The study of cases and their differences.

The Russian language is considered one of the most difficult languages ​​in the world. Of course, it is difficult for anyone to learn non-native vocabulary. But, precisely because of the transformation of words into cases, the Slavic dialect becomes too difficult to understand. Yes, and many native speakers often get confused on this issue, so we will try to figure it out further.

Change of nouns by cases: what is the name?

Change of nouns by cases - called declension.

declination- this is our transformation of the words at the end. And it is necessary so that the words are properly fastened together. In this way, statements are obtained in the Russian lexicon.

Noun- this is the component of the phrase that implies the subject. Both living and non-living. Therefore, it gives answers to the questions posed: who? So what?

Covers very broad concepts:

• the name of the items(chair, knife, book)
• designation of persons(woman, baby, vegetarian)
• naming living beings(dolphin, cat, amoeba)
• name of substances(coffee, gelatin, starch)
• terms of various factors and cases(fire, intermission, correspondence)
• designation of all stays, actions and properties(tearfulness, optimism, running)

There are six different cases:

• nominative
• genitive
• dative
• accusative
• instrumental
• prepositional

Cases of nouns in Russian: a table with questions, prepositions and auxiliary words in the singular

For perception and the fastest assimilation of information, tables are often used. They perfectly show what questions are used.

• first declension- nouns of feminine and masculine gender, the ending of which is - a, i
• Second declension- masculine nouns without an ending and which end in a soft sign, neuter with an ending - o, e
• third declension- these are feminine words that finish with a soft sign at the end

In the plural, also, for better perception, a table is used, which differs, however, only in the ending.

Incorrect use of cases: what kind of error?

It seems that you look at the tables and examples, and everything becomes clear. And you think, what's so difficult about it? And in fact, it turns out that many make mistakes. Despite the fact that they know the material. And, as a rule, these are very common mistakes that require special attention.

Allocate 2 major mistakes which are connected:

• with an incorrect definition of the declension of the noun
• with inappropriate use of prepositions

Prepositions require special attention:

• thanks to
• according to
• despite
• like
• contrary to
• across

IMPORTANT: These prepositions are used in the dative case.

For example, to maneuver according to (what?) Law. Or, thanks to (what?) friendship with the Fedorov family.

There are also a number of other statements that should be noted. often used in the wrong case:

• In view. The current preposition is practiced only in the genitive case. For example, due to an excess (what?) of money.
• Such a statement as "together with" requires the instrumental case, since it has the weight of a joint action. For example, to play with (who?) nephew.
• Also, suggestion "as well as" also asks for the instrumental case. For example, along with other (what?) things.
• But after the expression "on" the adverb asks for a prepositional case. If there is a meaning "after something". For example, at the end of the contract.

How to distinguish the nominative from the accusative?

Every student faces these questions. And adults often face a similar choice. And it is not surprising that these aspects are often confused. After all, the questions are the same inanimate word endings the same, but animate noun endings totally different.

How the nominative case differs from the accusative case: instructions.

• Certainly, the question is raised.
  Above in the table there was already a reminder that the nominative is guided by questions who? what?(as the main member of the sentence). And accusative - (I see) whom? what?(minor member of the sentence).
• And there is a little trick. Because the word in the nominative case will always be main member in a sentence, then we determine the main members of the sentence - the subject and the predicate.
• If our word is not the main member of the sentence, therefore, it is in the accusative case, and will be a secondary member of the sentence.
• Another technique: put a question to the word being checked in an animated form. For example: who? parrot (subject in the nominative case) pecks what?(whom?) grain (secondary member of the sentence, accusative case).
• Also, a significant role goes to the preposition, which is associated with an independent part of speech (or not). In the first variant (nominative case), the noun is always used without pretext. But in the second (accusative case), on the contrary, more often with him ( in, on, for, through and others).
• Recognizing the case will also help ending. The table above has already mentioned what kind of completions each case has.

How to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive case?

• The most important helper is the question you need to ask yourself in your mind. The genitive case is known to respond to questions whom or what No? And here is the accusative case on - see who? Hear what? Question whom? the same in both cases.

Read the instructions below.

