Local (solar) time is the time specified for a given place on Earth; depends on the geographic longitude of the area - Lesson. Time difference in Russia

Is it important for everyone to know what time it is in other parts of the world and Russia? Why in Moscow they say: “Good night!”, And at the same time in Vladivostok, a greeting sounds: “Good morning!”. This lesson will help you get an idea of the differences in time in Russia. During the lesson, you will learn how local time differs from zone time, what a "date line" is, how many times a year you can celebrate the New Year in Russia.

Topic: Geographical position of Russia

Lesson: Differences in time in Russia

1. Introduction

Our country is stretched from west to east for almost 10,000 km, and this feature of the geographical position has affected the time difference on the territory of Russia. (see fig.1)

Rice. 1. The length of Russia from west to east

2. Local time

Day is the natural unit of time. Noon is the highest position of the sun in relation to the point of observation. Noon simultaneously occurs for all points of one meridian - from the North to the South Poles, that is, the time is the same along the entire meridian. This time is called solar time, or local

St. Petersburg, Cairo, Ankara, Harare (Zimbabwe), Pretoria have approximately the same local time, since the longitudes of these settlements differ slightly.

A difference in longitude between two locations of just 1º would provide a difference of 4 minutes between their local time. The earth makes a full 360º rotation in 24 hours, or 1440 minutes, so it rotates 1º in 4 minutes. So the difference in longitudes between Moscow (37 ° E). and St. Petersburg (30 ° E) is 7º, thus, the local time of these settlements differs by 28 minutes (i.e., almost half an hour). (See Fig. 2)

Rice. 2. Differences in local time between Moscow and St. Petersburg

3. World time

On a relatively large territory, the use of local time in everyday life turns out to be inconvenient: a unified time reference system is needed. For example, having moved from the western outskirts of Moscow to the eastern one, we must set the clock forward one and a half minutes, and having moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg, almost half an hour ago. Therefore, in most countries of the world, a system has been adopted standard time.

It was proposed in 1878 by the Canadian engineer Sandford Fleming (see Fig. 3), which was adopted in 1884 at the International Astronomical Congress in the USA (Washington), where 26 countries were present.

Rice. 3. Sandford Fleming (1827-1915)

According to the idea of S. Fleming, the entire surface of the globe is conditionally divided by meridians into 24 time zones, each 15 ° (1 hour) in longitude. (see fig. 4)

Rice. 4. Time zones

At all points of each time zone, the time corresponding to the average meridian of this zone is set. The entire belt lives according to the time of its middle meridian. The difference in time between neighboring meridians (time zones) is exactly 1 hour, and the minute and second hands all over the Earth are the same. The belts are counted in the direction from west to east. Accordingly, when moving from west to east, the hour hand moves forward, from east to west - back.

Rice. 5. Scheme of counting time zones

Belts are indicated by Roman numerals. For the zero one, it is XXIV, the belt is taken, the average meridian of which is the Greenwich meridian. Greenwich time is considered world ( sometimes the term is used - Western European) . (see fig. 6)

Rice. 6. Zero time zone

Widespread name Central European time is the time of the I time zone.

The meridian opposite the Greenwich meridian 180° is date line. This line runs from pole to pole along the meridian of 180 ° with some deviations so that it does not intersect countries and archipelagos. (See Fig. 7)

Rice. 7. Dateline

As already noted, the countdown of time zones starts from the zero (Western European) time zone. Most of the countries of Europe (with the exception of Great Britain and Portugal), as well as the Kaliningrad region of Russia, are located in the I (Central European) time zone. Moscow is in II ( Eastern European) time zone. Standard time of Moscow, the average meridian of which is 30 c. d lies a little west of St. Petersburg, differs by one hour from Central European.

4. Russia on the map of time zones

Geographically, Russia is located within 11 time zones - from II to XII

(from the extreme western point - the Baltic Spit (19º E) - to Ratmanov Island - the extreme eastern point of Russia (169 W.) (see Fig. 8-9). The difference between them is 172 º (172 º: 15 º \u003d 11.5 hours).

