Russian scientists have removed the veil of the unknown, contributing to the evolution of scientific thought throughout the world. Many worked abroad in research institutions with a worldwide reputation. Our countrymen collaborated with many outstanding scientific minds. The discoveries became a catalyst for the development of technology and knowledge throughout the world, and many revolutionary ideas and discoveries in the world were created on the basis of the scientific achievements of famous Russian scientists.

World in the field of chemistry glorified our compatriots for centuries. made the most important discovery for the world of chemistry - he described the periodic law of chemical elements. The periodic table has gained recognition throughout the world over time and is now used in all corners of our planet.

Sikorsky can be called great in aviation. Aircraft designer Sikorsky is known for his developments in the creation of multi-engine aircraft. It was he who created the world's first aircraft with technical characteristics for vertical takeoff and landing - a helicopter.

Not only Russian scientists contributed to the aviation business. For example, the pilot Nesterov is considered the founder of aerobatics, in addition, he was the first to propose the use of runway lighting during night flights.

Famous Russian scientists were also in medicine: Pirogov, Mechnikov and others. Mechnikov developed the doctrine of phagocytosis (protective factors of the body). Surgeon Pirogov was the first to use anesthesia in the field to treat a patient and developed classical means of surgical treatment, which are still used today. And the contribution of the Russian scientist Botkin was that he was the first in Russia to conduct research on experimental therapy and pharmacology.

On the example of these three areas of science, we see that the discoveries of Russian scientists are used in all spheres of life. But this is only a small fraction of all that was discovered by Russian scientists. Our compatriots glorified their outstanding homeland in absolutely all scientific disciplines, from medicine and biology to developments in the field of space technology. Russian scientists left for us, their descendants, a huge treasure of scientific knowledge to provide us with colossal material for creating new great discoveries.

Alexander Ivanovich Oparin is a famous Russian biochemist, the author of the materialistic theory of the appearance of life on Earth.

Academician, Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize.

Childhood and youth

Curiosity, inquisitiveness and the desire to understand how, for example, a huge tree can grow from a tiny seed, manifested itself in the boy very early. Already in childhood, he was very interested in biology. He studied plant life not only from books, but also in practice.

The Oparin family moved from Uglich to a country house in the village of Kokaevo. The very first years of childhood passed there.

Yuri Kondratyuk (Alexander Ignatievich Shargei), one of the outstanding theorists of space flights.

In the 60s, he became world famous thanks to the scientific substantiation of the way spacecraft flew to the moon.

The trajectory calculated by him was called the “Kondratyuk route”. It was used by the American Apollo spacecraft to land a man on the lunar surface.

Childhood and youth

This one of the outstanding founders of astronautics was born in Poltava on June 9 (21), 1897. He spent his childhood in his grandmother's house. She was a midwife, and her husband was a zemstvo doctor and government official.

For some time he lived with his father in St. Petersburg, where from 1903 he studied at the gymnasium on Vasilyevsky Island. When his father died in 1910, the boy returned to his grandmother again.

Inventor of the telegraph. The name of the inventor of the telegraph is forever inscribed in history, since Schilling's invention made it possible to transmit information over long distances.

The apparatus made it possible to use radio and electrical signals that traveled through the wires. The need to transmit information has always existed, but in the 18-19 centuries. in the face of growing urbanization and the development of technology, data sharing has become relevant.

This problem was solved by the telegraph, the term from the ancient Greek language was translated as "to write far away."

Emily Khristianovich Lenz is a famous Russian scientist.

From the school bench, we are all familiar with the Joule-Lenz law, which establishes that the amount of heat released by the current in the conductor is proportional to the current strength and the resistance of the conductor.

Another well-known law is the "Lenz's rule", according to which the induction current always moves in the opposite direction to the action that generated it.

early years

The original name of the scientist is Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz. He was born in Dorpat (Tartu) and was a Baltic German by origin.

His brother Robert Khristianovich became a famous orientalist, and his son, also Robert, followed in his father's footsteps and became a physicist.

