Now, in our time, the word "city" does not surprise anyone. This is the usual place of residence of the majority of people. But few people think about what process of evolution has gone through so that we can fully enjoy the privileges of city life - hot water, infrastructure, the Internet, telephone, etc. Therefore, in our article, we will tell you how cities arose and were built in different eras of human life.
Of course, first we will tell you about the very first cities that existed on our planet long before the advent of sewerage, heating and other benefits.
When did the first cities appear?
- According to respected historians, the first cities appeared as early as 4,000-3,000 years BC. e. in the area of Mesopotamia. These were the centers of residence of tribes and communities. Also, according to some historical information, in countries such as: India, Greece, China and Egypt, cities arose in 3 thousand - 2 thousand years BC. e.
- Ancient settlements occupied quite vast territories. Most of them were surrounded by walls and ditches. Temples or palaces were by right the central place of the village.
- As the first cities developed, there was an acute need for economic systems and planning. While the stratification of society took place, the differentiation of their dwellings also took place. Along with luxurious palaces, there were also dark shacks in which the poor found their refuge.
- The first elements of the urban economy were sewerage facilities and centralized water supply, baths, and sanitary cleaning.
How did the cities of the Middle Ages appear?
- The main component of the feudalism ruling at that time was not cities, but peasant communities, villages and farms. That is, in the early periods of the feudal system, there were practically no cities. But with the emergence of the need for trade and crafts, feudal cities soon begin to be built. Large settlements began to appear around castles, on trade routes. This is how Pisa, Venice, Hamburg, Toulouse, and other famous cities arose. Medieval settlements were small. At that time, the largest cities were considered those in which about 10,000 people lived.
- The cities of the Middle Ages were not very developed. The urban economy was not created, sanitary conditions were at an embryonic level, there was no running water, just as there was no sewerage. Only in the 15th century, in Nuremberg and Lübeck, did the first street cleaning services appear. It was during this period that workshops of sewers appeared in large European cities.
How Renaissance cities were formed
The revival of life and the transition to manufacturing production gave impetus to the formation of large cities. Now the first systems of urban economy began to appear. The primary task of providing the population was the organization of the water supply and sewerage sector. Later, the construction of waste incineration stations began, and street cleaning machines began to be used. Gradually added to the development of public transport. In the 19th century, gas street lighting appeared. After that, kerosene lamps began to be used. It was only towards the end of the century that electricity began to be used.
How cities were built in the post-industrial period
The number of urban population is constantly growing, and with them the city. Adjacent villages are gradually built up, as they can no longer cope with the number of inhabitants. Thus, whole intercity agglomerations with a huge number of inhabitants appear. Often the city center is no longer considered prestigious, and people move to newly built prestigious areas on the outskirts of the city.
The main feature of this period is the development of absolutely all systems of the urban economy. It includes priority areas of development, including the infrastructure of the city, which is the quality of life of the population.
Cities that appeared under Peter 1
In the era of the famous Russian Tsar, the feudal system was abandoned, manufactories began to develop, and therefore more and more people needed quality housing. Thus, social structures were fixed, the urban economy developed, and urban planning acquired an impressive scale. So, many cities built during the time of Peter 1 exist and flourish to this day. These are St. Petersburg, Verkhne-Kamchatsk, Omsk, Yekaterinburg, Taganrog. But, unfortunately, the technologies of the Russian Empire did not reach the scale of Europe, and as of the beginning of the 20th century, only 20% of cities had water pipes.
The city, as a system, appeared only at the beginning of the 20th century, with the advent of power plants, urban transport and conditions for the normal living of the population.
Not only the twentieth century was the era of great urban projects such as the cities of Brasilia or Canberra. In the new millennium, this process continues and takes on new, sometimes very surprising forms. Today we will talk about 5 incredible cities built from scratch already in the twenty-first century.
Songdo, South Korea
Located 65 kilometers from Seoul, the settlement called Songdo is the first "smart" city in history. This large-scale project, the implementation of which began in 2002, was originally supposed to show how positively modern technologies can affect urban life.
