The Great Patriotic War
in the works of artists
"Great art is born as a result of great natural feeling, and this can be not only joy,
but also with anger."
artist A. Deineka.
I will take revenge for Russian culture,
For every bloody trail on earth,
For every broken sculpture,
A portrait shot through for Pushkin.
June 22, 1941 the war began. And already on June 24, the first poster was pasted on the walls of Moscow houses - a sheet of artists Kukryniksy (Kupriyanov, Krylov, Sokolov) “We will ruthlessly defeat and destroy the enemy!”
It shows Hitler, who treacherously attacked our country, and a Red Army soldier who plunged a bayonet into his head.
Kukryniksy.
“We will mercilessly defeat and destroy the enemy!” (1941).
“The Motherland is calling!” - famous poster from the Great Patriotic War. The artist began work on it at the time of the Sovinformburo message
And in mid-July the poster was already known throughout the country...
"The Motherland is Calling"
Irakli Moiseevich Toid ze.
A military poster is like a shooter: he unerringly hits the target with his appearance and his words.
The poster itself sounds loud. When it comes to a war poster, it’s doubly loud, because it screams (sometimes almost literally). He appeals to feelings.
Mother and son clinging to each other, huddled together as one in front of the bloody fascist weapons. There is horror in the child's eyes, and hatred in the mother's gaze.
V.G. Koretsky. “Warrior of the Red Army, save!”
"Mother of the Partisan"
In 1943
Plastov's painting "The Fascist Flew" on Stalin's instructions, it was exhibited at the Tehran Conference.
According to eyewitnesses, Roosevelt and Churchill were so amazed by this canvas that
what impact did it have?
to their decision
about the opening
second front.
Plastov Arkady Alexandrovich
“The fascist flew by.”
A. A. Deineka “Defense of Sevastopol”
The picture was created hot on the heels of events. The artist painted it in 1942, at the most difficult moment of the war, when Sevastopol was still in the hands of the enemy. Now, many years later, we perceive this painting as a historical epic about the unparalleled heroism of the people who stood up to defend the Motherland.
V.E. Pamfilov. “The feat of A. Matrosov”
Everything was given to us beyond measure -
Love, and anger, and courage in battle.
We lost friends, relatives, but faith
They did not lose their homeland.
The painting “Letter from the Front” by Alexander Laktionov is permeated with sunlight. The artist managed to convey the happiness overwhelming people: the family of the front-line soldier received the long-awaited news from him.
A.I. Laktionov “Letter from the Front”
On November 7, 1942, at the first big exhibition of the war years, Pavel Korin exhibited his
Triptych "Alexander Nevsky".
At Babi Yar
"Behind Barbed Wire"
Before us is a soldier in his advanced years, wearing a tunic, crowned with orders and medals.
This man returned from the front as a 19-year-old boy without both legs.
He needed the courage to live, not to succumb to self-pity, enormous spiritual strength to overcome himself, for the sake of a life worthy of a person. Courage and fortitude, pain and bitterness of a life lived are conveyed by the artist in the gaze of this man.
The whole image is full of true greatness, before which we should all bow our heads.
A.Shilov
“On Victory Day. Machine gunner P.P. Shorin"
Remember! Through the centuries, through the years - Remember! About those, Who will never come again - Remember! As long as hearts are knocking, - Remember. At what cost Happiness has been won - Please remember! Welcome the vibrant spring. People of the earth Kill the war Curse the war People of the earth!
You guys own the future.
But without memory of the past,
Without a sensitive attitude to the heroic history of our people, we cannot take a worthy place in it.
That is why we, adults, are pleased with the war songs, compositions, and drawings you sincerely perform.
- The working day of the children standing at the machine lasted 12 hours and was accompanied by hard work, which made their backs go numb, their hands did not obey, and their eyelids closed from fatigue.
- 100 million gymnasts
- 35 million overcoats
- 64 million pairs of shoes
- It will be cold - we will endure it
- If we're hungry, we'll tighten our belts
- It will be difficult - we will endure
- We will endure and win!
- The city is a fortress,
- the city is a hero,
- which the conquerors never entered.
- 900 days of Courage, Will, Strength of Spirit...
