Marina Tsvetaeva Life and work of the poet

Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva (September 26 (October 8) 1892, Moscow, Russian Empire - August 31, 1941, Elabuga, USSR) - Russian poetess, prose writer, translator, one of the largest Russian poets of the 20th century.

Marina Tsvetaeva was born on September 26 (October 8), 1892 in Moscow, on the day when the Orthodox Church celebrates the memory of the Evangelist John the Theologian. This coincidence is reflected in several of the poet’s poems. The rowan tree lit up with a red brush. Leaves fell, I was born. Hundreds of Bells argued. The day was Saturday: John the Theologian.

Her father, Ivan Vladimirovich, is a professor at Moscow University, a famous philologist and art critic; later became director of the Rumyantsev Museum and founder of the Museum of Fine Arts.

Mother, Maria Alexandrovna Main (by origin - from a Russified Polish-German family), was a pianist, a student of Anton Rubinstein. Her mother had a huge influence on Marina and on the formation of her character. She dreamed of seeing her daughter become a musician.

After her mother's death from consumption in 1906, Marina and her sister Anastasia were left in the care of their father. Anastasia (left) and Marina Tsvetaeva. Yalta, 1905. ...The azure island of childhood is becoming paler, We are standing alone on the deck. Apparently, you left sadness as a legacy, oh mother, to your girls!

Tsvetaeva's childhood years were spent in Moscow and Tarusa. Due to her mother's illness, she lived for long periods in Italy, Switzerland and Germany. “House of Tjo” was purchased in 1899 by M. Tsvetaeva’s maternal grandfather A.D. Maine. After his death, his second wife, whom the young Marina and Asya nicknamed “Tyo,” lived in the house for the last 20 years of her life. Tyo from “aunt”, since it was not her own grandmother who told her to call her aunt. The nickname "Tyo" also passed on to the house. Marina and Anastasia Tsvetaev lived in this house during their winter visits to Tarusa in 1907-1910.

Marina Ivanovna received her primary education in Moscow, at the private women's gymnasium M. T. Bryukhonenko. She continued it in boarding houses in Lausanne (Switzerland) and Freiburg (Germany). At the age of sixteen, she took a trip to Paris to attend a short course of lectures on Old French literature at the Sorbonne.

In 1910, Marina published (in the printing house of A. A. Levenson) with her own money the first collection of poems - “Evening Album”. (The collection is dedicated to the memory of Maria Bashkirtseva, which emphasizes its “diary” orientation). “This book is not only a sweet book of girlish confessions, but also a book of beautiful poems” N. Gumilyov

The “Evening Album” was followed two years later by a second collection, “The Magic Lantern.” Tsvetaeva's early work was significantly influenced by Nikolai Nekrasov, Valery Bryusov and Maximilian Voloshin (the poetess stayed at Voloshin's house in Koktebel in 1911, 1913, 1915 and 1917). In 1913, the third collection, “From Two Books,” was published.

I defiantly wear his ring Yes, a wife in eternity, not on paper! - His excessively narrow face Like a sword... His mouth is silent, downward-angled, His eyebrows are painfully magnificent. In his face two ancient bloods tragically merged... In his face I am faithful to chivalry, To all those who lived and died without fear! - Such - in fatal times - They compose stanzas - and go to the chopping block. June 3, 1914 In 1911, Tsvetaeva met her future husband Sergei Efron.

On January 27, 1912, the wedding of Marina Tsvetaeva and Sergei Efron took place. In the same year, Marina and Sergei had a daughter, Ariadna (Alya).

In the summer of 1916, Tsvetaeva arrived in the city of Alexandrov, where her sister Anastasia Tsvetaeva lived with her common-law husband Mavrikiy Mints and son Andrei. In Alexandrov, Tsvetaeva wrote a series of poems (“To Akhmatova,” “Poems about Moscow,” and other poems), and literary scholars later called her stay in the city “Marina Tsvetaeva’s Alexandrov Summer.” The Tsvetaeva sisters with children, S. Efron, M. Mints (standing on the right). Alexandrov, 1916

In 1914, Marina met the poetess and translator Sofia Parnok; their romantic relationship continued until 1916. Tsvetaeva dedicated the cycle of poems “Girlfriend” to Parnok. Tsvetaeva described her relationship with Parnok as “the first disaster in her life.”