Trediakovsky Vasily is a man with a tragic fate. So it was fate that two nuggets lived in Russia at the same time - and Trediakovsky, but one will be treated kindly and remain in the memory of posterity, and the second will die in poverty, forgotten by everyone.

From schoolboy to philologist

In 1703, on March 5, Vasily Trediakovsky was born. He grew up in Astrakhan in a poor family of a clergyman. A 19-year-old boy went to Moscow on foot to continue his studies at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.

But he stayed in it for a short time (2 years) and without regret left to replenish his baggage of knowledge in Holland, and then to France - to the Sorbonne, where, suffering need and hunger, he studied for 3 years.

Here he participated in public disputes, comprehended mathematical and philosophical sciences, was a student of theology, studied French and Italian abroad.

"Father of Satan", academician Yangel Mikhail Kuzmich, was born on 10/25/1911 in the village. Zyryanov, Irkutsk region, came from a family of descendants of convict settlers. At the end of the 6th grade (1926), Mikhail leaves for Moscow - to his older brother Konstantin, who studied there. When I was in the 7th grade, I did a part-time job, delivering stacks of newspapers - orders from a printing house. At the end of the FZU, he worked in a factory and at the same time studied at the workers' faculty.

MAI student. The beginning of a professional career

In 1931, he entered the Moscow Aviation Institute with a degree in aircraft engineering, and graduated in 1937. While still a student, Mikhail Yangel settled in the Polikarpov Design Bureau, later, his supervisor to defend his graduation project: “High-altitude fighter with a pressurized cabin ". Having started his work at the Polikarpov Design Bureau as a designer of the 2nd category, ten years later M.K. Yangel was already a leading engineer, engaged in the development of projects for fighters of new modifications.

February 13, 1938, M.K. Yangel, as part of a group of Soviet specialists in the field of aircraft construction of the USSR, visits the United States - for the purpose of a business trip. It is worth noting that the 30s of the twentieth century was a fairly active period in the cooperation between the USSR and the USA, and not only in the field of mechanical engineering and aircraft building, in particular, small arms were purchased (in rather limited quantities) - Thompson submachine guns and Colt pistols.

Scientist, founder of the theory of helicopter engineering, doctor of technical sciences, professor Mikhail Leontievich Mil, winner of the Lenin and State Prizes, Hero of Socialist Labor.

Childhood, education, youth

Mikhail Leontiev was born on November 22, 1909 - in the family of a railway employee and a dentist. Before settling in the city of Irkutsk, his father, Leonty Samuilovich, searched for gold for 20 years, working in the mines. Grandfather, Samuil Mil, settled in Siberia at the end of 25 years of naval service. From childhood, Mikhail showed versatile talents: he loved to draw, was fond of music and easily mastered foreign languages, was engaged in an aircraft modeling circle. At the age of ten, he participated in the Siberian aircraft modeling competition, where, having passed the stage, Mishin's model was sent to the city of Novosibirsk, where she received one of the prizes.

Mikhail graduated from elementary school in Irkutsk, after which, in 1925, he entered the Siberian Institute of Technology.

A.A. Ukhtomsky is an outstanding physiologist, scientist, researcher of the muscular and nervous systems, as well as sensory organs, laureate of the Lenin Prize and a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Childhood. Education

The birth of Alexei Alekseevich Ukhtomsky took place on June 13 (25), 1875 in the small town of Rybinsk. There he spent his childhood and youth. This Volga city forever left in the soul of Alexei Alekseevich the warmest and most tender memories. He proudly called himself Volgar throughout his life. When the boy graduated from the elementary school, his father sent him to Nizhny Novgorod and sent him to the local cadet corps. The son obediently graduated from it, but military service was never the ultimate dream of a young man who was more attracted to such sciences as history and philosophy.

Fascination with philosophy

Ignoring military service, he went to Moscow and entered the theological seminary in two faculties at once - philosophical and historical. Deeply studying philosophy, Ukhtomsky began to think a lot about the eternal questions about the world, about man, about the essence of being. Eventually philosophical mysteries led him to study the natural sciences. As a result, he settled on physiology.

