language and style

Yaroslava Andreevna Bokhan

ABOUT THE FUNCTIONS OF TERMINOLOGICAL VOCABULARY IN A MEDIA TEXT

The article analyzes the functions of economic terminology in modern Chinese media text. Particular attention is paid to the degree of the author's preparedness for the presentation of information on economic topics and the adequacy of its understanding by the addressee.

Key words: media text, economic term, special information, Chinese.

A modern person in his daily life will certainly encounter special vocabulary that has come into the general literary language from various fields of knowledge: economics, jurisprudence, political, technical and other sciences. Special terminological vocabulary ceases to be an attribute of only professional discourse, penetrating to a greater or lesser extent into the spheres of non-professional communication. Economic issues are relevant not only for economists and specialists in related fields, but also for representatives of various segments of the population who are not directly related to the economy and economic processes. The social significance of this science makes it possible to borrow special economic vocabulary in the sphere of non-professional communication, and the growing interest of the general public in economic processes cannot but affect the content of mass media texts.

Due to the fact that the media text most often acts as an intermediary in the transfer of information from a professional to a non-professional (meaning background or analytical information received from specialists and broadcast through the media to a wide audience, most of which are non-specialists in this field of knowledge) , its lexical composition is enriched with economic terms and professionalism, but at the same time tends to some simplification - for adequate perception of an oral or written message by an unprepared listener (reader). Such a message cannot

In a modern media text, the economic term plays an important role - it informs and orients the recipient of the message, which meets his cognitive needs and interests. To implement the main task of such texts - a message about a particular economic event - the most accurate industry or highly specialized terms are used.

In the course of a study of news articles of a socio-economic and financial-economic nature, published in the electronic version of one of the most authoritative Chinese publications (China News)

And also in the process of working with special dictionaries, it was revealed that the terminology in media texts is not presented in isolation, but surrounded by commonly used vocabulary, professionalism and even expressive language means that create a special lexical-semantic and stylistic tone of the text.

Our analysis of the functioning of economic terms in media discourse showed that the saturation of the terminological space of a news article largely depends on the level of professionalism of the author and his journalistic experience in general. So, for example, journalistic articles prepared by a journalist on their own will differ from articles created with the involvement of scientific consultants or including an interview with a specialist. The main difference will be in the degree of saturation of the publication of the term

mi, as well as the presence or absence of highly specialized terminology.

The lexical composition of an article can also be influenced by the policy of the publication or news agency regarding the circle of readers, which involves taking into account their horizons, intelligence, life experience, the degree of preparedness for the perception of various information and interest in it. However, the level of terminology of news reports written exclusively by journalists or, conversely, by economists, is also not the same. The frequency of using terms will depend on the style of presentation of each individual author and, of course, on the addressee of the message, in particular, his professional or general cultural experience.

In non-professional discourse, including in the media text, in contrast to scientific literature, special economic terminology performs another important function - the popularization of scientific knowledge.

Let's consider some examples from media texts in Chinese.

SHCHYASH * "M^YA^AYY

An employee of the Central Bank (People's Bank of China) reports: the goal of doubling the average per capita income is likely to be achieved ahead of schedule. The head of the statistics department of the People's Bank of China, Chen Songchen, in his report indicates that the implementation of the goal of doubling GDP and average per capita income in urban and rural areas, put forward in the report at the 18th Party Congress, is feasible and confirmed by real facts. A doubling of the average per capita income in urban and rural areas is likely to come about two years ahead of schedule.

In this example, a fragment of a specialist's message is used in the text. Such a message can be simultaneously considered both as a part of professional and non-professional discourse. An employee of the Central Bank, of course, acts as a specialist in economic issues, but at the same time he addresses a wide audience whose level of competence in these matters may be lower. The author of the article, clarifying the

ing, maintains the general style and terminological composition of the specialist: he makes a reference to the definition, using the abbreviation OVR - GDP (gross domestic product), without deciphering its content, which may indicate addressing a trained reader, and also repeatedly uses the compound term A^^ A is the average per capita income. The use of compound terms is generally characteristic of the Chinese media text, since such special names already contain a hidden definition.

Consider another example from the same article.

(2) J^2011^SVR^^9.3%

2012-2020^0BP-M¥^No.^6.94%BP 2012^MvVRSh

^^M^7.7%o $LY2012^^0VR^^ 7.7%, SH2013-2020^00R^Sh¥^^^^

6.85%o ALAda^shzh^schsvRma

The article states that in view of the fact that in 2011 GDP growth was 9.3%, in 2012-2020 it will be enough to achieve the goal if the average annual growth is 6.94%. According to estimates, GDP growth in the first three quarters of 2012 was 7.7%. If GDP growth for the whole of 2012 is 7.7%, then in 2013-2020 the average annual GDP growth rate of 6.85% will be enough. The implementation of the task proclaimed at the 18th Party Congress is very likely.

Despite the fact that this text is posted on the news feed of one of the most famous news agencies in China, whose audience covers all segments of the population, in terms of lexical composition, it should be classified as popular science literature aimed at a narrower circle of competent readers. The lexical composition of the article clearly corresponds to the language for special purposes, with the dominance of terminological vocabulary, in particular: vOR^^ - GDP growth,

^ - average annual growth, U# - doubling, ~ quarter. The predominant use of noun terms is also characteristic, which corresponds to the concept of terminology accepted by most linguists. However, it should be noted that due to the grammatical features of the Chinese language, a noun in various positions in a sentence can also play an attributive role, replacing an adjective, and individual verbs can be used as a noun.

(3) ®^2012^SVR^7.7%, £pZh^ShM VR2019^#2010^Sh- #, S2013-2019^00RSh¥^^M^7.9%

SH2013-2018^00RSh¥^^

M^9.3%, AD, &EDN

J£^J® 2020^ 2010^|Ц^@№

Assume that GDP growth in 2012 will be 7.7%, if it is necessary to accelerate the pace of achieving the goal by one year, then GDP in 2019 should be twice the level of 2010, then the required average annual GDP growth rate in 2013-2019 should be 7.9%, and it's quite difficult. If the deadline for achieving the goal needs to be reduced by two years, then the average annual GDP growth in 2013-2018 will have to reach 9.3%, and this is even more difficult. Nevertheless, it is clear that the goal of doubling the GDP growth rate by 2020 compared to 2010 is quite feasible and finds actual confirmation.

