The turmoil of the beginning of the 17th century, the prerequisites, the stages of which will be discussed below, is a historical period accompanied by natural disasters, deep socio-economic and state-political crises. The difficult situation in the country was aggravated by the Polish-Swedish intervention.

Troubles of the 17th century in Russia: causes

The crisis phenomena were caused by a number of factors. The first problems occurred, according to historians, due to the cessation and struggle between the tsarist government and the boyars. The latter sought to preserve and strengthen their political influence and increase their traditional privileges. The tsarist government, on the contrary, tried to limit these powers. The boyars, in addition, ignored the proposals of the Zemstvo. The role of representatives of this class is assessed by many researchers extremely negatively. Historians point out that the boyar claims turned into a direct struggle with the royal power. Their intrigues had an extremely negative impact on the position of the sovereign. It was this that created fertile ground on which the Time of Troubles arose in Russia. At the beginning of the 17th century, it was characterized only from an economic point of view. The situation in the country was very difficult. Subsequently, political and social problems joined this crisis.

Economic situation

Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century coincided with the aggressive campaigns of Grozny and the Livonian War. These measures demanded great effort from the productive forces. The ruin in Veliky Novgorod and the forced displacement of service people had an extremely negative impact on the economic situation. This is how the Time of Troubles began to brew in Russia. The beginning of the 17th century was also marked by widespread famine. In 1601-1603, thousands of small and large farms went bankrupt.

social tension

The unrest in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century was fueled by the rejection of the existing system by the masses of fugitive peasants, impoverished townspeople, city Cossacks and Cossack freemen, a large number of servicemen. The introduced oprichnina, according to some researchers, significantly undermined the respect and trust of the people in law and power.

First events

How did the Time of Troubles develop in Russia? The beginning of the 17th century, in short, coincided with a shift in power in ruling circles. The heir to Grozny, Fedor the First, did not have the necessary managerial abilities. The youngest son, Dmitry, was still a baby at that time. After the death of the heirs, the Rurik dynasty came to an end. The boyar families - the Godunovs and the Yuryevs - approached power. In 1598 Boris Godunov took the throne. Period from 1601 to 1603 were fruitless. Frosts did not stop even in summer, and in autumn, in September, it snowed. The outbreak of famine claimed about half a million people. Exhausted people went to Moscow, where they were given bread and money. But these measures only exacerbated the economic problems. The landlords were not able to feed the servants and serfs and drove them out. Left without food and shelter, people began to engage in robbery and robbery.

False Dmitry the First

Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century coincided with the spread of a rumor that Tsarevich Dmitry had survived. From this it followed that Boris Godunov was on the throne illegally. The impostor False Dmitry announced his origin to Adam Vishnevetsky, the Lithuanian prince. After that, he became friends with Jerzy Mniszek, a Polish magnate, and Ragoni, papal nuncio. At the beginning of 1604, False Dmitry 1 received an audience with the Polish king. Some time later, the impostor converted to Catholicism. The rights of False Dmitry were recognized by King Sigismund. The monarch allowed everyone to help the Russian Tsar.

Entry to Moscow

False Dmitry entered the city in 1605, on June 20th. The boyars, led by Belsky, publicly recognized him as the prince of Moscow and the rightful heir. During his reign, False Dmitry was guided by Poland and tried to carry out some reforms. However, not all boyars recognized the legitimacy of his reign. Almost immediately after the arrival of False Dmitry, Shuisky began to spread rumors about his imposture. In 1606, in mid-May, the opposition of the boyars took advantage of the protests of the population against the Polish adventurers who had come to Moscow for the wedding of False Dmitry, raised an uprising. During it, the impostor was killed. The coming to power of Shuisky, who represented the Suzdal branch of the Rurikovich, did not bring peace to the state. In the southern regions, a movement of "thieves" broke out from which went. Events of 1606-1607 describes R. G. Skrynnikov. "Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. Troubles" is a book created by him on the basis of a large amount of documentary material.

False Dmitry II

Nevertheless, rumors still circulated in the country about the miraculous salvation of the legitimate prince. In 1607, in the summer, a new impostor appeared in Starodub. Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century continued. By the end of 1608, he achieved the spread of his influence on Yaroslavl, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Vologda, Galich, Uglich, Kostroma, Vladimir. The impostor settled in the village of Tushino. Kazan, Veliky Novgorod, Smolensk, Kolomna, Novgorod, Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky remained faithful to the capital.

