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Phonetic position- the position of sound (vowels - under stress / unstressed; consonants - at the end of a word / before different consonants), where the sound can change its quality under the influence of neighboring sounds or change mutually, thereby determining the features of the sound system of the language.
Positional exchange- this is such a change of sound units, which is determined by the syntagmatic laws of sound compatibility operating in a given language.
Positional change acc.. - replacement of this accord. on a qualitatively different acc.
It is distinguished by deafness / sonority, for paired rooms on this basis acc. sv., and then hardness / softness for pairs on this basis acc. sound Pos. mena acc. sound deaf/ringing associated with call transfer. acc. in the steam room he is deaf. sound and vice versa.
On the basis of deafness / ringing. the following main cases of exchange positions are distinguished according to. sound:
1. Voiced noisy acc. in a position before deaf noisy consonants, as well as at the absolute end of a word, they must be replaced with paired deaf consonants. (fairy tale, meadow)
2. Deaf noisy acc. before noisy voiced acc. necessarily replaced by paired voiced acc. (koSba).
At the same time, paired deaf./call. noisy acc. not exposed positions. mene (act in their main form) in the following cases:
1. Before any Ch. sound, including reduced (mow)
2. before all sonorous sounds (Shine).
3. Before sound. [in] and [in,] (Palace, Creator).
This type of exchange is a positional exchange according to. sound cross type.
Positional exchange on TV / soft. associated with the transition of TV. acc. in the steam room he is soft. acc. and vice versa.
Pos. me on tv/soft not subject to acc. zv., located before Ch. sound [a] [o] [y], because any sound can be here, like TV. so soft. (rad, row).
Pos. exchange on tv./soft. can occur in Russian and Russified borrowed words only before Ch. front row ([i], [e]) and before the sound. [s]. At the same time, the position of the exchange on TV / soft. can only be felt at the junction of morphemes.
1. Before Ch. front row ([and], [e]) can only be located softly. acc. sound Therefore, all TV acc. be sure to change to paired him softly. acc. (angle-on coal)
2. before sound. [s] in FDS can never be placed softly. acc. and therefore, getting into position before the sound [s] softly. acc. be sure to be replaced by a pair of him TV. acc. (mercy-almsgiving).
This type of exchange is a cross type of positional exchange on TV / soft.
In the FRY before the sound. [e] may not be mitigated.
ü before sound. [e] TV can perform. hissing and [ts]. (Gesture, Pole, Workshop)
ü before sound. [e] TV can perform. acc. in borrowed words (mer, ser).
ü before sound. [e] TV can perform. acc. in abbreviations. (CHP).
Parallel type of positional exchange:
1. Deaf. acc. [c] [h] [x] in pos. before the call acc. are subjected to voicing (father would, coH would, doCh would) c-[dz]; h-[j]; x-[ɣ]
2. sonorous acc. sound are unpaired in deaf / voiced, however, in positions of the absolute beginning of a word, before noisy deaf. acc. or at the end of a word after a noisy deaf. acc. they are muted. (Rta, theater)
3. All acc. sound being in a position in front of rounded ch. (o, y) undergo labialization. (Juice, Suk).
Positional changes acc. sound
Positional exchange is such a mutual exchange of phonologically significant units, which is determined by the syntagmatic laws of distribution of these units operating in a given language. Syntagmatic laws allow or do not allow this or that combination or this or that distribution of phonemes on the syntagmatic axis: in certain positions, some phonemes and their combinations are allowed by these laws, while others are not allowed; some positions may contain certain phonologically significant units, while others cannot. So, for example, in the Russian literary language there is syntagmatic law, which forbids voiced noisy ones to speak in position in front of deaf noisy ones and vice versa - forbids deaf noisy ones to speak in position in front of voiced noisy ones; voiced noisy ones are also prohibited at the absolute end of a word. Therefore, if in a position before vowels, or, in other words, in combination with a subsequent vowel, voiced and deaf noisy can equally appear, then in a position before deaf noisy there can only be deaf, and before voiced - only voiced; at the absolute end of a word there can only be deaf noisy ones. For example: [circle] - [fluff] and [circle] - [gun], [carry] - [carry] and [carry] - [lead], [pond] - [rod] and [rod] i.d.t . When such a law reveals its effect in the sound composition of different forms of the same word or in different formations from the same root, the positional exchange is revealed most clearly, but this law also reveals its effect outside such formations, since in the Russian language there can only be such a distribution of deaf and voiced noisy consonants on the syntagmatic axis.
In the speech stream (i.e., on the syntagmatic axis of the phonological system), phonemes fall into different positions, which can be strong and weak. Strong positions are called those in which the phonemes differ as much as possible, i.e. are most capable of distinguishing between words and word forms. Weak positions are called those in which phonemes completely or partially cease to be opposed according to various signs and, consequently, their semantic-distinctive function weakens or completely disappears. Consider strong and weak positions for vowels and consonants.
Vowel phonemes .
Strong position- position under stress, it is under stress that those 5 phonemes that were previously characterized by their constitutive and differential features are distinguished: vowel phonemes<и>, <у>, <э>, <о>, <а>, speaking in a position under stress and opposing each other, they distinguish words and forms of the Russian language. For example, d<а>l - d<о>l - d<у>l; in<е>from – to ۥ<о>from – to ۥ<и>with etc.
Weak positions- positions without stress, in them there is a positional change of phonemes and a smaller number of phonologically significant units are distinguished. At the same time, the vowel phonemes of the first prestressed syllable and the remaining unstressed syllables are characterized by a different composition of allophones.
Consonant phonemes.
By sonority - deafness (strong positions):
1) before vowels (house - tom, bone - guest);
2) before sonorant consonants (layer - evil);
3) before [j] (departure ј drive - time ј exit);
4) before [in] (your own - howl)
By sonority - deafness (weak positions):
1) the absolute end of the word (ca[t], gro[p]);
2) in front of noisy consonants (ska [s] ka - dance [s] ka, tra [f] ka - hundred [f] ka);
By hardness - softness (strong positions):
1) before a non-front vowel (mother - knead);
2) at the end of the word (rob - rob)
By hardness - softness (weak positions):
1) before the front vowels ([сۥ]eno - ru[kۥ]e, [nۥ]ena);
2) before noisy consonants (ko [f] tu - ko [f] te, la [m] pa - la [m] ne,)
1. Strong and weak positions of consonants in terms of voicedness-deafness.
Strong and weak positions of consonants are varied. Distinguish between strong and weak positions of consonants
by loudness / deafness and hardness / softness.