1. Mentally replace an animate object with an inanimate one.
2. The question is suitable for the inanimate in the genitive case - what is not? But in the accusative, an inanimate object reacts to a question what do I see, what do I hear?
3. Example: I caught ( whom?) a butterfly. We pose an inanimate question. I caught ( what?) a butterfly. Question what? does not fit. So it's an accusative case.

• By the way, in genitive case would mean attachment someone or something. Bought a suitcase for what?) travel (genitive). Nightstand made ( Of what?) from wood (genitive). Also point to a particle of something. A flower is a part (of what?) of a plant (genitive). Or is it going comparison of objects. Smartphone is better what?) push-button telephone (parent).
• It is also important that in the genitive case the verb will be with negative particle. In the shop not It was ( what?) sour cream (genitive).
• But in accusative has the place is spacious or intermediate touch. Define ( what?) the weather for tomorrow (accusative). And also, the effect passes to the object entirely. For example, I closed ( what?) door (accusative). Drank (what?) milk (accusative). Or will express desire and intention. I want to eat ( what?) Apple.

Indeclinable nouns: list

It seems that all the nuances have been considered, and a little clarification has begun. But it was not there! The Russian language has come up with some more traps - these are nouns that do not decline. And this is where foreigners get a shock.

In short, these are foreign words (practically). But to make it a little clearer, below is a list.

• Nouns of foreign origin (proper and common nouns) ending in -о, -е, -у, -ю, -и, -а:
  • highway
  • interview
  • flamingos
• Again words of foreign origin. But! Feminine and with a consonant ending:
  • madam
  • Carmen
• Surnames. Russian and Ukrainian, the ending of which ends in -o and -s, their:
  • Ivanchenko
  • Korolenko
  • Sedykh, etc.
• And, of course, abbreviations and abbreviations:

Declension of nouns by cases: an example

Rules are rules, and the example is much easier to understand. To make it easier visually, we will also resort to the help of a table.

How to quickly learn cases and their questions?

In principle, there is nothing complicated. If soundly to understand and delve into. And it’s hard not only for visitors from other countries, but also for our children. Therefore, in order for information to be assimilated faster, now they just haven’t come up with anything. But we taught in school years, put a book under the pillow. And, most importantly, it worked! I read it before going to bed, slept all night on a book and already remembered everything.

• Of course, many teachers resort to the help of rhymes or games. But parents should help their children in this matter.
• First of all, you need to remember how many cases there are. There are only 6 of them.
• And then, using the most common and everyday examples, explain to the child what questions the noun answers. This means that cases are easier to determine.
• The most important thing is practice! They took the child from the educational institution and go on the bus. Forward! Practice on the words you observe. Even on the bus.
• By the way, a small sample of a light rhyme. He and the kids like it, and will help to learn the educational information as soon as possible.

Poem about cases: Ivan gave birth to a girl, ordered to drag a diaper

All parents can repeat this rhyme in unison. After all, he was remembered as "twice two." And most importantly, it is easy for children to perceive.

• Ivan (I - nominative)
  Gave birth (P - genitive)
  Girl, (D - dative)
  Velel (V - accusative)
  Drag (T - creative)
  Diaper (P - prepositional)

Video: How easy is it to learn cases? A simple memorization technique

We will watch again today
Draw conclusions and reason.
And for the lesson to go to each for the future,
Get active, my friend!

Read and explain the meaning of proverbs and sayings.

He's got things out of his hands.
To live without work is only to smoke the sky.
Business time, fun hour.
Stand up for the right cause.
For business and the day will fly by unnoticed.
It's time to talk about business.

- What did you pay attention to? ( In each sentence there is a form of the same word "case".)

- Why did you decide that this is a form of the same word, and not related words? ( In words, only the ending changes.)
- Write down the word "case" with questions. Select endings.

What? cases about
Without which? idle a
What? cases at
For what? for cases about
What for? for cases ohm
About what? about affairs e

– How many questions are posed to the forms of the word “case”? ( Six.)
What type of work did we do? ( We changed the word “case” for questions.)
- What conclusion can be drawn? ... True, and nouns may change. What is the name of such an inflection you will learn from the text:

Changing nouns

In order for a noun to be able to connect correctly with other words in a conversation (or in writing), forming sentences, it has the ability to change its endings. In different cases, answering different questions, the noun uses different endings.