- A.F. Pakhomov “To the Neva for water”
- Born in St. Petersburg. She died in Leningrad. After graduating from the Faculty of Philology of Leningrad State University, she worked in Komsomol newspapers. Berggolts became a radio herald for Leningrad besieged by the Nazis, calling for courage from exhausted, starving fellow citizens. Immortal words: “No one is forgotten, nothing is forgotten,” said by Olga Berggolts.
- Boim S.S. Water from the Neva.
- Series “Leningrad in the Siege”. 1942.
- A. Pakhomov. "On duty." Lithography. 1942.
- Boim S.S.
- Shelling on Labor Square.
- A. Pakhomov.
- "Prisoned Germans in Leningrad"
- I. Maslennikova
- "Leningrad under siege" 1941
- About the colors of war...
- Ir. Toidze (1941)
- June 24, 1941
- 1941
- 1941
- Bright, intelligible, imaginative posters called for the fight against the enemy, branded cowards, glorified the exploits of heroes at the front and rear, and revealed the true face of fascism. They were topical, full of optimism, deeply in tune with the feelings and thoughts of the city’s defenders. The most popular were sheets of a sharply satirical nature, mercilessly castigating the enemy and dispelling the myth of his invincibility. Artists often received letters. One of them contained the following words: “Looking at your posters, it becomes easier to breathe. We believe that our people are invincible!”
- Mavrina
- A line broken by a bullet.
- Born on January 21, 1919 in Irkutsk. Already at school he tries to write poetry. Then he enters the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Irkutsk Institute, but does not give up writing. He could become a physicist, mathematician, poet.
- But a battle against fascism unprecedented in history is already raging from sea to sea - the Patriotic War has begun, and the young man, without hesitation, becomes a soldier.
- He died at the age of 24 years.
- From the first days of the Great Patriotic War, in response to a statement with a request to be sent to the front, he was sent to the editorial office of the newspaper of the 12th Army of the South-Western direction; enjoyed great popularity among the military. The first of the writers was awarded the Order of the Red Banner; died in 1942 in the Kharkov region, fighting his way out of encirclement.
- War correspondent Joseph Utkin died in a plane crash while returning from the front line in 1944.
- Lieutenant Pavel Kogan, on September 23, 1942, received an order to get into the station and blow up the enemy’s gas tanks... A fascist bullet hit him in the chest.
- A talented poet, student at the Literary Institute, friend of Pavel Kogan, Mikhail Kulchitsky. He died in January 1943 under the walls of Stalingrad.
- Guard Lieutenant Georgy Suvorov was a talented poet. He died on February 13, 1944 while crossing the Narova River.
- "And the song goes to war..."
- “The fire is beating in a small stove”
- " No one is forgotten, nothing is forgotten"
- Obelisk near the village of Zhurkovo. This obelisk is the only mention of the village of Barsuki, destroyed along with its inhabitants on March 8, 1943.
- In the center of the village of Myritinitsy there is a memorial complex, which consists of a monument, stele, memorial tombstones, and a worship cross. The sculptor of the monument is Krushinin Alexander Petrovich.
- If a minute of silence is declared for each of the 20 million deaths in the country, the country will be silent... for 32 years!
- 20 million graves over 2.5 thousand kilometers - this means 7.5 thousand killed per kilometer, 15 people for every 2 meters of land!
- 20 million in 1418 days - that means 14 thousand killed daily, 600 thousand people per hour, 10 people every minute. That's what 20 million is!
ART AT THE BEGINNING OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR FINE ARTS During the Great Patriotic War, it was more important than ever for the leadership of the USSR to seek patriotic feelings in the hearts of the people. The instrument of recovery was the SOVIET PROPAGATION POSTER. The poster and its creators did an excellent job with their task. The posters did not leave indifferent either the ordinary worker, or the soldier, or the rest of the country’s population. Everyone worked for the benefit of the common victory.
