Polish poet, publicist, participated in the national liberation movement. Born December 24, 1798 in the Lithuanian province. His works became a serious contribution to the Belarusian and Polish literature of the 19th century. Like Juliusz Słowacki and Zygmunt Krasinski, he was recognized as Poland's greatest poet during the Romantic era. "Lithuanian Napoleon Horde" - this is how he is called in Lithuania.

Biography of Adam Mickiewicz

Adam was the son of Mikolay Mickiewicz, a Novogrudok lawyer. The father was an impoverished gentry. The surname has Belarusian roots, comes from a name consonant with the Russian Dmitry. Mother's parents were followers of Yakov Frank, baptized Jews. In February 1799, the young man was baptized in Novogrudok.

Adam was educated at the Dominican School, where he studied from 1807 to 1815. After graduation, he continued his studies at Vilna University. In subsequent years, Mickiewicz wrote a large number of poems, the most popular being "Ode to Youth". During his studies, he created Philaret and Philomath circles. After graduating from the university in 1819, he worked as a school teacher for 4 years.

In 1823 the Philomath case was blown up, Mickiewicz was arrested in Vilna. The future writer was imprisoned in a former monastery. Six months later he was released, at the end of 1824 he was expelled from Lithuania.

In subsequent years, Adam visited St. Petersburg, Odessa, from which he sometimes traveled to the Crimea, Moscow. Karolina Pavlova, who later became a famous poetess and translator, could become his wife in 1825, during one of his visits to the Russian capital.

From the end of 1827, Mickiewicz lived permanently in St. Petersburg. During his stay there, he became friends with the Decembrists Bestuzhev and Ryleev, as well as the writers Pushkin and Griboyedov. Previously, it was believed that the acquaintance with the latter took place in 1825 in the Crimea, but according to the latest information, Mickiewicz met the writer in Moscow in 1828. Yanushkevich, Olizar, Venevitinov, Polevoy, the Xenophon brothers, Delvig and some others were now his good friends. Prince Pyotr Andreevich Vyazemsky became Mickiewicz's closest friend, and he later translated the Crimean Sonnets into Russian. Since 1829, Adam left St. Petersburg and went abroad.

Years of emigration

During this time, Mickiewicz traveled to Germany, Italy, and also Switzerland. In 1831, he tried in vain to join the uprising of 1831 and its participants. After that, I stopped for a while in Dresden. Then, from 1832 he began to live in Paris. During this time, the writer actively collaborated with representatives of emigrants from Poland and Belarus, and devoted a lot of time to political journalism. 1839 - and subsequent years, taught Latin literature in Lausanne, later Mickiewicz - the first professor at the College de France, teaching Slavic literature. Andrzej Towianski and his ideas captivated Mickiewicz for some time, in 1845 he was forbidden to give lectures, the reason was the propaganda of Towianism, which Adam was actively involved in. Since 1852 he was retired by decision of the government.

After 4 years he became a widower and went to Constantinople. The purpose of this trip was to create legions to help the British and French in the confrontation with Russia.

Died of cholera on November 26, 1855. The last words of the writer, spoken to a close friend and comrade Sluzhalsky, are known from sources. He asked if he would like to say something for his children? Mickiewicz replied that he wanted them to always love each other.

The ashes of the deceased were taken to Krakow. In 1890, the remains of Mickiewicz were placed in a sarcophagus, which is still in the cathedral in Wawel.

Personal life

The wedding with Tselina Shimanovskaya took place in 1834. Subsequently, 6 children were born from the girl. Their names were Jozef, Alexander, Vladislav, Yana, Maria and Helena. Vladislav became a prominent figure in the Polish emigration.

Creation

The very first poem of the writer was published in 1818 in a local newspaper. The work was called "Urban Winter". The first collection was called "Poetry", included several parts. The preface was called "On Romantic Poetry", there was also a part called "Ballads and Romances". The collection praised the romantic trend in Polish literature and was published thanks to Jozef Zawadzki.

One of Mickiewicz's first works was Zhivil, which told about the murder of her beloved by a girl. She did it because he let the Russians into his hometown. Simon Daukantos translated the work into Lithuanian in 1819, the translation was one of the first works of the writer to appear abroad.