A.P. Borodin is known as an outstanding composer, the author of the opera "Prince Igor", the symphony "Bogatyrskaya" and other musical works.

He is much less known as a scientist who made an invaluable contribution to science in the field of organic chemistry.

Origin. early years

A.P. Borodin was the illegitimate son of the 62-year-old Georgian prince L. S. Genevanishvili and A.K. Antonova. He was born on October 31 (November 12), 1833.

He was recorded as the son of the serf servants of the prince - the spouses Porfiry Ionovich and Tatyana Grigoryevna Borodin. Thus, for eight years the boy was listed in his father's house as a serf. But before his death (1840), the prince gave his son free, bought him and his mother Avdotya Konstantinovna Antonova a four-story house, after marrying her to the military doctor Kleineke.

The boy, in order to avoid unnecessary rumors, was presented as the nephew of Avdotya Konstantinovna. Since Alexander's origin did not allow him to study at the gymnasium, he studied at home all the subjects of the gymnasium, in addition to German and French, receiving an excellent education at home.

Scientists, their contribution to the development of biology .

Scientist

His contribution to the development of biology

Hippocrates 470-360 BC

The first scientist to establish a medical school. The ancient Greek physician formulated the doctrine of the four main types of physique and temperament, described some of the bones of the skull, vertebrae, internal organs, joints, muscles, large vessels.

Aristotle

384-322 BC

One of the founders of biology as a science, for the first time generalized the biological knowledge accumulated by mankind before him. He created a taxonomy of animals, devoted many works to the origin of life.

Claudius Galen

130-200 AD

Ancient Roman scientist and physician. Laid the foundations of human anatomy. Physician, surgeon and philosopher. Galen made significant contributions to the understanding of many scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic.

Avicenna 980-1048

Outstanding scientist in the field of medicine. Author of many books and works on oriental medicine.The most famous and influential philosopher-scientist of the medieval Islamic world. From that time, many Arabic terms have been preserved in modern anatomical nomenclature.

Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519

He described many plants, studied the structure of the human body, the activity of the heart, and visual function. Made 800 accurate drawings of bones, muscles, heart and described them scientifically. His drawings are the first anatomically correct images of the human body, its organs, organ systems from nature.

Andreas Vesalius

1514-1564

Founder of descriptive anatomy. Created the work "On the structure of the human body."

Studying the works and his views on the structure of the human body, Vesalius corrected over 200 errors of the canonized ancient author. He also corrected Aristotle's mistake that a man has 32 teeth and a woman 38. He classified teeth into incisors, canines and molars. He had to secretly get the corpses in the cemetery, since at that time the opening of a human corpse was forbidden by the church.

William Harvey

1578-1657

Opened the circles of blood circulation.

Harvey William (1578-1657), English physician, founder of the modern sciences of physiology and embryology. Described the large and small circles of blood circulation. The merit of Harvey,
in particular, is that he
experimentally proved the existence of a closed
circle of blood circulation in humans, parts
which are the arteries and veins, and the heart -
pump. For the first time he expressed the idea that "every living thing comes from an egg."

Carl Linnaeus 1707-1778

Linnaeus - the creator of a unified system of classification of flora and fauna, in which the knowledge of the entire previous period of development was generalized and largely streamlined . Among the main merits of Linnaeus is the introduction of precise terminology in the description of biological objects, the introduction into active use establishing a clear relationship between .

Carl Ernst Baer 1792-1876

Professor of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy. He discovered the egg in mammals, described the blastula stage, studied the embryogenesis of the chicken, established the similarity of the embryos of higher and lower animals, the theory of the consistent appearance in embryogenesis of signs of type, class, order, etc. Studying intrauterine development, he found that the embryos of all animals in the early stages of development are similar. Founder of embryology, formulated the law of germline similarity (established the main types of embryonic development).

Jean Baptiste Lamarck 1744-1829

Biologist who created the first holistic theory of the evolution of the living world.Lamarck coined the term "biology" (1802).Lamarck owns two laws of evolution:
1. Vitalism. Living organisms are governed by an internal desire for improvement. Changes in conditions immediately bring about changes in habits, and through exercise the corresponding organs are changed.
2. Acquired changes are inherited.

