Ronald Wilson Reagan - 40th President of the United States, who was in office from 1981 to 1989, a Republican.
Hollywood youth
Reagan's date of birth is 02/06/1911. Place of birth - Tampico, Illinois. His family of descendants of Scottish, Irish, English immigrants - had an average income. After high school, Ronald graduated from Eureka College, worked as a sports radio commentator, and then went to Hollywood for a lucky star. He was young, tall, slim, handsome and self-confident. In Hollywood he will be noticed, he will become a movie star!
The daring ambitions of the young man, as life has shown, exceeded all his expectations. Then it never occurred to him that he would someday become the president of America. Yes, he starred a lot (more than 50 films), but he still did not become a Hollywood star, because his films were low-budget and did not leave a noticeable mark on cinema. But when the Screen Actors Guild appeared, which was engaged in upholding the rights of artists in the film industry market, he joined it, actively worked and even became a member of its board, and later became its president.
Then he got married. His chosen one was Jane Wyman, a rising Hollywood star. in a special way hooked the fate of Reagan. He served in the US Army in news agencies. This left an imprint on future activities. After the war, in the labor union service in the Hollywood Screen Actors Guild, Reagan exposed communist infiltrations in Hollywood, testified, participated in the expulsion of suspected unreliability, and even, being an undercover agent of the FBI, wrote denunciations.
This went on for six years. His wife meanwhile made a dizzying artistic career. She starred in good films, earned a lot and even won an Oscar for Johnny Belinda (1948). Apparently these and other reasons led the couple to divorce. The children began to live with their mother. Their father occasionally met with them, but even the mention of Jane Wyman in the presence of Reagan was considered tactless. The second marriage (Hollywood actress Nancy Davis) was strong and happy. The wife left her acting career and took up a family, raised her daughter and son.
California Governor
For some time, Reagan had a chance to work on television as a presenter from the General Electric company. The audience liked him. And then there was an idea to try myself in politics. He became a Republican, showed activity, and in 1966 a new governor, Ronald Reagan, already appeared in the state of California. He did not particularly bother himself with work, entrusting it to professionals.
As usual, he quickly forgot about election promises. But he delved into the economic policy of the state and achieved tax cuts, however, at the expense of reducing social guarantees. As governor for the second time, he introduced social and tax reforms that saved California taxpayers nearly $6 billion. This achievement gave Reagan a ticket to the presidential race. In 1977, he made an attempt, but in vain - then Jimmy Carter won.
When (1979), and Reagan's age already allowed only the last attempt to become president, he relied on a sharp condemnation of the Kremlin's policy regarding Afghanistan, especially since America was seething with indignation, protesting against the invasion of Soviet troops in this country. Reagan invited George W. Bush to become vice president. In tandem with him, victory in the elections became more and more real.
In the meantime, Carter was doing poorly: he was never able to free the captured American embassy in Tehran, the country was experiencing an economic recession. All these factors influenced the outcome of the elections. Reagan became the 40th President of the United States.
In the presidency
Whereas previous presidents worked hard to defuse international tensions and mend relations with the Kremlin, Reagan's policy was aimed at fighting the "evil empire" - the Soviet Union. He sought military superiority over him. A new US arms race has begun. It took billions of dollars. In addition, he spent a lot of money to suppress the Sandinista regime in Nicaragua, the guerrilla militia in El Salvador, to overthrow the government in Grenada, to help the Mujahideen in Afghanistan, and the guerrilla formations in Angola.
Such financial and military support for groups that are fighting pro-communist regimes in their countries has become known in the media as the “Reagan Doctrine.” The Americans also paid dearly for US intervention in the affairs of the countries of the Middle East.
Economic growth
Under Reagan, although hitherto unprecedented budget deficits and public debts appeared in the country, an economic recovery began. Decreased taxes, increased capital inflows. This made it possible for Reagan to win the next presidential election.
Reagan and Gorbachev
MS Gorbachev came to power in the USSR, and cooperation with him changed Soviet-American relations in many ways. Reagan had five meetings with the Soviet leader to discuss the so-called "Star Wars". They never came to a common agreement. But on the other hand, they managed to sign a landmark document on the partial reduction of the arsenals of medium-range and shorter-range missiles. It was a step towards mutual understanding and military detente.