Seven Boyars

One of the key events that marked the Time of Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century was the coup. Shuisky, who was in power, was removed. The leadership of the country got a council of seven boyars - the Seven Boyars. As they recognized Vsevolod, the Polish prince. The population of many cities swore allegiance to False Dmitry 2. Among them were those who had recently opposed the impostor. The real threat from False Dmitry II forced the council of the boyars to let the Polish-Lithuanian detachments into Moscow. They were supposed to be able to overthrow the impostor. However, False Dmitry was warned about this and left the camp in a timely manner.

militias

Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century continued. Began It contributed to the formation of militias. The first was commanded by a nobleman from Ryazan, Lyapunov. He was supported by supporters of False Dmitry II. Among them were Trubetskoy, Masalsky, Cherkassky and others. On the side of the militia was also the Cossack freemen, whose head was Ataman Zarutsky. The second movement began under the leadership of He invited Pozharsky as leader. In the spring, the camp of the First Militia near Moscow swore allegiance to False Dmitry the Third. Detachments of Minin and Pozharsky were unable to perform in the capital at a time when supporters of the impostor ruled there. In this regard, they made Yaroslavl their camp. At the end of August, the militia went to Moscow. As a result of a series of battles, the Kremlin was liberated, the Polish garrison that occupied it capitulated. Some time later, a new king was chosen. They became

Effects

Compare the Time of Troubles in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century in terms of its destructive power and the depth of the crisis in the country can, probably, only be compared with the state of the country during the period of the Tatar-Mongol invasion. This terrible period in the life of the state ended with huge territorial losses and economic decline. The Great Troubles of the early 17th century claimed a huge number of lives. Many cities, arable lands, villages were devastated. The population could not recover to its previous level for quite a long time. Many cities passed into the hands of the enemies and remained in their power for several subsequent decades. Significantly reduced the area of ​​cultivated land.

The 17th century brought numerous trials to Russia and its statehood. After the death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584, the weak and sickly Fyodor Ivanovich (1584-1598) became his heir and tsar. A struggle for power within the country began.

This situation caused not only internal contradictions, but also intensified attempts by external forces to eliminate the state independence of Russia. For almost the entire century, she had to fight off the Commonwealth, Sweden, the raids of the Crimean Tatars - vassals of the Ottoman Empire, resist the Catholic Church, which sought to turn Russia away from Orthodoxy .

At the beginning of the XVII century. Russia went through a period called the Time of Troubles.

17th century laid the foundation for peasant wars; city ​​riots fall on this century c, the famous case of Patriarch Nikon and the split of the Orthodox Church. Therefore, this century V.O. Klyuchevsky called rebellious.

The Time of Troubles covers 1598-1613. Over the years, the Tsar's brother-in-law Boris Godunov (1598-1605), Fyodor Godunov (from April to June 1605), False Dmitry I (June 1605 - May 1606), Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610), False Dmitry II ( 1607-1610), Seven Boyars (1610-1613).

Boris Godunov

Boris Godunov won the difficult struggle for the throne between representatives of the highest nobility.

He was the first Russian tsar who received the throne not by inheritance, but through elections at the Zemsky Sobor.

During his short reign, he pursued a peaceful foreign policy, resolving disputes with Poland and Sweden for 20 years; encouraged economic and cultural ties with Western Europe. Under him, Russia advanced into Siberia, finally defeating Kuchum.

In 1601-1603. Russia was hit by a "great gladness" caused by crop failures. Godunov took certain measures to organize public works, allowed the serfs to leave their masters, distributed bread from the state storehouses to the starving. However, the situation could not be improved. The relationship between the authorities and the peasants was aggravated by the annulment in 1603 of the law on the temporary restoration of St. George's Day, which meant the strengthening of serfdom.

The discontent of the masses resulted in an uprising of serfs, led by Khlopok Kosolap. This uprising is considered by many historians to be the beginning of the Peasants' War.

The highest stage of the Peasant War of the beginning of the XVII century. (1606-1607) there was an uprising by Ivan Bolotnikov, in which serfs, peasants, townspeople, archers, Cossacks, as well as the nobles who joined them, participated. The war engulfed the South-West and South of Russia (about 70 cities), the Lower and Middle Volga regions.

The rebels defeated the troops of Vasily Shuisky (the new Russian tsar) near Kromy, Yelets, on the Ugra and Lopasnya rivers, etc.

