The relationship of plastic and energy metabolism.
Protection against ionizing radiation with the help of screens.
Screen- closed chamber, the requirements for which are as follows:
When operating at full power, the energy leakage should not exceed σ adm
Unit control - remote
Door interlock application (automatically relieves tension when doors are opened)
Ventilation, inspection holes, control handles must be protected from energy leakage into the environment
3. Determine at what distance from the ground electrode the voltage will not exceed 36V. A short circuit to a grounded case occurred in a network with the following parameters:
1) metabolic value: the body receiving O, nutrients for building cells and energy for life processes.
2) Metabolic functions: transport of nutrients and O from the external environment into the body, the participation of these substances in complex metabolic reactions with the absorption and release of energy, and the removal of decay products to the outside.
3) The relationship of plastic and energy metabolism: plastic metabolism supplies organic substances and enzymes for energy metabolism, and energy metabolism supplies energy for plastic metabolism, without which synthesis reactions cannot proceed. Violation of one of the types of cellular metabolism leads to disruption of all vital processes, to the death of the organism.
1) the main features of plants of different departments.
Almost all plant organisms are capable of photosynthesis - the formation of organic molecules from inorganic ones due to the energy of light.
Plants have specific pigments contained in plastids: chlorophyll is green, carotenoids are red, orange-yellow.
The vital processes of a plant organism are regulated by special plant hormones - phytohormones. Their interaction provides growth, development and other physiological processes occurring in plants.
Plant cells are surrounded by a thick cell wall. It is formed mainly by cellulose.
The metabolic product is cell sap, which increases intracellular pressure. As a result, plant tissues acquire high strength.
Plants are characterized by unlimited growth: they increase in size throughout their life.
2) Signs of complication of plant organization.
The emergence of multicellular algae
The appearance of stems and leaves in mosses
The appearance of roots in ferns
The appearance of angiosperms in which the seed is surrounded by a fruit or capsule
3) Reasons for evolution.
· Natural selection. Plants that are stronger and more resistant to climatic conditions and further development survive
· Heredity. The ability of organisms to transfer their characteristics and properties unchanged to daughter organisms.
· Variability. The ability of organisms to acquire new features and properties in the process of individual development.
· Struggle for existence. The set of diverse relationships between living organisms and the environment.
The science that studies the plant world is called botany. For the entire time of the existence of mankind on planet Earth, knowledge about plants has gradually accumulated. Even when collecting roots, seeds, bulbs and herbs, our ancestors learned to distinguish poisonous crops from edible and medicinal ones, and also began to determine the areas of their growth, the features of preparation or storage. This and other knowledge in the field of botany is extremely important for mankind.
The world
Botany for modern mankind is a science consisting of many branches. It is aimed at studying each plant individual separately, as well as at studying their communities that form forests, steppes, meadows, etc. Botanical sciences study the detailed composition of all parts of plants, classify them according to various characteristics, and work on the possibility of using especially valuable crops in the economy. . In addition, various studies are being carried out on the cultivation of plants hitherto unknown to the average person. Of course, a particularly urgent problem for botany is the issue of protecting natural resources, and in particular, extremely rare species of vegetation.
Research work is carried out using a variety of experimental methods and technical devices. Botany is also closely related to other sciences, including soil science, forestry, zoology, agronomy, geology, chemistry, and medicine.
The complication of plants in the process of evolution
The evolution of the plant world began many millions of years ago.
The very first plant-type organisms appeared on our planet back in the Archean macaw. They were unicellular and multicellular prokaryotic organisms, and belonged to blue-green algae. Such plants showed the ability to photosynthesis, which was accompanied by the release of oxygen. Blue-green algae enriched the Earth's atmosphere with oxygen, necessary for all kinds of aerobic organisms.
At the stage of the protozoic era, green and red algae reigned on our planet. Such cultures are considered as the lowest plants, their body is not divided into sections and does not possess specialized tissues.
In the Paleozoic, the highest representatives of the flora began to appear on Earth, which are called psilophytes or rhinophytes. Such cultures already had shoots, but they did not grow roots or leaves. Their reproduction took place with the help of spores. Such plants were located on the surface of the earth, or led a semi-aquatic lifestyle.
Toward the end of the Paleozoic, mossy and fern-like plants appeared on Earth. At the same time, mosses developed stems and first leaves, while ferns developed roots.
At the Carboniferous stage, seed ferns arose on our planet, which became the precursors for gymnosperms. And in the Permian period of the Paleozoic, the very first gymnosperms cultures appeared that could reproduce by seeds that were not protected by the fruit.
In the Jurassic period, the first angiosperms are formed. Such plants have already acquired flowers, in which pollination, fertilization is carried out, and then the embryo and fruit are formed. The seeds of such crops are protected by pericarp.