Rice. 8. The extreme western point of Russia

Rice. 9. The extreme eastern point of Russia

Rice. 10. Time zones of Russia

On land, the boundaries of time zones, which have a submeridional strike, are drawn not strictly along the meridians, but along natural boundaries (mountains, rivers) and administrative boundaries. At the same time, the entire territory of a particular subject of the Russian Federation - republics, territories, regions - turns out to be in the same time zone.

5. Daylight Savings Time

In fact, the time difference between Moscow and, for example, Berlin or Paris is not one, but two hours. This is due to the fact that throughout Russia there is decree time that differs by one hour from standard time.

In 1930, by a resolution (decree) of the government, the hands of the clock were moved one hour ahead compared to standard time. This was done in order to more fully use the daylight hours, and therefore, in order to save electricity. Decree time of the II time zone, where Moscow is located, is called Moscow time.

Since 1981, Russia has been operating from March to September summer time. On the last Sunday in March, the clocks were set one more hour ahead of standard time. Since 2008, the return to standard time usually took place on the last Saturday of October by moving the clock hand back one hour. Since October 2011, there has been no change to winter time.

6. Conclusion

. Day is the natural unit of time.

Time on a given meridian is called local, and within the time zone - belt.

Due to the large extent of the territory of Russia from west to east, it is located in 11 time zones - from II to XI, but the real difference in time is between two points located on the territory in Russia - 9 hours.

Valid throughout Russia maternity time, which differs from the belt by 1 hour.

Homework

1. Determine on the map of time zones in which time zone is your republic, region, city?

2. What changes will occur when crossing the date line from west to east? From east to west?

1. Geography of Russia. Nature. Population. 1 hour Grade 8 / auth. V. P. Dronov, I. I. Barinova, V. Ya Rom, A. A. Lobzhanidze

2. Geography of Russia. population and economy. Grade 9 / auth. V.P. Dronov, V. Ya. Rom

3. Geography of Russia. Nature. Population. Textbook Grade 8 / Pyatunin V. B., Customs E. A.

4. Atlas. Geography of Russia. Population and economy / publishing house "Drofa" 2012

5. UMK (educational kit) "SPHERES". Textbook "Russia: nature, population, economy. Grade 8 "author. V. P. Dronov, L. E Savelyeva. Atlas.

problem books

1. Tasks by time zones.

2. Tasks for preparing for the exam in geography (online tests) on the topic "Time Zones".

3. Algorithm for solving problems for determining standard and local time.

Other tutorials on this topic

1. Time zones on the territory of the Russian Federation.

2. Russia on the map of time zones.

Find out more on the topic

1. Standard time.

3. Up-to-date information on time zones and time difference between cities and countries.

4. Time zones (video).

5. Time zones of Russia.

7. Reduction of time zones in Russia.

8. International date line and time zones of the Earth.

Virtual and real experiments

1. Definition of maternity and summer time in Russia.

2. Interactive map of Russia's time zones. On it you can determine the current time in various parts of the country.

1 . How many time zones is the entire globe divided into?
1) 10 2)12 3)14 4)36

2 . How many times in Russia can you celebrate the New Year?
1) 9 2) 10 3)11 4)12

3 . How many time zones are allocated in Russia7
1) 9 2) 10 3) 11 4) 12

4 . What time zone is Moscow in?
1) I 2) II 3) III 4) IV

5 . In what time zone should a settlement in Russia be located if the time of the settlement differs from Moscow by 5 hours?
1) IV 2) V 3) VI 4) VII

6 . Which of the following cities is located in the fifth time zone?

Kaliningrad
Vladivostok
Anadyr

7 . Which of the following cities is located in the seventh time zone and has 4 hours
difference with Moscow?

Bryansk
Kaliningrad
Birobidzhan

8 . In which of the following cities will it be 13:00 when it is noon in Irkutsk?

Kaliningrad
St. Petersburg
Novosibirsk

9 . Which statement is true?

The Greenwich meridian is the international date line.
When crossing the international date line from east to west, you find yourself in "yesterday".
Russia is located in 12 time zones.
The boundaries of time zones on land are drawn strictly along the meridians.