In October-December 1606, the rebels besieged Moscow, but because of the disagreements that had begun - the betrayal of the nobles were defeated and retreated to Kaluga, and then to Tula. In the summer-autumn of 1607, together with the detachments of the serf Ilya Gorchakov (Ileyka Muromets), the rebels fought near Tula. The siege of Tula lasted four months, after which the city was surrendered, the uprising was crushed. Bolotnikov was exiled to Kargopol, blinded and drowned.

• At such a critical moment, an attempt was made to intervene in Poland. ( Intervention(lat. interventio - intervention) - military, political, informational or economic intervention of one or more states in the internal affairs of another state, violating its sovereignty.)

The ruling circles of the Commonwealth and the Catholic Church intended to dismember Russia and eliminate its state independence. In a hidden form, the intervention was expressed in the support of False Dmitry I and False Dmitry II. Open intervention under the leadership of Sigismund III began under Vasily Shuisky, when in September 1609 Smolensk was besieged and in 1610 a campaign against Moscow and its capture took place. By this time, Vasily Shuisky was overthrown by the nobles from the throne, and an interregnum began in Russia - the Seven Boyars. The Boyar Duma made a deal with the Polish interventionists and inclined to call on the Russian throne the Polish king of the minor Vladislav, a Catholic, which was a direct betrayal of Russia's national interests.

In addition, in the summer of 1610, Swedish intervention began with the aim of wresting Pskov, Novgorod, the northwestern and northeastern regions from Russia.

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The events of the beginning of the 17th century in Russia were called the Time of Troubles. It was a period of decentralization of the state, when there was a frequent change of rulers, popular uprisings, and a very difficult economic situation developed. Foreign states interfered in the internal affairs of Russia. It was a severe political and socio-economic crisis that brought the country to the brink of destruction of state principles and actual disintegration. According to a number of historians, the Time of Troubles was the first civil war in the history of Russia.

There are several options for periodization of the Time of Troubles:

1598 -1618 - from the beginning of the dynastic crisis associated with the termination of the Rurik dynasty, until the conclusion of the Deulino truce with Poland.

1604-1605 - 1613 - from the moment of the appearance of False Dmitry II until the election of Mikhail Romanov.

1603 - 1618 - from the destabilization of the situation due to famine until the conclusion of a truce with Poland.

Causes of the Time of Troubles:

1. - political- a dynastic crisis associated with the termination of the Rurik dynasty and the insufficient authority of Boris Godunov.

2. – economic- the most difficult economic situation associated with the famine of 1601 - 1603, a sharp increase in the price of bread, food and discontent of the broad masses. Boris Godunov's government failed to cope with the situation.

3. – social– growing dissatisfaction with the policy pursued by different segments of the population ( peasants- dissatisfied with further enslavement, 1581 - "reserved years" were introduced, when the passage of peasants on St. George's Day was temporarily prohibited, 1597 - a decree on "lesson years" appeared, establishing a five-year period for searching for fugitive peasants + a difficult economic situation; Cossacks- dissatisfied with the attack on their rights + fugitive peasants from the central regions of the country joined them ; know, boyars- dissatisfied with the curtailment of their tribal rights; service nobility- dissatisfied with the fact that the government cannot stop the flight of serfs; townspeople- increase in taxes).

All these reasons acted together and led to the destabilization of the situation in the country.

The main events of the Time of Troubles:

In 1584, after the death of Ivan the Terrible, his son began to rule Fedor Ivanovich (1584 - 1598). Son Ivan was killed in 1581, Tsarevich Dmitry was too small, and in 1591 he died in Uglich. Fedor Ivanovich was a weak ruler, a quiet and God-fearing man, he was more interested in prayer and conversation with the monks, he loved church singing and bell ringing. A regency council was created under him to lead the country. In fact, the country was ruled by Boris Godunov, the brother of the tsar's wife. After death, there were no heirs in the male line, the Rurik dynasty was interrupted.

In 1598, at the Zemsky Sobor, he was elected ruler Boris Godunov (1598 - 1605). He was a strong personality, a reformer:

2. - takes care of strengthening the borders - fortresses are being built in the south, east, Smolensk - in the west.

3. - serfdom is being strengthened,

4. - sent nobles to study abroad, invited foreign specialists.

5. - carried out a "township building" - accounting for the population of township settlements, the return of those who left to privately owned lands. This was to ensure the fulfillment of state duties and the payment of taxes.