The lyrical poem "Grazhina", as well as parts 2 and 4 of "Dzyady", were included in the 2nd volume of the trilogy. In the book "Sonnets" published in Russia, new motifs, not characteristic of Polish poetry, appeared. The Crimean Sonnets, which tell about a person who misses his native places, also got into the work.

"Konrad Wallenrod" is dedicated to Nicholas 1; the poem was published in St. Petersburg in 1828. The main theme of the work was the confrontation between the crusaders and Lithuanians. The hero of the novel is a rather tragic character, he sacrificed his life and his own happiness for all his people, lived in an enemy environment. The hero became the head of the Teutonic Order and renounced Lithuania, his real homeland. With the help of cunning and deceit, he managed to destroy the Order. Readers perceived the poem as a kind of call to fight against the enslavers. The decision was seen as the acceptance of morality and politics at the same time: from the outside it seemed that the inhabitants reconciled themselves with the victorious enemy and now acted on his side, in fact, the vanquished constantly secretly fought for freedom and acted against the winners (a similar phenomenon was also called Wallenrodism). Some lyrical poems, as well as "Faris", ballads were included in the collection "Poetry"

In 1832, the 3rd part of the poem "Dzyady" was published. The peculiarity of the narrative was the combination of reality and fantasy, fragmentary construction. The plot involved the conduct of the Filaret case, in parallel with its description, the essence of the doctrine was told, which led to the conclusion that the reason for the suffering of the Polish people was their historical vocation for this. A logical continuation of "Dzyadov" was a collection of poems "Fragment". It contains many descriptions and natural pictures of Russia. The most popular poems from the collection are “The Road to Russia”, “To Russian Friends” (“To My Muscovite Friends”, “Petersburg” and others).

Let us dwell in more detail on the poem "To Russian Friends". In it, the author urged to realize that he calls to fight not with the Russian people themselves, but with the imperial power that has seized everything. From it, according to Mickiewicz, it is bad for both. In poems, he also turned to Russian poets, asking them questions whether they still sang their ideals of freedom, and whether no one had switched sides and now fawned over the tsar and rejoiced at how bad their former friends were.

The Books of the Polish People and Polish Hospitality, published in 1182, became the most vivid image of the ideas of messianism widespread in Poland. Mickiewicz sought to show that the Poles were obliged to participate in a general war, to fight for their rights and freedom, that the victory of other peoples would lead to the victory of Poland and its resurrection. The newspaper "Polish Pilgrim" became the place of publication of numerous works of the author in 1832-1833. He wrote many articles for her, mainly promoting the ideas of the liberation of the Polish people.

"Pan Tadeusz" is the largest work of the writer. He painted it from 1832 to 1834. The first edition appeared in 1834 in the French capital. In the work, Mickiewicz tried to most vividly depict and convey the doomed, in his opinion, gentry customs and customs. He portrayed all this with nostalgia, and at the same time with a lot of irony and humor. "Pan Tadeusz" was called in Poland a national epic, as well as a masterpiece of verbal art. Andrzej Wajda, a Polish director, made a film adaptation of the book of the same name in 1999.

The result of Mickiewicz's actions was the possibility of the impact of Polish poetry on Russian. At the same time, with his help, Polish poetry was able to make itself known throughout Europe, in addition, he brought together the Polish spirit.

If we talk about the manner of presentation and the language of the writer, then it can rather be attributed to the Polish gentry who lived in Lithuania and Belarus. In general, at that time in the language of the peoples living in Lithuania, in terms of grammar and lexical resources, a lot was borrowed from the Belarusian speech, the speakers of which lived very close by. There are also many provincialisms in Mickiewicz's speech. It is believed that he introduced them in such a quantity precisely in order to emphasize these regional features. According to Nikolai Khaustovich, doctor of sciences and professor at Belarusian State University, Adam Mickiewicz himself considered his works written in Polish rather than "Litvinian", although he sometimes used both names.