The strong position of consonants in terms of voicing-deafness is the position that does not deafen and does not voice sounds- before vowels and sonorants, and sounds [v], [v`], as well as in voiced before voiced, and in deaf before deaf: pick up [pdbirat`], elephant [elephant].
Weak position on voiced-deafness- at the absolute end of the word: oak - [dup], tooth - [zup], lov - [lof], as well as for the deaf before voiced (except sonorants and c) and for voiced before the deaf: snow [sn`ek].
Absolutely strong position happens with consonants when strong in voiced-deafness and hardness - softness of positions coincide.
Absolutely weak position it happens with consonants when weak in voiced-deafness and hardness - softness of positions coincide.
Weak positions in deafness / sonority:
1) at the end of the word: ko[s] from goat and braid;
2) in front of the noisy deaf: lo [t] ka, but lo [d] points;
3) before a noisy voiced: [h] give, but [s] believe.
Strong positions in deafness / voicedness:
1) before a vowel: [g] od, [k] from;
2) before sonorant consonants: [c] loy, [z] loy;
3) before [in], [in]: [t] howl, [d] voe.
2. Positional exchange and changes in voiced and voiceless consonants.
Positional exchange for consonants is reflected in the following sound laws:
1. Phonetic law of the end of a word: noisy voiced at the end of the word is deafened. This pronunciation leads to the formation of homophones: threshold[n/\ro´k] - vice[n/\ro´k]; hammer[mo´lt] - young[mo´lt]. In words with two consonants at the end of the word, both consonants are stunned: breast[gru´s´t´] - sadness[gru´s´t´], entrance[p/\dje´st] - drive up[n/\dje´st].
2. The law of assimilation of consonants according to sonority and deafness.Assimilation It is likening one sound to another. In the modern Russian literary language, assimilation has a regressive character, that is, the previous sound is likened to the next one: a deaf before a voiced double becomes voiced: to grandfather [gd´e´du], a voiced double before a deaf becomes deaf: a spoon[lo´shk]. Note that the voicing of the deaf before the voiced is less common than the stunning of the voiced before the deaf. As a result of assimilation, homophones are created: bow [du´shk] - darling [d´shk], carry [v´ and e s´t´i´] - lead [v´ and e s´t´i´].
Assimilation occurs:
1. At the junction of morphemes: did[z´d´e´ll],
2. At the junction of a preposition with a word: with business[z´d´e´lm],
3. At the junction of a word with a particle (postfix): a year or so[go´tt],
4. At the junction of significant words uttered without a pause: five times[rasp´at´].
All pairs soften in softness: before the front vowels: [b´e´ly], [x´i´try], [v´i e sleep´].
Assimilation by place of education
Assimilation of dental before hissing [g], [w], [h´, [w´] and consists in the complete assimilation of dental [h] and [s]:
1.
At the junction of morphemes: sew[shy´t´], unclench[R/\ JA t], check[shot], with a ball[ USA´rm], without fever[b´ and e JA´ръ];
2.
Inside the root: later[on Zhb ],I drive ,
3.
Dental [d], [t], being before [h], [c], are likened to the latter: report .
4. Reduction of groups of identical consonants. With a confluence of three identical consonants at the junction of a preposition
or prefixes with the following word, at the junction of the root and suffix are reduced to two: from the link[links].
Assimilation of consonants by softness-hardness. Dental [s], [s], [n], [p], [d], [t] and labial [b], [p], [m], [c], [f] are usually softened before soft consonants : [in´ and e z´d´e´], [s´n´e´ k], [gro´s´t´], [us´p´e´h], [m´e´s´ t].
However, assimilation by softness occurs inconsistently. So, dental [s], [s], [n], [d], [t] before soft dental and [h´], [w´] soften in the roots: [z´d´e´s´], [s´t´e´p´]; dental before soft labials can soften in the roots and at the junction of the prefix and the root: [s´v´e´t], [m´ and e d´v´e´t´], [from´m´a´t´] . However, sometimes in the same position a consonant can be pronounced both softly and firmly: [v/\z´n´i´k] - [v/\zn´i´k]. Back-lingual and [l] do not soften before soft consonants.
Since assimilation by softness does not have the character of a law, one can speak not of positional change, but of positional changes of consonants in softness.
Paired in hardness, soft consonants can be assimilated in hardness. Positional changes in hardness are observed at the junction of the root and the suffix, which begins with a hard consonant: [s´l´e´syr´], but [s´l´ and e sa´rny]. Before the labial [b], assimilation does not occur: [pro´z´b].
Assimilation by hardness is not subjected to [l´]: [n/\po´l´ny].
3. Positional exchange of consonants with zero sound.
In other words, the neutralization of the phoneme represented by the consonant zero and the absence of the phoneme. There are several cases here.
1. The combination of phonemes (stn) and (zdn) is realized by the sound combination [sn], [zn]: honest - honest - che [sn] th, star - star [zn] th.
Compare: che [sn] y and those [sn] y; we hear in both cases [sn], but in a strong position (not between [s ... n]) there is a difference: honest, but cramped. This means that in the words che (stn) th and those (sn) th phoneme combinations (stn) and (sn) coincided in sound; phoneme (t), realized in a position between [s...n] zero, coincided with the absence of a phoneme!
These alternations reflect well the rhymes (from the poems of N. A. Nekrasov; the poet’s rhyme is accurate): famous - wonderful, impassive - beautiful, honest - cramped, unhappy - voiceless, autocratic - beautiful, more charming - song, rainy - clear.
Remarks require the word abyss. It's actually not one, but two words. 1) The abyss is a lot. The word of everyday speech: I have an abyss of all sorts of things. Pronounced: [b’ezn]. It is hardly possible to say that here the phoneme (e) is represented by the zero of the consonant, since at present this word abyss has no connection with the combination without a bottom.
Another similar alternation: the combination (ntk) is realized by the sound [nk]: student [nk] a, laboratory [nk] a. Such an alternation is positional (that is, it is presented in all words with a phonemic combination (NTK)) only in some people who speak the literary language, mainly the older generation.
Words such as building, building, building, under construction or tram, tram, tram; or own, own, own ... clearly have roots ending in a phoneme (j); it is realized by the non-syllable vowel [and]. But in the words build, builder, build; trams; no iota is heard of their own. This is because the phoneme (j) in position after the vowel before [i] is represented by zero: sui - [piles] = (cBojft).