After leaving office
After a high-profile scandal called "Iran-Contra" related to illegal arms supplies to the Middle East, Reagan began to lose his former popularity and authority. And in the next election, George W. Bush became president. Ronald Reagan and his family lived in Los Angeles. After a ten-year battle with Alzheimer's disease, at the age of 94, Reagan died on 06/05/2004.
One of the most famous and popular world politicians, the 40th US President Ronald Reagan is best known in Russia as the author of the Star Wars program and one of the perpetrators of the collapse of the Soviet Union. Many Americans put him on a par with the greatest presidents in US history, Abraham Lincoln, and Reagan was a long way to his goal, he was 69 years old when he took the highest government post and became the oldest US president. Nevertheless, he left a bright and noticeable mark in the history of world politics.
early years
In the small town of Tampico, Illinois, on February 6, 1911, a boy was born in the family of John Edward and Nellie Wilson Reagan, who was named Ronald Wilson. Mom was Scottish and dad was Irish. The family was not rich, John worked as a salesman, Nelly was a housewife and was raising two boys. Ron loved his parents and always emphasized that his father taught him to be persistent and hardworking, and his mother taught him patience and mercy. Ronald Reagan wrote in a brief biography that when his father saw him for the first time, he said that his son looked like a little fat Dutchman, but maybe someday he would become president. And Ron was nicknamed the Dutchman for a long time. Throughout their childhood, the Reagan family roamed the Middle East in search of a better life.
Ron changed many schools and cities and thanks to this he learned to be sociable, easy to make acquaintances, became charming and friendly. He studied average, devoting more time to American football and the drama club, becoming a real star of the stage. In 1920, the family returned to Dixon, where Ron graduated from high school. A list of interesting facts from the biography of Ronald Reagan can be started from his childhood, for example, in 1926 he received his first money working as a lifeguard on the beach, he even saved several people. Then Ron worked on this beach every summer vacation for 7 years. Despite the fact that they did not live well, Ronald Reagan noted in his biography, and his family also confirmed this, his childhood was happy and dignified.
Steps into adulthood
Ronald graduated from high school during the hard times of the Great Depression. Millions of Americans lost their jobs, including John Reagan. In particular, due to the fact that his father drank a lot, the guy made the right life conclusions, and in the biography of Ronald Reagan there were never cases of alcohol abuse.
Despite the difficult economic situation, Reagan managed to find an inexpensive college in the small town of Eureka, 150 kilometers from Dixon. As a good athlete, he managed to get a discount on tuition fees. He paid for college by himself, working in two places where he washed dishes. The money he earned was also enough for the material support of his parents, and a year later, for partial payment for the studies of his older brother, whom he offered to study at the same college. Ronald spent a lot of time playing sports and participating in student theater, but he hardly studied. Ronald Reagan, in a brief biography, noted that the professor knew that he only needed a diploma, and he never received grades higher than "C" (three).
radio star
After receiving a bachelor's degree, Ronald decided to get a job as a commentator on the radio. In the era of the rapid development of radio and cinema, this work was extremely prestigious. But all the leading radio stations refused the guy without special education and connections. Reagan was lucky a few months later in Davenport, in neighboring Iowa, where he was hired to fill in for an ill football commentator. He received $5 for his first experience. But more importantly, they liked his work, and Ronald got a job at the WOW station with his own program covering the games of the local basketball club. Six months later, the local broadcast star was invited to work for a more prestigious job at the NBC radio station in the largest city in the state of Des Moines. The reason for his success was his amazing ability to improvise and his voice, as they wrote later, characteristic and charming. He became a real celebrity of the state, earning money wherever he could earn money. Reagan led political banquets and parties, was the toastmaster at weddings and anniversaries. Thus passed the stage (1932-1937) of his adult life as a radio commentator. As Ronald Reagan later wrote in a brief biography, these years were the best of his life.