In 1917, Tsvetaeva gave birth to a daughter, Irina, who died of starvation in an orphanage in Kuntsevo (then in the Moscow region) at the age of 3 years. Ariadne (left) and Irina Efron. 1919 The years of the Civil War turned out to be very difficult for Tsvetaeva. Sergei Efron served in the White Army. Marina lived in Moscow, on Borisoglebsky Lane. During these years, the cycle of poems “Swan Camp” appeared, imbued with sympathy for the white movement. House in Borisoglebsky Lane, 6, in which M. Tsvetaeva lived from 1914 to 1922

In May 1922, Tsvetaeva and her daughter Ariadna were allowed to go abroad to join her husband, who, having survived the defeat of Denikin as a white officer, had now become a student at the University of Prague. At first, Tsvetaeva and her daughter lived for a short time in Berlin, then for three years on the outskirts of Prague. Marina Tsvetaeva in 1924 Homesickness! A long-debunked problem! I don’t care at all - Where to be completely alone, over what stones to walk home with a market purse To a house that doesn’t know what is mine, Like a hospital or a barracks... 1934

In 1925, after the birth of their son George, the family moved to Paris. Moore (Georgy Sergeevich Efron), son of Marina Tsvetaeva. Paris, 1930s. M.I. Tsvetaeva with her husband and children, 1925

Most of what Tsvetaeva created in exile remained unpublished. In 1928, the poetess’s last lifetime collection, “After Russia,” was published in Paris, which included poems from 1922-1925. Later, Tsvetaeva writes about it this way: “My failure in emigration is that I am not an emigrant, that I am in spirit, that is, in air and in scope - there, there, from there...”.

On March 15, 1937, Ariadna left for Moscow, the first in her family to have the opportunity to return to her homeland. On October 10 of the same year, Efron fled from France, having become involved in a contracted political murder. In 1939, Tsvetaeva returned to the USSR following her husband and daughter. Upon arrival, she lived at the NKVD dacha in Bolshevo (now the Museum-Apartment of M. I. Tsvetaeva in Bolshevo). M.I. Tsvetaeva, France, 1939. Passport photo before returning to her homeland Tsvetaeva House-Museum in Bolshevo, city of Korolev

On August 27, daughter Ariadne was arrested, and on October 10, Efron. In August 1941, Sergei Yakovlevich was shot; Ariadne was rehabilitated in 1955 after fifteen years of repression. During this period, Tsvetaeva practically did not write poetry, doing translations. Sergei Efron with his daughter Ariadna (Alya), 1930s

On August 31, 1941, Marina Tsvetaeva committed suicide by hanging herself in the house where she and her son were assigned to stay. She left three suicide notes: to those who would bury her (the evacuees, Aseev and her son). The house where M.I. committed suicide. Tsvetaeva Posthumous note to her son

Marina Tsvetaeva was buried on September 2, 1941 at the Peter and Paul Cemetery in Elabuga. The exact location of her grave is unknown. On the high bank of the Oka, in her beloved city of Tarusa, according to Tsvetaeva’s will, a stone (Tarusa dolomite) was installed with the inscription “Marina Tsvetaeva would like to lie here.”

Thank you for your attention!

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LIFE AND WORK OF MARINA TSVETAEVA

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Marina Tsvetaeva
Born on September 26, 1892 in Moscow. Father Ivan Vladimirovich is a professor at Moscow University. Mother Maria Aleksandrovna Main is a passionate musician. Passion for poetry comes from her mother.

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Parents
Passion for work and for nature - from both parents. Her father is a professor. He introduced Marina to the history and culture of Hellas, with its myths and legends. Christian mythology and the art associated with it also had a significant influence on the formation of Tsvetaeva’s spirituality.

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Childhood
Despite her spiritually close relationship with her mother, Tsvetaeva felt lonely and alienated in her parents’ home. She deliberately closed her inner world both from her sister Asya and from her half-brother and sister - Andrei and Valeria. Even with Maria Alexandrovna there was no complete understanding. Young Marina lived in a world of read books and sublime romantic images. The family spent the winter season in Moscow, the summer in the city of Tarusa, Kaluga province. The Tsvetaevs also traveled abroad. In 1903, Tsvetaeva studied at a French boarding school in Lausanne (Switzerland), in the fall of 1904 - spring of 1905 she studied with her sister at a German boarding school in Freiburg (Germany), in the summer of 1909 she went alone to Paris, where she attended a course in ancient French literature at the Sorbonne.

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Tsvetaeva's childhood years were spent in Moscow and at her dacha in Tarusa. Having begun her education in Moscow, she continued it in boarding houses in Lausanne and Fleiburg. At the age of sixteen, she made an independent trip to Paris to take a short course in the history of Old French literature at the Sorbonne. She began writing poetry at the age of six (not only in Russian, but also in French and German), publishing at sixteen, and two years later, secretly from her family, she released the collection “Evening Album,” which was noticed and approved by such discerning critics as like V. Bryusov, N. Gumilyov and M. Voloshin. From the first meeting with Voloshin and a conversation about poetry, their friendship began, despite the significant difference in age. She visited Voloshin many times in Koktebel. Collections of her poems followed one after another, invariably attracting attention with their creative originality and originality. She did not join any of the literary movements.