In the last passage, the author departs from the presentation of "naked" facts, arguing about the possible development of events and at the same time retaining all the previously used special terminological units, but at the same time introduces commonly used evaluative categories

Difficult enough, yet

more difficult, finally gives a decoding of the abbreviation used from the very beginning of the article: D (G - gross domestic product. Such a strategy may be due to the author's desire to push the reader to think, and in the end - to bring him to the understanding and assimilation of the information read.

Such a terminologically rich text becomes part of the reader's cognitive space, which is one of the goals of the news report. The journalist chooses the terms and style of the message, based on the idea of ​​who his potential addressee is, but the author is limited by his own terminological space, due to his qualifications, epistemological potential and, of course, the topic of the message.

The study of the features of the functioning of economic terminology in the media space on the example of a number of news reports considered in this and other articles revealed the absence of a dynamic increase in the use of economic terms by journalists within the framework of one article. Author

media text throughout the entire message operates with a limited group of terms, trying not to go beyond the topic of the message, without taking into account the possibility of increasing the reader's competence in the process of studying the information message, since such a communication format excludes an individual approach and is focused on the average reader.

Let's consider one more example.

(4)

ish4 ^ e * № ^ shya 27 in SHSHSH,

(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) predicts that China's economy will grow by 8.5% next year. The Paris-based OECD Headquarters' Economic Outlook Report of the 27th reported that emerging market countries, by expanding their monetary policy daily, have overcome the decline in external demand in the markets. China's economic growth is expected to be 8.5% and 8.9% respectively over the next two years. Other countries with emerging markets will also be able to achieve fairly high economic growth.

In this example, I would like to draw attention not only to the abundance of economic terms used by the sender of the message, such as economic

growth; (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) The author, of course, refers to a prepared reader who knows the terminology, has a fairly broad outlook and knowledge in the field of the world economic situation, as well as a well-formed idea of ​​which countries belong to the category of states with emerging markets.

information caused by individual association with this term. For example, after seeing a message that “in the next two years, economic growth in China will be 8.5% and 8.9%, respectively”, the average reader perceives the term economic growth rates not from the point of view of the economy - the rise in production, the growth of GDP and GNP, and from the point of view of usefulness for oneself - an increase in wages, an improvement in the standard of living, etc. Moreover, this is not caused by the degree of his preparedness, but by a cognitive task, primarily due to the pragmatic needs of a person, and only then the need to obtain information.

It should be emphasized that the author of a media text on economic topics is faced with the task of not only informing the reader, but also stimulating his cognitive activity, and therefore the journalist must be very critical in choosing the appropriate terminology for use in the text.

Bibliography

1. Akhmetshin, N. Kh. Chinese-Russian financial and economic dictionary [Text] / N. Kh.

Akhmetshin, He Zhu. - M. : AST, East-West, 2007. - 704 p.

2. Golovanova, E. I. Cognitive terminology [Text]: textbook. allowance / E. I. Golovanova. - Chelyabinsk: Encyclopedia, 2008.

3. Grishechkina, G. Yu. Types of definitions of terms in the popular science text [Text] / G. Yu. Grishechkina // Uchenye zapiski Orlovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser. Humanities and social sciences. - 2010. - No. 1.-S. 120-127.

5. Leychik, V. M. Terminology: subject, structure, methods [Text] / V. M. Leychik. - M. : Librokom, 2009. - 256 p.

6. yttttpm. -sh-.sh er, 2011.

// FDIlad yag:

^^^8.5% (date of access: 28.11.2012).

// iYaG: http://finance.chi-

nanews.com/cj/2012/12-05/4382374.shtml (accessed 05.12.2012).

Oleg Vitalievich Demidov

Chelyabinsk State University

MODERN POLITICAL DISCOURSE IN THE MEANS OF MASS COMMUNICATION IN THE CHELYABINSK REGION

The article deals with the problems of forming a negative political discourse. The most typical ways of manifestation of invective in public texts are determined. The ways of distinguishing between invective and extremist appeals in the mass media of the Chelyabinsk region are indicated.

Key words: political discourse, invective, extremism.

The political discourse is oversaturated with diversity in relation to others)) figurative techniques and tricks, it is appropriate to use the term "invective" to belittle the opponent's personality. understanding it in a broad sense as speech To designate lexical means, the verbal function of inflicting insults, like any kind of aggression (aggression. [French aggression, German. sharp speech, attack against an opponent.< лат. agressio нападение] 2. О че- Такой функцией обладают, прежде всего, ин-ловеке или животном: воинственная враждеб- вективы в узком смысле, как синоним сквер-

Our time is characterized by the extraordinary development of science and technology. Discoveries in the field of nuclear physics, the practical use of nuclear energy, the emergence and development of astronautics and computer science, genetic engineering, etc. led to the fact that the vocabulary of the language was enriched with a huge number of new terms and even their entire subsystems. Consequently, the terminological system as a whole has also been enriched to a large extent, i.e. the intellectual, informational potential of the language has greatly increased.

A term is a word or a compound name (stable phrase), which is the designation of a special concept from the field of science, technology, law, sports, art, etc. For example: lemma- auxiliary theorem used to prove the main theorems; voltmeter- a device for measuring electrical voltage in a section of a circuit with current; irradiation(physiol.) - the spread of the process of excitation (or inhibition) in the central nervous system; communicative competence- the ability to solve communication tasks that are relevant for students and society by means of a foreign language, etc.

The term does not just name any concept, but unlike other words, it has a strict scientific or legal definition - a definition. Definitions are of two kinds: official (scientific and legal) and unofficial.

Scientific communication is impossible if specialists in any field use terms that do not have a strictly defined meaning. Already in Soviet times, state committees for standardization and unification were created, which, in particular, carry out the unification of scientific and technical terms related to different fields of knowledge, and regularly publish collections of GOSTs (state standards), which offer scientific definitions of any related concepts for mandatory use by specialists.