Second movie hero
In 1937, he went to Los Angeles to comment on another baseball game, where he also participated in screen tests. Under the patronage of a native of Des Moines, the famous Hollywood actress Joy Hodges, he got to watch at the Warner Brothers film studio. He was not told anything, and he returned home, thinking that nothing had worked out with his film career. However, after some time, as Ronald Reagan wrote in his biography, information about the conclusion of a contract with him caught up with him in Des Moines. The studio offered him a six-month contract with a seven-year extension, guaranteed movie roles and $200 a week. In his first film, Love on the Air, Reagan played the role of a radio commentator who entered into an unequal battle with the local mafia. The film was low-budget, with a primitive script, and this picture forever defined the role in the cinema - "an honest, but narrow-minded guy with an attractive appearance." In total, over the years of his acting career, Reagan played in 56 films, all the roles were the main ones in low-budget films and secondary ones in first-class ones. In the movies, he was always the third wheel in love triangles, and in cowboy shootouts, he was always the first to be killed. Maybe a successful film career was hindered by military service. He did not go to the front due to severe myopia, Reagan spent all the years of the war making training films for the Air Force and playing roles in propaganda videos.
First experiences
Almost immediately after starting his acting career, in 1938, Reagan joined the right-wing film trade union - the Screen Actors Guild. And by 1941 he became a member of the board of the Guild, although at meetings he was more silent. Along with the first experience of participation in public life, Reagan first married a Hollywood star (real name - Sarah Jane Fulks). Against the backdrop of the fight against "depraved" mores in the acting environment, Jane and Ronald became the flag of counter-propaganda of the film industry.
They have become an exemplary Hollywood couple who love each other, do not use drugs, almost do not drink alcohol and do not swear. Later it turned out, as Ronald Reagan wrote in his biography, his personal life was not so cloudless. Jane fully indulged in the temptations of Los Angeles, considering Ronald a boring puritan. Returning from the army after the end of the war, Reagan began to devote more and more time to trade union activities, almost not acting in films. He managed to restore order in the trade union, tried to harmoniously ensure the interests of employers and actors and avoid strong economic conflicts. Reagan became president of the Actors Guild in 1947, devoting himself to the fight against communism in the film industry. Realizing that he could not become a movie superstar, he decided to become a politician.
Victory over the Left in Hollywood
Reagan was elected president of the Screen Actors Union five times between 1947 and 1952. Over the years, he managed to reorganize the Actors Guild and purge it of people of leftist persuasion. During the war years, many people appeared among actors and directors who, to varying degrees, sympathized with the ideas of Marxism. As a right-winger, Reagan was troubled by this increase in left-wing sentiment. He willingly began to cooperate with the Un-American Activities Commission, to which he was called in 1947. The commission, headed by Senator Joseph McCarthy, dealt with the fight against the communists. Speaking at Senate hearings, Reagan said that the Communists were going to take over the film industry in order to create a worldwide propaganda base. Around the same time, information appeared in the biography of Ronald Reagan that he became one of the authors of the famous black list. It included all figures in the film industry who adhered to leftist, pro-communist beliefs. All these people then lost their jobs and were forbidden to return to the film industry.
Thanks to these lists, he married a second time. By this time he had been single for two years, Reagan divorced in 1949. In 1951, he was asked to help Nancy Davis, who was erroneously included in the lists of the Left. In March 1952, Nancy and Reagan were married, she became his assistant and adviser for the rest of his life. During the five years of his presidency, he managed to ensure national unity within the framework of a separate trade union. This was Ronald Reagan's first big success in the politician's biography.
Entry into politics
The first and only time he participated in the election campaign of the Democratic Party in support of Hollywood actress Helen Douglas in the US Senate. When the Republican Party nominated the famous war hero - the general - he voted for him, joining the organization "Democrats for Eisenhower". Then, in the next two elections, he again voted for the Republican candidates, considering their programs more convincing. Thus began a smooth transition from the Democratic to the Republican Party.
In 1954, he changed his profession, becoming the host of the television program "The General Electric Theater". Reagan brought the theater, film and stage star every week to one of the 139 factories where they performed and talked with workers about American values. In one of these programs, Reagan announced that he was moving to the Republican Party, after which he was offered to leave the company.
In 1964, Reagan took part in the Goldwater election campaign as the head of the California branch of the Goldwater-Miller Citizens for Goldwater committee. At the Republican party conference, he delivered the "Time to Choose" speech to a multi-million television audience. So he received nationwide fame and the support of functionaries of the Republican Party.