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The years of the First World War, revolution and civil war were a time of rapid creative growth for Tsvetaeva. She lived in Moscow, wrote a lot, but almost never published. She did not accept the October Revolution, seeing in it an uprising of “satanic forces.” In the literary world, M. Tsvetaeva still stood apart. In May 1922, she and her daughter Ariadne were allowed to go abroad to join her husband, who, having survived the defeat of Denikin as a white officer, had now become a student at the University of Prague. First, Tsvetaeva and her daughter lived for a short time in Berlin, then for three years on the outskirts of Prague, and in November 1925, after the birth of their son, the family moved to Paris. Life was an emigrant, difficult, poor. It was beyond our means to live in the capitals; we had to settle in the suburbs or nearby villages.

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In 1912 she married Sergei Efron, who became not only her husband, but also her closest friend. Tsvetaeva’s creative energy, no matter what, did not weaken: in 1923 in Berlin, the Helikon publishing house published the book “The Craft,” which was highly praised by critics. In 1924, during the Prague period, he wrote the poems “Poem of the Mountain” and “Poem of the End”. In 1926 he completed the poem “The Pied Piper,” which he began in the Czech Republic, and worked on the poems “From the Sea,” “The Poem of the Stairs,” “The Poem of the Air,” and others.

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CHILDREN
In January 1912, the wedding of Tsvetaeva and Sergei Efron took place. On September 5 (old style), their daughter Ariadne (Alya) was born. On April 13, 1917, the second daughter, Irina, was born. At the beginning of the winter of 1919-1920, Tsvetaeva sent her daughters to an orphanage in Kuntsevo. Soon she learned about the serious condition of her daughters and took home the eldest, Alya, to whom she was attached as a friend and whom she loved frantically. Tsvetaeva’s choice was explained both by the inability to feed both of them, and by her indifferent attitude towards Irina. At the beginning of February 1920, Irina died. Her death is reflected in the poem Two Hands, Easily Lowered... (1920) and in the lyrical cycle Separation (1921).

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On July 11, 1921, she received a letter from her husband, who had evacuated with the remnants of the Volunteer Army from Crimea to Constantinople. Soon he moved to the Czech Republic, to Prague. After several grueling attempts, Tsvetaeva received permission to leave Soviet Russia and on May 11, 1922, together with her daughter Alya, left her homeland. On May 15, 1922, Marina Ivanovna and Alya arrived in Berlin. Tsvetaeva remained there until the end of July, where she became friends with the symbolist writer Andrei Bely, who temporarily lived here.

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Creation
If you tremble, the mountains will be lifted off your shoulders, and your soul will be a mountain. Let me sing about grief: About my grief.<..>Oh, it’s far from being an ordinary Paradise - it’s draughty! The mountain was throwing us down, pulling us down: lie down!
Tsvetaeva's works appeared in print in 1910, when she published her first book of poetry, Evening Album, at her own expense. Ignoring the accepted rules of literary behavior, Tsvetaeva resolutely demonstrated her own independence and unwillingness to conform to the social role of a “writer.” She saw writing poetry not as a professional activity, but as a private matter and direct self-expression. The poems of the Evening Album were distinguished by their “homely” quality; they varied such motifs as the awakening of a young girl’s soul, the happiness of a trusting relationship connecting the lyrical heroine and her mother, the joys of impressions from the natural world, first love, and friendship with fellow high school students. The Love section consisted of poems addressed to V.O. Nylender, with whom Tsvetaeva was then passionate. The poems combined themes and moods inherent in children's poetry with virtuoso poetic technique.

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In 1918, Marina Tsvetaeva wrote the cycle of poems “The Comedian” and the plays “Knave of Hearts” and “Blizzard”. In 1919, Marina Tsvetaeva wrote a cycle of poems “Poems to Sonechka” and plays “Fortune”, “Stone Angel”, “Adventure”, “Phoenix”. In 1920, Marina Tsvetaeva wrote the poem "The Tsar Maiden". In 1921, a collection of poems "Versts" was published. Marina Tsvetaeva writes the poems “On a Red Horse” (dedicated to Anna Akhmatova), “Egorushka” (continued in 1928, unfinished) and cycles of poems “Apprentice”, “Separation” and “Good News”. In 1922, Marina Tsvetaeva wrote the poem “Well done” (dedicated to Boris Pasternak) and the cycles of poems “Drifts” (dedicated to Ehrenburg), and “Trees” (dedicated to Anna Teskova). In 1922, Marina Tsvetaeva and K.B. met. (Konstantin Boleslavovich Rodzevich), the break with whom in 1923 served as the basis for writing “Poem of the Mountain”, “Poem of the End” and the poem “An Attempt of Jealousy”.