Scientific definitions of terms, contained primarily in state standards, are the first type of official definitions.

The second type of such definitions is legal. In essence, this is a new type of official definitions in our country, which has become widely practiced in the last decade. Legal definitions are those that are given to terms by the highest authorities in the country and are placed in federal laws, presidential decrees, and government decrees. In these state documents, a special section "Used terms (or concepts)" is usually allocated, which provides a list of new terms included in the text of this document with definitions.

This means that this is the only way the proposed legal terms should be understood and interpreted throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation.

Such ordering of terms gradually covers an ever wider range of social life, regulates the use of an increasing number of special words related to the most diverse areas of human production activity. For example:

Agrochemicals- fertilizers, chemical ameliorants, feed additives intended for plant nutrition, soil fertility regulation and animal nutrition (Federal Law "On the safe handling of pesticides and agrochemicals" dated June 24, 1997).

Assets- property of an enterprise, which includes fixed assets, other long-term investments (including intangible assets), working capital, financial assets (FZ "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy) of Enterprises" dated November 19, 1992).

Ammunition- items of weapons and projectile equipment designed to hit a target and containing explosive, propelling, pyrotechnic or expelling charges or a combination of them (FZ "On Weapons" dated November 13, 1996).

Validation- assessment of the breeding and productive qualities of a breeding animal, as well as the qualities of other breeding products (materials) for the purpose of their further use (FZ "On livestock breeding" of August 3, 1995).

Anti-dumping measures- measures to limit dumping imports of goods, which are applied by the Government of the Russian Federation through the introduction of an anti-dumping duty, in particular a temporary anti-dumping duty, or the adoption of price obligations (FZ "On Measures to Protect the Interests of the Russian Federation in Foreign Trade in Goods" dated March 20, 1998).

Documented Information Owner, information resources, information products and (or) means of international information exchange- an entity exercising the powers of possession, use and disposal of the specified objects in the amount established by the owner (FZ "On Participation in International Information Exchange" dated June 5, 1996).

Unofficial definitions are those that are not legalized by state bodies, but are proposed by some individuals or groups of individuals. The degree of public recognition of such definitions, their use depends on the scientific or broader public authority of the relevant individuals and groups, although, of course, on the degree of approximation of the definition to the modern understanding of a particular phenomenon or process. Therefore, different interpretations of the same term are not uncommon in various sources - dictionaries, scientific works, textbooks. For example, phoneme in the encyclopedia "Russian language" is defined as "the main unit of the sound structure of the language, the limiting element distinguished by the linear articulation of speech"; in the "Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary" - as "a unit of the sound structure of the language, which serves to identify and distinguish meaningful units - morphemes, in which it is included as a minimum segment component, and through them - to recognize and distinguish words"; in the university textbook "Modern Russian language" ed. L. A. Novikov’s phoneme is “such a unit of the sound system of a language that independently as a separate unit can distinguish words and word forms of a given language”, and in the “Dictionary-Reference Book on the Grammar of the Russian Language” by V. I. Maksimov and R. V Odekov - "an indivisible and in itself not significant sound unit of the language, which serves to identify, distinguish or delimit the minimum significant units - morphemes, and through them words." From this it is clear that unofficial definitions give freedom, although to a certain extent relative, for the presentation of views on a particular concept of individual authors or groups of authors.

This sometimes leads to clashes of different points of view related to the interpretation of the same term.

Informal definitions of terms have been characteristic since their very appearance in the language as a special group of words. In domestic terminological dictionaries or textbooks, there are practically no references to official sources of definitions. Some changes here began to occur only at the end of the 20th century. So, in the "Illustrated Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Scientific and Technical Vocabulary" ed. V. I. Maksimov, all definitions of units of physical quantities are given with reference to the International System (SI), officially introduced in our country in 1982 (GOST 8.417-81). For example:

METER. Unit of length in the International System (SI); denoted m and is equal to the distance between the axes of two strokes applied on a platinum-iridium bar stored at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at 0 ° C and normal pressure. By definition, a meter is equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of radiation from an atom of krypton-86 when going from level 2 R 10 per level 5 d 5 in vacuum or equal to the distance traveled by light in vacuum in 1 / 299 792 458 p.

A more noticeable influence of official definitions on the definition of legal terms is felt in the "Great Legal Dictionary" ed. A. Ya. Sukhareva (1999), especially in comparison with previously published legal dictionaries and encyclopedias, even in the 1990s. For example:

MARRIAGE CONTRACT (contract) - an agreement of persons entering into marriage, or an agreement of spouses, defining the property rights and obligations of spouses in marriage and (or) in the event of its termination (Article 40 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation). The conclusion of B. d. is also provided for by Art. 256 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

EXTRACT FROM THE REGISTRY MAINTENANCE SYSTEM - in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Securities Market" dated April 22, 1996, a document issued by the registrar indicating the owner of the personal account, the number of securities of each issue held on this account at the time of issuing the statement, facts their encumbrance with obligations, as well as other information related to these securities. The statement must contain a note on all restrictions or facts of encumbrance of the obligations of the securities for which the statement is issued, fixed on the date of compilation in the register maintenance system.

The set of terms available in the vocabulary forms a terminological system (terminology). Terminology includes a significant number of subsystems serving various branches of knowledge and production: economics, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, history, political science, linguistics, literature, etc. It is difficult to list all the terminological subsystems available in the vocabulary. In addition, traditional sciences are expanding, fragmenting, new branches of knowledge and production are emerging, new aspects of social life are emerging, and all this can also occur at the intersection of different sciences. For this reason, new dictionaries are being created that include the relevant terms, and for users of various backgrounds - from schoolchildren to narrow specialists in any field.