The master plan and development concept of Songdo was originally planned to make this city as convenient as possible for living and doing business. This settlement has many park areas and boulevards, bike paths and charging stations for electric vehicles.
Songdo is a real "city of the future". Each resident is equipped with a special smart card that allows them to make the most of the opportunities of this locality, including free transportation, fourth-generation Internet, public bike rental, shopping and entertainment.
Huge opportunities in Songdo are also open for business - the city has been declared a free economic zone by the government of the Republic of Korea. Incheon International Airport is located next to it, regional offices of the world's largest corporations move here.
Olympic villages in Krasnaya Polyana, Russia
In February 2014, Russia hosted the Winter Olympic Games, which for the first time in history were held in the city of Sochi with a subtropical climate. For this large-scale international event, many objects and even entire towns were reconstructed or built from scratch.
So, in the area of the settlement of Krasnaya Polyana in the mountainous part of Sochi, several new settlements were erected at once, located at different altitude levels. The most famous and largest of them are Rosa-Khutor, Gorki Gorod and Gorki Gorod 540.
These settlements were built as investment projects by large Russian businessmen. Each of them has its own infrastructure that allows you to live and relax there all year round. You can get there from Sochi and Adler by regular buses or by a specially built railway line.
True, after the end of the 2014 Olympics, the occupancy of these new towns leaves much to be desired - large crowds of people on their streets can only be seen at the peak of the ski season.
Naypyidaw, Myanmar
At the beginning of the new millennium, the authorities of Myanmar (formerly Burma) decided that all the troubles of this state were due to the fact that the city of Yangon, which was then the capital of this country, was located unsuccessfully from the point of view of astrology. Therefore, the government and other state bodies should be moved to a more suitable place for this. Astrologers determined the "ideal" site, and already in 2002, active construction work began there.
The move of the capital to Naypyidaw began in 2006 and ended in 2008. The new city quickly began to fill with residents, and by now its population has exceeded one million people.
Naypyidaw has grown into a major Asian political, economic and cultural center with business districts, museums and a busy airport that connects Myanmar's new capital to the rest of the world.
Hallstatt, China
The Chinese are known throughout the world for their craving for copying the achievements of Western civilization, primarily a variety of gadgets and devices. However, in the Celestial Empire they are not shy about creating copies of famous architectural structures and even entire European cities.
So China has its own versions of Paris, Venice and Amsterdam. And in 2011, near the city of Guangzhou, an almost exact copy of the famous Austrian town of Hallstatt, listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, appeared.
Like its Austrian original, the Chinese city is located on the shores of a picturesque lake. At the same time, most of the buildings in this settlement repeat the buildings from Hallstatt in Austria with incredible accuracy.
The Austrians themselves say that at the end of the first decade of the new century, they were surprised at the influx of Chinese tourists photographing literally every pebble in the city. It turned out that this was not done out of pure curiosity, but with the aim of building an exact copy of Hallstatt in China.
Yingkou, China
China's economy, even in the twenty-first century, is partially planned - the government and the communist party that has grown together with it solve many issues that in the rest of the world are regulated exclusively by market methods. And given the sheer scale of Chinese economic power, planning often leads to problems not seen elsewhere.An example is the experience of the Chinese province of Laoning, whose party leader ten years ago decided to carry out a serious restructuring and modernization of the region's economy. The plan developed by the best specialists involved the construction of a large number of industrial facilities, housing, and even several new cities for workers to live.
However, the plan cannot foresee absolutely all factors, including changes in conditions on the world market. This is what they encountered in the province of Laoning. In the new district of Yingkou, built from scratch and designed to house almost a million people, almost no one settled.
The fact is that residential areas were built much earlier than industrial facilities. Moreover, the construction of factories in the end had to be abandoned altogether, so now the new district of Yingkou has been practically empty for several years.
By the way, this is not an isolated case in China. In China, there are already several dozen million-plus cities, in which almost no one lives. The reason for this is dangerous investments in real estate that are not justified by real demand.