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Return to the USSR
Tsvetaeva had a serious conflict with her daughter, who insisted, following her father, on leaving for the USSR; the daughter left her mother's house. In September 1937, Sergei Efron was involved in the murder by Soviet agents of I. Reiss, also a former agent of the Soviet secret services, who tried to leave the game. (Tsvetaeva was not aware of her husband’s role in these events). Soon Efron was forced to hide and flee to the USSR. Following him, his daughter Ariadne returned to her homeland. Tsvetaeva remained in Paris alone with her son, but Moore also wanted to go to the USSR. There was no money for the life and education of her son, Europe was threatened by war, and Tsvetaeva was afraid for Moore, who was already almost an adult. She also feared for her husband’s fate in the USSR. Her duty and desire was to unite with her husband and daughter. On June 12, 1939, on a ship from the French city of Le Havre, Tsvetaeva and Moore sailed to the USSR, and on June 18 they returned to their homeland.

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Shortly after the start of the Great Patriotic War, on August 8, 1941, Tsvetaeva and her son were evacuated from Moscow and ended up in the small town of Elabuga. There was no work in Yelabuga. From the leadership of the Writers' Union, evacuated to the neighboring city of Chistopol, Tsvetaeva asked permission to settle in Chistopol and a position as a dishwasher in the writers' canteen. Permission was given, but there was no space in the canteen, since it had not yet opened. After returning to Yelabuga, Tsvetaeva had a quarrel with her son, who, apparently, reproached her for their difficult situation. The next day, August 31, 1941, Tsvetaeva hanged herself.
The exact location of her burial is unknown.

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Tarusa Museum of the Tsvetaev Family
A special memorable place associated with the name of Marina Tsvetaeva is the Tarusa Museum of the Tsvetaev Family, the second branch of KOKM in Tarusa. It was opened on October 4, 1992, on the eve of the poetess's 100th birthday. The museum is located in the restored so-called “Tjo House”. The house was bought in 1899 by M. Tsvetaeva’s maternal grandfather, Alexander Danilovich Main.
“I would like to lie in the Tarusa Khlystov cemetery, under an elderberry bush, in one of those graves with a silver dove, where the reddest and largest strawberries in those places grow. But if this is impossible, if not only I don’t lie there, but also the cemetery that one is no longer there, I would like a stone from the Tarusa quarry to be placed on one of those hills that the Kirillovnas used to come to us in Pesochnoye, and we to them in Tarusa: Marina Tsvetaeva would like to lie here.” Paris, May 1934

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Literature
Marina Tsvetaeva “Poetry and Prose” Moscow Eksmo 2002 www.tsvetayeva.com vvv.srcc.msu.su/asa/lit/mc.html cvetaeva.ouc.ru
The digital educational resource was created by Evgenia Leonidovna Shaulskaya, a teacher of Russian language and literature at the Zheltinskaya secondary school in the Agapovsky district of the Chelyabinsk region.

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Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva 09/26/1892 – 08/31/1941 Russian poetess, novelist, translator

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Marina Tsvetaeva was born in Moscow. Father, Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev, a classical philologist, professor, headed the department of history and theory of art at Moscow University, and was the curator of the department of fine arts and classical antiquities at the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums. In 1912, on his initiative, the Alexander III Museum was opened in Moscow (now the A.S. Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts). In the 1930s, she dedicated several memoir essays to her father. Mother, Maria Aleksandrovna Tsvetaeva (née Main) was a pianist, a student of Nikolai Rubinstein. As a child, due to her mother’s illness (consumption), Tsvetaeva lived for a long time in Italy, Switzerland, and Germany; she was fluent in French and German.

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At a young age, at the insistence of her mother, Marina Tsvetaeva attended music school and took music lessons at home. In 1903, she studied at a French boarding school in Lausanne (Switzerland), in the fall of 1904 - in the spring of 1905 she studied with her sister Anastasia at a German boarding school in Freiburg (Germany), in the summer of 1909 she went alone to Paris, where she attended a course in ancient French literature at the Sorbonne . Tsvetaeva began writing poetry at the age of six. In 1906 - 1907 she wrote the story The Fourth, and in 1906 she translated into Russian the drama of the French writer E. Rostand The Eaglet. In literature, the works of A.S. Pushkin were especially dear to her.