N. VATOLINA AND N. DENISOV “DON’T TALK!” From the first days of the war, the theme of vigilance became firmly established in the poster. In June 1941, N. Vatolina and N. Denisov created the poster “Don’t Talk!”, which, thanks to the laconicism of the image and slogan, became the pinnacle of propaganda of the current topic and outlived the time of its creation for many decades. Leningrad artist A. Pakhomov made the poster heroes of the pioneers, vigilantly guarding their native land from enemies (Guys, defend the Motherland! Track down the enemies, inform the adults!)
D. SHMARINOV “REVENGE” From the poster of the artist D. Shmarinov “Take Revenge” a woman looks at the viewer. Against the backdrop of a smoky fire, she stands, motionless and terrible in her grief. In her lowered arms is the body of a brutally murdered girl. In the wide-open, tear-filled eyes of the mother there is not only suffering, but also a demand for revenge!
V. KORETSKY “WARRIOR OF THE RED ARMY, SAVE!” During the war, the poster by artist V. Koretsky “Warrior of the Red Army, save!” became unusually widespread during the war. This poster became a symbol and an oath, awakening in the hearts of the fighters an ardent desire to defeat the enemy, save their wives and children from torment and suffering. In his work, Koretsky managed to avoid naturalism and excessive detail typical of many photomontages. Laconicism, rigor in the selection of expressive means, a harsh black and red color scheme, and the enormous power of emotional impact made this poster a significant work of Soviet fine art, unparalleled among wartime posters.
MOTHERLAND - MOTHER CALLING Motherland - Mother is calling An elderly woman with a stern face holds the text of the military oath in her outstretched right hand, her left hand is raised invitingly upward. Her face is unforgettable with tightly compressed lips, with burning eyes point-blank turned towards the viewer. Slightly scattered gray hair, frowning eyebrows shifted to the bridge of the nose, a scarf fluttering in the wind create a mood of anxiety and very clearly define the main idea of the poster: Motherland - a mother calls her sons to fulfill their duty to defend the Fatherland.
MERIT OF POSTER ARTISTS Posters of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 became our country’s contribution to the treasury of the world artistic heritage of the 20th century. Already during the war years, the Soviet poster was recognized throughout the world as the pinnacle of propaganda art. Despite material difficulties, a reduction in printed publications and a shortage of high-quality paper, the artists were able to “forge a powerful weapon” capable of defeating the enemy without a miss and uniting the forces of the front and rear - the army and the people - for Victory over fascism.
LITERATURE Russian literature of the Second World War period became literature of one theme - the theme of war, the theme of the Motherland. The writers felt like “trench poets” (A. Surkov), and all literature as a whole, in the apt expression of A. Tolstov, was “the voice of the heroic soul of the people.” Poems were published by the central and front-line press, broadcast on the radio along with information about the most important military and political events, and sounded from numerous improvised stages at the front and in the rear. Many poems were copied into front-line notebooks and learned by heart. The poems “Wait for me” by Konstantin Simonov, “Dugout” by Alexander Surkov, “Ogonyok” by Isakovsky gave rise to numerous poetic responses. Homeland, war, death and immortality, hatred of the enemy, military brotherhood and camaraderie, love and loyalty, the dream of victory, thinking about the fate of the people - these are the main motives of military poetry. In the poems of Tikhonov, Surkov, Isakovsky, Tvardovsky one can hear anxiety for the fatherland and merciless hatred of the enemy and awareness of the cruel necessity of war. The most famous poets of that time were: Nikolai Tikhonov, Alexander Tvardovsky, Alexey Surkov, Olga Berggolts, Mikhail Isakovsky, Konstantin Simonov
TWO FIGHTERS “An ordinary masterpiece of the wartime” is still watched and reviewed. Those who have not yet watched it will be surprised at how many phrases from this film we use almost every day, without even knowing where they come from. “To die like this with music!”, for example. And the music! The great “Dark Night” and “Scows Full of Mullet” are from there. premiered October 6, 1943
WAIT FOR ME They say that many survived the war and did not go crazy, because they all the time repeated to themselves Simonov’s line “Wait for me and I will return...”. It also became the leitmotif of the script, which was written by Konstantin Simonov. This is not a film of propaganda, this is a film of hope. About a missing pilot and his wife waiting for him. About people who find themselves in a situation of complete uncertainty. premiered November 1, 1943
AT 6 O'clock EVENING AFTER THE WAR People parted and promised each other to continue their lives after the war. For example, that they will meet on the bridge at six o’clock in the evening and everything will be as before. And live this for five long years. The film was released before the victory, but in many ways predicted it. Spring Moscow and fireworks over the Kremlin, at least. premiered November 16, 1944
MODERN MOVIES BASED ON THE EVENTS OF WORLD WAR 2 The film is based on real events that took place at the height of the Great Patriotic War, in the years. The action takes place in a small town called Krasnodon. Here, brave young men and women create an underground anti-fascist organization to resist the occupiers. The Young Guard is headed by eighteen-year-old Viktor Tretyakevich. Under his leadership, teenagers create a series of sabotage: they rob an armory, disrupt the supply of food for the fascist rear, and drown mines. The Germans do not know who they are dealing with and cannot assume that all this is the work of teenagers. German Colonel Renatus must identify the saboteurs... Will the underground be able to resist the Nazis?
