The most important stage in the history of the formation of the statehood of Russia is the entry of the peoples of the Volga region into the state. This contributed to the ethnic development of the Russian people.

A significant point in the consideration of this topic is the history of Russia's relations with the Volga people before joining. It is known that the Kazan khans, who were directly related to the Volga region, often raided Russian lands for several centuries.

Prerequisites for joining the Volga region

The need to annex the territory of the Volga region was due to the Russian state both by significant economic reasons for trade routes through the Volga and fertile lands, as well as political and social ones.

The state wanted to put an end to the raids of the Kazan khans on Russian lands and peoples. From 1547 to 1550 two failed campaigns against the Kazan Khanate were made.

The state had high hopes for the capture of the khanate. For the Russian people, the constant capture of prisoners, who were taken to the Kazan Khanate, and then sold on the markets of Central Asia, the Crimea and North Africa, was a huge loss.

The khanate also hindered the development of an active foreign policy in the West. But nevertheless, through military force, the peoples of the Volga region joined Russia. On October 2, 1552, Kazan was taken by storm, and in 1556, the Russians also captured Astrakhan.

The khanate of these cities fell, and this created favorable conditions for the entry of peoples under the influence of the khanates into the Russian state. The Maris, Chuvashs, Mordovians and the peoples of Bashkiria voluntarily joined Russia.

One of the main reasons for this was the desire of these peoples to free themselves from the power of the khanate.

Tribes of Bashkiria

The peoples of Bashkiria became convinced of the power of Russia, and therefore sought to reunite with it. But the accession was delayed to some extent, mainly due to the fact that the Tatar feudal lords tried to restore their power.

But the people themselves wanted to free them from the terrible and unjust oppression of foreign khans. The Western Bashkir tribes were the first to accept the citizenship of the Russian state.

Following them, the southern and central tribes of Bashkiria did this, but for them this process was burdened by the power of the Nogai murzas and princes. Gradually, the Nogai rulers weakened, the peoples of Bashkiria fought against their power and oppression.

The Bashkirs of four tribes sent their representatives to Kazan with the message that they were accepting Russian citizenship. By the beginning of 1557, almost the entire territory of Bashkiria and all its tribes were part of the Russian state.

Thus, it is important to note that the accession of the Volga peoples and the territory of Bashkiria took place in a rather short time period, the entry began with the fall of the Kazan and the Khanate and ended with the acceptance of Russian citizenship by the Bashkir tribes in 1557.

Such historic changes opened an important route for Russia to Siberia which is famous for its natural resources. A dozen years later, the Siberian Khanate also fell, and in 1586 and 1587 two large cities of Tyumen and Tobolsk were founded, which became the Russian center in Siberia.

Raisa Emelyanova

This year will go down in the history of the Federal State Institution "West Siberian Medical Center", referred to by the residents of the Omsk region in the old fashioned way as the "hospital of water workers", as the beginning of a new stage in its development: this year the Center became part of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency. Our correspondent talks with the director of the Center Vasily Obryvalin.

— Vasily Vasilyevich, how do you assess the Center's entry into the FMBA?

“Our Center has become one of the first medical institutions in the Omsk region that received licenses for the right to use high technologies in the treatment of patients. First of all, this is the merit of our department of portal hypertension and the department of orthopedics, on the basis of which a center for endoprosthetics has recently been opened. By the way, it is headed by a well-known orthopedic doctor of the highest category V.A. Drachevsky. For a long time he headed the department of ballet and sports trauma in the regional trauma and orthopedic hospital. During this period, together with his colleagues, he developed unique methods for the recovery of athletes and ballet dancers after injuries. Until now, the authority of Vladimir Andreevich in the circle of ballet dancers and athletes is indisputable. Patients come to us from Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Tomsk, Tyumen and even from Moscow. The opening of the endoprosthetics center on the basis of the orthopedic department significantly expands the possibilities of doctors in the treatment and rehabilitation of not only athletes, artists, but also, so to speak, ordinary patients. The main emphasis is on endoscopic operations - the most sparing for the patient and giving the greatest effect. Thanks to the development of modern methods of arthroplasty of the hip, knee and ankle joints, even deep old men leave us on their feet.

— I think it is a great honor for our team to join the FMBA structure. We have great respect for the activities of this federal agency. After all, its divisions, research institutes serve such developed sectors of the economy as the nuclear industry, space. And the head of the FMBA - V.V. Uyba made the best impression on me. Despite being very busy, at the very first meeting he attentively listened to all our problems, suggesting ways to solve them.