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In 1910, Marina published her first collection of poems, “Evening Album,” with her own money. Her work attracted the attention of famous poets - Valery Bryusov, Maximilian Voloshin and Nikolai Gumilyov. In the same year, Tsvetaeva wrote her first critical article, “Magic in Bryusov’s Poems.” “Evening Album” was followed two years later by a second collection, “The Magic Lantern.” The beginning of Tsvetaeva’s creative activity is associated with the circle of Moscow symbolists. After meeting Bryusov and the poet Ellis (real name Lev Kobylinsky), Tsvetaeva participated in the activities of circles and studios at the Musaget publishing house.

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In 1911, Marina Tsvetaeva met her future husband Sergei Efron (Russian publicist, writer, White Army officer, NKVD agent), and in January 1912 she married him. In the same year, Marina and Sergei had a daughter, Ariadna (Alya). She was a worthy daughter to her mother. At the age of seven she wrote poetry, drew, corresponded with Anna Akhmatova, Voloshin... “Alya... Both similar to me and unlike me. Similar in passion for the word, life in it...unlike in the harmony, even idyllicity of the whole being.”

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In 1913, the third collection, “From Two Books,” was published. The cycle of poems “Girlfriend,” dedicated to Sofya Parnok, was published in 1916. It is worth noting that Tsvetaeva wrote a lot, devoting several hours to creativity every day. In 1917, Marina Tsvetaeva gave birth to a daughter, Irina, who died of starvation in an orphanage in Kuntsevo at the age of 3 years. Her death is reflected in the poem “Two hands, easily lowered...” The years of the Civil War turned out to be very difficult for Tsvetaeva. Sergei Efron served in the White Army. Marina lived in Moscow, on Borisoglebsky Lane. During these years, the cycle of poems “Swan Camp” appeared, imbued with sympathy for the white movement. In 1918 - 1919, Tsvetaeva wrote romantic plays; The poems “Egorushka”, “The Tsar Maiden”, “On a Red Horse” were created.

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In May 1922, Tsvetaeva and her daughter Ariadna were allowed to go abroad to join her husband, who, having survived the defeat of Denikin as a white officer, had now become a student at the University of Prague. At first, Tsvetaeva and her daughter lived for a short time in Berlin, then for three years on the outskirts of Prague. The famous “Poem of the Mountain” and “Poem of the End”, dedicated to Konstantin Rodzevich, were written in the Czech Republic. In 1925, after the birth of their son George, the family moved to Paris. Most of Tsvetaeva's poems remained unpublished in exile. In 1928, the poetess’s last lifetime collection, “After Russia,” was published in Paris, which included poems by Marina Tsvetaeva from 1922 to 1925.

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Unlike poetry, her prose enjoyed success in emigration. At this time, “My Pushkin” 1937, “Mother and Music” 1935, “House at Old Pimen” 1934, “The Tale of Sonechka” 1938, memoirs of Maximilian Voloshin “Living about the Living”, 1933, Mikhail Kuzmin “ Unearthly Evening”, 1936, Andrei Bel “Captive Spirit”, 1934, etc. Since the 1930s, Tsvetaeva and her family lived in almost poverty. On March 15, 1937, Ariadna left for Moscow, the first in her family to have the opportunity to return to her homeland. On October 10 of the same year, Efron fled from France, having become involved in a contracted political murder.

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On June 18, 1939, Tsvetaeva and her son returned to the USSR and lived at the NKVD dacha in Bolshevo. On August 27, daughter Ariadne was arrested, and on October 10, Efron. On October 16, 1941, Sergei Yakovlevich was shot at Lubyanka; Ariadne was rehabilitated in 1955 after fifteen years of repression. During this period, Tsvetaeva practically did not write poetry, doing translations. The collection of Tsvetaeva’s poems prepared in 1940 was not published. There was a catastrophic lack of money. After the start of the Great Patriotic War, on August 8, 1941, Tsvetaeva and her son were evacuated from Moscow and ended up in Yelabuga.

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In Chistopol, where mostly evacuated writers were located, Tsvetaeva received consent to register and left a statement: “To the council of the Literary Fund. I ask you to hire me as a dishwasher in the Literary Fund's opening canteen. August 26, 1941." On August 28, she returned to Yelabuga with the intention of moving to Chistopol. On August 31, 1941, she committed suicide (hanged herself) in the Brodelnikovs’ house, where she and her son were assigned to stay. She left three suicide notes: to those who would bury her (the evacuees, Aseev and her son). The original note to the “evacuees” was not preserved (it was seized as evidence by the police and lost).

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In 1970, a granite tombstone was built at this site. Since the beginning of the 2000s, the location of the granite tombstone, framed by tiles and hanging chains, has been called “the official grave of M. I. Tsvetaeva” by decision of the Writers’ Union of Tatarstan. Marina Tsvetaeva was buried on September 2, 1941 at the Peter and Paul Cemetery in Elabuga. The exact location of her grave is unknown. On the southern side of the cemetery, near the stone wall, in 1960, the poetess’s sister, Anastasia Tsvetaeva, “between four unknown graves of 1941” erected a cross with the inscription “Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva is buried on this side of the cemetery.”