Now, in the Cenozoic era, modern angiosperms, as well as gymnosperms, reign on Earth, and most of the higher spore plants are biologically regressing. However, the process of plant evolution is not over. It's an endless process.
The world around us, classification of plants
Over the entire period of the existence of botany, scientists have repeatedly tried to create systems for classifying plants, combining them into groups according to various common characteristics. The very first attempts of this kind date back to the end of the eighteenth century, at that time humanity was just beginning to grope for natural connections between various living organisms.
The pioneer in this area was the French botanist Adanson, who tried to distribute plants into groups, taking into account the maximum number of signs.
One of Adanson's contemporaries, Jussieu, created his own classification system, in which he did not count the signs of individual representatives of the flora, but compared and weighed them.
More successful attempts to classify plants into groups date back to the nineteenth century, at which time the Brown system was created, as well as the systems of Eichler and Decandole. All these options had their drawbacks, so they can only be considered in the historical plane.
The modern system of plant classification combines plants with similar characteristics into groups that are called species. In the event that a species has no close relatives, it forms a monotypic genus.
In general, plant taxonomy is a strict hierarchical system consisting of groups of different ranks. Thus, families are orders, and orders are classes.
Now scientists are considering four groups of plants - green algae, bryophytes, vascular spores, and seed plants. The first group includes green and charophytic algae. Bryophytes include hepatic and anthocerotic mosses, as well as bryophytes.
Vascular spores are represented by lycopsform, fern-like and horsetail. The group of higher plants (seeds) includes sagoviform, ginkgoiform, coniferous, and gnetoform cultures.
Various plants make up the world around us in many ways, their evolution lasted for several million years and is still ongoing, and the classification of such crops into groups allows scientists to closely monitor the constant evolutionary changes.
The complication of plants in the process of evolution proceeded in the following directions:cell differentiation, the formation of tissues that differ in structure and functions: educational, integumentary, mechanical, suction, conductive, assimilation (carrying out photosynthesis);
the emergence of specialized organs: a shoot, including a stem, leaves, generative organs, and a root;
a decrease in the role of the gametophyte (haploid generation) in the life cycle and an increase in the role of the sporophyte (diploid generation);
the transition to reproduction by seeds, which did not require the presence of water for fertilization;
special adaptations in angiosperms to attract pollinating insects.
The angiosperm division includes the dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous classes. The following systematic categories are studied in the school course: family, genus, species. May lily of the valley classification:
Department of angiosperms, or flowering
Monocot class
lily family
Genus lily of the valley
May lily of the valley view
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Complication plants in process evolution, classification angiosperms. Determine place kind lily of the valley May in system vegetable peace (Department, Class, family, genus). -
Complication plants in process evolution, classification angiosperms. Determine place kind lily of the valley May in system vegetable peace (Department, Class, family, genus). -
Complication plants in process evolution, classification angiosperms. Determine place kind lily of the valley May in system vegetable peace (Department, Class, family, genus). -
Complication plants in process evolution, classification angiosperms. Determine place kind lily of the valley May in system vegetable peace (Department, Class, family, genus). -
Complication mammals in process evolution. Determine place kind red fox in system animal peace(type of, Class, squad, family, genus). The phylum Chordates includes the subtype Cranial, or Vertebrates. -
Vertebrates, their classification. Complication mammals in process evolution. Determine place kind red fox in system animal peace(type of, Class, squad, family, genus). -
Vertebrates, their classification. Complication mammals in process evolution. Determine place kind red fox in system animal peace(type of, Class, squad, family, genus). -
Classification plants For example angiosperms plants families(Nightshade, Rosaceae
Department Angiosperms consists of two classes: Dicot and Monocot. For dicots, it is characteristic of n. -
At present, the dominant position on Earth is occupied by Department Angiosperms (Tsvetkov) plants, considered the most evolutionarily advanced and defining view most modern biotopes. -
Classification plants For example angiosperms. Choose among herbarium specimens plants families(Solanaceae, Rosaceae, Legumes, etc.), by what signs do you recognize them. Department Angiosperms consists of two classes: Dicot and Monocot.
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The first living organisms arose at the time of the dominance of water on Earth. These living organisms living in the aquatic environment gave rise to the first unicellular flagellated algae (lower plants). Presumably, multicellular algae originated from colonial forms of unicellular algae. There was a transition from a unicellular organism to a multicellular one. Multicellular algae have the simplest structure, the body is formed by one type of cell, there are no tissues and organs, they are attached to the substrate with the help of rhizoids.