California Reaganomics
In 1966, Ronald Reagan becomes the Republican Party's nominee for office. His colorful campaign speeches attracted and shocked voters. He was an ardent anti-communist and a staunch supporter of a free market economy, low taxes, and minimal social policies. With a landslide victory by 1 million votes, Reagan embarked on the reforms that became the basis of the famous Reaganomics.
The conservative policy of the new governor met with fierce resistance from the left-liberal Democrats. Nevertheless, he managed to somewhat reduce the number of staff of institutions, reduce funding for colleges, social assistance to the black population, and the volume of free medical care. Already in the first year of his reign, he managed to restore order at the University of Berkeley, where many supporters of leftist and anti-war views studied. Reagan dispatched the National Guard to quell student unrest.
In 1970, he was re-elected governor of the richest and most industrialized state in the United States. As noted by Ronald Reagan in a brief biography, then his main political and economic priorities finally took shape.
Trip to Washington
The first attempt to run as a candidate for the presidency of the United States from the Republican Party was unsuccessful. In the internal party elections, he received only 2 votes, losing to future President Richard Nixon and the runner-up. Then he was governor for only two years and has not yet become a politician of national scale.
In 1976, he was already an established politician who was supported by many Republican conservatives, but he still lost the right to become the Republican candidate to President Gerald Ford, who replaced Nixon, who was forced to resign due to the Watergate scandal. There are such periods of relative stagnation in many biographies of famous people, for Reagan Ronald this is a period of doubt and reflection. He is already 65 years old, and he confessed to his son that most of all he regrets that he will not be able to say "no" to the Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev. As a politician, the personality of Ronald Reagan historically finally took shape by this time. He already had national recognition, successful experience in managing a prosperous state, which was his great merit.
At the Capitol
The biography of President Ronald Reagan began in 1980, he convincingly won both internal party and national elections. He inherited a country in deep crisis, and, above all, it was necessary to urgently take measures to restore the economy. And Reagan succeeded brilliantly. During his two terms in office, GDP grew by 26%. As a supporter of a free market economy, he, above all, believed that the state should reduce its interference in all spheres of activity. Reagan consistently cut the income tax on everyone, rich and poor, by 10% over three years.
Tax incentives were introduced for investors, especially in high-tech industries. At the same time, budget expenditures and social programs were sharply cut. All these measures were called "Reaganomics", while Reagan himself called them "supply-driven economics." In foreign policy, he actively fought against communism and the Soviet Union, which he called the "Evil Empire". The second term marked the beginning of a policy of détente.
Reagan died in 2004 at the age of 94. For most Americans, Ronald Reagan is the man of the century, the most popular and wisest US president.
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Ronald Wilson Reagan(Ronald Wilson Reagan, 1911, Tampico, USA - 2004, Los Angeles) - 40th President of the United States (in 1981-1989).
Biographical information
Born in Tampico, Illinois. His father was a poor shoe merchant.
In 1932 he graduated from college with a bachelor's degree in economics and sociology. Became a sports commentator on the radio. In 1937 he became a film actor. Over the next 27 years, he appeared in over 50 films. In 1938, on the set, he met Jane Wyman; they married in Hollywood two years later. Their daughter Maureen was born in 1941 and their son Michael in 1945. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1948. In 1952 he married Nancy, with whom he lived until the end of his life.
To free Americans held hostage by the Iranian Islamist regime even before Reagan was elected, he made a deal with Iran. Weapons (American and Israeli) were supplied to this country, and the money for them was transferred to the guerrillas who fought the communist regime in Nicaragua. All these actions were carried out secretly and on an emergency basis, without regard to laws and regulations. As a result, political opponents of Reagan staged a trial (the Iran-Contra case), which took a lot of energy from the Reagan administration.
In the 1988 elections, Republican candidate George W. Bush, supported by Reagan, won. Reagan retired and settled in California. At the end of his life, he suffered from Alzheimer's syndrome, but enjoyed immense popularity and sometimes spoke publicly.