Georges Cuvier 1769-1832

Founder of paleontology - the science of fossil animals and plants.The author of the “catastrophe theory”: after catastrophic events that destroyed animals, new species arose, but time passed, and a catastrophe occurred again, leading to the extinction of living organisms, but nature revived life, and species well adapted to new environmental conditions appeared, then again who perished in a terrible disaster.

T. Schwann and M. Schleiden

1818-1882, 1804-1881

C. Darwin

1809-1882

Created the theory of evolution, evolutionary doctrine.The essence of evolutionary teaching lies in the following basic provisions:
All kinds of living creatures that inhabit the Earth have never been created by someone.
Having arisen in a natural way, organic forms were slowly and gradually transformed and improved in accordance with the surrounding conditions.
The transformation of species in nature is based on such properties of organisms as heredity and variability, as well as natural selection constantly occurring in nature. Natural selection is carried out through the complex interaction of organisms with each other and with factors of inanimate nature; this relationship Darwin called the struggle for existence.
The result of evolution is the adaptability of organisms to the conditions of their habitat and the diversity of species in nature.

G. Mendel

1822-1884

The founder of genetics as a science.

1 law : Uniformity first generation hybrids. When crossing two homozygous organisms belonging to different pure lines and differing from each other in one pair of alternative manifestations of the trait, the entire first generation of hybrids (F1) will be uniform and will carry the manifestation of the trait of one of the parents.
2 law : Split signs. When two heterozygous offspring of the first generation are crossed with each other in the second generation, splitting is observed in a certain numerical ratio: according to the phenotype 3:1, according to the genotype 1:2:1.
3 law: Law independent succession . When two homozygous individuals are crossed, differing from each other in two (or more) pairs of alternative traits, the genes and their corresponding traits are inherited independently of each other and combined in all possible combinations.

R. Koch 1843-1910

One of the founders of microbiology. In 1882, Koch reported his discovery of the causative agent of tuberculosis, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize and world fame. In 1883, another classic work by Koch was published - on the causative agent of cholera. This outstanding success was achieved by him as a result of studying cholera epidemics in Egypt and India.

D. I. Ivanovsky 1864-1920

Russian plant physiologist and microbiologist, founder of virology. Discovered viruses.

He established the presence of filterable viruses, which were the causes of the disease, along with microbes visible under a microscope. This gave rise to a new branch of science - virology, which developed rapidly in the 20th century.

I. Mechnikov

1845-1916

Laid the foundations of immunology.Russian biologist and pathologist, one of the founders of comparative pathology, evolutionary embryology and domestic microbiology, immunology, creator of the theory of phagocytosis and the theory of immunity, founder of a scientific school, corresponding member (1883), honorary member (1902) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Together with N. F. Gamaleya, he founded (1886) the first bacteriological station in Russia. Opened (1882) the phenomenon of phagocytosis. In the works "Immunity in infectious diseases" (1901) he outlined the phagocytic theory of immunity. Created the theory of the origin of multicellular organisms.

L. Pasteur 1822-1895

Laid the foundations of immunology.

L. Pasteur is the founder of scientific immunology, although even before him the method of preventing smallpox by infecting people with cowpox, developed by the English physician E. Jenner, was known. However, this method has not been extended to the prevention of other diseases.

I. Sechenov

1829-1905

Physiologist. He laid the foundations for the study of higher nervous activity. Sechenov discovered the so-called central inhibition - special mechanisms in the brain of a frog that suppress or depress reflexes. This was a completely new phenomenon, which was called "Sechenov's inhibition."The phenomenon of inhibition discovered by Sechenov made it possible to establish that all nervous activity consists of the interaction of two processes - excitation and inhibition.