10 . Since what year did summer time begin to be introduced in Russia?
1) 1919 2) 1930 3) 1981 4) 1991

11 . What time (including maternity leave) will it be in Krasnoyarsk (VI hour zone),
if it's midnight in London (0 time zone)?

12 . What time (including maternity time) will it be in Murmansk (II hour zone),
when it's 12 noon in London. day?

13. On what meridian is the point located, if it is known that at midnight in time
Greenwich meridian local solar time in it (point) 22 hours? (justify your answer)

14 . Determine standard time (taking into account maternity time) in Krasnoyarsk (VІ hour zone), if in
London 11 o'clock.

15 . What time is it in Omsk (V hour zone) when it is 3 pm in Moscow?

16 . On what meridian is the point located, if it is known that at midnight in time
Greenwich meridian local solar time in it (point) 20 hours?
(justify your answer)

17 What time (including maternity leave) will it be in Vladivostok (ІΧ time zone),
When is midnight in London?

18 .What is the time (including maternity leave) in Omsk (V hour zone), if it is 15 hours in London?

19 . What time is it (including maternity leave) in Khabarovka (ІΧ time zone), when is it midnight in London?

20. What time is it (including maternity leave) in Magadan (Χ time zone) when in London
midnight?

21. What time (including maternity time) will it be in Norilsk (VI hour zone) when in London
midnight?

22 . Determine the standard time (including maternity time) in Bratsk (VII hour zone), if in London
noon?

23 .What time (including maternity leave) will it be in Murmansk (II hour zone),
When is 0 a.m. in London?

24 .What time (including maternity leave) will it be in Vilyuysk (VІІІ hour zone),
When is 1pm in London?

25 .What time (including maternity leave) will it be in Kursk (II time zone),
when in Prague (I hour zone) 10 am?

26 .What time is it (including maternity leave) in Oslo (I hour zone),
when in Novosibirsk (VІ hour zone) 7 o'clock in the morning?

27 .What time is it in Paris (I hour zone), when in Orenburg (IV time zone) taking into account
maternity leave 21 hours?

28 .What time (including maternity leave) will it be in Khabarovsk (ІΧ time zone),
When is 12 noon in Copenhagen (I hour zone)?

29 .What time (including maternity leave) will it be in Murmansk (II hour zone),
When is 12 noon in Tokyo (ІΧ time zone)?

30. What time (including maternity leave) will it be in Murmansk (II time zone),
When is 12 noon in Tokyo (ІΧ time zone)?

31 .What time will it be in Berlin (I hour zone) when in St. Petersburg
(including maternity leave) 20 hours?

32 . How much does local time differ between the extreme western and eastern points of Africa?
Justify your reasoning with calculations.

33 . It was 4 p.m. in Norilsk when the plane took off for Moscow.
The plane flew for 4 hours. It was 4 p.m. in Moscow when he landed.
What time zone is Norilsk in?

34 .In what direction should the clock hands be moved if you flew by plane from
Vladivostok to Moscow

35 .How many hours earlier will morning come in Moscow (in Yekaterinburg) compared to
London?

36 .How can you celebrate the New Year twice in Russia?

37 . The difference in longitude between 2 settlements is 20º. Can they be in the same
time zone, how much does the local time of these points differ?

39 . Determine when, according to Moscow time, you must land in Moscow (II
time zone) the plane that took off from Chita (VІІІ time zone) at 7 o'clock local time
time if the estimated flight time is 8 hours. Justify the decision.

40 . In what cases is the following possible: between points a distance of 5 km,
and the time difference is:
a) whole day
b) 2 hours;
c) 1 hour.

Lesson 3. Time Zones

Local (solar) time - the time specified for a given place on Earth; depends on the geographic longitude of the area. Local time is the same for all points located on a given meridian. The difference between the local time of two places is equal to the difference between the longitudes of these places.

Standard time - is the time within the time zone; local time of the central meridian of the belt. The Earth's surface is divided into 24 time zones (numbered 0 to 23) of 15º (1 hour) each.

Summer time. It was introduced to make better use of sunlight and save electricity. During the transition to daylight saving time on the last Sunday in March, the clock hands are moved forward 1 hour. In daylight saving time, we are 1 hour ahead of standard time until the clock hands turn back on the last Sunday in October. Currently, the question is being raised about the abolition of the change of clocks to daylight saving time and vice versa.