But the most large-scale construction of cities from scratch happens during the transfer of the capital of the state to a new location. And it happens more often than you might expect. in the last century.
private city- this is the most autonomous city in which a large private company (management company) takes over the management. Such a city is legitimate and fully obeys the federal laws of the Russian Federation, but introduces additional rules to maintain order and a high level of living comfort on its territory, which is not characteristic of state-owned cities. Residents pay a monthly fee for living on its territory. The amount of the fee (a kind of tax) depends on the cost of the purchased / rented housing. Law enforcement and court systems in the city are public, but medicine and education are wholly or almost wholly private and may be subsidized by the management company.The economy of the city was discussed in detail in, below I will answer the questions posed to me in the comments.
Why am I promoting the idea of a private city?
We live in a time when almost all services in the city are provided by business. Every day we go to the shops that the business has opened for us; then we go to restaurants or cafes that the business has built; after that we go to a movie theater or an amusement park created by the business. Almost everywhere and everywhere we are surrounded by business. And many of us somehow work for a private business or are one ourselves.
What about in the public sector?
Education.
This is the foundation that is laid in us and will be laid in our children. Each of us understands that either patriots or those who simply have nowhere else to go to work remain in education. Good teachers do not want to work for the money they are paid. The teaching profession is discredited. Even the authorities do not hide this and openly say: "If you want to earn money, go into business." Add to this a high level of bureaucracy and red tape, which do not allow the introduction of modern training systems. And at the request of society, private schools and kindergartens began to appear in the country. Well, those who can afford it send their children to private schools in England.
The medicine.
Everything is the same here. But business has long since reacted to this. Dozens of private medical centers and laboratories have been opened in many large cities. From public hospitals, doctors go there. And if a person has the opportunity, he always goes to a private clinic. For the middle class, it is now quite affordable.
Well, if there is no money, then get ready for rudeness and the lack of a modern service of the city hospital.
Private business has now begun to penetrate into other social infrastructure: there are toll roads, private management companies in housing and communal services, private public transport.
All this is society's response to the inability of the state to create and manage modern infrastructure.
And the culmination of this response may be the city at the head of a private company, which just takes the role of management in the city. The role now played by ineffective measures will be taken over by more capable hands.
Is the business always efficient and rational?
No. Business can be divided into 2 categories:
- those who want to quickly cut down the cache without caring about quality
- those who develop customer service and improve the product, earning money along the way
Legal status
Is it possible with the current legislation to build a private city in Russia?
We will talk about this with lawyer Andrey Strokin. It is noteworthy that Andrei is now involved in the construction of a private cottage village near Vladivostok and is well acquainted with the nuances in this area.
Interview
1. Is it possible to build a private city on the territory of the Russian Federation, the management of which will be in the hands of a private company?The construction of a private city on the territory of the Russian Federation is not prohibited, since there is no direct ban on this action in the country's legislation.
There is a difficult path and an easy one, but the first one gives more advantages:
Representatives of a private company can legally be elected/appointed to public authorities and local governments. After that, they will be able to pass laws, approve the Rules for the land use of development and manage the built city. However, this method is, for obvious reasons, laborious.
An easy way to achieve your goal:
Having a land plot in the property and having received a town-planning plan in local governments, having developed a general development plan for yourself, you can safely proceed to the start of construction. For the construction of objects on this land plot, it is necessary to obtain a building permit, if it is required for this object.
Construction can be carried out by a single developer at its own expense, or with borrowed funds (co-investors, equity holders). Since most of the territory remains in the ownership of a private company (roads, communications, fences, etc.), a private company gets the right to establish its own rules of conduct on the territory of a private city (the amount of rent for travel, accommodation, advertising, etc.). In order not to lose its own influence, a private company can lease out its capital and non-capital construction projects, as well as land plots, indicating their intended use, as well as register joint legal entities with a larger share of the private company in the authorized capital.