With change. environmental conditions (major mountain-building processes have occurred, land appears), plant organisms are changing. From multicellular algae in conditions of periodic flooding of coastal zones with water, the first inhabitants of the land arose - psilophytes(extinct representatives of lower spore plants0 and the first mosses (a blind thread in evolution). Psilophytes developed from one type of multicellular algae, the thallus of which consisted of several tissues: integumentary, mechanical, conductive, and mosses developed from another type of multicellular algae, these are terrestrial plants, having organs - shoots and leaves, but not having roots.There is a transition from the cellular level to the single-tissue level, as well as to the organismal level.
Psilophytes and the first mosses reproduced by spores. Modern mosses also reproduce by spores. From the spore grows a pre-sprout, similar to an algae. Fertilization occurs only in the presence of water. The similarity of moss pregrowths with algae indicates the origin of mosses from algae.
From psilophytes arose ferns, horsetails and club mosses.
They had a more complex structure than modern representatives. During the heyday of ferns on Earth, there was a humid and warm climate, frequent rains, great nebula, all this contributed to the intensive development of ferns. They were represented by giant trees up to 40 meters high.
They reproduced with the help of spores, and more perfect ones with the help of seeds. Fertilization took place in the presence of water.
Modern ferns, horsetails and club mosses, much smaller than their ancestors, are herbaceous plants. But they have retained similarities with their ancestors, they reproduce by spores, spores germinate only with a sufficient amount of moisture. The growths that develop from spores are similar to the thallus of multicellular algae and, like algae, are attached to the soil with the help of rhizoids. Fertilization occurs only in the presence of water. Almost all ferns and horsetails are moisture-loving plants.
With the onset of the glacier, the climate changed, it becomes DRY and cold. Under the influence of environmental conditions, changes occurred in the plant world. Spore ferns decreased in size, and the first gymnosperms arose from seed ferns. These plants had organs (stems, leaves, roots) with a more complex internal structure, they develop integumentary tissues, the cells of which have thick walls, and the conducting system (vessels and sieve tubes forming conducting bundles) is also improved. Gymnosperms reproduce by seeds, consisting of a plant embryo and a supply of nutrients.
Angiosperms originated from ancient gymnosperms. They have a more complex structure of the body; angiosperms develop a modified shoot - a flower. Sexual organs develop in the flower: stamens and pistil (pistil - female genital organ, stamen - male genital organ). The process of fertilization will occur only after the pollination process (the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the stigma of the pistil). Fertilization in flowering plants is double, after which a fruit with seeds inside develops from the ovary of the pistil of the flower. Thus, the seeds are protected from adverse conditions. Angiosperms reproduce and spread through seeds. Due to the more complex structure and protection of seeds, angiosperms gradually occupied a dominant position on Earth.
Consequently, changes in the level of plant organization in the process of evolution went in the direction of more complex organization. At first, the organism is represented by a single cell, then numerous organisms arise, then differentiation into tissues and organs occurs. Further, the structure of organs becomes more complicated, which leads to the complication of the whole organism. The causes of these changes are environmental factors, hereditary variation and natural selection.
Angiosperms are subdivided into two classes:
Class Monocots; Class Dicotyledonous.
Classes, in turn, are divided into families. Each family is characterized by certain characteristics, according to which plants are combined into a specific systematic group (genus, species - the smallest unit of classification). The systematic position of the May lily of the valley:
Department Angiosperms, class - Monocots, family - Liliaceae, genus - Lily of the valley, species - May lily of the valley.
Using knowledge of immunity, explain the purpose for which a person is vaccinated and sera are administered. How can you increase the protective properties of the body? How to protect yourself from HIV infection and AIDS?
1. Skin, mucous membranes, fluids secreted by them (saliva, tears, gastric juice, etc.)- the first barrier in the body's defense against germs. Their functions: serve as a mechanical barrier, a protective barrier that prevents microbes from entering the body; produce substances with antimicrobial properties.
2. The role of phagocytes in protecting the body from microbes. The penetration of phagocytes - a special group of leukocytes - through the walls of the capillaries to the places of accumulation of microbes, poisons, foreign proteins that have entered the body, enveloping and digesting them.
3. Immunity. The production of antibodies by leukocytes, which are carried by the blood throughout the body, combine with bacteria and make them defenseless against phagocytes. The contact of certain types of leukocytes with pathogenic bacteria, viruses, the release of substances by leukocytes that cause their death. The presence of these protective substances in the blood provides immunity immunity of the body to infectious diseases. The action of different antibodies on microbes.
4. Prevention of infectious diseases. Introduction into the human body (usually in childhood) vaccines- weakened or killed pathogens of the most common infectious diseases - measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, poliomyelitis, etc. - to prevent the disease. Human susceptibility to these diseases
or the course of the disease in a mild form due to the production of antibodies in the body. When a person is infected with an infectious disease, the introduction of blood serum obtained from recovered people or animals. Content in serum antibodies against a particular disease.