Thus, the terminology of a language, being the totality of all terms available in it, can be recognized as a system of terminological subsystems, between which there are certain connections. These connections can be expressed in the following: 1) many terms, for example mathematical (vector, integral, differential, variable), are used in other sciences, including physics, and physical terms are used in chemistry ( Ohm's law, pendant, neutron, proton, electron); 2) the same terms in the same meaning can serve the needs of different sciences ( axiom, algorithm, amplitude, valence, vertex, height); 3) the same terms can be related to different subsystems, while having different meanings. Yes, the term function in mathematics - "a dependent variable", in linguistics - "the purpose, role (sometimes the meaning) of a linguistic unit and element of the linguistic structure", in sociology - "the role that a certain social institution or process performs in relation to the whole", etc. d. Term argument means in logic "a proposition or a set of propositions given in support of the truth of another proposition" and "the basis or part of the basis of a proposition", in mathematics function argument is "an independent variable on whose value the values ​​of the function depend." Term base means in architecture "the base, foot of a column or pillar", in mechanical engineering - "the distance between the front and rear axles of a 2-axle vehicle, tractor, trailer", in engineering graphics - "a surface, line or point, relative to which the location of other surfaces of the depicted product and their dimensions", in the technology of structural materials - "a surface or a combination of surfaces, an axis, a point belonging to a workpiece or product and used for basing", etc.

It is clear that an ordinary user of special vocabulary does not really deal with all the terminology available in the language (this is impossible due to its multicomponent and complexity), but with one or another terminological subsystem that he uses as a professional. Therefore, for him, it is more essential and more tangible to have systemic connections between the terms of this particular subsystem, and not the entire system. For example, for a linguist, the term grammar has two meanings: 1) the grammatical structure of the language, which includes the means and rules for the formation of words, their changes and combinations, the construction of simple sentences, the combination of simple sentences into complex ones; 2) the science of the structure and laws of the language, including word formation, morphology and syntax. The linguist is aware of the differences between the four meanings of a grammatical term case: 1) morphological inflectional category of nouns, adjectives, ordinal numbers, full participles, object-personal, non-objective-personal pronouns, as well as cardinal numbers; 2) a number of noun forms that are united by a system of endings and a common system of morphological meanings; 3) a number of forms of the adjective, which are united by a common endings; 4) a separate word form included in the indicated series of noun and adjective forms. The linguist also understands the systemic relations between grammatical terms: genus-species ( minor members of the sentence: addition, definition and circumstance), derivational ( predicate - predicative - predicative), synonymous ( state category, predicatives, impersonal predicative words, predicative adverbs), antonymous ( soft - hard consonants, vocalism - consonantism), conceptual (names of parts of speech: noun, adjective, numeral, etc.), associative ( impersonal sentence associated with impersonal verbs, passive participles, status category, negative words, independent infinitive).

Within the terminological subsystems, mini-systems can be distinguished - groups of terms that serve the needs of a narrow field of science or production. The emergence of such mini-systems is especially noticeable in jurisprudence in connection with the intensive development in the last decade of the legal framework for the transition to a new socio-economic system.

The specific features of these mini-systems are, firstly, that the terms included in them, being legal, at the same time refer to a certain, but very limited area of ​​science or production, such as land reclamation or fire fighting.

Thus, the Federal Law "On Land Reclamation" (1996) introduces the following group of terms: ameliorative systems for general use- land reclamation systems that are jointly owned by two or more persons or transferred in accordance with the established procedure for use by several citizens (individuals) and (or) legal entities, as well as protective forest plantations necessary for the needs of these persons; land reclamation- fundamental land improvement by carrying out hydrotechnical, cultural, chemical, anti-erosion, agroforestry, agrotechnical and other land reclamation measures; reclaimed land- lands on which land reclamation activities have been carried out; reclaimed land- lands, the insufficient fertility of which is improved through the implementation of land reclamation measures ...

The second specificity of terminological mini-systems is that they lack synonyms, antonyms and some other components inherent in the whole terminological subsystem. Mini-systems are presented only in basic terms.

Thus, the term has a strict definition and is included in the general lexical system through a certain terminological field (terminological mini-system, subsystem, system). The peculiarities of terms also include a tendency towards unambiguity within their semantic field. It is a trend, because the term, like any other word, obeys the laws of language development and, in principle, can receive secondary meanings. So, dead in medicine it means "one who has stopped breathing and blood circulation", and in jurisprudence - "a citizen ... if at his place of residence there is no information about his place of stay for five years, and if he went missing under circumstances threatening death or giving reason to assume his death from a certain accident - within six months" (Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Yet the overwhelming majority of terms are monosemantic.

The features of the terms also include their lack of expressive qualities and great stylistic and stylistic uniformity. Among the terms in the dictionaries there are neither reduced in stylistic coloring (colloquial, slang), nor having a connotation of "highness", solemnity, nor emotionally expressive words. Indeed, it is difficult to find at least one term that gives an emotional and evaluative characteristic of the phenomenon that he names. The relatively large stylistic homogeneity of terms is manifested in the fact that they are used mainly in bookish (scientific and business) styles of speech. In journalism and in a work of art, and even more so in everyday, colloquial speech, one can do without terms, but when presenting scientific provisions, when describing or applying laws, this cannot be done. Not a single prosecutor, judge or lawyer, taking up the consideration of any case (criminal or civil), in determining the elements of a crime or violation of the law, can not refer to the relevant laws and to the use of legal terms.

The greater stylistic homogeneity of terminological vocabulary compared to non-terminological vocabulary is explained by the fact that it is either stylistically neutral or bookish; a separate group consists of "special", highly professional terms. Stylistically neutral and bookish terms

fall, as a rule, in the explanatory dictionaries of popular vocabulary, special ones - mainly in terminological dictionaries. For example, in the Ozhegov Dictionary, from terms with the letter Adana as neutral: abbreviation, subscriber, subscribe, abortion, absolutism, absolute, abstractionism, abstractionist, avant-garde, avant-garde, entrance hall, outport, proscenium, aircraft modeling, aircraft modeller, aircraft model, auto-lock, autogenous, autocar, autoclave, autol, machine, automation, car modeling, car modeler, autonomy, autopilot, forklift, autodrinker, automatic coupler, tank truck and others. With the litter "bookish" are presented: native, outline, absenteeism, absolute, abstract), abstraction, autarky, authorize, authoritarianism, authoritarian, autochthons. The label "special" stands for the terms: aberration, abortive, abrasive, abscess, avitaminosis, railcar.