This is what modern cities should look like
2. Is it possible to introduce your own rules (not laws) in such a city?
Private companies may have the ability to approve certain rules of conduct for citizens living and operating legal entities in the territory of a private city due to contractual obligations.
3. Can such a city take rent for living on its territory and include them in utility bills?
The possibility of collection by a private company from citizens and legal entities of any payments, such as rent for travel, accommodation, advertising, etc., may be provided for in the adopted regulatory legal acts of the authorities, or contracts concluded with citizens and legal entities for city management .
4. Is it possible to regulate building rules for business in the legal field? For example, an entrepreneur wants to build a car wash-shed. The city tells him: a barn is not allowed, make a modern building that will fit into the surrounding architectural style.
Rules for land use and development are approved by the representative body of local self-government (Article 32 of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation). Therefore, the owner of the land has the right to dispose of it himself and may violate the rules of the city, but not the laws of the municipal district. In order to have all the rights to the constructed objects on the territory of a private city, it is necessary either to lease the land or to be a shareholder / co-investor of the building.
Conclusion
From the foregoing, we can conclude: it is possible to build a private city on the territory of the Russian Federation. For obvious reasons, such a city must comply with the requirements of the current legislation of the country, but it can implement its own rules. Conditionally: the restaurant owner can set a ban on entry with a dog and indicate any prices on the menu, the state does not influence this, but at the same time, he cannot refuse to let a person in a wheelchair, because this is contrary to the constitution.
City layout
How will a private city be fundamentally different besides the fact that it will be run by a business? I bring to your attention my concept and vision. This is not the final version and any of you are welcome to contribute your ideas.design city
It is based on the concept of "new urbanism", when the key infrastructure of the city is within walking distance (10 minutes walk).
The city will not have a center and there will be no residential areas, the development is mixed. This will eliminate the main cause of traffic jams in cities - pendulum migration. Each hexagon (city cell) has almost everything you need: residential areas, commercial real estate, a school, gardens, small parks, sports grounds.
This city will be primarily focused on pedestrians and cyclists, and only then on motorists. For those who are now wondering "Why?", I advise you to read the book by Jan Gale "Cities for People". I will cover this topic in more detail in future articles.
Buildings in the city are designed according to the principle of quarters, this allows you to separate the private area (courtyard) from the public by the very shape of the building. In neighborhood-based planning, due to the lack of such a distinction, residents put up fences, which does not add convenience to the city and creates an aggressive “friend or foe” environment.
About neighborhoods
The microdistrict has been the paradigm of Russian urban planning since the early 1960s. Then the idea seemed fresh and fashionable: instead of small "capitalist" neighborhoods - huge territorial units, residential neighborhoods. They were made up of freely placed multi-storey residential buildings and social and cultural buildings and were presented as a concept from the future. The architects were fascinated by the change in scale: if the block occupied an area of one hundred by one hundred meters, then the microdistrict was a structure a kilometer long. If in the quarter the buildings were located along the perimeter, along the street, then in the microdistrict, multi-storey buildings were placed randomly, not following any rules - this created a feeling of freedom.
The modernist urban planning paradigm of a microdistrict came to the Soviet Union from Europe: in the 1950s and 1960s, cities that suffered from the war were built in this way. The concept of the microdistrict was well combined with the idea of panel housing construction - it was necessary to build a lot and quickly. However, by the beginning of the 1970s, microdistricts were abandoned in Europe, and a little later they were demolished. Why?
The shortcomings of the microdistrict by that time had already become quite obvious. Such a building is not proportionate to a person. Large houses are crushing, huge empty spaces are difficult to master psychologically - they remain strangers. Large public yards can be humanized, but it is very costly, and in practice they turn out to be just huge and unorganized wastelands. Multi-storey buildings in most cases are monotonous, which adversely affects the mental health of people. The microdistrict, sandwiched between two major highways, turned out to be less efficient in terms of transport than a block structure with a system of small streets. The division of the city into monofunctional residential neighborhoods and business districts dramatically increased the transport movement of citizens.