To begin with, it is necessary to study the entire volume and nature of the provincialisms used in the writer's works - this is the opinion not only of scientists, but also of many linguists and writers. Later, in their opinion, it will be possible to speak of the writer's speech as an artistic medium. The university is named after Mickiewicz. The professor of the institution, Stanislav Dobzhytsky, wrote a whole work “Several Observations on the Language of Mickiewicz”, in which he studied all the linguistic facts that went beyond the Polish language, which he encountered on the pages of the writer's works.

Engaged in the study of the language of Mickiewicz and another literary critic, Doctor of Philosophy Stanislav Stankevich. In 1936, he published his work, summing up all his research. Stankevich studied poetic works of the poet, some of his Philomath correspondence, as well as other works in order to identify the distinctive features of phonetics, syntax, sentence structure, categories of number and gender, morphology in Adam Mickiewicz's speech. It is especially worth noting that this study was carried out programmatically, and not manually.

Please note that the biography of Adam Mickiewicz presents the most basic moments from life. Some minor life events may be omitted from this biography.

Adam Bernard Miscavige- an outstanding poet of the era of romanticism, publicist and leader of the Polish national liberation movement. Mickiewicz is considered a national poet in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus.

Adam Mitskevich was born on Christmas Eve, December 24, 1798, in the village of Zaosye near the city of Novogrudok, which is now the regional center of the Grodno region of Belarus. Three years before the birth of Adam, Novogrudok was still part of the Commonwealth, and in 1795 it was annexed to the Russian Empire.

The father of the future poet, Mikolay Mickiewicz, came from an old Lithuanian family, noble, but long impoverished. Therefore, the dispossessed gentry was forced to earn money for the maintenance of his family by practicing law. In 1794, he was one of the participants in the uprising of Tadeusz Kosciuszko, connected the unity of the Commonwealth with the arrival of Napoleon, and instilled in his sons a sense of pride, national dignity and love for the motherland.

Adam's mother, Barbara Maevskaya, the daughter of a petty employee, belonged to a family of baptized Jews who were followers of the religious leader Jacob Frank. Adam was baptized on February 12, 1799 in the Novogrudok Farn (parish) Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord.

From 1807 to 1815 Adam was a student of the Dominican school at the Church of St. Michael the Archangel in Novogrudok. It was at this time that young Mickiewicz began to write his first poems. He was a diligent student and in 1815 he entered Vilna University on a state scholarship, founded in 1579 by King Stefan Batory and Pope Gregory XIII in Vilna (now Vilnius, Lithuania). At first, Mickiewicz studied at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, but a year later he transferred to the Faculty of History and Philology, because he realized that literature and history fascinate him more than mathematics. As a student, Adam Mickiewicz studied Russian, French, English and German, and was also fond of reading ancient works in the original.

Years of study at the famous university Adam Mickiewicz always considered the best in his life. His professors were, as a rule, significant and honorable people: some taught in the spirit of strict classicism, while others brought newer and more romantic ideas to students. One of Mickiewicz's teachers was the famous historian Joachim Lelewel, with whom the poet maintained friendly relations even after graduation. In 1818, the first publication of the poet took place - the poem "City Winter".

During the summer holidays, in 1818, Adam Mickiewicz met a girl who became his muse for many years - Maryla Vereshchak. The young people loved each other, but Marylya was the daughter of a wealthy landowner of the Novogrudok district and her fate was already predetermined: her father arranged her engagement to Count Puttkamer, whom she married in 1821. The image of Maryla Mickiewicz kept in his soul for many years: it was the failed love with this girl that inspired him to write many works.

From 1817, Adam Mickiewicz took an active part in the formation and functioning of the secret student patriotic associations of Vilna University: Philomaths (“those seeking knowledge”) and Filarets (“loving virtue”). The main ideas of these societies were national dignity, love for the native language, sympathy and assistance to the disadvantaged, and later they were concretized and transformed into an educational program of a political nature.

After graduating from the university, in 1819, Adam Mickiewicz was sent to work as a teacher in the provincial town of Kovno (now Kaunas, Lithuania). It was a kind of "exile": in this way the authorities of Vilna University tried to prevent Mickiewicz from participating in the activities of secret organizations. The time spent in Kovno became a turning point in the poet's work: if before that he gravitated towards the style of classicism, then here he began to write in the spirit of romanticism. In 1822, the first volume of Adam Mickiewicz's Poetry was published in Vilna, which included the Ballads and Romances cycle, reflecting the romantic philosophy and aesthetics so close to the poet. The second volume of works, published a year later, included 2 poems: Grazhina and Dzyady.