Words can contain combinations of two identical phonemes, for example (nn): bath - [van: b] = (bath);
Such combinations are realized by long, "double" consonants (they are not necessarily twice as long as short, ordinary [n]). But long consonants are possible only between vowels, one of which (preceding or following) is stressed. When such a combination of two identical phonemes, for example (nn), falls into the vicinity of a consonant, then instead of a long one, a short one sounds: Finns (s [n:]) - Finnish (s [n]); semolina - semolina, a ton - two-ton, etc. Here are examples where the alternation
reflected in spelling, but it also exists where spelling does not mark this alternation: a wind of two ba [l:] a - two-point (with the usual short [l ']). ;
Consequently, in the position "next to the consonant" \ combination of phonemes like (nn), (ll), etc. represented by a short consonant; one of the phonemes is realized by zero.
Often, speaking of positional alternations, they use emphatically procedural verbs: “the stressed vowel [o] goes into [a] without stress”, “the sound [z] at the end of the word turns into [s]”, etc. In fact, there is synchronous relationships, not processes. The correct wording is as follows: [o] stressed in unstressed positions changes to the vowel [a]; the voiced consonant [h] alternates with the voiceless consonant [s].
The consonants of the Russian literary language in their composition, which was defined above, appear in a position before vowels, and before [a], [o], [y] all consonants can be used, i.e. in the Russian language there are combinations of all consonants with these three vowels; before [and] only soft consonants appear, and before [s] - only hard ones. As for the position before [e], it requires special consideration, since in the modern literary language it turns from a position in which there is a positional change of a hard consonant to a soft one, into a position in which all consonants can act, which is associated with the spread pronunciation of hard before [e] in loanwords and abbreviations (see details below). However, in general, it can be said that the position of consonants before vowels is such a position in which neither positional exchange occurs (with the exception of partly the position before [e]), nor positional changes of consonants.
The positional exchange of consonants in the Russian literary language is connected "first of all with the relations of deaf-voiced noisy in position in front of noisy ones. According to syntagmatic laws, in the Russian literary language in the position in front of deaf noisy voiced noisy positionally change to deaf (lu [pk] a (from lubok ), la [fk] a, dirty [tk] a, sya [t'-k] and sit down, ny [sk] o, lo [s't '] climb, lo [shk] a, but [kt '] and), and deaf noisy before voiced ones - to voiced (o [dg] give, [Zd]at, [make, [g-home]); at the absolute end of the word, only deaf noisy ones (bo [n], sy [p '], cro [f], cro [f '], su [t], xia [t '], in [s], le [s '], mu [w], to [w '], sleep [k]), i.e. there is a change of voiced to deaf.
Thus, if deaf and voiced [p] - [b], [p '] - [b '], [f] - [c], [f '] - [c *], [tі - [d], [t '] - [d'I, [s] - [s], [s '] - [s '], [w] - [g], [w '] - [w '], [k] - [g], [k '] - [g '], then in the position in front of the deaf noisy ones only [n], in '], [f], [f '], [t], [t '], [s], [s '], [w], , [k], [k '], and in the position before voiced - only [b], [b '], [c], [c '], [d], [d*], [h], Іz'], [g], [g'1, [g], [g']. At the absolute end of the word, only the same deaf ones are possible as before the deaf noisy ones, with the exception of [k '], which is absent in the modern literary language in this position.
It should be borne in mind that in the vocabulary of the Russian language and in its morphological forms there may be no formations with combinations of some voiceless consonants, especially voiceless soft ones, before voiceless noisy ones: in some cases this absence is due to the non-proliferation of combinations of soft consonants with subsequent consonants, in others - with the occasional absence of such formations; the same applies to voiced consonants in a position before voiced noisy ones.
As a result of positional exchange in the Russian literary language, an intersecting type of positionally changing deaf-voiced noisy consonants is formed, when in one position - in front of vowels - deaf and voiced ones appear, and in others - either only deaf or only voiced. This series of positionally changing consonants form the following voiceless-voiced groups:
| p b | p' -b' | f - in | f’-v’ | t - d | t'-d' |
| \/ | \/ | \/ | \/ | \/ | \/ |
| P 1 | P' 1 | f | f' 1 | t | t' |
| 1 b | 1 b' | in | 1 in' | d | d' |
| From 3 | s’ - s’ | w-f | 1* 1 Ha | k - g | k' - g |
| \/ | \/ | \/ | \/ | \/ | \/ |
| With 1 | With' 1 | sh | sh' | to | to' 1 |
| 1 3 | 1 3’ | and | і | G | 1 G' |
and'
The positional exchange of consonants in the Russian literary language is also associated with the ratio of hard soft consonants before [e]. This means that if both hard and soft consonants are equally combined with vowels [a], [o], [y] (for example, [say] - [m'-ol], [pat] - [p'-at ]th, [bal] - [b'a] z, [fort] - [f'-o] dor, zat[thief] - ko[v'-6r], [that] - [t'b] tya, [dol] - [d'-orn], [sor] - [s'-b] la, [call] - [z'o] rna, [sholk] - [zho] ny, [sh'-o] tka , , [h'-o] lka, egg [tsom], [nbr] s - [gn'-ot], [mouth] - in [r'-o] t, [lo] b - [l'-o ]g, [col] - [k'biln), then in combination with [e], as a rule, only soft consonants appear (for example, * by [ra] - for [r'-a], but for [r 'yo] - for [r'yo]; vi[nom] - ko[n'-om], but vi[n'yo1 - ko[n'yo], se[lu] - ru[l'-u] , but se [l'ё] - ru [l'ё], etc.). With such a positional exchange, an intersecting type of positionally changing hard-soft consonants is also formed, when in some positions - before [a], [o], [y] - both hard and soft consonants appear, and in the other - before [e] - only soft. This type of positionally changing consonants is formed by the following groups of hard-soft consonants:
\/ \/ l' r'
Due to the low prevalence of soft [k '], [g '], [x '] in the Russian literary language, back-lingual ones do not participate in the formation of rows of positionally changing hard-soft consonants.
