The so-called Group of Seven was formed in the 1970s. It is difficult to call it a full-fledged organization. It is rather a simple international forum. Nevertheless, the list of which is given in this article, have an impact on the global political arena.
Briefly about the G7
"Big Seven", "Group of Seven" or simply G7 - in the world this club of leading states is called differently. It is a mistake to call this forum an international organization, since this community does not have its own charter and secretariat. And the decisions taken by the G7 are not binding.
Initially, the G7 abbreviation included the decoding "Group of Seven" (in the original: Group of Seven). However, Russian journalists back in the early 1990s interpreted it as the Great Seven. After that, the term "Big Seven" was fixed in Russian journalism.
Our article lists all the countries of the "Big Seven" (the list is presented below), as well as their capitals.
The history of the formation of the international club
Initially, the "Group of Seven" had a G6 format (Canada joined the club a little later). The leaders of the six leading states of the planet first met in this format in November 1975. The meeting was initiated by French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. The main topics of that meeting were the problems of unemployment, inflation, and the global energy crisis.
In 1976, Canada joined the group, and in the 1990s, Russia also joined the G7, gradually transforming into
The idea of creating such a forum was in the air in the early 70s of the last century. The powers that be were prompted to such thoughts by the energy crisis, as well as the aggravation of relations between Europe and the United States. Since 1976, the G7 has been meeting annually.
The following section lists all of the G7 countries. The list includes the capitals of all these states. Representatives from each country are also listed (as of 2015).
"Big Seven" countries of the world (list)
What states are included today?
All G7 countries (list) and their capitals are listed below:
- USA, Washington (represented by Barack Obama).
- Canada, Ottawa (Justin Trudeau).
- Japan, Tokyo (Shinzo Abe).
- UK, London (David Cameron).
- Germany, Berlin (Angela Merkel).
- France Paris
- Italy, Rome (Mateo Renzi).
If you look at the political map, you can conclude that the countries included in the "Big Seven" are concentrated exclusively in the northern hemisphere of the planet. Four of them are in Europe, one - in Asia, two more states are located in America.
G7 summits
The G7 countries meet annually at their summits. Meetings are held in turn in the cities of each state from among the members of the "Group". This unspoken rule is still in effect today.
A number of well-known cities hosted the G7 summits: London, Tokyo, Bonn, St. Petersburg, Munich, Naples and others. Some of them managed to host the world's leading politicians twice or even thrice.
The topics of meetings and conferences of the "Group of Seven" are different. In the 1970s, the issues of inflation and unemployment were most often raised, the problem of the rapid rise in oil prices was discussed, and a dialogue was established between East and West. In the 1980s, the G7 became concerned about the problems of AIDS and the rapid growth of the world's population. In the early 1990s, the world experienced a lot of major geopolitical cataclysms (the collapse of the USSR and Yugoslavia, the formation of new states, etc.). Of course, all these processes have become the main topic for discussion at the G7 summits.
The new millennium posed new global problems: climate change, poverty, local military conflicts and others.
G7 and Russia
In the mid-1990s, Russia began to actively infiltrate the work of the G7. Already in 1997, the G7, in fact, changes its format and turns into the G8.
The Russian Federation remained a member of the elite international club until 2014. In June, the country even prepared to host the G8 summit in Sochi. However, the leaders of the other seven states refused to take part in it, and the summit was moved to Brussels. The reason for this was the conflict in Ukraine and the fact that the Crimean peninsula was annexed to the territory of the Russian Federation. The leaders of the United States, Canada, Germany and other G7 countries do not yet see an opportunity to return Russia to the G7.
Finally...
The countries of the G7 (the list of which is presented in this article) undoubtedly have a significant influence on the entire history of its existence, the G7 has held dozens of meetings and forums where pressing issues and global problems were discussed. The members of the G7 are the USA, Canada, Japan, the UK, Germany, France and Italy.
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Books
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- Strange theft, Blyton E .. The Secret Seven, as always, are ready to start a new investigation, but recently something has been unlucky for the guys - nothing unusual is happening in the vicinity. Atut, as luck would have it, Susie, ...
What is a ghost town? These are gloomy, abandoned dwellings, dark silhouettes of houses, blackening with empty window frames ... They resemble a skeleton decayed from time to time, frightening and terrifying. Abandoned streets have long been overgrown with grass and bushes, wild animals have found shelter in the destroyed houses. That and look, a zombie will break out from somewhere, eager to feast on your brains.
This is not a disaster movie, and not a horror movie, but a reality, and there are many such abandoned cities around the world. Want to feel like the last person on earth?
We present you the top 7 ghost towns.