Reagan and Jews in the USA
A period of tension almost thirty years ago, when Menachem Begin and Ronald Reagan were in power. Unlike the apologies repeated by Benjamin Netanyahu, Begin took a very different approach.
The series of events began with the statement of the Syrian dictator Hafiz al-Assad that he would not make peace with Israel "even after a century." In response, Begin made the Golan Heights part of Israel, ending the military administration governing the area after Israeli forces seized it from Syria in 1967. Legislation to this effect was easily passed in the Israeli Parliament on December 14, 1981.
The move, however, came only two weeks after the signing of the US-Israel Strategic Cooperation Agreement, irritating Washington. At the initiative of Secretary of State Alexander Haig, the US government announced the suspension of the just signed Agreement. A day later, on December 20, Begin summoned US Ambassador Samuel Lewis to Tel Aviv to reprimand him.
Yehuda Avner, Begin's former aide, comments on the meeting and describes the atmosphere surrounding the episode in his article, When Washington Bridled and Begin Fumed. He recounts: "The Prime Minister invited Lewis to take a seat, froze for a moment, sat down, took a stack of papers from the table, put it on his knees, and [assuming] a stony face and a steely voice", began with "a thunderous reading of the perfidious acts committed by Syria for decades." He ended up with what he called a "very personal and urgent message" to President Reagan (a copy is on the Israeli Foreign Ministry website):
"Three times in the past six months the US government has 'punished' Israel," Begin began. He listed them all three times: the destruction of the Iraqi nuclear reactor, the bombing of the PLO headquarters in Beirut, and now the law on the Golan Heights. Throughout this enumeration, according to Avner, Lewis unsuccessfully tried to insert: “This is not a punishment, Mr. Prime Minister, but only a suspension ...”, “Sorry, Mr. Prime Minister, this is not ...”, “Mr. prime minister, I have to correct you..."
Having thus poured out his anger, Begin spoke of a century of Zionism:
What is this expression - "to punish Israel"? Are we your vassal state? Or a banana republic? Are we a fourteen-year-old boy who, if he misbehaves, gets slapped on the hand? Let me tell you who this government is made up of. It is made up of people who have spent their lives in resistance, struggle and suffering. You will not intimidate us with "punishments". Those who threaten us will find us deaf to threats. We are ready to listen only to rational arguments. You have no right to "punish" Israel - and I protest against the very use of the term.
In his scathing denunciation of the United States, Begin challenged American moralizing about civilian casualties during the Israeli attack on Beirut:
You have no moral right to teach us about civilian casualties. We are familiar with the history of the Second World War, and we know what happened to the civilian population when you took action against the enemy. We are also familiar with the history of the Vietnam War and your body-count phrase.
Referring to the US decision to suspend the recently signed agreement, Begin stated that "The people of Israel have lived 3,700 years without a memorandum of understanding with America - and will live 3,700 more." Pausing, he quoted Haig, who had said on behalf of Reagan that the US government would purchase $200 million worth of Israeli arms and other equipment. "Now you're saying it won't happen. So the president is breaking his own word. Is that in the order of things? Is that right?"
Referring to the recent fight in the US Senate over the decision to sell AWACS jets to Saudi Arabia, Begin noted that "this is accompanied by an ugly anti-Semitic campaign." He cited three testimonies as examples: "Begin or Reagan?", "We must not let the Jews determine the course of United States foreign policy," and allusions that senators such as Henry Jackson, Edward Kennedy, Robert Packwood, and Rudy Boschwitz "are not loyal citizens."
In response to demands to repeal the Golan Heights Act, Begin reminded Lewis that the very notion of repudiation is reminiscent of "the days of the Inquisition":
Our ancestors went to the stake, but did not "renounce" their faith. We're not going to the fire. Thank God. We are strong enough to defend our independence and our rights... Please be so kind as to inform the Secretary of State that the law on the Golan Heights remains in force. There is no power on earth that can force us to cancel it.
The session ended with no response from Lewis. As Avner relates: “Confronted with the endless barrage, the ambassador considered it somewhat exaggerated and even somewhat paranoid and, seeing no point in continuing the dispute, withdrew.
In 1948, Reagan left the Lakeside Country Club in Los Angeles because of his refusal to allow a Jew to join.