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“Marina Tsvetaeva House-Museum” is located in Moscow, on Borisoglebsky Lane, in the city center. The museum was opened in 1992 thanks to public organizations and individuals, especially the scientist Likhachev. The museum exposition tells about the life of the poetess and her family.

Marina Tsvetaeva was born on September 26 (October 8), 1892 in Moscow, on the day when the Orthodox Church celebrates the memory of the Evangelist John the Theologian. This coincidence is reflected in several of the poet’s poems. The rowan tree lit up with a red brush. Leaves fell, I was born. Hundreds of Bells argued. The day was Saturday: John the Theologian.

After her mother's death from consumption in 1906, Marina and her sister Anastasia were left in the care of their father. Anastasia (left) and Marina Tsvetaeva. Yalta, ...The azure island of childhood is becoming paler, We are standing alone on the deck. Apparently, you left sadness as a legacy, oh mother, to your girls!

Tsvetaeva's childhood years were spent in Moscow and Tarusa. Due to her mother's illness, she lived for long periods in Italy, Switzerland and Germany. “House of Tjo” was purchased in 1899 by M. Tsvetaeva’s maternal grandfather A.D. Maine. After his death, his second wife, whom the young Marina and Asya nicknamed “Tyo,” lived in the house for the last 20 years of her life. Tyo from “aunt”, since it was not her own grandmother who told her to call her aunt. The nickname “Tyo” also transferred to the house. Marina and Anastasia Tsvetaeva lived in this house during their winter visits to Tarusa in the years.

Marina Ivanovna received her primary education in Moscow, at the private women's gymnasium M. T. Bryukhonenko. She continued it in boarding houses in Lausanne (Switzerland) and Freiburg (Germany). At the age of sixteen, she took a trip to Paris to attend a short course of lectures on Old French literature at the Sorbonne.

In 1910, Marina published (in the printing house of A. A. Levenson) with her own money the first collection of poems, “Evening Album.” (The collection is dedicated to the memory of Maria Bashkirtseva, which emphasizes its “diary” orientation). “This book is not only a cute book of girlish confessions, but also a book of beautiful poems” N. Gumilyov N. Gumilyov

The Evening Album was followed two years later by a second collection, The Magic Lantern. Tsvetaeva's early work was significantly influenced by Nikolai Nekrasov, Valery Bryusov and Maximilian Voloshin (the poetess stayed at Voloshin's house in Koktebel in 1911, 1913, 1915 and 1917). In 1913, the third collection “From Two Books” was published.

I defiantly wear his ring Yes, a wife in eternity, not on paper! - His excessively narrow face is like a sword... His mouth is silent, with corners down, His eyebrows are painfully magnificent. In his face two ancient bloods tragically merged... In his face I am faithful to chivalry, To all those who lived and died without fear! - Such - in fatal times - They compose stanzas - and go to the chopping block. June 3, 1914 In 1911, Tsvetaeva met her future husband Sergei Efron.

In the summer of 1916, Tsvetaeva arrived in the city of Alexandrov, where her sister Anastasia Tsvetaeva lived with her common-law husband Mavrikiy Mints and son Andrei. In Alexandrov, Tsvetaeva wrote a series of poems (“To Akhmatova,” “Poems about Moscow,” and other poems), and literary scholars later called her stay in the city “Marina Tsvetaeva’s Alexandrov Summer.” The Tsvetaeva sisters with children, S. Efron, M. Mints (standing on the right). Alexandrov, 1916

In 1914, Marina met the poetess and translator Sofia Parnok; their romantic relationship continued until 1916. Tsvetaeva dedicated the cycle of poems “Girlfriend” to Parnok. Tsvetaeva described her relationship with Parnok as “the first disaster in her life.”

In 1917, Tsvetaeva gave birth to a daughter, Irina, who died of starvation in an orphanage in Kuntsevo (then in the Moscow region) at the age of 3 years. Ariadna (left) and Irina Efron year The years of the Civil War turned out to be very difficult for Tsvetaeva. Sergei Efron served in the White Army. Marina lived in Moscow, on Borisoglebsky Lane. During these years, the cycle of poems “Swan Camp” appeared, imbued with sympathy for the white movement. House in Borisoglebsky Lane, 6, in which M. Tsvetaeva lived from 1914 to 1922

In May 1922, Tsvetaeva and her daughter Ariadna were allowed to go abroad to join her husband, who, having survived the defeat of Denikin as a white officer, now became a student at the University of Prague. At first, Tsvetaeva and her daughter lived for a short time in Berlin, then for three years on the outskirts of Prague. Marina Tsvetaeva in 1924 Homesickness! A long-debunked problem! I don’t care at all - Where to be completely alone, over what stones to walk home with a market purse To a house that doesn’t know what is mine, Like a hospital or a barracks... 1934

Most of what Tsvetaeva created in exile remained unpublished. In 1928, the last lifetime collection of the poetess, “After Russia,” was published in Paris, which included poems from the years. Later, Tsvetaeva writes about it this way: “My failure in emigration is that I am not an emigrant, that I am in spirit, that is, in the air and in scope there, there, from there...”.