6. - upon taking office, he released prisoners from prisons and forgave arrears in taxes and taxes.

All the good undertakings of Boris Godunov were destroyed by the terrible famine of 1601-1603. Three years in a row there was a repeated crop failure - it rained in the summer, and then there were early frosts. Hundreds of thousands of people died, many fled to the cities, the boyars drove out unnecessary people. Popular unrest swept vast territories. In 1603, there was an uprising of Cotton, which engulfed the southwestern districts of the country, where there were many fugitive peasants. Destroying the estates of the nobility, the army moved towards Moscow. With great difficulty he was defeated, the leader was captured and executed. Boris Godunov tried to fight hunger - he organized construction work, distributed money, bread, but this was not enough. The king's authority is falling. Against this background, there are rumors about the legitimate king - False Dmitry I.

He pretended to be the miraculously saved son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry. Imposter's name - Grigory Otrepiev. He was a Galich nobleman who took the vows of the Chudov Monastery in Moscow and then fled to Lithuania. With the support of Poland, it begins to move towards Moscow.

Many people make a bet on the "legitimate king", pursuing their own goals:

- Poland- the weakening of Russia, the acquisition of land and the establishment of Catholicism.

- Moscow boyars– sought power and the overthrow of Boris Godunov.

- people(peasants, Cossacks, townspeople) - they saw in him a legitimate king, kind, fair, capable of delivering from hardships and oppressors.

In August 1604, the army of False Dmitry I with a detachment of 4 thousand people sets out from Lvov towards Moscow. Several cities go over to his side, the army is replenished with Cossacks, its numbers are growing. In January 1605, the army of the impostor was defeated by the tsarist army under the leadership of Mstislavsky near Dobrynichy. False Dmitry fled to Putivl, but in April 1605 Boris Godunov died unexpectedly, and the path to the royal throne was open.

False Dmitry I (1605 -1606) did not stay long on the Russian throne. In June 1605, Moscow swore allegiance to the impostor. But the hopes for a kind and just king were not justified. He objectively could not fulfill the promises given to everyone. The Poles behave in Moscow as in a conquered city. The marriage to Marina Mnishek also caused discontent. On the night of May 17, 1606, as a result of a conspiracy led by the Shuisky brothers, False Dmitry I was killed.

Zemsky Sobor elects new tsar Vasily Shuisky (1606 - 1610). Upon accession to the throne, he swore an oath (the "kissing record") not to judge the boyars without the participation of the Boyar Duma, not to take away their estates, not to listen to false denunciations. Historians consider this an attempt to limit the power of the king.

Vasily Shuisky solved two main tasks:

1. - fought against the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov.

2. - fought with False Dmitry II - a new impostor who appeared in the summer of 1607 and pretended to miraculously escaped False Dmitry I. His identity has not been established, there are only assumptions. Under his banner were detachments of Poles, Cossacks, nobles, the remnants of Bolotnikov's troops. From the territory of Poland, he goes to Moscow. he failed to take the city, and he camped in Tushino, for which he received the nickname "Tushinsky thief." He is recognized by Marina Mnishek (for 3 thousand gold rubles and income from 14 Russian cities after accession to Moscow). In fact, dual power is emerging - part of the country is controlled by the troops of False Dmitry II, part - by the troops of Vasily Shuisky. For 16 months (from September 1608 to January 1610) the Trinity-Sergius Monastery was defended.

Vasily Shuisky, in order to fight False Dmitry II, turns to the Swedish king for help. In 1609, an agreement was concluded in Vyborg, according to which Russia renounced claims to the Baltic coast, gave Sweden the city of Korela with the county. Sweden sent a 7,000-strong detachment led by Delagardie. Together with Skopin-Shuisky, they liberated large territories occupied by False Dmitry II. The impostor fled to Kaluga, where he was killed in 1610.

In 1609, Poland began an open intervention. The reason is an invitation from Sweden, with which Poland is at war. The troops of Stefan Batory besieged Smolensk, which held out for 20 months.

Vasily Shuisky in 1610 was deposed from the throne and tonsured a monk. Power was in the hands of seven boyars headed by Mstislavsky. This board is called "seven boyars" (1610 - 1613). They invited the Polish prince Vladislav to the throne. Negotiations about this went on. Polish troops entered Moscow. The Swedes are also beginning to intervene.

Thus, the country is on the verge of disaster: in the west - the Poles, in the north-west - the Swedes, in the south - the remnants of the troops of Bolotnikov and False Dmitry II, there is no strong power, Moscow is occupied by the Poles.