This change in nouns is called a change by cases .

Word case derived from Latin case(the fall). Even Greek scientists noticed that the noun has a direct (main) form and an indirect one, that is, as it were deviant from a straight line. Hence the famous term declension - changing the word by case.

The word has six cases
Six faithful little pages.
They pass in succession
For a word, anyone is ready to fight!
Entrust the endings
Fate and life
And about my calling
They sing in their ear.

In russian language 6 cases. Different languages ​​have a different number of cases (from 2 in English, Hindi to 46 in Tabasaran).

Nominative

There is nominative case,
And there are no other people's clothes on him.
Everyone can easily recognize him
And in subject name.
Prepositions since childhood I do not like ,
I can't stand being around me.
My questions - who? and what?
Nobody messes with anything.

Who? What?

When they say "name the noun in its initial form", they mean nominative(from the ancient Greek language “namer, name-caller.” Nominative - one who calls by name, names.) The noun in this case is just straight form the words. Answers the questions who? what?

All other cases give us indirect form the words.

Remember! In the nominative case THERE ARE NO PREPOSITIONS !

Genitive

And I - genitive case.
My character is sociable.
Whom? What?Not – here I am!
Prepositions are often my friends:
And with, and before, and y, and from -
Up to the sky and down from the sky.
I look like accusative
I am sometimes
But in the text you can tell
Always two cases.

The name means "received from birth". Its main function is to designate the genus, belonging, origin. He points to the parent, owner (Peter's son, sister's book, resident of the city). The words in this case answer questions whom? what?

Dative

I- call I am dative,
I work diligently.
To whom to give? What to call for?
Only I can say.
I sometimes make friends with the preposition "to".
But I also go for walks.

Literal translation dative case from Greek: dotike in Greek "dative". Its connection with the verb "give, give" is quite clearly traced. The main meaning of the dative case is the name of the addressee, the name of the person to whom they give (a gift to a brother, hello to a friend). Nouns in this case answer questions to whom? what?

Accusative

And I - accusative
And I blame it allignorant
But I love excellent students
For them, "five" I catch.
Whom call? In what play,
Ready for advice guys.
Do not mind making friends with suggestions,
But I can live without them.

Accusative from the Greek word aitiatike means "causal" (in Old Russian and Old Slavonic it meant "guilt"). The main meaning of the accusative, "causal" case is to name the object of the action, which is the reason that causes the action itself (love your mother, write a letter). Questions in this case: whom? what?

Instrumental case

And I - instrumental case,
Full of every hope.
I admire! - How?
Create! - With whom?
I'll tell you - no problem!
Prepositions before, under and above
At any moment I am very happy.

Instrumental case associated with the verb "to create" - to do something with the help of some tool, means. Hence the main meaning of the instrumental case (to write with a pen, to draw with paints). And his questions by whom? how?

Prepositional

I - prepositional case.
My case is complicated.
The world is not nice to me without pretexts.
About whom? About what I told?
Oh yes, suggestions!
Without them, I have no way.
Let it be about, and in, and at –
You don't accidentally erase them:
Then I can tell
What to dream about and what to walk in?

And gave the name prepositional case famous Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov, reflecting its sign - the obligatory use of a preposition (to study at school, to visit the city). Questions in this case: about whom? about what? Although instead of a suggestion about can be substituted either in, or on the.

Did you know that ... In the Old Russian language there was another case - vocative. It served to express the appeal.

Tricky advice: To remember the order of cases, you need to learn a rhyme:

And van R killed Drov, V arvara T heats the Furnace.

According to the task
There is a mouse, a cat and cheese.
And her decision will be
Learn the case to the holes.
***
Who? Of course the cat is in ambush.
What? Great cheese and fresh.
It applies, of course,
Nominative.

No one? Of course mice.
There is nothing? And the cheese is gone!
Applies of course here
Genitive.

If I gave it to someone? Little mouse
That piece of Vaska cheese,
The dative case would then
Would be friendly and wonderful!

If the cat shared
With whom and what???
With mouse cheese
That instrumental case
Finished with a delicious feast.