Finally, there was no community in the microdistrict: people were alienated from each other. Together, this contributed to the growth of crime in such territories. In France, the connection between crime and the inhumane living environment of panel microdistricts is now a commonplace in the arguments of urbanists.
The layout of the city is made in the form of hexagons. I wrote about why this particular form was chosen in the first article. In short, the mathematical model shows that this form creates fewer traffic jams, even compared to the classic quarters.
The second plus is that this form does not allow to develop high speeds in the city due to frequent turns, while increasing the safety of residents.
Also, this form gives an indirect advantage - from a psychological point of view, the streets with the road endlessly going to the horizon seem very long and routine, you want to walk on them less than those where a person sees houses at the end of the street.
Let's look at one single hexagon (cluster):
Its diameter is 1 km. The population is 10,000 people.
The building is low-rise (average 4-5 floors).
Along the perimeter are:
Offices and coworking spaces
- hotels
- catering (cafes, restaurants)
- entertainment (bars, nightclubs)
- schools
- medical centers
This was not done by chance.
Firstly, the key infrastructure is close to the road network, so if, for example, you come from another point in the city to the medical center, there is no need to go deeper into the hex.
Secondly, if we make the city touristic, then this approach will save residents from crowds of tourists who would go deep into the hexagon, and also protect them from the noise of the city's nightlife (bars, nightclubs, main traffic flows).
Inside the perimeter of the hexagon, the infrastructure that is already more necessary for residents, which is located mainly on the first floors of buildings:
Grocery stores, cookery
- pharmacies
- workshops (for tailoring, for example)
- hairdressers, beauty salons
- GYM's
- squares
- sports grounds
and other
There are public transport stops on 3 sides of the hexagon. From any point of the cluster, the distance to the nearest stop will not exceed 500 meters.
Through traffic in the hexagon is not possible, but it is possible to drive up to each house from the outside. The courtyards will be given over to playgrounds, gazebos and landscaping. Only special equipment will be able to enter them in case of emergency. Almost all houses will be equipped with underground parking. Given the low-rise construction, this approach will fully cover the needs of residents in parking lots.
In the center of the hexagon there is one large pedestrian road, which, connecting with the neighboring one, creates a huge pedestrian zone. This is the most important tourist route that will connect all park areas.
The city is designed so that each hexagon district has access to at least one large park (central districts to two).
If you look at the map of the city, you will notice that there is no clearly traced and repeatedly repeated scheme for the arrangement of buildings. This is not accidental either. I believe that this is how the living environment for people should look like. This is how old cities are formed and, as practice shows, they are the most comfortable. In such neighborhoods, it is easy to find the right house, because the shape of all the buildings is diverse, but at the same time the streets are laid out logically and not turned into a maze of disconnected streets and dead ends. And if we are designing a city for robots, then it is quite possible to do it as in the well-known “Venus Project”:
What looks good from above doesn't always look good from human height.
IT at the service of residents
What technologies can we build into the city to make it efficient, modern and logical?Unified city application "Citizen"
My suggestion is to minimize the bureaucratic delays when living in a private city with the help of unified city applications. It can be made on the basis of blockchain technology to protect residents' data from fraud.The application "Citizen" will allow:
Move quickly from one cluster to another;
- pay in one click for all types of utilities;
- track the expenses of the HOA or the Management Company, for example, for major repairs (what was done in the house and with what materials);
- look for a new job;
- receive alerts about major events in the city.
Smart move
I am sure that the first residents will hardly buy apartments. After all, the format of the city is completely new. What will happen to him in a year or 5 years? Therefore, the practice of renting housing and commercial premises will develop. If you don't like it, you can leave.
Renting is a flexible form of living in the city. You can always quickly change location and move closer to work. But moving always entails a bunch of side effects: finding the apartment itself, if there is a child, you need to arrange him in a new kindergarten or school, transport things, re-register documents.
In the "Citizen" application, you just need to specify the cluster you want to move to and you will automatically queue up to live in this cluster. At the same time, the application takes into account the factors of availability of a place in a kindergarten or school, the nearest infrastructure facilities that you set as important.