1. Guakanjima (Gunkanjima) in Japan
This city died as suddenly as it appeared. It was founded due to the discovery of coal in 1810 on a lifeless reef, and for a century this island city flourished until a new resource came to replace the coal industry - oil. The irrelevance of coal mining destroyed the city in a matter of days. In 1974, all the inhabitants left Guacandjima, and the city itself turned into a ghost town - a cemetery of former prosperity and glory.
At the moment, it is forbidden to visit the city, but you can "admire" its landscapes in many films, including "Royal Battle".
2. Pripyat in Ukraine
For sure, this is one of the most infamous cities in the world - the eternal personification of what a man-made disaster can lead to, and a reminder of the nightmare of Chernobyl. After the tragedy at the nuclear power plant, which claimed the lives of many thousands of people, the city perished. The irony of fate - Pripyat was born thanks to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, and died because of it. A prosperous city in an instant turned into a ghost town and was not visited for a long time.
Now extreme lovers go to Pripyat for excursions. Those who do not want to risk their health can "walk around Pripyat" in the game "SLALKER". Game lovers, you are here http://avtomat-bez-registracii.com/, do not miss the opportunity to win even without registration.
3. Centralia in Pennsylvania
The city greets travelers with a promising sign: "Welcome to hell." Now this mining town really looks like hellish lands - the earth has been burning here for half a century. It all started with a fire at a landfill located in an open mine. Unsuccessful attempts to extinguish the fire led to the spread of fire to the rest of the coal mines, and everyone knows that coal burns well. The chain reaction led to the destruction of the city - it was no longer possible to extinguish the fire, and the inhabitants left it.
The history of Centerailia is taken as the basis of the famous film "Silent Hill".
4. Varosha (Famagusta) in Cyprus
Everything in the world is not forever, even a popular resort. Once Varosha was the richest and most popular tourist destination, where world celebrities loved to relax. But the Turkish invasion on July 20, 1974 led to the death of the famous resort. Cyprus was split into two parts, and Varosha ended up in that same buffer zone between two fires. People were evicted, and the Famagusta area itself was surrounded by barbed wire.
Varosha resort died. Five-star hotels fell into disrepair, luxurious villas took on a sad look, but all the things of the residents remained in place - people wanted to go back, but could not.
Now excursions are being led to the ghost town of Varosha.
5. Balestrino in Italy
This ghost town has a long and impressive history, but still died due to a series of large earthquakes and geological shifts. But it was built in the 11th century! Alas, in 1953, the inhabitants left it, and now Balestrino has become just a curious tourist attraction.
6. Katoli Peace in Taiwan
Not quite a city, but not just a park either, Catoli World was once the largest and most visited theme park. Alas, the 1999 earthquake completely destroyed it. Fortunately, it happened early in the morning, and only the rides were affected, not the people.
7. San Zhi in Taiwan
This is a rather curious ghost town. Unlike his other "brothers in misfortune", he was not destroyed by the elements or a man-made disaster - superstition was to blame.
San Zhi was supposed to become the best resort, a place of rest for the powerful. A lot of funds were allocated for its construction, because it was expected that it would become the most popular resort in the world ... It did, but it did not win the glory that the architects dreamed of.
After a series of accidents, rumors spread about the ghosts of workers and various mystical events in the region. San Zhi gained fame as a cursed city, and no one was eager to rest here. And again, they cannot demolish the city because of this superstitious fear of the dead.
These cities were not on the maps. Their residents signed non-disclosure agreements. Before you - the most secret cities of the USSR.
Under the heading "secret"
Soviet ZATOs received their status in connection with the placement there of objects of state importance related to the energy, military or space spheres. It was practically impossible for an ordinary citizen to get there, and not only because of the strictest access control, but also because of the secrecy of the location of the settlement. Residents of closed cities were ordered to keep their place of residence in strict secrecy, and even more so not to disclose information about secret objects.
Such cities were not on the map, they did not have a unique name and most often bore the name of the regional center with the addition of a number, for example, Krasnoyarsk-26 or Penza-19. Unusual in ZATO was the numbering of houses and schools. It began with a large number, continuing the numbering of the settlement to which the inhabitants of the secret city were "assigned".
The population of some ZATOs, due to the proximity of dangerous objects, was included in the risk group. There have also been disasters. Thus, a large leak of radioactive waste that occurred in 1957 in Chelyabinsk-65 endangered the lives of at least 270 thousand people.
However, living in a closed city had its advantages. As a rule, the level of amenities there was noticeably higher than in many cities of the country: this applies to the service sector, social conditions, and everyday life. Such cities were very well supplied, they could get scarce goods, and the crime rate there was practically reduced to zero. For the costs of "secrecy" in addition to the basic salary of the residents of ZATOs, an allowance was charged.