I. Pavlov 1849-1936

Physiologist. He laid the foundations for the study of higher nervous activity. Created the doctrine of conditioned reflexes.Further, the ideas of I.M. Sechenov were developed in the works of I.P. Pavlov, who opened the way for an objective experimental study of the functions of the cortex, developed a method for developing conditioned reflexes and created the doctrine of higher nervous activity. Pavlov in his writings introduced the division of reflexes into unconditioned ones, which are carried out by congenital, hereditarily fixed nerve pathways, and conditional, which, according to Pavlov's views, are carried out through nervous connections that are formed in the process of an individual life of a person or animal.

Hugode Frieze

1848–1935

Created the mutation theory.Hugo de Vries (1848–1935) - Dutch botanist and geneticist, one of the founders of the theory of variability and evolution, conducted the first systematic studies of the mutation process. He studied the phenomenon of plasmolysis (reduction of cells in a solution whose concentration is higher than the concentration of their contents) and eventually developed a method for determining the osmotic pressure in a cell. Introduced the concept of "isotonic solution".

T. Morgan 1866-1943

Created the chromosome theory of heredity.

The main object that T. Morgan and his students worked with was the Drosophila fruit fly, which has a diploid set of 8 chromosomes. Experiments have shown that genes that are on the same chromosome during meiosis fall into one gamete, that is, they are inherited in a linked fashion. This phenomenon is called Morgan's law. It was also shown that each gene in the chromosome has a strictly defined place - a locus.

V. I. Vernadsky

1863-1945

He founded the doctrine of the biosphere.Vernadsky's ideas played an outstanding role in the formation of the modern scientific picture of the world. At the center of his natural science and philosophical interests is the development of a holistic doctrine of the biosphere, living matter (organizing the earth's shell) and the evolution of the biosphere into the noosphere, in which the human mind and activity, scientific thought become the determining factor in development, a powerful force comparable in its impact on nature with geological processes. Vernadsky's doctrine of the relationship between nature and society had a strong influence on the formation of modern environmental consciousness. 1884-1963

Developed the doctrine of the factors of evolution.He owns numerous works on questions of evolutionary morphology, on the study of the laws of animal growth, on questions about the factors and laws of the evolutionary process. A number of works are devoted to the history of development and comparative anatomy. He proposed his theory of the growth of animal organisms, which is based on the notion of an inverse relationship between the growth rate of an organism and the rate of its differentiation. In a number of studies he developed the theory of stabilizing selection as an essential factor in evolution. Since 1948 he has been studying the origin of terrestrial vertebrates.

J. Watson (1928) and F. Crick (1916-2004)

1953 Established the structure of DNA.James Dewey Watson - American molecular biologist, geneticist and zoologist; He is best known for his participation in the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

After successfully graduating from the University of Chicago and Indiana University, Watson spent some time doing research in chemistry with the biochemist Herman Kalkar in Copenhagen. He later moved to the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, where he first met his future colleague and comrade Francis Crick.

Watson and Crick came up with the idea of ​​the DNA double helix in mid-March 1953, while studying the collected and Maurice Wilkins experimental data. The discovery was announced by Sir Lawrence Bragg, director of the Cavendish Laboratory.

Which allows people to learn more about the fundamental laws of planet Earth. Every day people do not notice how they use the benefits that have become possible thanks to the work of numerous scientists. If not for their selfless work, a person would not be able to fly in an airplane, cross the oceans on huge liners, and even just turn on an electric kettle. All these dedicated researchers have made the world look the way modern people see it.

Discoveries of Galileo

Physicist Galileo is one of the most famous. He is a physicist, astronomer, mathematician and mechanic. It was he who first invented the telescope. With the help of this apparatus, unprecedented for that time, it was possible to observe distant celestial bodies. Galileo Galilei is the founder of the experimental direction in physical science. The first discoveries that Galileo made with the telescope saw the light in his work The Starry Herald. This book was a truly sensational success. Since the ideas of Galileo in many respects contradicted the Bible, for a long time he was pursued by the Inquisition.

Biography and discoveries of Newton

A great scientist who made discoveries in many areas is also Isaac Newton. The most famous of his discoveries is this. In addition, the physicist explained many natural phenomena on the basis of mechanics, and also described the features of the movement of the planets around the Sun, Moon and Earth. Newton was born on January 4, 1643 in the English town of Woolsthorpe.