In 1967, he was a strong supporter of Israel during the Six-Day War and was the chairman of a pro-Israel rally at the Hollywood Ball in Los Angeles.
During his governorship, he was instrumental in passing legislation in the California legislature that authorized banks and savings institutions to buy and invest in Israeli government bonds. In the mid-1970s, Reagan wrote a weekly column for the Jewish Press, whose readers were mostly Orthodox Jews in New York and other parts of the United States.
His closest (Jewish) adviser was Theodore E. Cummings of Los Angeles, who served in Reagan's entourage for a number of years. During the 1980 presidential campaign, Los Angeles businessman Albert Spiegel led the Jewish Coalition for Reagan. Also close to Reagan were Max Fisher, Maxwell Rabb, George Klein, Gordon Sachs, and Jacob Stein. Neo-conservative Jewish intellectuals such as Eugene W. Rostow, Max Kempelman, Irving Kristol, and Norman Podhoretz were active in the Reagan campaign, and many became influential in the Reagan administration.
In the 1980 election, 40% of Jewish voters voted for Reagan, another 40% voted for former President Jimmy Carter - the lowest percentage for a Democrat in 80 years, and 20% for John Anderson, indicating that the Democratic Party could no longer count the Jewish vote taken for granted. Orthodox Jews in Brooklyn overwhelmingly voted for Reagan; for the first time, the Jewish vote was divided along religious divisions within the United States.
The economic policy of the Republicans (especially active in 1981-89, when R. Reagan was president, and therefore called "Reaganomics") is beneficial for the middle class, to which the vast majority of Jews belong.
Reagan's policy in the Middle East
Reagan saw early raw footage of the release of concentration camp prisoners and referred to it during his 1981 White House Yom Hashoah address. However, none of this guaranteed that at the helm of the nation he would be especially sensitive to the cause of Israel.
After taking office as president, Reagan's position in the Middle East could be summarized as follows:
- first, militarily strong Israel, both democratic and anti-Soviet, is "the only strategic asset in the region on which we can rely" (Washington Post, August 1979);
- secondly, counteracting the terrorist PLO and abandoning the idea of a PLO state, as this would be a surrogate for the Soviet Union;
- third, strong support for Israel as America's most trusted ally in the Middle East and unequivocal support for Egyptian and Israeli peacekeepers as the best way to bring other Arab states into the peace process.
Interestingly, one of the first crises affecting Israel, which was to have huge repercussions for the region, revolved around the June 7, 1981 bombing of the Iraqi nuclear reactor at Osirak by Israeli jet fighters. Only the new US ambassador to the UN, Jean J. Kirkpatrick, stood as a defense against the anti-Israel vote.
Realizing that the word "aggression" had dire consequences for Israel, as it would show that the attack was unprovoked and that the attacked party, Iraq, could now legitimately take unspecified measures of self-defence, she strongly argued that the US should refrain from voting for this resolution. unless the word "aggression" has been deleted.
In the end, after the case was sent directly to President Reagan, her efforts prevailed, and "aggression" was excluded from the resolution, allowing the United States, without much enthusiasm, to join in the condemnation. This set the tone for what was to follow the UN during the Reagan years.
In this context, especially with regard to UN activities in relation to Israeli-Arab relations, Reagan understood that accusations of illegality directed at Israel's behavior in the West Bank and Gaza have nothing to do with the rule of law in the sense of objective jurisprudence. Rather, it had to do with using the law as a weapon to isolate Israel on the diplomatic front as a prelude to legitimizing terrorism and other military action against Israel as a rogue state. The formula that Reagan repeatedly espoused was that "settlements are not illegal."
Likewise, when it came to Arab efforts to designate East Jerusalem as "occupied territory", President Reagan directed his delegates to the UN to veto such resolutions on the grounds that the final status of Jerusalem must be negotiated and not subject to a legal agreement. . He authorized an American veto - the only veto - of an April 19, 1982 Security Council resolution in which he sought to condemn the 1982 shooting of Palestinian worshipers at the Dome of the Rock by a deranged Israeli militant - even though the US was outraged by the shooting - due to the introduction of a clause equating Jerusalem with the occupied Arab territory.