How to determine local time

As you already know from the 7th grade geography course, at the same moment at different points on the planet, lying on different meridians, there will be different local (i.e. solar) time. You know that this is due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis. The same time will be only at all points lying on the same meridian. So, on the western and eastern outskirts of even one settlement, local time will be different.
This difference will increase with increasing distance between the meridians.

So, on neighboring meridians drawn through 15 °, the difference in local time will be 1 hour, spent through 1º - 4 minutes, spent through 1 "(one minute, one degree divided by 60 minutes) - 4 seconds (these are the angular distances rotate points of one meridian for the specified time intervals).

At the same time, local time on the meridian located to the east of any point will be ahead of time in it, and on the more western meridian it will lag behind. For example, if local time in Kyiv is noon (12:00), then in Donetsk it is already 12:29, and in Lviv at that moment it is only 11:33:56.
Therefore, in order to establish the exact time at different points, knowing it at one of them, it is necessary to carry out such calculations.

Determine the geographical longitude of settlements:
a) Kyiv - 30 ° 34 "E;
b) Donetsk - 37 ° 49 "E;
c) Lviv - 24 ° 03 "E.

Set the longitude difference between points (in degrees and minutes):
a) between Donetsk and Kyiv - 37° 49 "- 30° 34" = 7° 15" E;
b) between Kyiv and Lvov - 30 ° 34 "- 24 ° 03" \u003d 6 ° 31 "E.

Convert longitude difference (from degrees and minutes) to time difference (in hours, minutes and seconds):
a) 7°15" = 7 ∙ 4 min + 15 ∙ 4 s = 29 min;
b) 6 ° 31 "= 6 ∙ 4 min + 31 ∙ 4 s = 26 min 4 s.

The values found show the difference in local time on the meridians drawn through Kyiv, Lvov and Donetsk.

To the time known to us in Kyiv (12 hours), add (in the case of Donetsk, which lies to the east of Kyiv) or subtract from it (in the case of Lvov, which is located to the west of Kyiv) the resulting value:
a) if it is 12:00 in Kyiv, then the local time in Donetsk will be 12:00 + 29:00 = 12:29;
b) if it is 12:00 in Kyiv, then the local time in Lviv will be 12:00 – 26:00 = 11:33:56.

Time zones and standard time

It is almost impossible to use local time, which is different in each point, in everyday life. For convenience, standard time is used all over the world.

For this, as you know, the globe was conditionally divided by meridians into 24 bands (according to the number of hours in a day) - into time zones (15 ° longitude each).

At all points of one zone, we agreed to consider the time the same. Standard time is taken as the local time of the meridian passing in the middle of this belt (middle meridian).

Time zones are numbered from 0 to 23 in the east direction: the average meridian of the 0th zone is the Greenwich (initial) meridian, the 1st zone is the meridian 15 ° east. 12th belt - 180th meridian, 23rd belt - meridian 15°W. The time of the 0th zone is called Western European, the 1st - Central European, the 2nd - Eastern European.

The zone number indicates the standard time at the moment when it is midnight on the Greenwich meridian. The time difference between two neighboring zones is 1 hour. Moving around the globe from west to east, we must move the clock forward one hour when crossing the boundaries of each next zone, and moving westward - one hour back.

The location of Ukraine in relation to time zones is convenient: 95% of its territory lies in the second zone, only Luhansk and parts of the Donetsk and Kharkov regions - in the 3rd zone, and an insignificant part of the Transcarpathian region - in the first zone. However, in practice, for convenience, the boundaries of time zones on land are drawn not strictly along the meridians, but taking into account state borders.

Therefore, the entire territory of Ukraine is assigned to the second time zone. Standard time in our country corresponds to the average time for the second belt of the 30º meridian, which passes almost through Kyiv. Therefore, in Ukraine, standard time is also called Kyiv.

By the time of the second belt, in addition to Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland, Moldova, Romania, and Turkey also live in Europe.