And who is to blame now?
Mouse? Or what?
Piece of cheese?
Not! Accusative
Will not end the matter peacefully!

And now, where to go,
In the prepositional case, cat
Thinking about what? Oh cheese!
And empty tummy growls...

To determine the case of a noun in the proposal, you need:

1. find the word to which the given noun refers;
2. put a question from this word to the noun.

Strengthening exercises...

1. Read the text. Fill in the gaps with a word river in the right form.

Almost every ………… begins with a spring. Small streams merge into ………………. . The beginning of ……………… is called the source.

The place where ……………. flows into the sea, lake or other ……………., is called the mouth.

Reference words: river, river, river, river, river

Determine the case in the phrase

In this lesson, you will remember what you learned about the cases of a noun, improve your skills in determining the case of a noun, including in cases of using a noun with a preposition.

1. Recall what we have learned

The noun, depending on the functions it performs in the sentence, changes in cases. case is a grammatical category that shows the syntactic role of a noun and its relation to other words in a sentence.

You already know that in Russian there are six cases:

All cases except the nominative are called indirect.

2. How to determine the case of a noun?

To correctly determine the case of a noun, you need to find the word on which the noun depends, and ask a question from this word to the noun, and it is better to use both questions at the same time.

He believed friend: believed[to whom? what?] friend - D. p.

The subject usually has the nominative case form, and such a noun does not depend on other members of the sentence, but is associated with the predicate.

Wed: I have[who? what?] friend - I. p.

It is important not to confuse the accusative with the nominative. In a sentence, a word in the accusative case is usually an object.

Compare: Maxim inflated the balloon (I see (what?) The balloon) - V. p.

Ballflew away from Maxim - a ball - I. p.

It is especially important to ask both questions if the noun is in the nominative, genitive, or accusative case, because animate nouns have the same genitive and accusative questions (who?), while inanimate nouns have the same nominative and accusative questions (what?).

I have seen[whom? what?] friend - V. p.;

There is no[whom? what?] friend - R. p.;

I have seen[whom? what?] movie - V.p.

Shown in the cinema[who? what?] movie - I.p.

If the noun has a preposition, then the question must be asked using that preposition.

He looked into the book: he looked[in whom? into what?] in a book.

A preposition can be separated from a noun by an adjective, a pronoun. But the preposition is connected with the noun, and not with the definition dependent on the noun.

He quarreled with his friend: quarreled[with whom? with what?] with friend.

Bibliography

1. Russian language. Grade 6 / Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.
2. Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cells - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6 cells / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. English-fuer-kinder.de ().
2. Reference table().

Homework

Exercise 1

Read the text. Write all the nouns in the correct form, determine the case.

Grandpa became very decrepit, but before he was well done ____________. He saw badly, heard badly; hand _______ and leg _________ he was trembling old age _____________: bears the spoon ______________ to mouth ___________- and the soup spills.

Didn't like it son_____ and daughter-in-law ______________: they stopped father_______ put him at the table with him, hid him behind the stove and began to feed him from clay cup_________. trembled hand__________ at old man _________, the cup fell out and broke. The son and daughter-in-law got angry more than ever: they began to feed father________ from old wood a bowl__________.

The old man's son had his little son. The boy is sitting on floor____________ and put something together sliver __________________.

What are you doing, child? his mother asked him, wiping dishes ______________ towel _______________.

Box ________________, - answers the child, - this is how you will grow old with aunt _________________, I will take you out of wood box_______________ feed.

Father looked at each other mother ___________________ and blushed. Stopped from then it's time ________________ old man ______________________ hide behind the oven, made of wood a bowl __________ feed.

Exercise 2

Write a case question in brackets and determine the case.

Sample: Write (in what?) In a notebook (with what?) With a pen.

1. Sailing (___) along the river (____) in a boat. Grow (___) at the edge (____) of the forest. Prick (____) finger (___) with a needle. Go (__) along the path (___) to the forest. Boil (__) compote (___) from apples. Work (_) as a teacher (___) at a school. To come (___) to the village (___) to my grandmother. Play (____) with a friend (____) in the yard.

2. Sled (___) on a sled (__) from the mountain. Build a (___) fortress (___) out of snow. Hit (___) with a snowball (___) at the window. Skiing (__) through the forest (__) on skis. Congratulate (___) friend (___) on the holiday. Run (____) on ice (____) on skates.

