours
We are going to invite all our friends to celebrate the holiday - We are going to invite all our friends to celebrate the holiday
In addition, to be going to is often used in questions when the speaker is interested in whether his interlocutor is going to do something.
Examples of interrogative sentences:
· You are looking for a shovel and a rake. What are you going to do? You are looking for a shovel and a rake. What are you going to do?
He is going to leave this place forever, isn't he? He's going to leave this place forever, isn't he?
Using the Future Simple
For those who study English and are at the stage of working with the future tense, the question often arises as to what is the difference, for example, between and Present Continuous, because they both express forward intention. In the popular comparison Future Simple vs Present Continuous, it is worth paying attention to the cases of using the first form, and then everything becomes clear.
The rule of using the simple future tense provides for its use in two situations:
1. To express a spontaneous decision, often made on the go and / or in the process of dialogue. Present Continuous has everything planned in advance, but you need to use will and shall in the case when the speaker had no intention of doing something in advance:
– We are having a party next Saturday. You can join us
– Ok, I will come
We are having a party next week. You can join us
- OK, I'll come
2. For the so-called forecast, when the speaker does not have complete and 100% confidence in the action. Often such situations are accompanied by the verbs think, guess, believe, suppose, etc.:
· I think he will not come; we needn't wait for him - I think he won't come, we don't need to wait for him
We suppose the government will give the answer to our question soon - We believe the government will soon give an answer to our question
Note: The use of shall and will in modern language does not have a clear order. It is only important to remember that the use of the less frequently used form shall is possible only with the first person pronoun - I or we. Will is universal and suitable for any subject.
How to distinguish Future Simple from to be going to?
When comparing Future Simple and to be going to, it is worth noting that the difference between these two forms is almost the same as that of Future Simple and Present Continuous. In the going to construction, the emphasis is on some preliminary planning of the action, while with the simple future tense, no pre-decided plans are used. You are going to come - you are going to come, you will come - you will come.
In addition, there is another feature that distinguishes the forms will and going to. The second construction is often used to demonstrate that some action is about to happen, while it is unpleasant or even dangerous. Frequent translation - "just about":
Look at yourself, you are so pale! You are going to faint! "Look at you, you're so pale!" You're about to pass out!
The wind is very strong. Look, the tree is going to fall! - The wind is very strong. Look, the tree is about to fall!
Constructions with the translation "just about"
In addition to going to and will + V, there are phrases that are also related to the future. They are translated as "just about", and these are constructions such as:
1. To be about to + V
2. To be on the point of + V(–ing)
3. To be due to +V
The first two constructions are completely identical, they differ only in the form of education itself. The third is also translated as “just about”, but its use is more typical for something that aims to show a schedule or schedule - the train is due to arrive, the bus is due to leave, etc.
Future Continuous
In addition to the popular will and going to, there are other forms for expressing the future. The future continuous shows an action in progress that will take place somewhere later in a certain period of time. It can be either an exact indication of time or indirect:
Tomorrow at 3 p.m. I will be driving home - Tomorrow at 15.00 I will go home
When you come on Friday we will be working in the garden - When you come on Friday, we will work in the garden
Future Perfect
A completed action in the future indicates that the event will be completed by a certain point, and this is its fundamental difference from a simple Future. Since this form is perfect, the verbs used in the third form (Participle II) are used here. A table of irregular verbs can help here.
Examples for Future Perfect:
By next Sunday I will have finished my course work - By next Sunday I will have finished my course work
We will have completed the experiment by the time we get money - We will have completed the experiment by the time we get the money
Future Perfect Continuous
Perhaps the rarest time of the English language. Despite this, one can find examples in Russian where such a tense type would be used quite logically. Its essence is to show that to a point in the future the situation will last for some period of time:
By 2030 we will have been living here for 30 years - By 2030 we will have been living here for 30 years
She will have been studying there for 3 years by next month - By the next month it will be 3 years since she studies there
The verb will as modal
Despite the fact that many are accustomed to considering will the basis for the formation of the future tense, it cannot be called a completely pure auxiliary verb, since there is a modal verb will in English (the modal verb shall also exists). In part, its use is also connected with the future, but the functions of use are much wider - this is persistence, and a polite request, and prediction, etc.
Thus, we can safely say that the rules of the English language provide for completely different ways of forming the future tense, each of which has its own characteristics and reasons for use. Knowing them, it will become much easier to express this or that situation.