After graduating from school, he went to college at the University of Cambridge. The physicists who taught at the college had a great influence on Newton. Inspired by the example of teachers, Newton made some of his first discoveries. They were mainly related to the field of mathematics. Next, Newton begins to conduct experiments on the decomposition of light. In 1668 he received a master's degree. In 1687, Newton's first serious scientific work, The Elements, was published. In 1705, the scientist was awarded the title of knight, and the English that ruled in that era personally thanked Newton for his research.

Woman Physicist: Marie Curie-Sklodowska

Physicists all over the world still use the achievements of Marie Curie-Sklodowska in their work. She is the only female physicist to have been nominated for the Nobel Prize twice. Marie Curie was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw. In childhood, a tragedy happened in the girl's family - her mother and one of her sisters died. While studying at school, Marie Curie was distinguished by diligence and interest in science.

In 1890 she moved to Paris with her older sister, where she entered the Sorbonne. Then she met her future husband, Pierre Curie. As a result of many years of scientific research, the couple discovered two new radioactive elements - radium and polonium. Shortly before the start of the war in France was opened where Marie Curie served as director. In 1920, she published a book called "Radiology and Warfare", which summarized her scientific experience.

Albert Einstein: one of the world's greatest minds

Physicists all over the planet know the name of Albert Einstein. His authorship belongs to the theory of relativity. Modern physics is largely based on the views of Einstein, despite the fact that not all modern scientists agree with his discoveries. Einstein was a Nobel Prize winner. During his life, he wrote about 300 scientific papers on physics, as well as 150 papers on the history and philosophy of science. Until the age of 12, Einstein was a very religious child, as he received his education in a Catholic school. After little Albert read several scientific books, he came to the conclusion that not all positions in the Bible can be true.

Many believe that Einstein was a genius from childhood. This is far from true. As a schoolboy, Einstein was considered a very weak student. Although even then he was interested in mathematics, physics, as well as the philosophical works of Kant. In 1896, Einstein entered the pedagogical faculty in Zurich, where he also met his future wife, Mileva Marich. In 1905, Einstein published some articles, which, however, were criticized by some physicists. In 1933, Einstein moved permanently to the United States.

Other researchers

But there are other famous names of physicists who have made no less significant discoveries in their field. These are V. K. Roentgen, and S. Hawking, N. Tesla, L. L. Landau, N. Bohr, M. Planck, E. Fermi, M. Faraday, A. A. Becquerel and many others. Their contribution to physical science is no less important.

01/17/2012 02/12/2018 by ☭ USSR ☭

There were many outstanding figures in our country, which we, unfortunately, forget, not to mention the discoveries that were made by Russian scientists and inventors. The events that changed the history of Russia are also not known to everyone. I want to correct this situation and recall the most famous Russian inventions.

1. Plane - Mozhaisky A.F.

The talented Russian inventor Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky (1825-1890) was the first in the world to create a life-size aircraft capable of lifting a person into the air. Before A.F. Mozhaisky, people of many generations, both in Russia and in other countries, worked on the solution of this complex technical problem, they went in different ways, but none of them managed to bring the matter to practical experience with full-scale aircraft. A.F. Mozhaisky found the right way to solve this problem. He studied the works of his predecessors, developed and supplemented them, using his theoretical knowledge and practical experience. Of course, he did not manage to resolve all issues, but he did, perhaps, everything that was possible at that time, despite the extremely unfavorable situation for him: limited material and technical capabilities, as well as distrust of his work on the part of the military bureaucratic apparatus imperial Russia. Under these conditions, A.F. Mozhaisky managed to find the spiritual and physical strength in himself to complete the construction of the world's first aircraft. It was a creative feat that forever glorified our Motherland. Unfortunately, the surviving documentary materials do not allow us to give a description of the aircraft of A.F. Mozhaisky and its tests in the necessary detail.