On March 15, 1937, Ariadna left for Moscow, the first in her family to have the opportunity to return to her homeland. On October 10 of the same year, Efron fled from France, having become involved in a contracted political murder. In 1939, Tsvetaeva returned to the USSR following her husband and daughter. Upon arrival, she lived at the NKVD dacha in Bolshevo (now the Museum-apartment of M.I. Tsvetaeva in Bolshevo). M.I. Tsvetaeva, France, 1939. Passport photo before returning to her homeland Tsvetaeva House-Museum in Bolshevo, city of Korolev

On August 27, daughter Ariadne was arrested, and on October 10, Efron. In August 1941, Sergei Yakovlevich was shot; Ariadne was rehabilitated in 1955 after fifteen years of repression. During this period, Tsvetaeva practically did not write poetry, doing translations. Sergei Efron with his daughter Ariadna (Alya), 1930s

On August 31, 1941, Marina Tsvetaeva committed suicide by hanging herself in the house where she and her son were assigned to stay. She left three suicide notes: to those who would bury her (the evacuees, Aseev and her son). The house where M.I. committed suicide. Tsvetaeva Posthumous note to her son

Marina Tsvetaeva was buried on September 2, 1941 at the Peter and Paul Cemetery in Elabuga. The exact location of her grave is unknown. On the high bank of the Oka, in her beloved city of Tarusa, according to Tsvetaeva’s will, a stone (Tarusa dolomite) was installed with the inscription “Marina Tsvetaeva would like to lie here.”

Tsvetaeva Maria Ivanovna () It is impossible for me to do what I don’t want. Not doing what I want is a common condition.

Family of the poetess. Father - Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev, is a professor at Moscow University, a famous philologist and art critic. Mother - Maria Alexandrovna Main, a talented pianist, student of Nikolai Rubinstein. Sister - Anastasia Ivanovna Tsvetaeva, writer. There are references to Andrei Ivanovich and Valeria Ivanovna Tsvetaev - children from the first brother of Ivan Vladimirovich.

Childhood and youth Tsvetaeva's childhood years were spent in Moscow and Tarusa. Due to her mother's illness, she lived for a long time in Italy, Switzerland and Germany. She received her primary education in Moscow, at the private women's gymnasium M. T. Bryukhonenko; continued it in boarding houses in Lausanne (Switzerland) and Freiburg (Germany). At the age of sixteen, she took a trip to Paris to attend a short course of lectures on Old French literature at the Sorbonne. After the death of their mother from consumption in 1906, the children remained in the care of their father, who introduced the children to classical domestic and foreign literature and art. Ivan Vladimirovich made sure that all children received a thorough education.

The beginning of creativity In 1910, Marina published (in the printing house of A. A. Levenson) with her own money the first collection of poems, “Evening Album,” which included mainly her school works. (The collection is dedicated to the memory of Maria Bashkirtseva) Her work attracted the attention of famous poets Valery Bryusov, Maximilian Voloshin and Nikolai Gumilyov. In the same year, Tsvetaeva wrote her first critical article, “Magic in Bryusov’s Poems.” The Evening Album was followed two years later by a second collection, The Magic Lantern.

In 1911, Tsvetaeva met her future husband, Sergei Efron; in January 1912 she married him. In September of the same year, Marina and Sergei had a daughter, Ariadna (Alya). In 1913, the third collection “From Two Books” was published. In the summer of 1916, Tsvetaeva arrived in the city of Alexandrov, where her sister Anastasia Tsvetaeva lived with her common-law husband Mavrikiy Mints and son Andrei. In Alexandrov, Tsvetaeva wrote a series of poems (“To Akhmatova,” “Poems about Moscow,” and others), and literary scholars later called her stay in the city “Marina Tsvetaeva’s Alexandrovsky Summer.”