Among the special terminology, nomenclature names stand out. Nomenclature is a set of specific names that are used to designate specific objects related to a particular area of ​​knowledge or human activity, but do not have strictly scientific or legal definitions. Nomenclature names are, as it were, terms of the second order, which are often specific names in relation to the basic, fundamental terms. For example, the political term subject of the federation means a state entity within a federation. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, it includes the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, followed by a list of their names, which are essentially nomenclature, which includes the names of republics, territories, regions, cities of federal significance, an autonomous region, autonomous regions. The State Duma as one of the two chambers of the Federal Assembly, it has many committees and commissions, the names of which are also nomenclature.

But even the nomenclature names included in government regulations do not become terms. As an example, we will cite the section of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On approval of the Regulations on certification for the right to manage enterprises and organizations engaged in the development and / or the production of weapons" (1995):

Nomenclature of product types, management of development and / or the production of which requires a certificate

• 1. Products of rocket and space technology, as well as means of their maintenance and use.
• 2. Products of aviation technology, as well as means of their maintenance and use.
• 3. Products of armored vehicles, as well as means of their maintenance and use.
• 4. Products of rocket and artillery weapons, as well as means of their maintenance and use ...

The boundary between the actual terms and nomenclature names is changeable, mobile. Many nomenclature signs, even when limited in their use, can acquire a general character, receive a scientific or legal definition, if they show a universal content, a developed and conscious concept, if there is a public need for them, and, consequently, for their special definitions.

Yes, the concept veteran was known even before the formation of the Russian Federation. In the Small Academic Dictionary, this concept is defined as "an old, experienced warrior, a participant in many battles." Veterans were divided primarily into two categories: veterans of the Great Patriotic War and labor veterans.

In the early 1990s there was a state need for official differentiation and specification of the concept veterans taking into account their merits in the defense of the Fatherland, impeccable military service and the duration of conscientious work. Then the Federal Law "On Veterans" (1994) was adopted, which not only clarifies the category of veterans, but also regulates their rights. The following categories of veterans were identified and definitions for each of them were given: veterans of the Great Patriotic War, military service veterans, veterans of the internal affairs bodies, prosecutor's office, justice and courts, labor veterans, veterans of military operations in the territory of other states. However, definitions are not given for all categories. For example, veterans of the Great Patriotic War recognized as "persons who took part in hostilities in defense of the Fatherland or in providing military units of the army in the areas of hostilities, as well as persons who served in the military or worked in the rear during the Great Patriotic War for at least six months, excluding the period of temporary work occupied territories of the USSR, who served in the military or worked for less than six months and were awarded orders and medals of the USSR for selfless work and impeccable service during the Great Patriotic War. Concerning veterans of military operations in the territory of other states, then instead of the definition of the concept in the Federal Law, a list of those military personnel and other persons who belong to veterans of this category is given. Consequently, the first four categories of veterans have a terminological definition, in this case a legal one, and the last one is limited to a nomenclature name.

Therefore, the most important means of distinguishing a term from a non-term can be the test of definitiveness, i.e. testing whether a term lends itself to a rigorous scientific or legal definition. Therefore, it is impossible to refer to terms such compound names as , Bank operations, paperless securities, not to mention words and combinations like scourge, bum, Enemy of the people, Godfather.

For example, the concept association of commercial organizations mentioned in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, but terminologically it is not disclosed: "commercial organizations in order to coordinate their business activities, as well as representation and protection of common property interests, may, by agreement among themselves, create associations in the form of associations or unions, being non-profit organizations"; banking operations are considered in detail in the Federal Law "On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the RSFSR "On Banks and Banking Activities in the RSFSR"" (1996), but instead of a definition, specific transactions are indicated that are recognized by law as banking: 1) attraction of funds of individuals and legal entities in deposits ... 2) placement ... of funds raised on its own behalf and at its own expense; 3) opening and maintaining bank accounts of individuals and legal entities etc.

Often life itself persistently requires a legal, terminological definition of a particular concept.

Thus, the Russian mass media have repeatedly raised the issue of the situation of the Russian-speaking population in the CIS and Baltic countries, highlighting the main thing for them - the possibility or impossibility of learning in their native language. The problems of our compatriots in these countries were addressed by decrees and resolutions of the President of the Russian Federation, resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation, but in the course of implementing the recommendations laid down in these documents, it turned out that the very concept compatriot not defined and, moreover, not enshrined in Russian legislation. This has not yet been done, and the issue of helping our compatriots abroad to preserve their cultural identity and ties with Russia remains unresolved.

Of course, the terms are often used in fiction and journalism. But here they serve either to describe the situation in which the characters act, the range of issues that concern them, or to create a speech characteristic, but they are neither an independent object of consideration, nor a means for describing other scientific objects. The nature of the terminology used in fiction depends primarily on the author, who, due to life circumstances, became acquainted with certain groups of professional words.

So, when they talk about the use of such vocabulary by writers of the 19th century, they mention I. Turgenev, who was fond of hunting and therefore knew hunting terms (“Notes of a Hunter”), F. Dostoevsky, who understood the card game (“Player”). Of the modern authors, V. Barkovsky differs in the use of sports terms. For example, in the thriller "Russian Transit" we read: "Bystrov was struck with the most powerful blow. In the technique of jan-kaiten. A direct blow, piercing. Giyaku-tsuki. Not a boxer beat - a karateka. And not of the highest skill: from a correctly executed giyakutsu .. .mmm... the target does not fly off, but falls apart on the spot. "

Each terminological subsystem has its own history.

Thus, the formation of Russian legal terminology was influenced primarily by the following epochal events: the reforms of Peter I, which transformed the country; the activities of M. Speransky, who led the codification in 1826 under Emperor Nicholas I; the judicial reform of 1884 under Emperor Alexander II, which aimed at transforming the court and legal proceedings on the basis of judicial charters and proclaiming the principles of independence of judges, publicity, oral and adversarial judicial process, etc. We should also mention the counter-reforms under the government of Alexander III in the 2nd half of the 1880s, which largely boiled down to a revision of the 1884 reform. 1917 and the establishment of Soviet power.