All the western neighbors of Ukraine, the countries of Central and most of the countries of Western Europe use Central European time, while Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland and Portugal use Western European time. On the Russian territories adjacent to the borders of Ukraine, the so-called Moscow time operates, which is ahead of Kiev by 1 hour.

Practical work No. 1 (continued)

Objective: Learn to determine the position of the country in time zones.

Exercise:

Determine the standard time in Lisbon, Madrid, New York, Beijing, if it is 18 hours in Kyiv.

Determine what time it is in cities located 10º, 25º, 40º east and west of Kharkov, if it is 9 hours in Kharkov?

Determine the difference in local time between the extreme western and extreme eastern points of Ukraine, if one degree equals four minutes (1º = 4 minutes).

Mark the meridians on the contour map - the boundaries of the II time zone and sign the areas where:

Local time = standard time + minutes;

Local time = standard time - minutes

Local time = standard time.

Homework: read §3, do the practical work in the workbook and on the contour map (if possible). Optional: write out definitions of concepts and find interesting information about universal time, standard time, international date lines.

Topic: Geographical position of Russia

Lesson: Differences in time in Russia

Our country is stretched from west to east for almost 10,000 km, and this feature of the geographical position has affected the time difference on the territory of Russia. (see fig.1)

Rice. 1. The length of Russia from west to east

St. Petersburg, Cairo, Ankara, Harare (Zimbabwe), Pretoria have approximately the same local time, since the longitudes of these settlements differ slightly.

A difference in longitude between two locations of just 1º would provide a difference of 4 minutes between their local time. The earth makes a full 360º rotation in 24 hours, or 1440 minutes, so it rotates 1º in 4 minutes. So the difference in longitudes between Moscow (37 ° E). and St. Petersburg (30° E) is 7º, thus, the local time of these settlements differs by 28 minutes (i.e., by almost half an hour). (see fig.2)

Rice. 2. Differences in local time between Moscow and St. Petersburg

It was proposed in 1878 by Canadian engineer Sandford Fleming (see fig.3), which in 1884 was adopted at the International Astronomical Congress in the USA (Washington), where 26 countries were present.

Rice. 3. Sandford Fleming (1827-1915)

According to the idea of S. Fleming, the entire surface of the globe is conditionally divided by meridians into 24 time zones, each 15 ° (1 hour) in longitude. (see fig. 4)

Rice. 4. Time zones ()

Rice. 5. Scheme of counting time zones

Rice. 6. Zero time zone ()

Widespread name Central European time is the time of the I time zone.

The meridian opposite the Greenwich meridian 180° is date line. This line runs from pole to pole along the 180° meridian with some deviations so that it does not cross countries and archipelagos. (see fig. 7)

Rice. 7. Dateline

As already noted, the countdown of time zones starts from the zero (Western European) time zone. Most of the countries of Europe (with the exception of Great Britain and Portugal), as well as the Kaliningrad region of Russia, are located in the I (Central European) time zone. Moscow is in II ( Eastern European) time zone. The standard time of Moscow, the average meridian of which is 30 E lies a little to the west of St. Petersburg, differs by one hour from the Central European one.

Geographically, Russia is located within 11 time zones - from II to XII

(from the extreme western point - the Baltic Spit (19º E) - to Ratmanov Island - the extreme eastern point of Russia (169 W). (See Fig. 8-9). The difference between them is 172 º (172 º: 15 º = 11.5 hours).

Rice. 8. The extreme western point of Russia

Rice. 9. The extreme eastern point of Russia

In fact, the difference in time throughout Russia is 9 hours. [L1] For example, when in Kaliningrad it is 15 hours, in Anadyr, Uelen, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky - 24 hours.

Rice. 10. Time zones of Russia

. Day is the natural unit of time.

Time on a given meridian is called local, and within the time zone - belt.

Valid throughout Russia maternity time, which differs from the belt by 1 hour.

Homework

Determine on the map of time zones () in which time zone is your republic, region, city?
What changes will occur when crossing the date line from west to east? From east to west?

Portal for the student. Self-training

1. Introduction

2. Local time

3. World time

4. Russia on the map of time zones

5. Daylight Savings Time

6. Conclusion

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