In this difficult situation, the people, tired of the riots, rise up to fight for the preservation of the state. Letters of conscription from Patriarch Hermogenes and Ryazan Governor Prokopiy Lyapunov go around the cities to organize a people's militia.

There were two people's militias:

1. - the first Zemstvo militia - Ryazan - led by Prokopy Lyapunov. It was attended by nobles, Cossacks from the southern districts, townspeople. A government body was created - the "Council of All the Earth". In the spring and summer of 1611, the militia besieged Moscow, but did not achieve success. Broke up due to internal contradictions. Lyapunov was killed.

2. - the second zemstvo militia - Nizhny Novgorod - led by the township elder Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky.formed from detachments sent by many cities. In the spring of 1612 moved to Yaroslavl. This is where its final formation took place. In July, the militia moved towards Moscow and liberated it from the Poles. Hetman Khodkevich's detachment could not break through to help the Polish garrison, who had settled in the Kremlin, and he surrendered in October 1612. The capital was completely liberated.

In January 1613, the Zemsky Sobor was held (700 representatives from the nobility, boyars, clergy, 50 cities, archers and Cossacks), which decided on the election of a new king. There were many applicants - the Polish prince Vladislav, the son of the Swedish king Karl-Philip, Ivan - the son of False Dmitry II and Marina Mnishek, representatives of noble boyar families. The choice fell on Mikhail Romanov- 16 years old, nephew of the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, followed by the strong figure of Father Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, Patriarch Filaret. Russia has a new ruling dynasty. Now the main task is to eliminate the consequences of the Time of Troubles, to return the lost lands.

The Time of Troubles in the history of Russia is a difficult period in the history of the country. It lasted from 1598 to 1613. The country at the turn of the 16th - 17th centuries suffered a severe socio-economic and political crisis. The Tatar invasion, the Livonian war, and the domestic policy of Ivan the Terrible (oprichnina) led to the maximum intensification of negative trends and an increase in discontent among the country's population. These most difficult historical circumstances became the causes of the Time of Troubles in Russia. Historians identify separate, most significant periods of the Time of Troubles.

The first period, the beginning of the Troubles, was marked by a fierce struggle for the throne of many applicants. The son of Ivan the Terrible Fedor, who inherited power, turned out to be a weak ruler. In fact, Boris Godunov, the brother of the tsar's wife, received power. It was his policy that eventually led to the discontent of the people.

The Time of Troubles began with the appearance in Poland of Grigory Otrepyev, who declared himself False Dmitry, miraculously saved the son of the Terrible. Not without the support of the Poles, False Dmitry was recognized as a rather large part of the country's population. Moreover, in 1605 the impostor was supported by Moscow and the governors of Russia. In June of the same year, False Dmitry was recognized as king. But, his support for serfdom caused violent discontent among the peasants, and too independent policy led to the obvious displeasure of the boyars. As a result, False Dmitry 1 was killed on May 17, 1606. And V.I. Shuisky ascended the throne. However, his power was limited. Thus ended this stage of unrest, which lasted from 1605 to 1606.

The second period of unrest began with an uprising led by Bolotnikov I.I. The militia was made up of people from all walks of life. Participation in the uprising was taken not only by peasants, but also by serving Cossacks, serfs, landowners, townspeople. But, in the battle near Moscow, the rebels were defeated, and Bolotnikov was captured and executed.

The outrage of the people only intensified. The appearance of False Dmitry 2 was not long in coming. Already in January 1608, the army assembled by him moved towards Moscow. He settled on the outskirts of the city in Tushino. Thus, two operating capitals were formed in the country. At the same time, almost all officials and boyars worked for both tsars, often receiving money from both Shuisky and False Dmitry 2. After Shuisky managed to conclude an agreement on assistance, the Commonwealth began aggression. False Dmitry had to flee to Kaluga.

But Shuisky did not manage to retain power for a long time. He was seized and forced to take the veil as a monk. An interregnum began in the country - a period called the Seven Boyars. As a result of the deal between the boyars who came to power and the Polish interventionists, on August 17, 1610, Moscow swore allegiance to the King of Poland, Vladislav. False Dmitry 2 was killed at the end of this year. The struggle for power continued. The second period lasted from 1606 to 1610.