Slide 1
Art during the Great Patriotic War
The presentation was prepared by Olga Valerievna Uleva, teacher of history and social studies, Secondary School No. 1353
Slide 2
1. ON THE EVE OF WAR
The purposeful ideological and moral preparation of the USSR for the coming war against fascism became obvious already from the mid-1930s. Confirm this thesis with facts known to you.
1934 - history was restored as a compulsory academic discipline 1938 - “A Short Course in the History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)” justified the continuity of the Russian Empire and the USSR in confronting external enemies with the creation of patriotic films and films about the revolution
"Alexander Nevskiy". Dir. S. Eisenstein. Music From Prokofiev. 1938
"Peter I". Dir. V.Petrov. 1940 In the role of Peter I N. Simonov.
"Man with a Gun" Dir. S. Yutkevich. 1937
"Lenin in October". Dir. M. Romm. 1937
Slide 3
military-patriotic education of youth (GTO, OSOVIAKHIM, DOSAAF, Voroshilov shooter) the prestige of military professions is extremely high until 1939 in the USSR there was no universal military service, selection for the army, air force and navy was very strict (education, general health, initial military service were taken into account Preparation)
And on enemy soil we will defeat the enemy with little blood, with a mighty blow!
Slide 4
2. SOVIET CULTURE TO THE FRONT
The best cultural achievements are associated with those types of creativity that could quickly become available to a mass audience (posters, films, songs, military journalism)
“The Motherland is calling!” Hood. I. Toidze. 1941
HOLY WAR Composer: A. Alexandrov Lyrics: V. Lebedev-Kumach Get up, huge country, Get up for mortal combat With the dark fascist force, With the damned horde. Chorus: Let noble rage boil like a wave, - There is a people's war, a Holy War!
Slide 5
LITERATURE, PUBLISHING, WAR CORRESPONDENTS
Alexander Tvardovsky
Slide 6
Slide 7
FRONT BRIGADES, MUSIC, THEATER, CINEMA.
Speech by Klavdia Shulzhenko before the soldiers of the N-unit. Leningrad Front. 1941
Speech by Lydia Ruslanova at the walls of the defeated Reichstag. Berlin. 1945 In 1948, L. Ruslanova was arrested and remained in prison until 1953.
Slide 8
Film "Two Fighters". Dir. L. Lukov. 1943 In the role of Arkady Dzyubin, Mark Bernes.
SONGS OF THE WAR YEARS: “In the forest near the front” “Nightingales” “Roads” “In the dugout” “Dark night” “Katyusha”
Slide 9
Film "A guy from our city." Dir. A. Stolper. 1942 Starring N. Kryuchkov, L. Smirnova.
Film "Ivan the Terrible". Dir. S. Eisenstein. 1944 Starring N. Cherkasov.
Slide 10
SOVIET CULTURE TO THE FRONT
Dmitry Shostakovich. The Seventh Symphony, which D. D. Shostakovich wrote in the besieged city in 1941, became a symbol of the invincible spirit of Leningraders. The symphony was performed in besieged and starving Leningrad on August 9, 1942.
Slide 11
June 22, 1941. Soviet people listen to a government announcement about the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.