As soon as the desired apartment is found - in one click we re-register the documents for a new place, the child is automatically enrolled in a kindergarten / school and you are offered the services of transporting things to the desired apartment.
Utilities without hemorrhoids
It always tires me to walk around the apartment and write down the meter readings. Now there are already counters to which you can connect via WiFi. And why then not transfer their values to the city application and just press the "Pay" button once a month? It's convenient and fast. No more waste paper in the mail. For the older generation, of course, you can leave the traditional version with receipts.Unified city application "Transport"
In this app you can:
See a map of transport infrastructure in the city;
- see where your bus is going in real time and immediately display a hint whether you have time to get to the stop and take this bus or you need to wait for the next one;
- quickly find a free bike for rent;
- rent a carsharing car.
Unified City Application "Real Estate"
In this application, you will always be aware of the construction of new city facilities. You will find out the stage of readiness and will be able to decide in advance on moving to a better apartment. You will find out that a swimming pool will open next to your house in 3 months, and a small clinic in a month.
This will become possible only because the private city will be aware of the introduction of new facilities on its territory and it will give permission to small and medium-sized businesses to start their work in the city.
What kind of IT technologies would you like in your city?
Fairy tale for skeptics
If you have read to the end and are already prepared to write comments like “This is a utopia”, “This will never be built in Russia”, then slow down.I will tell you an interesting story.
There was once a businessman V.S. He had a large business with its own production in Russia and an annual revenue of 21 billion rubles a year. And then one day he decided to invest his personal money in the construction of a small city. Neither more nor less - 9 billion rubles and is going to invest at least 13 more. That was his dream, you know?
It turns out that this is not a fairy tale and the city described above really exists. Here is a utopia for you, gentlemen.
I am creating this project in case there is another such person or several. In this case, these people will already have a ready-made concept created by our community and a formed demand for such a “product”.
Demand creates supply, not vice versa. And this demand for a comfortable environment is formed by you and me. And while developers are building rubbish using the technologies of the 90s, and we are buying it, nothing will change, believe me.
Prologue
I remind you that this is a concept and it requires further development and the participation of the society itself. Each of you can contribute, each of us has his own unique experience and connections. Together we can build a huge network.Submit your ideas to VK, FB groups and follow the goal on SmartProgress.
"Evening Omsk - Nedelya" asked the Deputy Director, Deputy Chief Architect of the city Svetlana Shevchenko to help sort out this complex issue.
All types of urban planning documents necessary for the development of the city were determined by the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation.
It also spelled out the sequence of their development.
General plan
The master plan of the city is a strategic document for the development of the territory. It defines recreational, public and business, industrial, residential areas, engineering infrastructure, transport scheme. All of these are color-coded on the map. For example, orange - residential buildings, blue - industrial areas. As a rule, several volumes of justification materials are attached to the map. The current general plan of Omsk was approved in 2007 by a decision. Previously, he went through the procedure of public hearings. The document defines the development of the city until 2025.
Land use and development rules
On the basis of the general plan of the city, the Rules for land use and development are developed. The rules determine urban planning regulations, legal regimes. Simply put, the zones on the map are already marked not only with color, but also have their own code value. For example, zone G3. "Zh" means that the territory is reserved for residential development. The number "3" - the average number of storeys (not higher than 10 floors). Zh1 - a zone of individual development, zone P1 implies boulevards and squares, L - a zone of natural landscape, mainly these are sanitary protection zones. The types of permitted use of territories are divided into basic, conditionally permitted and auxiliary. For example, in zone Z3 (“Mid-rise residential development”), it is possible to build not only high-rise buildings. After all, a residential neighborhood needs kindergartens, schools, clinics, shops. This applies to the main types of permitted use. There are conditional uses that require a public hearing procedure.
For example, what does urban planning look like on a large recreational area called “Victory Park” on the Left Bank? In fact, there are several territorial zones with different urban planning regulations. Zone P-1 is a memorial zone where any construction is prohibited, and only landscaping and landscaping is allowed. But there is a territorial zone R-6, where sanatoriums, sports and recreation facilities can be located. Zone P-4 is a coastal area with beaches, boat stations, etc.