5. Prevention of HIV infection and AIDS. HIV - human immunodeficiency virus; causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV infects and destroys a certain type of white blood cell, which provides the formation of human immunity. AIDS patients are susceptible to various infections, which become the cause of their death. HIV is usually transmitted through blood or semen. From an HIV-infected mother, the virus can infect the fetus through the placenta or enter the child's body through breast milk. Due to the lack of effective treatment, it is important to take precautions: avoid casual sexual intercourse, use condoms during sexual intercourse, test donated blood for antibodies to HIV, and use disposable syringes.
The emergence of unicellular and multicellular algae, the emergence of photosynthesis: the emergence of plants on land (psilophytes, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms).
The development of the plant world took place in 2 stages and is associated with the appearance of lower and higher plants. According to the new taxonomy, algae are classified as lower (and earlier they were classified as bacteria, fungi and lichens. Now they are separated into independent kingdoms), and mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms are classified as higher.
In the evolution of lower organisms, 2 periods are distinguished, which differ significantly from each other in the organization of the cell. During 1 period, organisms similar to bacteria and blue-green algae dominated. The cells of these life forms did not have typical organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, etc.). The cell nucleus was not limited by the nuclear membrane (this is a prokaryotic type of cellular organization). The 2nd period was associated with the transition of lower plants (algae) to an autotrophic type of nutrition and with the formation of a cell with all typical organelles (this is a eukaryotic type of cellular organization, which was preserved at subsequent stages in the development of the plant and animal world). This period can be called the period of dominance of green algae, unicellular, colonial and multicellular. The simplest of the multicellular are filamentous algae (ulotrix), which do not have any branching of their body. Their body is a long chain of individual cells. Other multicellular algae are dissected by a large number of outgrowths, so their body branches (in hara, in fucus).
Multicellular algae, in connection with their autotrophic (photosynthetic) activity, have developed in the direction of increasing the body surface for better absorption of nutrients from the aquatic environment and solar energy. Algae have a more progressive form of reproduction - sexual reproduction, in which the beginning of a new generation is given by a diploid (2n) zygote, combining the heredity of 2 parental forms.
The 2nd evolutionary stage of plant development must be associated with their gradual transition from an aquatic lifestyle to a terrestrial one. The primary terrestrial organisms were psilophytes, which were preserved as fossils in the Silurian and Devonian deposits. The structure of these plants is more complex compared to algae: a) they had special organs for attaching to the substrate - rhizoids; b) stem-like organs with wood surrounded by bast; c) rudiments of conductive tissues; d) epidermis with stomata.
Starting with psilophytes, it is necessary to trace 2 lines of evolution of higher plants, one of which is represented by bryophytes, and the second by ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
The main thing that characterizes bryophytes is the predominance of the gametophyte over the sporophyte in the cycle of their individual development. A gametophyte is a whole green plant capable of self-feeding. The sporophyte is represented by a box (cuckoo flax) and is completely dependent on the gametophyte for its nutrition. The dominance of the moisture-loving gametophyte in mosses under the conditions of the air-ground lifestyle turned out to be inappropriate, therefore, mosses have become a special branch of the evolution of higher plants and have not yet produced perfect groups of plants. This was also facilitated by the fact that the gametophyte, in comparison with the sporophyte, had a dinner heredity (haploid (1n) set of chromosomes). This line in the evolution of higher plants is called gametophyte.
The second line of evolution on the way from psilophytes to angiosperms is sporophytic, because in ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms, the sporophyte dominates in the cycle of individual plant development. It is a plant with a root, stem, leaves, organs of sporulation (in ferns) or fruiting (in angiosperms). Sporophyte cells have a diploid set of chromosomes, because they develop from a diploid zygote. The gametophyte is greatly reduced and adapted only for the formation of male and female germ cells. In flowering plants, the female gametophyte is represented by the embryo sac, which contains the egg. The male gametophyte is formed by the germination of pollen. It consists of one vegetative and one generative cell. When pollen germinates from a generative cell, 2 sperm are produced. These 2 male germ cells are involved in double fertilization in angiosperms. A fertilized egg gives rise to a new generation of plants - the sporophyte. The progress of angiosperms is due to the improvement of the reproduction function.
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Conclusions:
1. The study of the geological past of the Earth, the structure and composition of the core and all shells, the flights of spacecraft to the Moon, Venus, the study of stars brings a person closer to understanding the stages of development of our planet and life on it.2. The process of evolution was natural.
3. The flora is diverse, this diversity is the result of its development over a long period of time. The reason for its development is not divine power, but a change and complication of the structure of plants under the influence of changing environmental conditions.
Scientific evidence: the cellular structure of plants, the beginning of development from a single fertilized cell, the need for water for life processes, finding the imprints of various plants, the presence of "living" fossils, the extinction of some species and the formation of new ones.