The case of a noun is a grammatical category that denotes the relationship of this noun to other words in a phrase or sentence. There are six cases in the Russian language, but their definition causes difficulties not only in elementary school. You can determine the cases of nouns by characteristic questions and meaning, that is, by what this or that case is usually used for.

Let's take a quick look at all cases.

• Nominative. Questions: “who?”, “what?”. It can only be used without a preposition and is usually used to express the subject of a sentence. Wakes up (what?) nature.
  
• Genitive. Questions: “Who?”, “What?”. I don't have (what?) a book.
  
• Dative. Questions: “to whom?”, “what?”. I gave an apple to (who?) my sister.
  
• Accusative. Questions: “Who?”, “What?”. He was watching a (what?) movie.
  
• Instrumental case. Questions: “by whom?”, “by what?”. Mother admired (by whom?) Daughter.
  
• Prepositional. Questions: “about whom?”, “about what?”. We use this case only with prepositions. We talked (about whom?) about my father.
  

So, in order to correctly determine in which case a noun is, it is necessary:

• find the word to which the noun refers;
  
• ask a question from the found word to the noun.
  

Now about the different meanings of indirect cases (these are all cases, except for the nominative).

1. Genitive. This case is used both with names and with verbs. Examples of verbal usage:
   • to designate an object to which the action applies only partially: to bring bread (“not all the bread, but a little, some part of it”);
     
   • to designate a direct object of action, when the verb has a particle “not”: I haven’t read books (a book is an object of action);
     
   • to designate an object - with verbs expressing desire, achievement, removal: ask for a decision, demand an answer, lose peace.
     
   In adjective usage, the genitive case is used:
   • to express the relationship of belonging: Tchaikovsky's music, brother's room;
     
   • to designate a subject that has some sign (clarity of thought - “a thought that is clear”) or acting (noise of waves - “waves make noise”);
     
   • to designate the object of action; the action is expressed by a noun formed from the verb: sending a parcel. The verb from which the noun is formed must be transitive (i.e. the action goes to the object): send (what?) a parcel - sending a parcel;
     
   • to denote a certain amount: a flock of sheep, a glass of water.
     
   If the genitive case is used next to an adjective in a comparative degree, it denotes the subject of such a comparison: brighter (what?) The sun, more (what?) A kilometer.
   
2. Dative. Usually this case is used with verbs (to write to a grandmother, to help a friend), but there is also an adjective. Here the dative case expresses:
   • action object: helping friends;
     
   • purpose: feed for cows (“designed for cows”).
     
   The dative case is also used to denote a subject in a particular state. Mother did not sleep. The girl wanted to play.
   
3. Accusative. This case is mainly used with verbs. It denotes a certain object of action: to love (what?) Autumn. However, it can also be used with some nouns:
   • to indicate time: wait (what?) a week;
     
   • to designate space: walk (what?) a kilometer.
     
   It happens that words in the nominative and accusative cases are spelled the same, and the auxiliary questions to them are very similar. In the park grew (what?) maple. The hurricane broke (what?) maple. Maple is a noun with a null ending and does not change in the nominative and accusative cases. Try to substitute any other word that has an ending to see how it changes. A birch grew (what?) in the park (“-a” / “-ya” - the ending of them. p.). The hurricane broke (what?) a birch (“-u” / “-u” - the end of the vin.p.). Another important indication of the case: we have an object (maple) in front of us, on which the action is directed (to break). And one more thing: in a sentence, the word in the accusative case plays the role of an object (and not a subject, as in the nominative case).
   
4. Instrumental case. Most often found with verbs and means:
   • an object with which you can perform an action: write with a pencil;
     
   • the one who acts: the text was written by a schoolboy;
     
   • the object to which the action is directed: manage the department;
     
   • sign: seem handsome;
     
   • space: pass by;
     
   • mode of action: speak in a bass voice;
     
   • comparison: walking like a rooster.
     
   The instrumental case can be used with verbal nouns: department management, cross stitch. It can also express various attitudes: dissatisfied with work, delighted with success.
   