In October 1823, in connection with the investigation into the Philomath Case, Adam Mickiewicz was arrested in Vilna and placed in a prison, which was located in the former Basilian monastery of the Holy Trinity. Thanks to friends and fortunate circumstances, Mickiewicz managed to avoid serious punishment: in April 1824 he was released on bail, but in October of the same year he was evicted to the inner provinces of the Russian Empire.

First, the poet arrived in St. Petersburg, after 3 months - in Odessa, from where he made a trip to the Crimea, then went to Moscow, and then, in 1828, again to St. Petersburg. This journey was very fruitful and left a deep mark on the work of Mickiewicz, and also influenced the cultural and literary life of Russia. Here a celebrity and recognized fame came to the poet. He became close friends with members of the Decembrist movement Kondraty Ryleev and Alexander Bestuzhev (Marlinsky). The poet was known and appreciated by the most prominent Russian minds of that time: Alexander Pushkin, Pyotr Vyazemsky, Anton Delvig, Ivan Kireevsky, Evgeny Baratynsky, Dmitry Venevitinov, Sergei Sobolevsky, Nikolai Polevoy, Adolf Yanushkevich and others. Pushkin and Vyazemsky subsequently translated Mickiewicz's literary works into Russian.

Traveling around the Russian Empire, Mickiewicz wrote a cycle of "Odessa lyric poems", the famous "Crimean Sonnets", and in 1828 his poem "Konrad Wellenrod" was published in St. Petersburg.

In 1829, with the help of influential friends and patrons, Adam Mickiewicz managed to leave for Europe. He traveled in Italy, Switzerland and Germany. In 1931, he unsuccessfully tried to take part in the Polish uprising against the power of the Russian Empire, lived in Dresden for several months, and in 1932 moved to Paris. Then, in 1932-1934, Mickiewicz wrote his beautiful immortal poem "Pan Tadeusz", which is considered a kind of encyclopedia of Polish life.

In 1834, Mickiewicz married Tselina Shimanovskaya, daughter of the famous pianist Maria Shimanovskaya, whom she had repeatedly visited in St. Petersburg. In his marriage to Tselina, Mickiewicz had six children: two daughters and four sons. Since that time, the poet has been in constant search of income in order to support his family. With the help of the famous French writer George Sand, whom Frederic Chopin introduced him to, Mickiewicz tried to stage a theatrical drama, but, unfortunately, without success.
Until 1840, Adam Mickiewicz taught ancient literature in Lausanne, and then became a professor at the Department of Slavonic Literature at the College de France. In 1841, the poet came under the strong influence of the preacher, mystic philosopher and messianist Andrzej Towianski. For the fact that Mickiewicz began to propagate Tovianism to his students, he was suspended from lecturing in 1845, and in 1852 he was dismissed.
In parallel with worries about their daily bread, Mickiewicz did not forget about social and political life: in 1848 he created the Polish Legion, which helped the Italians fight for their independence, and in 1849 he took part in the publication of the Parisian democratic newspaper Tribune of Nations.
In 1852, Adam Mickiewicz received a modest position as librarian at the Paris Arsenal. In April 1855, Mickiewicz's wife, Tselina, died, and in the autumn he went to Constantinople with the intention of organizing a New Polish Legion there to help the French and British in the Crimean War against the Russian Empire. However, his dreams were not destined to come true: he contracted cholera, died on November 26, 1855 and was buried in Paris. Since 1890, the ashes of the great poet have been buried in a sarcophagus in the Wawel Cathedral in Krakow.

Yes, there is a land for me, a land of bright mroya,

Sweetheart - I don't know another.

I'm happy there - I'm more than covered,

There is a lot of daragog sirtsu getak!

Disputes about the origin of Adam Mickiewicz, the author of these words, are ongoing to our time, but he answered this question during his lifetime, calling himself "Litvin". One of the outstanding sons of Belarus was devoted to his land, and wherever he was, he always remembered his native corner, where his soul was so drawn.