2. Helicopter– B.N. Yuriev.

Boris Nikolaevich Yuryev - an outstanding aviator scientist, full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, lieutenant general of the engineering service. In 1911, he invented the swashplate (the main unit of a modern helicopter) - a device that made it possible to build helicopters with stability and controllability characteristics acceptable for safe piloting by ordinary pilots. It was Yuriev who paved the way for the development of helicopters.

3. Radio receiver- A.S. Popov.

A.S. Popov first demonstrated the operation of his device on May 7, 1895. at a meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society in St. Petersburg. This device became the world's first radio receiver, and May 7th was the birthday of the radio. And now it is celebrated annually in Russia.

4. TV - Rosing B.L.

On July 25, 1907, he applied for the invention "Method of electrical transmission of images over distances." The beam was scanned in the tube by magnetic fields, and the signal was modulated (brightness changed) using a capacitor that could deflect the beam vertically, thereby changing the number of electrons passing to the screen through the diaphragm. On May 9, 1911, at a meeting of the Russian Technical Society, Rosing demonstrated the transmission of television images of simple geometric shapes and their reception with playback on a CRT screen.

5. Knapsack parachute - Kotelnikov G.E.

In 1911, the Russian military man, Kotelnikov, impressed by the death of the Russian pilot Captain L. Matsievich, who he saw at the All-Russian Aeronautics Festival in 1910, invented a fundamentally new parachute RK-1. Kotelnikov's parachute was compact. Its dome is made of silk, the lines were divided into 2 groups and attached to the shoulder girths of the suspension system. The dome and slings were placed in a wooden, and later aluminum satchel. Later, in 1923, Kotelnikov proposed a parachute bag made in the form of an envelope with honeycombs for slings. In 1917, 65 parachute descents were registered in the Russian army, 36 for rescue and 29 voluntary.

6. Nuclear power plant.

Launched on June 27, 1954 in Obninsk (then the village of Obninskoye, Kaluga Region). It was equipped with one AM-1 reactor (“peaceful atom”) with a capacity of 5 MW.
The reactor of the Obninsk NPP, in addition to generating energy, served as a base for experimental studies. At present, the Obninsk NPP has been decommissioned. Its reactor was shut down on April 29, 2002 for economic reasons.

7. Periodic table of chemical elements– Mendeleev D.I.

The periodic system of chemical elements (Mendeleev's table) is a classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus. The system is a graphical expression of the periodic law established by the Russian chemist D. I. Mendeleev in 1869. Its original version was developed by D. I. Mendeleev in 1869-1871 and established the dependence of the properties of elements on their atomic weight (in modern terms, on atomic mass).

8. Laser

The prototype laser masers were made in 1953-1954. N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, as well as, independently of them, the American C. Towns and his colleagues. Unlike the Basov and Prokhorov quantum generators, which found a way out in using more than two energy levels, the Towns maser could not operate continuously. In 1964, Basov, Prokhorov and Townes received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for their fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which made it possible to create generators and amplifiers based on the principle of a maser and a laser."

9. Bodybuilding

Russian athlete Eugenia Sandov, the title of his book “body building” - bodybuilding was literally translated into English. language.

10. Hydrogen bomb– Sakharov A.D.

Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov(May 21, 1921, Moscow - December 14, 1989, Moscow) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and politician, dissident and human rights activist, one of the creators of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975.

11. The first artificial earth satellite, the first astronaut, etc.

12. Gypsum - N. I. Pirogov

Pirogov, for the first time in the history of world medicine, used a plaster cast, which made it possible to accelerate the healing process of fractures and saved many soldiers and officers from ugly curvature of the limbs. During the siege of Sevastopol, to care for the wounded, Pirogov used the help of the sisters of mercy, some of whom came to the front from St. Petersburg. It was also an innovation at the time.

13. Military medicine

Pirogov invented the stages of military medical service, as well as methods for studying human anatomy. In particular, he is the founder of topographic anatomy.

Antarctica was discovered on January 16 (January 28), 1820 by a Russian expedition led by Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev, who approached it on the sloops Vostok and Mirny at the point 69 ° 21? Yu. sh. 2°14? h. (G) (area of ​​the modern Bellingshausen Ice Shelf).