- The new status of the institution will not negatively affect those groups of the population that you have traditionally served since the time when it was called the Irtysh Basin Hospital?

- Vice versa. Our responsibilities are expanding in identifying functional deviations at the initial stages, carrying out corrective medical measures aimed at preventing their transition to occupational diseases. This applies primarily to workers in water transport. With the transition to FMBA, the possibilities of expensive treatment of the attached population in various clinics of the country increase significantly.

At the same time, our Center will constantly look for reserves to provide additional medical care to the territorial population of the city of Omsk and the region. This will be facilitated by new forms of remuneration, on which we are currently working with the team.

Emerged in the middle of the XV century. as a result of the fragmentation of the Golden Horde, the Kazan Khanate united under its rule the peoples of the Middle Volga and Urals - Tatars, Udmurts, Mari, Chuvash, part of the Bashkirs. The peoples of the Middle Volga region, who have long lived here, to a greater or lesser extent inherited the ancient culture of the Volga Bulgaria. In the fertile regions of the Volga region, agriculture, beekeeping and hunting for fur-bearing animals were developed. The land belonged to the state. The khans distributed it to their vassals, who collected taxes from the population. Part of the land belonged to mosques. The main tax was food quitrent (kharaj); tithes were given to the clergy. In the economy of the feudal lords, the labor of captive slaves was widely used. More difficult was the position of the Mordovians, Chuvashs and Maris, who had to pay a large yasak. Social and national contradictions intertwined in the multinational Kazan Khanate. The Kazan rulers saw a way out of them in organizing attacks on the more developed Russian lands with the aim of plundering and capturing slaves. The lack of a developed urban life (except for the large center of transit trade - Kazan) also pushed for attacks on neighbors.
In the 30s - 40s of the XVI century. in the Kazan Khanate there were several significant popular uprisings against the feudal rulers. There was no unity among the Kazan feudal lords themselves: despite the orientation of most of them to the Crimea and Turkey, some of the feudal lords sought to develop political ties with the Russian state, with which Kazan maintained trade.
Already in the mid-40s of the XVI century. Chuvash and Mari freed themselves from the power of the Kazan Khanate and became part of the Russian state.

Preparing for a trip to Kazan

By the middle of the XVI century. A strong coalition of Muslim sovereigns acted against the Russian state, which arose after the collapse of the Golden Horde and were united by influence and support from Sultan Turkey.
The fight against external danger again rose as a top-priority, most important task, on the solution of which the existence and development of the newly emerged united Russian state depended.
The entire second half of the 1940s was spent in diplomatic and military attempts to eliminate the center of aggression in Kazan, either by restoring its vassalage, which could be achieved by establishing a supporter of Moscow in Kazan, or by conquering Kazan. But these attempts were unsuccessful. Moscow's henchman Shah-Ali failed to stay in Kazan, and two campaigns of Russian troops in 1547-1548 and 1549-1950 were unsuccessful.
At the turn of the 50s, preparations began for a decisive blow to Kazan. The preference for military defeat over diplomatic solutions to this problem was due to the need for land for the nobles. The Kazan Khanate with its "podraisky land" (Peresvetov's expression) attracted service people. Mastering Kazan was also important for the development of trade - it opened the way along the Volga to the countries of the East, which so attracted Europeans in the sixteenth century with their riches.

Capture of Kazan

In the spring of 1551, on the right bank of the Volga, opposite Kazan, a wooden fortress Sviyazhsk, which had been cut down in advance and lowered along the river, became a stronghold for conducting military operations against Kazan.
The Russian attack on Kazan alarmed the Turkish-Tatar coalition. By order of the Sultan, the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey struck from the south, intending to invade the central regions of Russia and thereby disrupt the Russian offensive against Kazan. But in Moscow they foresaw the possibility of such an attack, and troops were deployed in the Kashira-Kolomna region on the ancient Oka line. The Crimean Khan went back. In the second half of 1552, a Russian army of one hundred and fifty thousand, led by Ivan IV, princes A. M. Kurbsky, M. I. Vorotynsky and others, laid siege to Kazan. To destroy the walls of the Kazan Kremlin, according to the plan of Ivan Vyrodkov, mine digs and siege devices were built. As a result of the assault on October 2, 1552, Kazan was taken.