Civil War and Emigration In 1917, Tsvetaeva gave birth to a daughter, Irina, who died at the age of 3. Sergei Efron served in the White Army. Marina lived in Moscow, on Borisoglebsky Lane. During these years, the cycle of poems “Swan Camp” appeared, imbued with sympathy for the white movement. In her years, Tsvetaeva writes romantic plays; The poems “Egorushka”, “The Tsar Maiden”, “On a Red Horse” were created. In May 1922, Tsvetaeva was allowed to go abroad with her daughter Ariadna to her husband, who, having survived the defeat of Denikin as a white officer, now became a student at the University of Prague. At first, Tsvetaeva and her daughter lived for a short time in Berlin, then for three years on the outskirts of Prague. In 1925, Marina and Sergei had a son, Georgy, whom everyone at home called Mur.

The famous “Poem of the Mountain” and “Poem of the End”, dedicated to Konstantin Rodzevich, were written in the Czech Republic. In 1925, after the birth of their son George, the family moved to Paris. In Paris, Tsvetaeva was greatly influenced by the atmosphere that developed around her due to her husband’s activities. Efron was accused of being recruited by the NKVD and participating in a conspiracy against Lev Sedov, Trotsky's son. In May 1926, on the initiative of Boris Pasternak, Tsvetaeva began corresponding with the Austrian poet Rainer Maria Rilke, who then lived in Switzerland. This correspondence ends at the end of the same year with the death of Rilke. Throughout the entire time spent in exile, Tsvetaeva’s correspondence with Boris Pasternak did not stop. Most of what Tsvetaeva created in exile remained unpublished.

Back to the USSR In 1939, Tsvetaeva and her son returned to the USSR, following her husband and daughter, and lived at the NKVD dacha in Bolshevo (now the Memorial House-Museum of M. I. Tsvetaeva in Bolshevo). On August 27, daughter Ariadne was arrested, and on October 10, Efron. On October 16, 1941, Sergei Yakovlevich was shot at Lubyanka; Ariadne was rehabilitated in 1955 after fifteen years of imprisonment and exile. During this period, Tsvetaeva practically did not write poetry, doing translations. The war found Tsvetaeva translating Federico Garcia Lorca. Work was interrupted. On August 8, Tsvetaeva and her son left by boat for evacuation; On the eighteenth she arrived together with several writers in the town of Elabuga on the Kama. In Chistopol, where mostly evacuated writers were located, Tsvetaeva received consent to register.

On August 31, 1941, she committed suicide (hanged herself) in the Brodelshchikovs’ house, where she and her son were assigned to stay. She left three suicide notes: Note to Aseev: Dear Nikolai Nikolaevich! Dear Sinyakov sisters! I beg you to take Moore to Chistopol, just take him as your son and let him study. I can’t do anything more for him and I’m only ruining him. I have 450 rubles in my bag. and if I try to sell all my things. The chest contains several handwritten books of poetry and a stack of printed prose. I entrust them to you. Take care of my dear Moore, he is in very fragile health. Love as your son deserves. And forgive me. I couldn't stand it. MC. Never leave him. I would be incredibly happy if I lived with you. When you leave, take it with you. Don't quit! Note to the “evacuees”: Dear comrades! Don't leave Moore. I beg those of you who can, to take him to Chistopol to N.N. Aseev. The ships are scary, I beg you not to send him alone. Help him fold and carry his luggage. In Chistopol I hope that my things will be sold. I want Moore to live and learn. He will disappear with me. Address Aseeva on the envelope. Don't bury him alive! Check it thoroughly. Note to Aseev: Dear Nikolai Nikolaevich! Dear Sinyakov sisters! I beg you to take Moore to Chistopol, just take him as your son and let him study. I can’t do anything more for him and I’m only ruining him. I have 450 rubles in my bag. and if I try to sell all my things. The chest contains several handwritten books of poetry and a stack of printed prose. I entrust them to you. Take care of my dear Moore, he is in very fragile health. Love as your son deserves. And forgive me. I couldn't stand it. MC. Never leave him. I would be incredibly happy if I lived with you. When you leave, take it with you. Don't quit! Note to the “evacuees”: Dear comrades! Don't leave Moore. I beg those of you who can, to take him to Chistopol to N.N. Aseev. The ships are scary, I beg you not to send him alone. Help him fold and carry his luggage. In Chistopol I hope that my things will be sold. I want Moore to live and learn. He will disappear with me. Address Aseeva on the envelope. Don't bury him alive! Check it thoroughly. Note to son: Purr! Forgive me, but things could get worse. I am seriously ill, this is no longer me. I love you madly. Understand that I could no longer live. Tell dad and Alya if you see that you loved them until the last minute and explain that you are in a dead end. Note to son: Purr! Forgive me, but things could get worse. I am seriously ill, this is no longer me. I love you madly. Understand that I could no longer live. Tell dad and Alya if you see that you loved them until the last minute and explain that you are in a dead end.