The final, third period of the Time of Troubles is the time of the struggle against the interventionists. The people of Russia were finally able to unite to fight the invaders - the Poles. During this period, the war acquired the character of a national one. The militia of Minin and Pozharsky reached Moscow only in August 1612. They were able to liberate Moscow and expel the Poles. Here are all the stages of the Time of Troubles.

The end of the Time of Troubles was marked by the appearance on the Russian throne of a new dynasty - the Romanovs. At the Zemsky Sobor on February 21, 1613, Mikhail Romanov was elected tsar.

Years of unrest led to horrifying results. The consequences of the Troubles are the complete decline of crafts and trade, the almost complete ruin of the treasury. Also, the results of the Time of Troubles were expressed in a serious lag of the country from the states of Europe. It took more than a dozen years to restore.

The Time of Troubles occupies a serious place in the history of Russia. This is the time of historical alternatives. There are many nuances in this topic that are generally important for understanding and assimilation as soon as possible. In this article, we'll take a look at some of them. Where to get the rest - see the end of the article.

Causes of troubled times

The first reason (and the main one) is the suppression of the dynasty of the descendants of Ivan Kalita, the ruling branch of the Ruriks. The last tsar of this dynasty, Fyodor Ioannovich, son, died in 1598, and from the same time the period of the Time of Troubles in the history of Russia begins.

The second reason - more the reason for the intervention in this period - that at the end of the Livonian War, the Muscovite state did not conclude peace treaties, but only a truce: Yam-Zapolsky - with Poland and Plyussky with Sweden. The difference between an armistice and a peace treaty is that the first is only a break in the war, and not its end.

Course of events

As you can see, we are analyzing this event according to the scheme recommended by me and other colleagues, about which you can.

The Time of Troubles began directly with the death of Fyodor Ioannovich. Because this is a period of “kinglessness”, kingdomlessness, when impostors and people, in general, were ruled by chance. However, in 1598 the Zemsky Sobor was convened and Boris Godunov came to power - a man who long and stubbornly went to power.

The reign of Boris Godunov lasted from 1598 to 1605. During this time the following events took place:

1. The terrible famine of 1601-1603, which resulted in the uprising of Cotton Clubfoot, and the mass exodus of the population to the south. As well as dissatisfaction with the authorities.
2. Speech of False Dmitry the First: from the autumn of 1604 to June 1605.

The reign of False Dmitry I lasted one year: from June 1605 to May 1606. In his reign the following processes continued:

False Dmitry the First (aka Grishka Otrepiev)

The growth of dissatisfaction with his rule among the boyars, since False Dmitry did not respect Russian customs, married a Catholic, began to distribute Russian lands as estates to the Polish nobility. In May 1606, the boyars, led by Vasily Shuisky, overthrew the impostor.

The reign of Vasily Shuisky lasted from 1606 to 1610. Shuisky was not even elected at the Zemsky Sobor. His name was simply "shouted", so he "enlisted" the support of the people. In addition, he gave the so-called cross-kissing oath that he would consult with the boyar thought in everything. The following events took place during his reign:

1. Peasant war led by Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov: from the spring of 1606 to the end of 1607. Ivan Bolotnikov acted as the governor of "Tsarevich Dmitry", the Second False Dmitry.
2. Campaign of False Dmitry II from the autumn of 1607 to 1609. During the campaign, the impostor could not take Moscow, so he sat down in Tushino. There was a dual power in Russia. Neither side had the means to defeat the other side. Therefore, Vasily Shusky hired Swedish mercenaries.
3. The defeat of the "Tushinsky thief" by the troops of Swedish mercenaries led by Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky.
4. Intervention of Poland and Sweden in 1610. Poland and Sweden were at this time in a state of war. Since Swedish troops, albeit mercenaries, ended up in Moscow, Poland got the opportunity to start an open intervention, considering Muscovy an ally of Sweden.
5. The overthrow of Vasily Shuisky by the boyars, as a result of which the so-called "seven boyars" appeared. The boyars de facto recognized the power of the Polish king Sigismund in Moscow.

The results of the Time of Troubles for the history of Russia

First result The unrest was the election of a new reigning Romanov dynasty, which ruled from 1613 to 1917, which began with Michael and ended with Michael.

Second result was the withering away of the boyars. Throughout the 17th century, it was losing its influence, and with it the old tribal principle.

Third result- devastation, economic, economic, social. Its consequences were overcome only by the beginning of the reign of Peter the Great.

Fourth Outcome- instead of the boyars, the authorities relied on the nobility.

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