However, the question of the positional change of hard-soft consonants before [e] is complicated by the fact that in the modern literary language there may not be such a change before this vowel: firstly, before [e] there are hard hissing [w] and [g] and affricate [ts] (for example, [she] st, [zhe] st, [tse] ly), and secondly, and this is the main thing, in widespread borrowed words and abbreviations, in combination with lei, other hard consonants also appear, for example: [peer], [coupe], [back] (football.), [vef] VEF, [mayor], [clfe], bre [tel '], mo [del '], sho [se], cash- [ne], etc. This circumstance leads to the fact that the position before [e] ceases to be one in which only soft consonants can act. Consequently, the syntagmatic law, which dictates the need for a positional change of hard-soft before [e], in the modern ’ language has a limited effect: such a positional change is absolutely subordinate to it only at the junction of morphemes (primarily at the junction of stem and inflection, root and suffix); inside morphemes of the positional exchange of hard-soft before [e] may not be.
Positional changes of consonants in the Russian literary language are associated primarily with the ratios of solid х-м_я гк and х consonants when they are compatible in the flow of speech. Specifically, with the fact that hard consonants, falling into a position before the next soft, are influenced by this consonant and are pronounced softly, however, not all consonants soften before soft consonants, just as similar softening does not occur before any soft consonants: some consonants are more amenable to such softening, others - less, before some consonants, softening is observed more often, before others - less often.
In addition, the softening of consonants before soft consonants in the modern Russian literary language has largely given way to the pronunciation of hard consonants, while in the Old Moscow pronunciation, characteristic of the literary language of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, the softening of consonants before soft consonants was much more widespread. So, for example, the norm of the modern literary language is the preservation of the hardness of [r] ptsred with soft labial and soft dental sounds, as well as before [h '] and [w ']: ko [rp '] et, speed [rb '] et, ko[rm '] go, so [rp '] you, in sha [rf '] e, ka [rt '] yna, se [rd '] yy, fo [rs '] yy, ko [rz '] yna, Tuesday,
u.ms [rl '] and, hot [rch '] yets, natu [rSh '] ik, etc. The situation is exactly the same with the pronunciation of the labials before the soft posterior lingual [k ']: in modern "| in the language they are pronounced firmly, whereas earlier they were pronounced softly; cf .: la [pk '] and, la [mkChi, la [fk '] and, gri * Sch 1pk '] Y. SCH;
As for the mitigation of consonants before soft consonants existing in the modern literary language, it observes sdZh primarily when pronouncing dental [t], [d], [s], [h], [and] before soft ctgmi dental [t '] , [d'], [s'], [h'], [i'], [l'], as well as before [h'] (ІШ'ьд such softening is most often observed in the roots of words: [з'д '] is, vsh ka [s'sChe, [s'n'] eg, ka[z'kChi, after [s'l'] e, kb [z'l'] ik, me[s'tChi, pyo [t'l']i;Sch baint't Chik, o[d'n']y, pyo[n's']ia, be[n'z']in, etc. The same observation I also stand at the junction of the root and the suffix: for (d'nChii, pu [t'n']ik, karma [n'chChik | In Less often, such mitigation is carried out at the junction of consonants [h], "SHCHD kojphh th Suffix -l- : next [z 'l '] next and next [evil '] ive, ha [dtl '] ive and "gaTdlChy, etc.
The softening of consonants before soft ones is also noted at the junction of the prefix and the root, although inconsistently. So, I’m always softly pronounced I to the wrench consonant in prefixes times- (ras-), from- (is-), without- (bes-) / Shch eoz- (vos-), through- (through-) before soft [s 'І, [ЗЇ roots: ra [s's'] ёyat, Щ bChz "zChemelny, chre[s's'] edelnik, without [s's'] ylny, in [s's'] ate and "t Before other soft dental endings, the final consonant of these: "prefixes can be pronounced both softly and firmly: ra[s't'] irat and gt; ra[st'] irat, be[z'd'] tree and be[ zd '] tree, ra [s'l '] chs and ra [evil Chechschshch vo_z'nChyk and vo[zn '] yk Unlike the indicated prefixes, the prefix u lt;¦- before all soft teeth is pronounced softly: d'] eat, I Is'nChimat, [s'l'] live.
In the same way, the preposition is always softly pronounced with the initial soft tooth of the following word: [s'-t'] yomi, [z'-d'] yomi), ";zh '] yimi, [s'- l '] ypoy, [z'-z '] ima, k'-s'] yonom, etc. the consonant is always softly pronounced only before the initial [s '] _ and Щ [з'1 of the root, and before the rest of the soft teeth: іьі.mi; - which the word begins Щ, then softly, then firmly: and [s '-s' You . bёTs '~-s ~' Ієna. ^ beїz '-z "Іemlg F through [s'-count, but: be [s'-t') yourself and be [s-t'] yourself, through [s' -dChen 'and later-[z-dChen, and [s'-nChykh and and [z-nChykh, etc.]
As for the combinations [t] and [d] followed by soft dental attachments of the prefix and the root, then in combination with [t ’] and [dCh] final consonants. prefixes can be pronounced both softly and firmly, depending on which, when a long consonant is formed at the junction of Az, a soft or hard shutter occurs (a pause before opening the organs of speech): o! [d'dChalat and o[tChest, oiddCheat, o[ttChyanut, o[ddChelat. When combined [t], [d] with [sCh,
[ZCH the first ones are pronounced firmly: after [tshon, na[dzchirat, etc.]
The softening of the teeth in front of the soft labials most consistently occurs within the root of the word, cf. z'mChey, [s'vChet, [s'vChinya, [s'p'Iychka, [s'pCheg, [s'mChet.] However, there is also a firm pronunciation of consonants before soft labials.
Prefixes with-, times-(ras-), from-(is-), without-(bes-), through-(through-) before | soft labials are usually pronounced with a soft final consonant: [s'p'] ilyt, [s'v'] return, [s'm']erit, and [z'b'] go, and [z'v '] init, U bg [s'm'] black, deep [s'm'] black, ra [s'v'], etc. On the contrary, prefixes under-, over-, pre-, from- before soft labials in the modern literary language they are pronounced firmly: on [db ']ezhal, on [tp '] to stop [dv '] to tell, about [db '] to, o [tp '] to be. The softening of dental before soft labials at the junction of a preposition and a root is very poorly represented. Basically, in this position, the preposition with is softened: [s’-in’] edrbm, [z’-b’] edby, [s’-m’] yosta. The prepositions from, without, through are often pronounced with a hard dental: and [s-p '] esni, and [s-b '] fir-trees, be [s-v '] yosa, after [s-n '] yon and t etc. (although, by the way, softening of the tooth at the end of the preposition is also possible). Finally, the prepositions from, over, under, before are pronounced firmly before soft labials: o [t-m '] enya, on [d-m '] yrom, on [t-n '] immbm, on [t-n '] yonoy, re[d-m'] eat.