When speaking our native language, we rarely think about how the words we use came about and how their meanings may have changed over time. Etymology is the name of the science of the history of vocabulary and the origin of words.
New words appear literally every day. Some do not linger in the language, while others remain. Words, like people, have their own history, their own destiny. They can have relatives, a rich pedigree, and, on the contrary, be complete orphans. A word can tell us about one's nationality, one's parents, one's origin... So, another "portion" of words with a history of origin.
Money
If today, speaking the word "money", we first of all remember Western currencies, then money in Russia definitely had Eastern roots. This word could have entered the Russian language in two different ways. From Iranian merchants and travelers, who then used silver coins called “tenge” (cf. Persian dāng “coin”), or from the Tatar-Mongols, who conquered the territory of present-day Russia a little later for a long time.
Moreover, the source of this root in the Turkic languages, which include the Mongol-Tatar dialect, could be three different things. Firstly, the supreme heavenly deity of the Turkic-Mongolian pantheon is Tengri. Secondly, the collection of money from trade transactions - tamga (originally "brand", "seal"). From there, by the way, our customs came out. And thirdly, the Turkic coin tängä, whose name, with the help of a suffix, was formed from the word “tän”, which means a squirrel. In this case, we can draw an analogy with the old Russian word "kuna" (marten), which was called 1/22 hryvnia. This reflects the functioning of furs in the role of money in the early stages of the development of society.
Young woman
It would seem that everything is very simple: the girl is from the virgin. But if you dig deeper, it turns out that the Proto-Slavic *děva originates in the Proto-Indo-European word *dhē(i̯), which means "to suck, feed with the help of the breast." In this, by the way, she is close to children (children), who come from the same root. From there, the old Russian verb "to reach" - "to breastfeed."
Guy
It's not so easy with guys either. This word, most likely, came from the Proto-Slavic *parę - a diminutive nickname from parobъkъ (here you can remember the Ukrainian lad), going back to "rob" (boy).
The original root here is *orbę, which also gave "child" and "slave", which developed from one of the meanings of the word "rob" - "orphan", since, according to some sources, it was originally the orphans who did the hardest work around the house.
Dinner
Russian words denoting meals have a fairly transparent logic of education. Breakfast came from the combination "in the morning", denoting a period of time - "during the morning."
Lunch was formed from the ancient prefix *ob- and the root *ed- and meant, in general, ... "to overeat." Indeed, according to the rules of normal nutrition in our latitudes, lunch should be the most abundant meal.
It may seem that dinner is when all things are ALREADY redone and you can start eating. Dahl hints at this in his dictionary, but still the word "dinner" comes from the old Russian "ug", that is, "south". And all because they sat down to supper when the sun moved from east to south.
Pillow
Scientists have been struggling with this word for several centuries. Dahl suggests that the pillow is what is placed UNDER THE EAR. Vasmer, Shansky and Chernykh are sure that this is something that is stuffed with something (down, feathers, cotton wool and even holofiber, be it wrong). There are also less serious, but more emotional versions of the origin of this word: 1) what they cry into when they need to pour their SOUL, and 2) what they choke
Fool
They say that fools in their most common meaning now were born thanks to Archpriest Avvakum. So in the 17th century, in his writings, he called rhetoricians, philosophers, logicians and other "advocates of demonic wisdom", comparing them with buffoons.
However, the root from which this word comes was already ready to take on the corresponding meaning. Philologists believe that the “fool” came from the Proto-Indo-European *dur (bite, sting) and at first meant “bitten”, “stung”, then transformed into “mad, crazy, sick” (from a bite) and only then turned into “bad, stupid." By the way, the ritual of initiation into buffoons also has something to do with this. According to one version, a jester candidate had to survive a viper's bite before starting his professional career.
Bee
Who would have thought that a bee and a bull are relatives. And if from the point of view of biology they are very far from each other, then philologically they are brother and sister.
The fact is that they come from the same Proto-Slavic root, which denoted the sound of a certain character. Hence, by the way, the outdated word "buzz" (buzz, buzz) and a bug. The bee itself in Old Russian was written like this - bechela, but after the fall of the reduced ones and the stunning of B in front of Ch, it acquired its current appearance.