The composition of modern legal terminology is influenced by the legislative process of the last two decades. Most of the legal terms that existed under the Soviet regime disappeared along with the political system: communist labor brigade, brigade responsibility, state quality mark, democratic centralism, voluntary people's squad, Hall of Fame, surplus area, executive committee, honor book, collective farm yard, people's control, socialist property, socialist competition. Only those of the former terms that are necessary for any social system have remained in use: aval, acts of civil status, acceptance, missing, real right, pledge, confiscation, creditor etc. Most modern legal terms are new entities created in various ways.

A lot of terminological dictionaries are published: both complex ones, containing the terminology of a number of sciences, and single-profile ones, including terms from any one field of knowledge. In the 1990s have been published:

A large encyclopedic dictionary for schoolchildren and entering universities. M., 1999. Includes terms of 10 school disciplines: Russian language, literature, history, geography, physics, chemistry, biology, social science, mathematics and informatics.

Illustrated explanatory dictionary of Russian scientific and technical vocabulary / ed. V. I. Maksimova. M., 1994. Contains the terms of 13 university disciplines: mathematics, programming and application of computer technology, chemistry, descriptive geometry, strength of materials, theory of mechanisms and machines, machine parts, interchangeability, standardization and technical measurements, technology of structural materials, fundamentals of printing, and as well as interdisciplinary vocabulary.

Tromberg E. A., Mikutskaya G.S. Educational dictionary-reference book of Russian mathematical terms / ed. V. I. Maksimova. SPb., 1997.

Maksimov V.I., Odekov R.V. Educational dictionary-reference book of Russian grammatical terms. SPb., 1998.

Dorot V. L., Novikov F. A. Explanatory dictionary of modern computer vocabulary. Dusseldorf; Kyiv; M.; SPb., 1999.

Maksimov V. I, Odekov R.V. Dictionary-reference book on the grammar of the Russian language. M., 1999.

In the Russian language, along with common vocabulary, there are words and expressions used by groups of people united by the nature of their activity, i.e. by profession. These are professionalisms.
Professionalisms are characterized by greater differentiation in the designation of tools and means of production, in the names of specific objects, actions, persons, etc. They are distributed mainly in the colloquial speech of people of a particular profession, sometimes being a kind of unofficial synonyms for special names. Often they are reflected in dictionaries, but always marked “professional”. In the texts of newspapers and magazines, as well as in works of art, they usually perform a nominative function, and also serve as a figurative and expressive means.
So, in the professional speech of actors, the complex abbreviated name glavrezh is used; in the colloquial speech of builders and repairmen, the professional name of capital repairs is used; the attendants of computer centers are called machinists and EVEM workers; on fishing boats, workers who gut fish (usually by hand) are called skerries, etc.
According to the method of education, we can distinguish:
1) actually lexical professionalisms, which arise as new, special names. For example, in this way arose in the speech of professional fishermen the above word shkershchik from the verb shkerit - “gut the fish”; in the speech of carpenters and joiners, the names of various types of planer: kalevka, zenzubel, tongue and groove, etc .;
2) lexical-semantic professionalisms that arise in the process of developing a new meaning of a word and its rethinking. This is how, for example, the professional meanings of words in the speech of printers arose: Christmas trees or paws - a kind of quotation marks; heading - a common heading for several publications, corral - a spare, additional set that was not included in the next issue; in the speech of hunters, the professional names of animal tails are distinguished: for a deer - kuiruk, burdock, for a wolf - a log, for a fox - a pipe, for a beaver - a shovel, for a squirrel - fur, for a hare - a flower, bunch, repeek, etc .;
3) lexical and derivational professionalisms, which include words like a spare wheel - a spare mechanism, part of something; glavrezh - the main director, etc., in which either a suffix is ​​​​used, or a way of adding words, etc.
Professionalisms usually do not receive wide distribution in the literary language; their scope remains limited.
Terminological vocabulary includes words or phrases used to logically accurately define special concepts or objects in some area of ​​science, technology, agriculture, art, etc. Unlike commonly used words, which can be ambiguous, terms within a particular science, as a rule, are unambiguous. They are characterized by a clearly limited, motivated specialization of meaning.
The development of science and technology, the emergence of new branches of science is always accompanied by the abundant appearance of new terms. Therefore, terminology is one of the most mobile, fast-growing and rapidly changing parts of the national vocabulary (cf. just some names of new sciences and industries: automation, allergology, aeronomy, biocybernetics, bionics, hydroponics, holography, cardiac surgery, cosmobiology and many other sciences related to space exploration, plasma chemistry, speleology, ergonomics, etc.).
Ways of forming terms are different. For example, there is a terminology of words existing in the language, i.e. scientific rethinking of the well-known lexical meaning. This process goes in two ways: 1) by abandoning the generally accepted lexical meaning and giving the word a strict, precise name, for example: a signal in information theory “a changing physical quantity that displays messages”; 2) through the full or partial use of those features that serve as the basis for the lexical meaning of the word in popular use, i.e. name by similarity, adjacency, etc., for example: a hole is a defective electron in nuclear physics; drapri - a kind of form of aurora; neck - the intermediate part of the machine shaft, etc. Note that the expressive-emotional meanings inherent in words with diminutive suffixes, as a rule, disappear during terminology. Wed also: tail (for tools, fixtures), foot (part of the machine frame; part of the instruments), etc.
For the formation of terms, the word composition is widely used: nuclear-powered ship, smoke catcher, crank, current drive; affixing method: casting, cladding, constellation, melting, heater; the addition of foreign language elements: air, auto, bio, etc. The method of terminology of phrases is widely used: elementary particles, primary radiation, cosmic rays, optical density, space medicine, etc.
Foreign borrowings play an important role in terminological systems. For a long time, many Dutch, English nautical terms have been known; Italian and French musical, art history, literary terms; Latin and Greek terms are found in all sciences. Many of these terms are international (see § 10).
The spread of scientific and technical terminology, its penetration into various spheres of life leads to the fact that in the language, along with the process of terminology of commonly used words, there is also a reverse process - mastering the literary language of terms, i.e. their determinology. For example, the frequent use of philosophical, art criticism, literary criticism, physical, chemical, medical, industrial and many other terms made them common words, for example: abstraction, argument, dialectics, materialism, thinking, concept, consciousness; concert, plot, style; amplitude, accumulator, contact, contour, reaction, resonance; analysis, vitamin deficiency, diagnosis, immunity, x-ray; capron, harvester, conveyor, motor; incandescence, soldering, recoil, filtering, etc. Often found in the context of commonly used words, the terms are metaphorized and lose their special purpose, for example: the anatomy of love, the geography of a feat, sclerosis of conscience, inflation of words.
Determinologized words are widely used in different styles of speech: colloquial, bookish (in journalism, works of art, etc.). Along with them, professionalisms and terms are often used. However, the excessive saturation of artistic, journalistic works with scientific and technical terminology reduces their value and was condemned back in the late 20s and early 30s by A.M. Gorky, who wrote: “... No need to abuse shop terminology, or you should explain the terms. This must be done without fail, because it gives the book a wider distribution, makes it easier to assimilate everything that is said in it.