Mastering the Volga way

Then followed the accession of Bashkiria to Russia. In 1556 Astrakhan was taken. In 1557, Murza Ismail, the head of the Great Nogai Horde, swore allegiance to the Russian state. His opponents migrated with part of the Nogais to the Kuban and became vassals of the Crimean Khan. The whole Volga has now become Russian. It was a huge success for the Russian state. In addition to the elimination of dangerous centers of aggression in the East, the victory over Kazan and Astrakhan opened up the possibility of developing new lands and developing trade with the countries of the East. This victory was the biggest event for contemporaries; she inspired the creation of a masterpiece of Russian and world architecture - the famous Pokrovsky Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow, known as St. Basil's Cathedral.

B.A. Rybakov - "History of the USSR from ancient times to the end of the XVIII century." - M., "Higher School", 1975.

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The strengthening of autocratic power in the Russian state and the creation of a more powerful military organization created the conditions for the intensification of foreign policy. The primary task in this regard was to eliminate the constant threat of invasions from the Kazan Khanate.

Kazan Khanate

Emerged in the middle of the 15th century. as a result of the fragmentation of the Golden Horde, the Kazan Khanate united under its rule the peoples of the Middle Volga and Urals - Tatars, Udmurts, Mari, Chuvash, part of the Bashkirs. In the fertile regions of the Volga region, agriculture, beekeeping and hunting for fur-bearing animals were developed. The land belonged to the state. The khans distributed it to their vassals, who collected taxes from the population. Part of the land belonged to mosques. In the economy of the feudal lords, the labor of captive slaves was widely used. More difficult was the position of the Mordovians, Chuvashs and Maris, who had to pay a large yasak. Social and national contradictions intertwined in the multinational Kazan Khanate. The Kazan rulers saw a way out of them in organizing attacks on the more developed Russian lands with the aim of plundering and capturing slaves. The lack of a developed urban life (except for the large center of transit trade - Kazan) also pushed for an attack on the neighbors.

Already in the mid-40s of the 16th century. Chuvash and Mari freed themselves from the power of the Kazan Khanate and became part of the Russian state.

Preparing for a trip to Kazan

By the middle of the 16th century. a strong coalition of Muslim states that emerged after the collapse of the Golden Horde and united by influence and support from Sultan Turkey acted against the Russian state. The fight against external danger again rose as a top-priority, most important task, on the solution of which the existence of the recently emerged united Russian state also depended.

The entire second half of the forties was spent in diplomatic and military attempts to eliminate the center of aggression in Kazan, either by restoring its vassalage, which could be achieved by establishing a supporter of Moscow in Kazan, or by conquering Kazan. But these attempts were unsuccessful. Moscow's henchman Shah-Ali failed to stay in Kazan, and two campaigns of Russian troops in 1547-1548. and 1549-1550. were unsuccessful.

At the turn of the 50s. preparations began for a decisive blow to Kazan. The preference for military defeat over diplomatic solutions to this problem was associated with the need for land for the nobles. The Kazan Khanate with its "podraisky land" attracted service people. The mastery of Kazan was also important for the development of trade - it opened the way along the Volga to the countries of the East, which so attracted Europeans in the 16th century. with their wealth.

Capture of Kazan

In the spring of 1551 on the right bank of the Volga, opposite Kazan, a wooden fortress Sviyazhsk, which had been cut down in advance and launched along the river, became a stronghold for conducting military operations against Kazan.

The Russian attack on Kazan alarmed the Turkish-Tatar coalition. By order of the Sultan, the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray struck from the south, intending to invade the central regions of Russia and thereby disrupt the Russian offensive against Kazan. But in Moscow they foresaw the possibility of such an attack, and in the Kashira-Kolomna region, troops were stationed at the ancient Oka line. The Crimean Khan went back. In the second half of 1552. one hundred and fifty thousandth Russian army, headed by Ivan the Terrible, princes A. M. Kurbsky, M. I. Vorotynsky and others, besieged Kazan. To destroy the walls of the Kazan Kremlin, according to the plan of Ivan Vyrodkov, mine digs and siege devices were built. As a result of the assault on October 2, 1552. Kazan was taken.

Mastering the Volga way

This was followed by the accession of Bashkiria to Russia in 1556. Astrakhan was taken. In 1557 Murza Ismail, the head of the great Nogai Horde, swore allegiance to the Russian state. His opponents migrated with part of the Nogays to the Kuban and became vassals of the Crimean Khan. The whole Volga has now become Russian. It was a huge success for the Russian state. In addition to eliminating dangerous centers of aggression in the East, the victory over Kazan and Astrakhan opened up the possibility of developing new lands and developing trade with the countries of the East. This victory was the biggest event for contemporaries.

After the annexation of Kazan, the Siberian Khanate became Russia's neighbor in the East, with vast territories and expensive profitable furs.