The softening of labials before soft labials is very rare in modern Russian. In the old Moscow pronunciation, such softening was observed more widely. So, a hard labial is pronounced / n / ed soft at the junction of a preposition and a root: o [b-b '] ereg, o [n-n '] yon; the first consonant is almost always firmly pronounced in the combinations [fm '], [mb '], [mp'1: ri [f-m '] e, bo [mb '] yt, la [mp '] e. The combination [bv '] at the junction of the prefix and the root is pronounced with a hard [b]: o [b '] el, o [b '] yl, But inside the horn - with a soft one: lx) [b '] y. Always softens [m] before [m’1: ha [m’m’] e, su [m’- m’] e; the prefix or preposition v is always softened before [v'], [f'], [m'1: [v'v']el, [f'-f']ylme, [in'm']este, but before [ n '] and [b '] are more often pronounced firmly: [v-b '] eat, [fp '] here, [v-b '] eloi, [f, -n '] esne. \ /
Fluctuations in the softening of consonants before consonants, the difference in the degree of this softening (softness, sometimes semi-softness or preservation / hardness), its instability - all this indicates that: in this phenomenon, it is not the positional change of consonants due to syntagmatic laws, but positional their changes caused by the possible influence of neighboring sounds.
Positional changes also include changes in voiceless affricates [h '] and [c] into voiced [d'zh'] and [dz] and voiceless fricative [x] into voiced fricative [y] at the junction of two words before voiced noisy ones, for example: [doch '] - [dod'zh'-would] daughter would, [lt'ёts] -¦ [lt'edz-would] father would, [bluff] - [pltuu-would] would have gone out. Such positional changes that occur during the continuous pronunciation of two words may not occur if there is at least a slight pause between these words.
Finally, a positional change is the stunning of sonorant consonants at the end of a word after a deaf noisy one and at the beginning of a word before a deaf noisy one: puffy [puffy], puffy [puffy], motley [n'sharp], drachm [drachm], yell [yell '], boar [v'ёpr'], mouth [mouth], moss [moss], etc. ~ ~ ~
Positional exchange is perceived and understood by listeners and speakers, as it reflects the laws of the functioning of the phonetic system: violation of these laws means the destruction of the phonetic system of a given language. Positional changes are not perceived and are not realized, since they are not connected with the syntagmatic laws of the phonetic system and therefore may or may not be carried out: for a functioning phonetic system, positional changes are in principle indifferent. The nature of the positional changes of the consonants described above fully confirms this /*?
Types of phonetic alternations. Phonetic alternations, in turn, are positional and combinatorial. Positional alternation - phonetic alternation of sounds, depending on their position (position) in relation to the beginning or end of the word or in relation to the stressed syllable. The combinatorial alternation of sounds reflects their combinatorial changes due to the influence of neighboring sounds.
Another classification is the division on positional change and positional change. The basic concept for phenomena of phonetic nature is position- a phonetically determined place of sound in the flow of speech in relation to significant manifestations of living phonetic laws: in Russian, for example, for vowels - in relation to the stress or hardness / softness of the preceding consonant (in Proto-Slavonic - in relation to the subsequent jj, in English - closeness /openness of the syllable); for consonants, in relation to the end of a word or to the quality of an adjacent consonant. The degree of positional conditioning is what distinguishes the types of phonetic alternations. Positional exchange- alternation, which occurs rigidly in all cases without exception and is significant for semantic discrimination (a native speaker distinguishes it in the flow of speech): “akanye” - indistinguishability of phonemes A and O in unstressed syllables, their coincidence in /\ or in b. Positional change- acts only as a tendency (knows exceptions) and is not recognizable by a native speaker due to the lack of a semantic function: A in MOTHER and MINT are phonetically different A ([[ayaÿ]] and [[dä]]), but we do not recognize this difference; the soft pronunciation of consonants before E is almost mandatory, but unlike I, it has exceptions (TEMP, TENDENCY).
Historical (traditional) alternations are alternations of sounds representing different phonemes, so historical alternations are reflected in writing. Non-phonetic, non-positional (historical) alternations are associated with the expression of grammatical (friend-friends) and derivational (arug friend) meanings: they act as an additional tool for inflection, (form formation and word formation. The historical alternation of sounds that accompanies the formation of derivative words or grammatical forms of words is also called morphological, since it is due to the proximity of phonemes with certain suffixes or inflections: for example, before diminutive suffixes -k(a), -ok etc. regularly alternate posterior lingual with hissing (hand-pen, friend-friend), and before the suffix -yva(~yva-) part of verbs alternate root vowels <о-а>(work out-work out). Types of historical alternations.
1) Actually historical, phonetic-historical- alternations, reflecting the traces of living phonetic processes that once operated (palatalization, the fall of the reduced ones, iotation, etc.);
2)Etymological- reflecting the semantic or stylistic differentiation that once occurred in the language: EQUAL (same) // EQUAL (smooth), SOUL//SOUL; full agreement // disagreement, PRE/PRI.
3) Grammatical, differentiating- having at the synchronic level the function of differentiating grammatical phenomena: NEIGHBOR / / NEIGHBORS (D / / D '') - the change of hard to soft contrasts the singular and plural (these cases do not include really different indicators, for example, conjugations -AND and E, USCH and YASHCH, because here before us are not changes at the level of sound, but the opposition of morphological forms (the same - ENGINEER S//ENGINEER BUT)). It is clear that all these phenomena, which have a different nature, are only conditionally combined into the number of “historical” ones - therefore, the term “non-phonetic” will be more accurate.
LECTURE 8. Positional change and positional changes of vowels and consonants. Historical vowel-consonant alternations
Phonetic processes in the field of vowels .
Positional exchange. The main cases of positional vowel exchange include cases of qualitative reduction of vowels A, O, E in unstressed positions. Qualitative reduction- this is a weakening of the sound, which is accompanied by a change in acoustic-articulation characteristics (the sound changes its DP). There are positions: percussion– the sound remains unchanged (strong position); first pre-shock- the first degree of reduction; second(all other unstressed positions) - the second degree of reduction (weak first and second positions). The sounds I, U, S do not undergo qualitative changes, they change only quantitatively. The qualitative reduction of these sounds has different results, depending on whether they are after a soft or hard consonant. See table.
Let's not forget the manifestation of the absolute beginning of the word, where A and O in both the first and second positions will be the same / \ (instead of / \ for the first and expected b for the second position: [] ORANGE. E, respectively, in the first and second positions will be (instead of the first and Ъ in the second): ETAJERKA [[t/\zh''erk]].