15. Immunity

Having discovered the phenomena of phagocytosis in 1882 (which he reported on in 1883 at the 7th congress of Russian naturalists and doctors in Odessa), he developed on their basis a comparative pathology of inflammation (1892), and later - the phagocytic theory of immunity ("Immunity in infectious diseases" , 1901 - Nobel Prize, 1908, together with P. Ehrlich).

The main cosmological model, in which the consideration of the evolution of the Universe begins with a state of dense hot plasma, consisting of protons, electrons and photons. The hot universe model was first considered in 1947 by Georgy Gamow. Since the late 1970s, the origin of elementary particles in the hot universe model has been described using spontaneous symmetry breaking. Many shortcomings of the hot universe model were solved in the 1980s as a result of the construction of the theory of inflation.

The most famous computer game, invented by Alexey Pajitnov in 1985.

18. The first machine - V. G. Fedorov

An automatic carbine designed for firing bursts from the hands. V. G. Fedorov. Abroad, this type of weapon is referred to as an "assault rifle".

1913 - a prototype for a special intermediate power cartridge (between pistol and rifle).
1916 - adoption (under the Japanese rifle cartridge) and the first combat use (Romanian Front).

19. Incandescent lamp- Lodygin's lamp A.N.

The light bulb does not have a single inventor. The history of the light bulb is a whole chain of discoveries made by different people at different times. However, Lodygin's merits in the creation of incandescent lamps are especially great. Lodygin was the first to propose the use of tungsten filaments in lamps (in modern electric light bulbs, filaments are made of tungsten) and twist the filament in the form of a spiral. Also, Lodygin was the first to pump air out of the lamps, which increased their service life many times over. Another invention of Lodygin, aimed at increasing the life of lamps, was filling them with an inert gas.

20. Diving apparatus

In 1871, Lodygin created a project for an autonomous diving suit using a gas mixture consisting of oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen had to be produced from water by electrolysis.

21. Induction furnace

The first caterpillar mover (without a mechanical drive) was proposed in 1837 by staff captain D. Zagryazhsky. Its caterpillar mover was built on two wheels surrounded by an iron chain. And in 1879, the Russian inventor F. Blinov received a patent for the “caterpillar track” he created for a tractor. He called it "a locomotive for dirt roads"

23. Cable telegraph line

The Petersburg-Tsarskoye Selo line was built in the 1940s. XIX century and had a length of 25 km. (B. Jacobi)

24. Synthetic rubber from petroleum– B. Byzov

25. Optical sight

“A mathematical instrument with a perspective telescope, with other accessories and a spirit level for quick aiming from a battery or from the ground at the indicated place to the target horizontally and along levation.” Andrey Konstantinovich NARTOV (1693-1756).

In 1801, the Ural master Artamonov solved the problem of lightening the weight of the wagon by reducing the number of wheels from four to two. Thus, Artamonov created the world's first pedal scooter, the prototype of the future bicycle.

27. Electric welding

The method of electric welding of metals was invented and first applied in 1882 by the Russian inventor Nikolai Nikolaevich Benardos (1842 - 1905). "Stitching" of metal with an electric seam he called "electrohephaestus".

The world's first personal computer was invented not by the American company Apple Computers and not in 1975, but in the USSR in 1968
year by the Soviet designer from Omsk Arseny Anatolyevich Gorokhov (born 1935). Author's certificate No. 383005 describes in detail the "programming device", as the inventor then called it. They did not give money for an industrial design. The inventor was asked to wait a little. He waited until once again a domestic "bicycle" was invented abroad.

29. Digital technologies.

- the father of all digital technologies in data transmission.

30. Electric motor- B. Jacobi.

31. Electric car

The double electric car of I. Romanov, model of 1899, changed the speed in nine gradations - from 1.6 km per hour to a maximum of 37.4 km per hour

32. Bomber

Four-engine aircraft "Russian Knight" I. Sikorsky.

33. Kalashnikov assault rifle

A symbol of freedom and the fight against oppression.