More on the topic 13. Professional and terminological vocabulary:

1. 1.19. Special vocabulary (professional and terminological)
2. §one. The use of dialect, professional and terminological vocabulary in speech
3. 1.5.4. Unique suffixes of nouns formed according to the model of borrowed words, replenishing the terminological vocabulary

Very often in explanatory dictionaries you can find a special mark next to the word - "special", which means special. These word forms are not used everywhere, but refer only to professional or terminological vocabulary. What is this vocabulary and what are the rules for its use in modern speech? Find out in this article!

Special vocabulary: terms

There are two lexical categories, the words of which are used by people of a narrow circle: one profession, the field of science and technology. and terms.

Very often, next to a similar word, the scope of their use is also indicated, for example, physics, medicine, mathematics, etc. How to delimit these special words?

Scientific terms are understood as words or phrases that name various concepts of a certain scientific activity, or a production process or a sphere of art.

Each term is defined, that is, it has its own definition that helps to present the essence of the object or phenomenon it calls. Terms are the most accurate and at the same time simplified or brief description of the reality that it denotes. Moreover, each industry has its own terminological system.

Scientific terms have several "layers", that is, they differ in the type of sphere of use. All this is explained by the peculiarities of the object that this term denotes.

The first layer is general scientific terms. They are needed in different fields of knowledge. These words always belong to the scientific style of speech and often overlap in different books, as they allow us to describe different areas of life and, accordingly, different scientific research.

Terms examples:

1. The professor conducted a physical experiment.
2. Scientists have found adequate approach to problem solving.
3. Does it exist equivalent oxygen on other planets?
4. It was difficult for graduate students predict further events after a bad experience.
5. This was hypothetical question!
6. Russian science progresses day by day.
7. Reaction given reagent on nitrogen was too stormy.

All scientific terms in the examples are in a special font. As you can see, these words form a common conceptual fund of different fields of science and have the highest frequency of use.

Special terms

The second layer is special terms that reflect the concepts of certain scientific disciplines.

Terms examples:

1. Subject in this sentence, it is incorrectly defined by the students (this word refers to linguistics).
2. Periodontitis it is treated within a month with open canals of the tooth (this word refers to medicine).
3. Devaluation also touched our currency (this word refers to the economy).
4. supernova we won't be able to see until next month (the word refers to astronomy).
5. Injector junk again (this word refers to the automotive industry).
6. Knechts on the pier were free (this word refers to shipbuilding and navigation).

All these words are used in their discipline and concentrate the quintessence of any science. These are the most acceptable types of language expression that are convenient for scientific language.

Pleonasm of terms

Terms always carry a maximum of information, which is why they are indispensable, formulating the speaker's thought in an extremely capacious and accurate way! However, excessive use or pleonasm of terminological vocabulary often destroys even the most interesting scientific work.

The degree of terminology of different scientific articles cannot be the same. Somewhere the terminological vocabulary of the Russian language is very frequent, but somewhere it will only have two or three examples. It depends on the style of presentation, as well as on who the text will be addressed to.

How many special words are allowed?

Sometimes the text of a scientific work is so overloaded with terms that it is not only difficult to read it, but almost impossible even for specialists. Therefore, when writing scientific papers, it is better to adhere to the rule of the golden mean: the work should contain no more than 30-40% of terminological and professional vocabulary. It is then that it will be popular among a wide range of readers, even those who are very far from the scientific fact described in it.

In addition, it is important to ensure that the terms used in scientific work are sufficiently known to a large circle of people, otherwise they will need to be explained all the time, and such work will turn into a continuous “scientific” explanation.

Expansion of terms

And, of course, it is important not to create one continuous pleonasm of scientific terminology from ordinary speech, as it will be difficult for listeners to understand you, and the whole speech will seem boring and even meaningless. This is connected with the frequent expansion of terms - the transition from scientific vocabulary to everyday speech.

Like borrowings, terms flood our usual everyday dialogue with new sentences and literally the dominance of "scientific". It sounds very difficult and strange if teenagers suddenly try to artificially saturate their dialogue with similar words, replacing ordinary vocabulary with special words. Terms are needed not for replacement, but for designation and specificity. They should be used only when special words are indispensable.

By thoughtlessly using such words, we run the risk of making our speech poor, and the language too incomprehensible. Such overload is often encountered by first-year students, starting to go to lectures.

Lectures by professors who are too carried away and begin to literally retell the text of the textbook, as a rule, are incomprehensible, boring and have no result. Lectures by enthusiasts of their subject, who have made many discoveries in its field, are, as a rule, very simple and written in almost colloquial language. These scientists talk about something important, but so simply that any student can understand them, and not only understand, but also apply the acquired knowledge in practice.