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first position |
second position |
first position |
second position |
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*Sometimes after a hard hissing F, W, C in the first position A instead of the expected /\ sounds like E: you just need to remember such words - JACKET, SORRY, SORRY, SORRY, SORRY, RYE, JASMINE, HORSES, TWENTY, THIRTY. But this is no longer for me, but for the next topic (changes), and also for orthoepy.
positional changes. Positional changes include the phenomena accommodation vowels before soft and after soft consonants. Accommodation is the process of mutual adaptation of sounds of different nature (a vowel to a consonant or vice versa). After a soft consonant, a non-front row vowel moves forward and upward in education at the beginning of pronunciation (progressive accommodation), before soft - at the end (regressive accommodation), between soft - throughout pronunciation (progressive-regressive accommodation).
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MAT - [[MaT MINT - [[M''˙at]] |
MOTHER - [[Ma˙T'']] MOTHER - [[M''däT'']] |
For sounds O, A, E - only under stress - all 4 cases are possible; for sounds U - and under stress, and no all 4 cases; for Ы both under stress and without stress, only 2 cases of Ы and Ыяы are possible, for AND the dot is not put in front, since it is not used after a hard one - 2 cases of И иыы. Sometimes instead of Ё (between soft ones) they denote kê - SING [[n''kêt'']]. Y and JJ are considered soft.
Another case of positional changes is the progressive accommodation of the initial AND in Ы, when a consonant prefix is added to the root: GAME - TO PLAY (this applies to changes, as it knows exceptions - PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE may also pronounce AND).
Non-phonetic processes in the region of vowels.
at the root - BIR//BER, GOR//GAR, disagreement//full agreement, E//O, A//I, U//Yu at the beginning of the word, O//E of the SPRING//SPRING type; in the prefix - PRE / / PRI, NOT / / NI, in the suffix - EC / / IK, EC / / IC, OVA / / EVA / / YVA / / IVA, IN / / EN / / AN, in adjectives; at the end - OV / / EV, OY / / HER, OH / / HER, OM / / EM, TH / / OH / / EY
2) Historical phoneme alternations with zero sound (“fluent vowels): at the root - DAY / / DAY, WINDOW / / WINDOWS, COLLECT / / TAKE, WHO / / WHOM, WHAT / / WHAT, in the prefix - THROUGH / / THROUGH, PRE / / PERE, C / / CO, VZ / / WHO , V//VO, OVER//NECESSARY, FROM//OTO, KOY//KOE, in the suffix - PEAS//PEA, RED//RED, BIRD//BIRD, TI//T verbs, SK//ESK, SN//ESN in adjectives, at the end - OY//OYU, in the postfix - СЯ//СЫ
The alternation ONE//ROZ refers to the phonetic types of writing and is one of the rare cases of reflecting in writing not historical, but phonetic alternation within the same phoneme - a strong position O (under stress, which naturally sounds in the first and second positions, respectively, as /\ and Kommersant, which is reflected in the letter as A.
Phonetic processes in the field of consonants.
Positional exchange. The positional less consonants include diverse processes, united by a common feature - they do not know exceptions. 1) Positional stunning of noisy voiced at the end of a word - KIND-GENUS [[T]]; 2) Regressive assimilation by voicing - noisy deaf voiced before voiced MOW-KOSBA [[Z]] (assimilation is the process of assimilation of homogeneous sounds - the influence of vowels on vowels, consonants on consonants, in contrast to accommodation); regressive assimilation in deafness - noisy voiced ones are deafened before noisy deaf ones - BOAT [[T]]. The process does not concern the sonorants - neither the sonorants themselves, nor the noisy ones before the sonorants. The double role of sound B is interesting (it is not by chance that some also consider it sonorous). In front of him, the noisy ones behave not as in front of a voiced, but as in front of a sonorous voice - they do not sound out (TAST: T does not turn into D); and he himself behaves like a noisy voiced - in front of the deaf and at the end of the word is deafened - SHOP [[F]]; 3) Regressive assimilation in softness - will be a change only for the anterior lingual dental D, T, C, Z, N in front of any of them soft: VEST [[C''T'']]; 4) Complete (such assimilation in which the sound changes not only one DP, but completely its entire characteristic) regressive assimilation Z, S before hissing Sh, Zh, Ch, Shch, C - Sew [[SHSH]], HAPPINESS [[SH ' 'W'']]; T and D before H - REPORT [[H''H'']]; T + S \u003d C - FIGHT [[CC]]; T and D before C (FATHERS [[CC]]; C and Z before SH (SPILL [[W''W'']]); 5) Dieresis (loss of sound on a dissimilative basis) - KNOWN, HOLIDAY; 6) Dissimilation ( reverse assimilation - dissimilarity of sounds) G before K - SOFT [[HK]]; 7) Accommodation in softness before I, b, (except C, W, F, H) - HAND / / HANDS [[K]] / / [[K '']]; 8) Vocalization of the phoneme JJ: as a consonant sound jj appears only at the beginning of a stressed syllable (YUG), and in other positions it acts as an AND non-syllable - a vowel sound.
Note: At the end of participial and participle suffixes does not go into F; there is F, because in a strong position it never sounds like B (there is no alternation). The same thing - it is necessary to distinguish, say, the loss of sound in synchrony SUN and in diachrony FEELING, where at the modern level there is no loss, because. there is no alternation with its full variant.
positional changes. Processes that occur as a trend, but with exceptions. 1) Assimilation in terms of softness of the lips and teeth before the lips and P before the lips (Z''VER, LOVE''VI). The old norm required just such a pronunciation, but now, apparently, under the influence of spelling, this is not relevant. 2) Assimilation in softness before jj: most often it softens, but, again under the influence of spelling, before the dividing bj, denoting jj at the junction of the prefix and the root, a solid consonant SEAT [[C]] sounds; 3) Irregular dissimilation of H before T or H: WHAT, OF COURSE [[PC]][[SHN]] (does not always happen - for example, SOMETHING - already only [[TH]]); 4) Accommodation in the softness of hard before E - now, in many foreign words, it is also possible to firmly pronounce the consonant before E: REVENGE [[M '']], but TEMP [[T]]. 5) Stunning of a sonor in position at the end of a word after a hard PETER. 6) Vocalization of a sonor - the acquisition by a sonorant consonant of a syllabic character in a cluster of consonants - KORAB [[b]] L, TEMB [[b]] R. All of these processes are also orthoepic at the same time, because fluctuations in regular pronunciation - this is the reason for orthoepic variation.