If you happen to pass near the City Wall, you can see a small square named after him, as well as directly. It was established on October 6, 2003 by order of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Belarus. This one was erected by the laureate of the state prize A. Zaspitsky, the sculptor - A. Finnish, the architect - G. Fedorov. Zaspitsky is also the author of a large bust of Mickiewicz in Grodno, in museums in Minsk and Novogrudok.

The poet was born on the Zaosye farm in the Novogrudok region, in the family of a poor nobleman, lawyer Nikolai Mitskevich. He received his initial education at the Novogrudok Dominican school. In 1815, he entered the Vilna University at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, but realizing that the exact sciences were not his vocation, a year later he transferred documents to the Faculty of History and Philology. At this time, the national liberation movement began to rise in the Commonwealth. The students of Vilnius University did not remain aloof from the events either. Here a secret student association of philomaths (friends of science) arises, one of the leaders of which was Adam Mickiewicz.

The purpose of this partnership was cultural work among the masses, to instill patriotism in the circles of Polish, Belarusian and Lithuanian youth. His first poems were written precisely under the influence of the Philomath idea. On his initiative, a number of mass youth organizations were created, in which it was planned to train new personnel for the Philoretes. His poetic activity was also aimed at educating young patriots. Simultaneously with the verses-manifestos, he wrote a cycle of romantic ballads, which in 1822 were included in the 1st volume of his works (“I love!”, “Ramantychnasts”, “Svitsyaz”, “Fish”).

While teaching at Kovna, Adam fell in love with M. Verashchaka. Marilya sincerely reciprocated the love of the young poet, but she was obliged to marry another.

At this time, the poet's beloved mother died. Experiences undermined his health, and he was forced to take a year off. Lived in Vilna. Here he created the famous poem "Grazhyna", which is the personification of the ancient history of Lithuania-Belarus.

In 1823, in Vilna, he was arrested by an investigative commission set up to stop the patriotic movement of “Polish youth in Lithuania”. On November 8, 1824, the poet arrived in St. Petersburg by appointment. In anticipation of the verdict, Mickiewicz made friends with the Decembrists. The decision to assign a place of exile was delayed, and the poet went to the Crimea, where he wrote the poetic cycle “Crimean Sonnets”. Finally, he was enrolled in the office in Moscow.

Serious work of this time was the poem "Konrad Valenrod", which he began to write in Moscow, and finished in St. Petersburg.

In February 1829, thanks to the petition of Zhukovsky, Prince Galitsyn and Valkonskaya M. Mickiewicz went abroad. More than 4 months traveling around Europe. In Paris, he begins work on his main work - the poem "Pan Tadevush", which descendants call the "encyclopedia of the life of the Litvins." The work is full of memories and nostalgia for the native land, which had to be left. “Pan Tadevush” is, first of all, longing for one's Motherland.

revolutionary time

In 1854, a wave of revolutions swept through France and Italy. Mickiewicz made great efforts to create the Polish Legion in Italy. The European Revolution of 1848-49 failed, but Mickiewicz did not lose faith.

In 1854, the Russian-Turkish war began. Prince Czartoryski proposes to create a military formation like the Polish Legion in Turkey, so that it would fight under the control of the British and French against the Russian Empire. Mickiewicz was sent to Istanbul as an envoy from the Ministry of Education. There he helps the Polish patriots M. Tchaikovsky and General U. Zamoysky, but demanded that the Polish Legion act independently, and not under the control of foreigners. This was very infuriating to the Polish emigration, and even more infuriated that Mickiewicz, at the same time as the Polish Legion, began to create the Zhidov Legion. But in the midst of these affairs, the poet suddenly dies in Constantinople. With mourning honors, the body of Mickiewicz was transported to France and buried in a Parisian cemetery, and already in 1890 the remains were transported to Poland and buried in a niche in the Wawel Palace in Krakow, next to T. Kosciuszka.