Zagorsk-6 and Zagorsk-7
Sergiev Posad, which until 1991 was called Zagorsk, is known not only for its unique monasteries and temples, but also for closed towns. The Virological Center of the Research Institute of Microbiology was located in Zagorsk-6, and the Central Institute of Physics and Technology of the USSR Ministry of Defense was located in Zagorsk-7.
Behind the official names, the essence is a little lost: in the first, in Soviet times, they were engaged in the development of bacteriological, and in the second, radioactive weapons.
Once in 1959, a group of guests from India brought smallpox to the USSR, and our scientists decided to use this fact for the good of their homeland. In a short time, a bacteriological weapon based on the variola virus was created, and its strain called "India-1" was placed in Zagorsk-6.
Later, endangering themselves and the population, research institute scientists developed deadly weapons based on South American and African viruses. By the way, it was here that tests were carried out with the Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus.
It was difficult to get a job in Zagorsk-6, at least in a “civilian” specialty - an impeccable purity of the biography of the applicant and his relatives was required almost up to the 7th generation. This is not surprising, since there have been many attempts to get at our bacteriological weapons.
The military stores of Zagorsk-7, which were easier to get to, always had a good selection of goods. Residents from neighboring villages noted the striking contrast with the half-empty shelves of local shops. Sometimes they made lists in order to centrally purchase products. But if officially it was not possible to get into the town, then they climbed over the fence.
The status of a closed city was removed from Zagorsk-7 on January 1, 2001, and Zagorsk-6 is closed to this day.
Arzamas-16
After the use of atomic weapons by the Americans, the question arose of the first Soviet atomic bomb. They decided to build a secret facility for its development called KB-11 on the site of the village of Sarov, which later turned into Arzamas-16 (other names are Kremlyov, Arzamas-75, Gorky-130).
The secret city, built on the border of the Gorky region and the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, was promptly placed on a heightened security regime and surrounded by two rows of barbed wire along the entire perimeter and a control strip laid between them. Until the mid-1950s, everyone lived here in an atmosphere of extreme secrecy. Employees of KB-11, including family members, could not leave the restricted area even during the holidays. An exception was made only for business trips.
Later, when the city grew, residents had the opportunity to travel to the regional center on a specialized bus, and also to host relatives after they received a special pass.
Residents of Arzamas-16, unlike many fellow citizens, learned what real socialism is.
The average salary, which was always paid on time, was about 200 rubles there. The shelves of shops in the closed city were bursting with abundance: a dozen varieties of sausages and cheeses, red and black caviar, and other delicacies. Residents of neighboring Gorky never dreamed of such a thing.
Now the Sarov nuclear center, the former Arzamas-16, is still a closed city.
Sverdlovsk-45
Another "born by order" city was built around plant No. 814, which was engaged in uranium enrichment. At the foot of Mount Shaitan, north of Sverdlovsk, prisoners of the Gulag and, according to some sources, Moscow students, have been working tirelessly for several years.
Sverdlovsk-45 was immediately conceived as a city, and therefore was built very compactly. It was distinguished by orderliness and characteristic "squareness" of buildings: it was impossible to get lost there. “Little Peter,” one of the guests of the city once put it, although to others his spiritual provinciality reminded patriarchal Moscow.
By Soviet standards, they lived very well in Svedlovsk-45, although it was inferior in terms of supply to the same Arzamas-16. There was never a crowd and a stream of cars, and the air was always clean. The inhabitants of the closed city constantly had conflicts with the population of the neighboring Lower Tura, who envied their well-being. It used to be that they would watch for the townspeople leaving through the watch and beat them, solely out of envy.
Interestingly, if one of the residents of Sverdlovsk-45 committed a crime, then there was no way back to the city for him, despite the fact that his family remained in it.
The secret objects of the city often attracted the attention of foreign intelligence. So, in 1960, an American U-2 spy plane was shot down near him, and its pilot was captured.
Svedlovsk-45, now Lesnoy, is now closed to casual visitors.
Peaceful
Mirny, at first a military town in the Arkhangelsk region, was transformed into a closed city in 1966 due to the nearby Plesetsk test cosmodrome. But the level of secrecy in Mirny turned out to be lower than in many other Soviet ZATOs: the city was not surrounded by barbed wire, and documents were checked only on access roads.
Due to relative accessibility, there were many cases when a lost mushroom picker or an illegal immigrant who entered the city for scarce goods suddenly appeared near secret objects. If no malicious intent was noticed in the actions of such people, they were quickly released.
Many residents of Mirny call the Soviet period nothing more than a fairy tale. “A sea of toys, beautiful clothes and shoes,” one of the residents of the city recalls her visits to the Children's World. During the Soviet era, Mirny gained the reputation of the “city of carriages”. The fact is that every summer graduates of military academies came there, and in order to cling to a prosperous place, they quickly got married and had children.
Mirny retains its status as a closed city even now.