Non-phonetic processes in the field of consonants.
1) Historical alternations of phonemes: traces of palatalizations (first, second, third) HAND//HAND; traces of influence of iota LIGHT//CANDLE; traces of simplification of consonant groups BEREGU//BERECH; stun at the end of a word (unchecked DOING [[F]]); the historical change of G to V in the endings of adjectives - RED [[V]]; alternation of suffixes CHIK//SHIK; non-phonetic (phonemic) softness - I WILL / / BE, ZARYA // RADIANT (here it is not softening, because in the word ZARYA before A should not be softened (non-front row) - there is no positional conditioning).
2) Historical phoneme alternations with zero sound (“fluent consonants): traces of L-epenteticum - EARTH//EARTH [[–]]//[[L]]; historical diarrhea (untested) FEELING, LADDER; adjective suffixes SK//K; the end of OB (EB) / / - (GRAM / / GRAM).
Note. The change Z//S in prefixes like IZ, WHO, RAZ, although it is reflected in the letter, is in fact not a historical, but a living, phonetic process of assimilation by voiced-deafness: it’s just that phonetic, not phonemic writing is implemented here.
LECTURE 9. Segment and super-segment units. Stress and its types
Linear units are also called segment units, since they are obtained as a result of segmentation against the background of comparison with other similar units as minimal independent fragments. But as a result of the division of the sound stream, other, no longer limiting units are distinguished, which are called supersegmental. Supersegmental units are called units that do not have an independent semantic character, but simply organize the speech flow due to the characteristics of the matter of sound and our organs of speech and senses. If supersegmental units are irrelevant to the expression of meaning, they still have their own articulatory-acoustic specificity. The articulatory-acoustic characteristics of supersegmental units are called PROSODY.
PROSODY - a set of such phonetic features as tone, loudness, tempo, general timbre coloring of speech. Initially, the term "prosody" (Greek prosodia - stress, melody) was applied to poetry and singing and meant some rhythmic and melodic scheme superimposed on a chain of sounds. The understanding of prosody in linguistics is similar to that accepted in the theory of verse in that prosodic features do not refer to segments (sounds, phonemes), but to the so-called supra- (i.e., over-) segmental components of speech, longer in duration than a separate segment, - to a syllable, word, syntagma (intonational-semantic unity, usually consisting of several words) and a sentence. Accordingly, prosodic features are characterized by duration, non-punctuality of their implementation.
Accordingly, the section of phonetics that studies these characteristics is also called. Since their characteristics are reduced to two types of phenomena - STRESS and INTONATION, this section is divided into two subsections: ACCENTOLOGY and INTONOLOGY.
ACCENTOLOGY(Latin akcentus "emphasis" + Greek logos "word, teaching"). 1. The system of accent language means. 2. The doctrine of accent (prosodic) means of language. Aspects of accentology: descriptive, comparative-historical, theoretical. Descriptive accentology explores the phonetic, phonological, grammatical properties of prosodic means. Comparative historical accentology studies the historical changes in accent systems, their external and internal reconstruction. Theoretical accentology describes the systemic relations of prosodic means, the role of meaningful units in the structure, and language functions.
The central concept of accentology is stress.ACCENT in a broad sense –– this is any emphasis (accent) in the flow of sounding speech of one or another of its parts (sound - as part of a syllable, syllable - as part of a word, words - as part of a speech tact, syntagma; syntagma as part of a phrase) using phonetic means. STRESS in the narrow sense - only verbal stress
TYPES OF ACCENTS:
According to the acoustic-articulatory characteristics, monotonic (expiratory) and polytonic (musical, melodic, tonic, tone) stress is distinguished. They also talk about the quantitative type of stress.
The accent of the Russian type has traditionally been considered dynamic, or expiratory. It was assumed that increased respiratory and articulatory effort on stressed vowels is reflected in their increased acoustic intensity.
Another way of organizing the ratio of stressed and unstressed syllables is possible: the vowel of the stressed syllable is lengthened, while the unstressed syllables retain neutral duration (the quality of the vowels almost does not change). These are languages with a quantitative (quantitative) accent. Modern Greek is usually cited as an example of this type of stress. In it, unstressed ones do not undergo reduction and differ from percussion ones only in the absence of an increment in duration. In ancient times, many languages \u200b\u200bhad such an accent.
Traditionally, another type of stress is distinguished - tonal. In Europe, it is represented in South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian and Slovene) and Scandinavian (Swedish and Norwegian) languages. This type of stress is associated with a special interaction of verbal and phrasal prosody. In most languages of the world, the beginning of the tonal movement, which realizes the phrasal accent, is combined with the beginning of the stressed syllable. However, the emergence of two landmarks for placing a tonal accent is also possible. For example, in the Serbo-Croatian language, the stress shifted one syllable to the left (the so-called "retraction"), and at the place of stress, words with a former stress on the second syllable coincided with those that had the initial stress originally; the old orientation of the tonal accent of the phrase was preserved at the same time. Therefore, in words where the stress has not shifted, the falling tone of the statement falls on the stressed vowel, and where it has shifted, the fall of the tone falls on the stressed syllable, and the fall of the tone is often preceded by its rise. As a result, the descending and ascending tones are opposed on the initial stressed syllable. For example, words glory, power in Serbo-Croatian have a falling accent, and the words leg, needle- ascending.
The emphasis is on the object of selection syllabic, verbal, syntagmatic (clock), phrasal.
stress syllabic- highlighting a certain sound in a syllable. Syllabic stress is a change in the strength of sound or tone of a syllable-forming sound. Usually there are five types of syllable stress: smooth, ascending, descending, ascending-descending, descending-ascending. With ascending stress, the syllable is characterized by ascending intonation. With a downward stress, the stressed syllable is characterized by a descending intonation.
stress verbal- the allocation of one syllable in a word using phonetic means, which serves for phonetic unification. this word.
Russian word stress has qualitative and quantitative characteristics. According to the traditional point of view, Russian verbal stress is dynamic (power), expiratory, expiratory, i.e. the stressed vowel is the strongest and loudest in a word. However, experimental phonetic studies show that the loudness (“strength”) of a vowel depends both on the quality of the vowel ([a] is the loudest, \y], [and], [s]- the quietest), and from the position of the vowel in the word: the closer to the beginning of the word the vowel is, the greater its volume, for example, in the word gardens an unstressed vowel is stronger than a stressed one. Therefore, an essential characteristic of word stress is its duration: the stressed vowel is longer than the unstressed one. In addition, the stressed syllable is more distinct: under stress, sounds are pronounced that are impossible in an unstressed position.