The work of A. Mickiewicz made a great influence on the development of Belarusian literature. In the 1830s-1840s, the so-called Belarusian school developed in Polish literature, whose representatives, following Mickiewicz, wrote on the themes of the life of the Belarusian people. He called the Belarusian language “the most harmonious, and of all the Slavic languages ​​the least changed” .... this is the richest and most pure speech, which appeared long ago and is beautifully developed.” Under the influence of his works, Borshchevsky, Rypinsky, Syrokomlya and others began their literary activity.

From time to time you can see the play “Pan Tadevush” on the stage. A film of the same name was also created, directed by Andrzej Wajda.

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Adam Miscavige. The greatest Polish (Litvinian) poet, cultural and statesman, whose fame spread far beyond the borders of the Commonwealth. But how little we know about its origin! The standard biography says that Mickiewicz was born into the family of an impoverished gentry. His mother is a Jewess, his father is a Litvin (not to be confused with a Latvian). Adam received an excellent education, participated in patriotic organizations and left behind a huge literary legacy. All. But what are school anthologies silent about? Why did Mickiewicz refuse to talk about his closest relatives until the end of his life? What legacy of shame has fate bestowed upon him?

Greatest poet.

On the account of the Mickiewicz dynasty, there were quite a few adventures, offenses and lawsuits. Two of the representatives of this ancient Litvinian family went into oblivion under very tragic circumstances. So, do not twist, but the great classic could not boast of a glorious origin.

Our history begins in the second half of the 18th century. Once upon a time there were 5 brothers: Yakub (grandfather of Adam Mickiewicz), Adam, Jozef, Stefan and Basiliy Mickiewicz. Likewise, none of them could read or write. But who could be surprised by this in those days. They were not loved in the outskirts of Novogrudok (Belarus). Not only did they "come in large numbers", they also turned out to be very greedy people. The Mickiewiczs were famous for providing loans at huge interest rates (12 per year, instead of the average 4-7). Their debtors, as a rule, turned out to be either miserable drunkards or card players. There is nothing special to take from such people, so the Mickiewicz patiently waited for the end of the loan period (12 months), and then expropriated the property of the debtors.

In 1770, the Mickiewiczs acquired the Gorbatowice farm and quickly established very friendly relations with the owners of the neighboring village. The name of the village is Saplitsa, and its owners, respectively, Saplitsa. And so, in 1779, the great-uncle (and part-time teska) of the poet Adam was legally married to Victoria Saplitsovna. And another great-uncle, Basil, became very close friends with Jan Saplice. Both were desperate bullies and were very fond of showing off - well, just like the company of Pan Kmititsa, from the famous "Flood".

The Mickiewiczes made their fortune by giving loans.

Over time, the Mitskeviches also became the owners of Zaos. The previous owners, the Yanovichov brothers, owed moneylenders a huge amount of money. Moreover, they also had the audacity to refuse to pay the debt! The Mickiewiczs could not endure this. There was only one answer to such blatant impudence in the old Polish gentry culture - an armed seizure. The Yanovichovs managed to repel the first attack, but the second one, in 1784, deprived them of the right to the estate.

Jakub Mickiewicz (the direct grandfather of the great classic) did not take part in the attack on Zaos. Why? Yes, because by that time he had already been in another world for several years (he had died). But it is unlikely that during his lifetime he was an example of virtue. Moreover, the archives preserved information about one cruel incident: Yakub beat a local girl on the head with a stick almost half to death. The reason for this behavior was that she refused to wait for the whip that fell to the ground.

But the most malicious "violator" in the Mickiewicz family was still Basilius. On April 23, 1799, he quarreled over a trifle with his bosom friend Jan Saplice and, two weeks later, died from his injuries.

At the trial, Saplitsa claimed that the cause of the fight was the desire, to put it mildly, not quite sober Basil, to kiss the hind leg of a newly born mare. The mare, however, was not overly impressed by this display of love and tenderness, and kicked Basil in the head with her hoof. Eyewitnesses of the incident refuted Saplitsa's version, pointing out that he personally smashed Mickiewicz's head with his mace during a fight, and threw the body into the stable. The court bowed to the testimony of eyewitnesses and sentenced Saplitsa to imprisonment for a period of 1 year with the payment of a huge fine.

Fun of the Polish gentry.