Rules for land use and development - a legal document. If the owner of a land plot located in a residential area wants to open a small production facility, the city department of architecture and urban planning has the right to refuse to issue a building permit: the legal regime of the residential area does not allow such construction in the residential area. Land use and development rules approved by the Omsk City Council, posted on the official website.
Territory planning project
The following urban planning documents are projects for planning the territory and projects for surveying individual areas of the city. The entire territory of the city is conditionally divided into planning areas. And here, in the territory planning project, specifics are already appearing: where should there be plots for the construction of residential buildings, kindergartens, schools, as well as a development sketch. After that, a survey project is made with the boundaries of the land plots. At the same time, regional urban planning standards approved by the regional ministry of construction are taken into account. The size of the territory is set for each specific residential building with adjacent parking lots, recreation areas, etc. Red lines appear on the map, defining common areas.
Based on this document, the city administration reserves plots for future schools and kindergartens, public lands (roads, networks, squares).
But the planning project is not yet design documentation. The planning project determines the general development of the territory. According to this document, it is clear how many residential buildings, kindergartens, schools, medical institutions will be built on the territory of the microdistrict, what territory is allocated for parking spaces, where there will be squares and boulevards. But the planning project does not yet determine how these objects will be placed and how they will look.
But the project documentation is needed directly for construction. It is ordered by the developer of a particular object. Project documentation is carried out in accordance with the standards, technical regulations, undergoes an examination, and on its basis a building permit is issued. This document determines how the object will be located, how many floors it will have, what its architectural solution and landscaping will be. Of course, without approved urban planning documents that determine the integrated development of the territory, it is impossible to take into account the balance of all interests of both residents and developers in project documentation. Therefore, according to the legislation, all urban planning documents have an open public form of discussion before their approval.
Good day, to all readers of the blog “”! Today we’ll talk about such a business idea on the Internet as promising earnings on your own website. Let's talk about creating a website about your favorite city. Each person has his own city, where he was born, lived, studied, perhaps even now he lives in it. So, let's talk about such a business - city website development.
In our country, a huge number of different cities and almost every city is represented on the Internet in the form of a website. If such a resource is available, then this is even better, you will have something to strive for and the goal of your mission will be to create such a site about the city that will be number one! You will have to work hard on your project to compete well. There are exceptions when there is no such resource yet, and you just have to occupy this niche and make your site popular.
“Website about your city”…how do we present it?
We are creating a site with a beautiful design, where we will post information about the city. Here we can post information about the history of the city, important news events, events held in the near future, famous personalities.
Such a site should have sections such as:
- news
- event poster
- photo, video
- ads
- educational institutions (city schools, universities)
- forum
Without fail, it is necessary to include forums for communication of citizens. It is necessary to create thematic sections on the forums, for example, a forum for youth, a forum for motorists, a forum for fishermen and hunters, and others. They will be the most active and involved.
How to make money on the site?
Here I will not reveal any secret to you, you yourself probably already guessed it. We will earn on firms, enterprises, organizations and various shops of our city. We will advertise these companies on our website.
This is a very profitable occupation, both for advertisers and for the site owner. But here it is necessary to take into account the fact that your site must be promoted, otherwise it makes sense to advertise if there is no traffic. Website promotion will require some financial investments, but they will quickly pay off.
When the site is a well-visited resource, then many firms and enterprises will agree to pay for the placement of their advertisements and announcements on your resource. In order to get advertisers, you will need to place information on the provision of such services on your website. Give good and effective arguments that your resource is a really good and reliable way of advertising. 
There is no need to set ultra-high prices for placements, on average, one placement costs 1,500 rubles per month. Even if you sell 15-20 placements, you can earn from this from 20,000 rubles a month.
Over time, with an increase in traffic and popularity of your resource, it will be possible to increase the cost of the services provided.
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