The languages of the world differ both in the rhythmic schemes allowed in the word and in the functions performed by stress in them. An example of a language with an exceptional variety of accent (i.e., provided by stress) possibilities is Russian. Since the stress can fall in it on any syllable of the word, it is able to perform a semantic function, opposing pairs of the type: drank - pli, zmok - castle, etc.
In many languages, the stress is fixed, occupying a permanent place in the word. Fixed stress focuses on the extreme positions in the word - either at its beginning or at the end. Thus, the Czech and Hungarian languages have the stress on the first syllable, Polish on the penultimate one, and most Turkic languages on the last one. A close rhythmic organization is found in languages in which the stress can occupy one of two positions oriented to the edge of the word, and its placement depends on the so-called distribution of "light" and "heavy" syllables. "Light" are syllables ending in a short vowel, and "heavy" are syllables that have either a long vowel or a vowel covered by a final consonant. So, in Latin and Arabic, the stress in non-monosyllabic words falls on the penultimate syllable if it is “heavy”, otherwise it shifts to the previous syllable.
Russian stress is not only heterogeneous, but also mobile: it can shift when the grammatical form of the word changes (vod - vdu). English has more limited accent possibilities. As in Russian, the stress in it is different, from which follows the possibility of opposing pairs of the type: ўsubject "subject" -– subўject "to subdue", ўdesert "desert" - deўsert "to desert"; English stress can also change with suffixal word formation: ўsensitive -– sensiўtivity. However, the inflectional possibilities of the English language are small, and there is no change in stress during inflection.
Languages also reveal significant differences in the distribution of gradations of force in the unstressed part of the word. In some languages, all unstressed syllables are equally opposed to stressed syllables, although marginal syllables may have additional amplifications or weakenings. In other languages, the principle of "dipodia" operates: stronger and weaker syllables go through one, with a gradual weakening of strength as they move away from the top. This is the situation in Finnish and Estonian: the main stress in them falls on the first syllable, the secondary stress on the third, and the tertiary stress on the fifth. The situation in Russian is unusual: the pre-stressed syllable here is inferior in strength to the stressed one, but exceeds the others: potakla (here it means reduced a).
There is another possibility of varying the prosodic scheme of a word with "dynamic" stress: different phonetic parameters can reinforce different positions in this scheme. So, in the Turkic languages, the main accent vertex of the word is the final syllable, on which the intonational accent is placed. However, there is also a center of secondary amplification - the initial syllable, which has a loud accent.
Languages without stress (anaccent). In many languages outside of Europe, there is no pronounced accent on the word, and scientists find it difficult to determine the place of stress. A typical example is Georgian, with regard to the rhythmic organization of which there is no single point of view. There is an opinion that the assumption of the obligatory rhythmic association of the syllables of a word is false (V.B. Kasevich and others, S.V. Kodzasov). In his favor speaks, in particular, the history of the Russian language. In Old Russian, a significant number of forms of full-meaning words were the so-called "enclinomena" (V.A. Dybo, A.A. Zaliznyak). These words did not have their own stress and were attached in the form of enclitics to the previous full-stressed words.
Accent functions.Word-forming function: phonetic association of a word. Russian words have only one main (acute) stress, but compound words can have, in addition to the main one, a secondary, secondary (gravitational) stress: cf. rural and agricultural. The word-forming function is also associated with the identification function of word stress, which makes it possible to recognize the word, since the word is characterized by non-two-stress.
One of the most important functions of word stress is differentiating function: stress serves as a means of distinguishing words (flour and flour, castle and lock) and their different meanings (chaos and chaos), word forms (arms and arms), as well as stylistic variants of the word (calling and unfold call cold and dial. cold, alcohol and prof. alcohol,
Mobile stress is not fixed on a single syllable or morpheme and can be inflectional and derivational. Movable inflectional stress is able to move from one syllable to another during inflection (hand-hands). Movable word-formation stress is able to move from one syllable to another, from one morpheme to another during word formation (horse-horse, hand - pen). Along with the mobile in the Russian language, a fixed stress is also represented: shoe, shoes.
Not every dictionary word has its own verbal stress. Functional words only in exceptional cases receive stress in the flow of speech, but usually they form clitics. In a statement, as a rule, there are fewer stresses than words, due to the formation of phonetic words in which auxiliary and independent words are combined with one stress.
Accent clock ( syntagmatic) is the selection of one of the words in the speech tact (syntagma) by strengthening the word stress, which combines different words into one syntagma. The syntagmatic stress usually falls on the stressed vowel of the last word in the speech tact: There is in the initial autumn / short, / but marvelous time / /.
The speech tact usually coincides with the respiratory group, i.e. a segment of speech uttered by one pressure of exhaled air, without pauses. The integrity of the speech tact as a rhythmic unit is created by its intonational design. The intonation center is concentrated on the stressed syllable of the word as part of the speech tact. - - time accent: On a dry aspen / gray crow/... Each speech measure is formed by one of the intonation structures. The speech beat is sometimes called a syntagma.
The main means of dividing into syntagmas is a pause, which usually appears in combination with the melody of speech, intensity and tempo of speech and can be replaced by sharp changes in the meanings of these prosodic features. One of the words of the syntagma (usually the last one) is characterized by the strongest stress (In logical stress, the main stress can fall on any word of the syntagma).
The phrase usually stands out, contains several speech measures, but the boundaries of the phrase and the measure may coincide: Night. // The outside. // Flashlight. // Pharmacy //(Block). The selection of speech measures can be characterized by variability: cf. Field behind the ravine and Field / behind the ravine.
phrasal stress- highlighting one of the words in a phrase by strengthening the word stress, combining different words into one phrase. Phrasal stress usually falls on the stressed vowel of the last word in the final speech measure (syntagma): There is in the autumn of the original / short, / butwondrousit's time //.
Inside the beat (less often - phrases), two types of clock (phrasal) stress are distinguished, depending on the functions - logical and emphatic.
Stress is logical (semantic)- stress, consisting in highlighting a certain part of a sentence (usually a word), on which the main attention of the speakers is focused. Logical stress is observed in those cases when the content of speech requires a special allocation of some parts of the statement. With the help of logical stress, one or another word is usually singled out in a sentence, which is important from the logical, semantic side, on which all attention should be concentrated