Three years after the inglorious death of Basil, another brother, Adam, followed him into the next world. In 1802, he managed to get involved in a violent street brawl that ended in his death. At first, it was believed that the fight was the result of the unceremonious behavior of drunken nobles who attacked the soldiers of the Tatro-Litorsky regiment. However, during the investigation, it turned out that the instigators of the fight were the soldiers themselves. The regiment commander was removed from service, and the regiment itself was disbanded.

These tragic deaths were not the last trials of the Mickiewicz dynasty. Mikolaj, the son of Yakub and the father of the great poet, represented the Mickiewicz in court. Unlike his father and uncles, he not only knew how to read and write, but also received a law degree. In 1802, Mikolaj filed a lawsuit against Saplitsa, who by that time was already at large and threatened the Mickiewicz with cruel reprisals. However, this step did not bring any results.

In the autumn of 1805, Saplitsa moved from Saplitsia to Novogrudek, that is, to the very farm where Mikołaj Mickiewicz lived. His behavior became even more aggressive. Constant violations of law and order, countless drinking and rape, brutal fights and robberies. On August 3, 1806, Mikolaj filed another application to the court, in which he states: “Saplitsa threatens to cut the entire Mickiewicz family with belts and burn the houses.” Whether there was any result from the complaints filed is not known, since after 1806 there was no information about the Mickiewicz-Saplice case.

Jan Saplice probably knew about the children of Mikołaj Copernicus. But he hardly guessed that one of them would provide the surname "Saplitsa" with eternal glory (voivode Jacek Saplitsa is a character in the poem "Pan Tadeusz".

Mickiewicz provided Saplice with eternal glory.

And what is surprising in the fact that Adam Mickiewicz so carefully avoided any talk about the history of his family? He, an icon of Polish-Litvinian culture, was ashamed to admit the objectionable deeds of his closest relatives. But such is fate. There is no escape from the legacy of the dynasty's shame. To great happiness, the great classic did not repeat the fate of his grandfathers and gave us his magnificent heritage.

Mickiewicz (Mickiewicz) Adam, Polish poet, leader of the national liberation movement. The founder of Polish romanticism (collection "Poetry", vol. 1, 1822; poems "Grazyna", 1823, "Dzyady", part 2, 4, 1823, "Konrad Wallenrod", 1828). In 1824 he was expelled from Lithuania by the tsarist authorities; lived in Russia, where he became close to the Decembrists, A. S. Pushkin. In exile (after 1829) he created the 3rd part of "Dzyadov" (1832) and the poem "Pan Tadeusz" (1834) - an epic canvas of old Polish life, a masterpiece of verbal painting. In 1840-44 he lectured on Slavic literature in Paris; in 1849 editor of the democratic newspaper Tribune de Ashes.

Childhood

Adam Mickiewicz was born on December 24, 1798 on the farm Zaosye near Novogrudok, a small town in Belarus, which for many centuries was under the rule of Lithuania. The Poles who lived in these parts never forgot about their Lithuanian connections, therefore, in Mickiewicz's work, Lithuania often appears as a designation of his homeland along with Poland.

The poet's mother, nee Barbara Mayevskaya, was the daughter of a petty clerk. Adam's father, Mikolay Mickiewicz, worked as a lawyer in Novogrudok. In 1794 he participated in the uprising of Tadeusz Kosciuszko against the division of Polish lands between Russia, Prussia and Austria. In an effort to restore the unity of the Commonwealth, the Polish gentry pinned their hopes on the arrival of Napoleon. Mikołaj Mickiewicz was one of those who participated in the patriotic agitation. The father sought to pass on his sense of national pride and love for the motherland to his sons, Adam and Francis.

Little Adam was greatly influenced by Belarusian, Polish and Lithuanian folk songs and fairy tales, many of which he heard from the servant of the Mickiewiczs, Gonsevskaya. While at school, he and a friend walked around the surrounding villages to observe folk rituals. Together with his older brother, Adam studied at the Dominican school in Novogrudok. Here he began to write his first poems. It is known that he wrote a poem on the occasion of a fire in the city in 1810.