Slide 12
Olga Berggolts. During the Great Patriotic War, while remaining in besieged Leningrad, she worked on the radio, almost daily appealing to the courage of the city residents.
Slide 13
4. DESTRUCTION OF CULTURAL VALUES BY THE FASCISTS
Peterhof. The Grand Palace and the Grand Cascade, destroyed by the Nazis.
The state register of cultural property lost during the Great Patriotic War on the territory of the USSR includes 1,670 destroyed Orthodox churches and monasteries, 427 museums, 180 million volumes of books, and numerous archives. In total, about 565 thousand works of art were lost.
Slide 14
5. AUTHORITY AND THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH
since 1925 (after the death of Patriarch Tikhon), the election of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church was not carried out) in the 1930s. the government conducted active and aggressive anti-religious propaganda (temples were destroyed, priests and believers were killed) by 1941, the number of people repressed for their faith reached 350 thousand people. According to the 1937 census, more than 50% of the population of the USSR remained believers
Twelfth Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Sergius (1943-1944). In 1943, the patriarchate was restored, churches and monasteries were partially returned to the church.
Concessions to power were limited and forced, but church life in the 1940s. noticeably perked up.
Slide 17
7. “FOREVER NINETEEN”
Among front-line soldiers born in 1922, 1923 and 1924, three percent returned from the war (only three out of a hundred people).
Pavel Kogan
Mikhail Kulchitsky
Slide 1
Painting of the Great Patriotic War
I wrote my version in k I wrote my version in comments
Slide 2
In the early morning of June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany treacherously attacked the Soviet Union. Mortal danger looms over our homeland. At the call of the party, the entire people rose up to fight the enemy. “Everything for the front, everything for victory” - these words became the motto of the life and work of Soviet people.
Slide 3
Soviet artists also felt mobilized and called upon to serve the people with their art, so from the first days of the war they were together with the defenders of the Motherland.
Slide 4
“The Motherland is calling!” - a famous poster from the Great Patriotic War, created by artist Irakli Toidze at the end of June 1941.
The image of the “Motherland” later became one of the most widespread images of Soviet propaganda. There are numerous interpretations of the image and parodies of this poster in fine art, sculpture, and folk art.
Slide 5
Battle of Stalingrad
In 1942, the fate of the entire civilized world was decided at the walls of Stalingrad. The greatest battle in the history of wars unfolded between the Volga and Don rivers. On July 12, 1942, the Stalingrad Front was formed, and the day of July 17 went down in history as the beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad. The significance of the Battle of Stalingrad, its influence on the course of not only the Great Patriotic War, but also the Second World War as a whole, is invaluable. In its scale and ferocity, it surpassed all past battles: more than two million people fought on an area of almost one hundred thousand square kilometers.
Slide 6
Wounded Wehrmacht soldiers in a trench are depicted in the painting “Memories of Stalingrad” by the German artist Franz Eichhorst.
Slide 7
“The Stalingrad Madonna” was written by the German military doctor Kurt Reiber on Christmas night from December 24 to 25, 1942 on a piece of a Soviet geographical map. By this time, the Nazi troops under the command of General Paulus were already completely surrounded in the Stalingrad “cauldron” by units of the Red Army and suffered heavy losses, aggravated by the harsh winter conditions.
The sheet depicts a seated woman hugging and covering the baby Jesus Christ with her wide robe. The mother's head is tilted towards the baby's head, her eyes are closed. The right hand of the Virgin Mary presses the baby to her chest in a protective gesture, the left hand is hidden by a scarf. Around the figures there are inscriptions in German: “Licht. Leben. Liebe. Weihnachten im Kessel. Festung Stalingrad" - "Light. Life. Love. Christmas in a cauldron. Stalingrad Fortress"
Slide 8
Front-line drawings can tell about the war what is not written in orders and reports. Full of sincere feelings and observation, the works of military artists are quite comparable to the best literary essays of front-line writers and correspondents who recorded their first, most vivid impressions. Sketches made during breaks between battles were published in army newspapers and sent home, where they were carefully kept in family albums as the most expensive relics. Today they provide a glimpse into the spiritual world of the defenders of Stalingrad.
Slide 9
A survey conducted on the most popular network showed the preferences of 70 people