5. Prepositional. This case exists only with prepositions: o (ob / obo), in (in), on, by, at. If you try to discard the preposition, an independent case form will not work: brother. The word is clearly missing something - this is the preposition "about". In other cases, the word "brother" is quite independent: the brother came, the words of the brother, said to the brother, I see the brother, done by the brother.
   The prepositional case in combination with verbs expresses:
   • object of thoughts, feelings, actions, speech, state: think about the past, take care of grandfather, talk about holidays;
     
   • scene: wander around the field;
     
   • duration: arrive in November;
     
   • an object that allows you to perform an action: play the violin;
     
   • mode of action: convey in words;
     
   • course of action: scream in rage.
     
   A noun in the prepositional case usually coexists with nouns formed from verbs: meeting on the road, swimming in the pool, playing the violin. This case can also denote a sign or quality: a boy with glasses, a jacket with fur.
   

When determining the case, some difficulties may arise. But if you remember the auxiliary questions and learn the signs characteristic of each case, its definition will become a simple task.

The case of adjectives, numerals, pronouns-adjectives, participles depends on the case of the noun with which they agree.

There are several ways to determine the case:

· on 2 case (grammatical) questions;

at the end in a certain declension;

by suggestion;

The substitution method

by syntactic role in the sentence

More about it.

1. The easiest way is to determine the case by 2 case matters“what?”, “whom?”.

As the questions show, it is impossible to determine them in this way., will give birth. and wine. cases, since the question "what?" for inanimate nouns it is given to the name. and blames. cases, and the question “who?” for animate nouns - to give birth. and blames. cases.

2.At the end noun case can be determined only if it does not coincide with other endings in a given declension.

So, in the 1st declension, at the end, all cases can be determined, except for dates. and sentences that have the same ending E. This is the only declension in which the ending vin. pad. - U, Yu - does not coincide with him. (A, I), nor with child. (I, S). Compare: PINE (named) - PINE (parental) - PINE (vinit).

In the 2nd declension in this way it is impossible to determine them., will give birth. and wine. case, as in inanimate. noun null ending in vin. cases match the names. pad - there is a TABLE - I see a table; ending A at odush. noun in wine case coincides with genitive. pad. - no HORSE - I see a HORSE.

The remaining cases in this declension have different endings, by which the case can be determined. Compare: date.- U, Yu (horse); creative - OM, YOM (horse); suggestion - E (about the horse).

In the 3rd declension at the end it is possible to determine only the creation. pad. - Yu (stove). Other cases cannot be determined, because. wine ending. case coincides with name. (DAUGHTER came - I see DAUGHTER); in genus, date and before. cases - ending - I.

3. By pretext you can determine the case if the preposition is used with only one case.

Let's look at some of these suggestions. Genus. pad.: Y, WITHOUT, ABOUT; dates.: TO; wines.: VIA, PRO; creation: ABOVE; Suggestion: PRO.

If the preposition is used with 2 or 3 cases, the case cannot be determined from it. Let's take a look at some of these suggestions. UNDER- wine. (under the table), creative. (under the table); ON THE- wine. (on the table) - preposition. (on the table); BEHIND- wine. (for slip) - creative. (at the table).

2 prepositions are used with three cases: With – give birth. (move down the mountain) wines. (mountain size) creation.(catch up with the mountain); ON – dates. (to go on the road); wines. (Reckless); offer. (I miss YOU).

4. Substitution Method convenient in that it allows them to distinguish. and wine. there are cases in the animate. 2nd declension, when the case questions and the endings of these cases coincide. For example: stop (whom?) The horse. In order not to make a mistake in determining the case, you need to substitute the noun. 1 declension, in which vin. case does not match other cases. For example: stop the car. The ending U in the 1st declension indicates vin. case. Therefore, noun. The horse in the phrase STOP THE HORSE also blames. case.

5. By syntactic role in a sentence, one can distinguish the vin. case from the nominative case in inanimate nouns. 2 declensions and exists. 3 declensions. Compare: Workers are building (what?) A house. The word HOUSE is an addition. Therefore, the case is accusative.

You can determine cases using clue words. For example: give birth. - NO (whom? what?) date: GIVE (to whom? what?); blames: SEE (whom? what?).