Never having seen the arrival of Napoleonic troops in Poland, the boy's father died, but thirteen-year-old Adam was able to witness the shameful and tragic flight of the French army, and these impressions left a deep imprint on his soul. In addition, after the death of his father, the family began to experience material need, and Adam had to become a tutor for elementary school students.

Studying at the University. Philomath Society.

In 1815, Mickiewicz entered the University of Vilna at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, but soon realized that he was more attracted to the study of philology, literature, and history. A year later, he moves to the Faculty of History and Philology. One of Mickiewicz's teachers was the famous historian Joachim Lelewel, with whom the poet subsequently maintained warm friendly relations. Mickiewicz learned several languages, including Russian, French, English and German. He read in the original and monuments of ancient literature.

Vilna University was a major cultural center and was famous for its liberal spirit, which was not slow to be reflected in the active Mickiewicz. In 1817, he and his comrades organized a secret student "Society of Philomaths", which means "lovers of science." One of the main provisions of the charter of Philomaths was love for the native language, national dignity and sympathy for the disadvantaged. In fact, it was a patriotic society with certain political views. Later, these views were concretized and turned into an educational program designed to educate public opinion. Mickiewicz's activities in the "Society" were especially active, and his sometimes too bold plans did not always find support among other members of the society.

During his university years, Mickiewicz's work was influenced by classicism. Especially the young poet was fond of Voltaire. He created his own poetic version of Voltaire's story "The Education of a Prince", calling it "Mieszko, Prince of Novogrudok". For several years Mickiewicz worked on the translation of The Virgin of Orleans. Mickiewicz's early work also consists of verses-messages to fellow philomaths, filled with love of life and enthusiasm. His first printed poem - "City Winter" - was published in 1818.

During the summer holidays of 1818, Mickiewicz met Maryla Vereshchak, a girl whose image he would keep in his soul throughout his life and who would become the inspiration for many of his future works. Despite the mutual love that arose between the young people, they could not be together: Maryla's parents were wealthy people, and the girl's fate was predetermined even before meeting the poet. She was engaged to Count Putkamer, whom she soon married. The news of Maryla's wedding was a heavy blow for Mickiewicz.

After graduating from the university, Mickiewicz was assigned to the small provincial town of Kovno (now Kaunas), where he began working as a teacher. It was a kind of "exile": the university authorities sought to deprive the poet of the opportunity to take part in the work of secret organizations.

Teaching work weighed heavily on Mickiewicz. However, the period of stay in Kovno, and later, during 1821 - in Vilna, where Mickiewicz was able to get out on vacation, became a transitional period in his work. The poet is fond of the poetry of sentimentalism, pre-romanticism and, in particular, romanticism; reads Goethe, Southey, Moore, Byron, the works of Schelling, Stern, Walter Scott and the German Romantics. He is attracted by the free spirit of Byron's poems and poems, he likes the fact that representatives of the new literary movement turn to national traditions, the past of their people. Romantic aesthetics and philosophy were in many respects close to the poet and were soon reflected in the cycle "Ballads and Romances". This cycle formed the main content of the first volume of Mickiewicz's works ("Poetry"), published in Vilna in 1822. In the preface to it, entitled "On Romantic Poetry", he outlined his vision of the new art.

A year later, the second volume of the poet's works was published, which included two poems: "Grazhina", dedicated to the struggle of Lithuania with the Teutonic Order, and "Dzyady". The second poem has a rather interesting history. The fact is that only the 2nd and 4th parts of it were published in the 1823 edition. This happened for many reasons, ranging from the author's dissatisfaction with the remaining parts to the strict need to release the book on time, which was stipulated by the contract with the publisher. Fragments of the 1st part were found only after the death of Mickiewicz. Part 3 comes out much later as an independent work.

"Dzyadami" was a folk rite of commemoration of the dead. An appeal to folk beliefs was necessary for the poet in order to connect his romantic concept of man with the spirit of folklore: the peasants participating in the rite argue that he will not be awarded posthumous bliss, who "has not known grief in the world", who "is not a man in this life was". The poetic description of the "dzyads" makes up the 2nd part of the poem, the 4th part is a confession of the torments of the hero separated from his beloved. This story is based on many genuine autobiographical details of Mickiewicz's relationship with Maryla, but they do not always correspond to reality exactly.