Special vocabulary: professionalisms

Professionals include all words and expressions that are associated with a particular production or activity. These word forms, as well as many terms, have not become common. Professionalisms function as semi-official words that do not have a scientific character, unlike terms.

In any profession, such verbal forms are known only to narrow specialists, as they denote various stages of production, unofficial names of tools, as well as manufactured products or raw materials. In addition, professionalisms, like terminological vocabulary, are found in sports, medicine, in the speech of hunters, fishermen, divers, etc.

For example:

1. In this book, clumsy ending- publishing professionalism. Indicates a graphic decoration at the end of a book. In ordinary speech, the ending is simply the end of the work.
2. Spent mawashi in his head - sports professionalism. Means shin in the head area.
3. Yacht darted with a strong gust of wind - sports professionalism from the field of yachting. It means she showed her keel - the bottom of the yacht, that is, she turned over.
4. Pushkinists staged a literary evening - philological professionalism. Means people who have devoted their scientific activity to the work of A. S. Pushkin.

Professional vocabulary, unlike terminological, can have an expressive coloring and go into the category of jargon. And also to become a common word, such as, for example, the word “turnover”, which was previously a professionalism.

Thus, terminological and professional vocabulary is a special layer of the Russian language, which includes words and expressions related to a certain area of ​​use. It can be associated with science, as in the case of terms, and with activities, production or hobbies, as in professionalism.

Terminological vocabulary

socially restricted use terminological and professional vocabulary used by people of the same profession working in the same field of science and technology. Terms and professionalisms are given in explanatory dictionaries marked "special", sometimes the scope of use of a particular term is indicated: physical, medical, mathematical, astronomer. etc.

Each field of knowledge has its own terminological system.

Terms- words or phrases naming special concepts of any sphere of production, science, art. Each term is necessarily based on the definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent an accurate and at the same time concise description of an object or phenomenon. Each branch of knowledge operates with its own terms, which are the essence of the terminological system of this science.

As part of the terminological vocabulary, several "layers" can be distinguished, differing in the scope of use, the features of the designated object.

1. First of all, this general scientific terms that are used in various fields of knowledge and belong to the scientific style of speech as a whole: experiment, adequate, equivalent, predict, hypothetical, progress, reaction etc. These terms form a common conceptual fund of various sciences and have the highest frequency of use.

2. Differ and special terms that are assigned to certain scientific disciplines, branches of production and technology; For example, in linguistics: subject, predicate, adjective, pronoun; in medicine: heart attack, myoma, periodontitis, cardiology etc. In these terminologies the quintessence of each science is concentrated. According to S. Bally, such terms "are the ideal types of linguistic expression, to which the scientific language inevitably strives"1.

Terminological vocabulary, like no other, is informative. Therefore, in the language of science, terms are indispensable: they allow you to briefly and extremely accurately formulate an idea. However, the degree of terminology of scientific works is not the same. The frequency of the use of terms depends on the nature of the presentation, the addressing of the text.

Modern society requires such a form of description of the data obtained, which would make it possible to make the greatest discoveries of mankind the property of everyone. However, the language of monographic studies is often so overloaded with terms that it becomes inaccessible even to a specialist. Therefore, it is important that the terminology used be sufficiently mastered by science, and newly introduced terms must be explained.

A peculiar sign of our time has become the spread of terms outside of scientific works. This gives grounds to talk about the general terminology of modern speech. So, many words that have terminological meaning are widely used without any restrictions: tractor, radio, television, oxygen. Another group consists of words that have a dual nature: they can function both as terms and as commonly used words. In the first case, these lexical units are characterized by special shades of meaning, giving them special accuracy and unambiguity. Yes, the word mountain, meaning in wide use - "a significant hill rising above the surrounding area" and having a number of figurative meanings, does not contain specific measurements of height in its interpretation.

In geographical terminology, where the distinction between the terms "mountain" and "hill" is essential, a clarification is given - "a hill over 200 m in height." Thus, the use of such words outside the scientific style is associated with their partial determinology.

To professional vocabulary includes words and expressions used in various areas of production, techniques that, however, have not become common. Unlike terms - official scientific names of special concepts, professionalisms function mainly in oral speech as "semi-official" words that do not have a strictly scientific character. Professionalisms serve to designate various production processes, production tools, raw materials, manufactured products, etc. For example, professionalisms are used in the speech of printers: ending- "graphic decoration at the end of the book", tendril- "ending with a thickening in the middle", tail- "bottom outer margin of the page", as well as "bottom edge of the book", opposite head books.

Professionalisms can be grouped according to the sphere of their use: in the speech of athletes, miners, doctors, hunters, fishermen, etc. technicisms- highly specialized names used in the field of technology.

Professionalisms, in contrast to their commonly used equivalents, serve to distinguish between close concepts used in a certain type of human activity. Due to this, professional vocabulary is indispensable for concise and accurate expression of thoughts in special texts intended for a trained reader. However, the informative value of narrow professional names is lost if a non-specialist encounters them. Therefore, professionalism is appropriate, say, in large-circulation industry newspapers and is not justified in publications oriented to a wide readership.

Separate professionalisms, often with a reduced stylistic sound, become part of the commonly used vocabulary: give out on the mountain, assault, turnover. In fiction, professionalisms are used by writers with a specific stylistic goal: as a characterological tool in describing the lives of people associated with any kind of production.

Professional slang vocabulary has a reduced expressive coloring and is used only in the oral speech of people of the same profession. For example, engineers jokingly call a self-recording device snitch, in the speech of pilots there are words mischief, mischief, meaning "undershoot and overshoot of the landing mark", as well as bubble, sausage- "balloon" and so on. As a rule, professional jargon words have neutral, devoid of colloquial connotation synonyms that have an exact terminological meaning.

Professional slang vocabulary is not listed in special dictionaries, in contrast to professionalisms, which are given with explanations and are often enclosed in quotation marks (for their graphic distinction from terms): "clogged" font - "font that has been in typed galleys or stripes for a long time" ; "foreign" font - "font letters of a different style or size, mistakenly included in the typed text or heading."