>>Book monuments. Annals
The need for books led to the emergence of a new craft - book business. They were engaged in translators, scribes, artists, bookbinders, craftsmen who made parchment. Rewriting and production of books was concentrated at the monasteries.
Parchment- the processed skin of young animals, used for writing before the invention of paper.
This was done by monks and secular people. In addition to Kyiv, Chernigov, Vladimir-Volynsky, Galich, Pereyaslav and other cities were the centers for copying books.
The work of copyists of books was highly valued. After all, in addition to knowledge of literacy, they had to master the skill of beautiful writing. Each letter was applied with great care to parchment, each word required special diligence. Ancient books were decorated with miniatures. There were few of them, but they were characterized by rich colors and craftsmanship. The beginning of a book or section has been highlighted with a splash screen. During the period of Kievan Rus, screensavers were made in a rich, festive style with clear lines, for which gold paint was not spared. The initial has always been large. It was often turned into a complex drawing depicting animals, plants, and various monsters. This letter was highlighted with red paint, to which gold was sometimes added.
Books were bound in frames made of wooden boards covered with leather. Expensive frames made for princes and clergy were covered with velvet and decorated with precious stones, gold and silver. This book was a work of art and was incredibly expensive. In those days, only very rich people could boast of a large library.
Miniature- color drawing in handwritten books.
Screensaver- a composition consisting of an ornament at the beginning of a book or section.
Initial- the first letter of the text.
Several manuscripts have survived to our time and are now of great value, being evidence of the high level of development of the book business in Russia. The most ancient surviving books are the famous Ostromir Gospel, written in Kyiv in 1056-1057, and Svyatoslav's Izbornik of 1073.
What kind of books were distributed at that time? The overwhelming majority were religious and ecclesiastical books used during divine services. These were the Gospels and Psalms, texts of sermons, biographies of saints and martyrs.
In addition to church leaders, literary works were composed by highly educated princes. Such is Vladimir Monomakh's Teaching to Children. In it, he briefly spoke about his life and outlined his political views, in particular about the activities of the ruler in the interests of the people and the state.
Evangelist Luke.
Miniature from the Mstislav Gospel. 11th century
Annals
Chronicles are an original phenomenon in literature. The oldest chronicles have not been preserved. However, their notes were used in compiling the Tale of Bygone Years, an annalistic code created in the second decade of the 12th century. monk of the Caves monastery Nestor.
Describing the history of his people, Nestor used Byzantine chronicles, Western European chronographs, older Russian chronicles, texts of treaties between ancient Russian princes and Byzantium. But all these documents did not explain where the Slavs come from and how Kievan Rus was formed. Therefore, Nestor, like other medieval chroniclers, turned to the Bible and began his story with a story about a worldwide flood. He deduced the genealogy of the Slavs from one of the sons of Noah. Further, the chronicler retold the legend about the founding of Kyiv. He tells about all the subsequent princes of Kievan Rus and brings his story to Vladimir Monomakh, during whose reign the story was written. The main characters of the chronicle are the princes. Nestor glorified their past heroic victories and successes in the creation of the state, but disapproved of the princely strife, which he witnessed. The author of the chronicle urged the princes to unity, noting that they all belong to the same glorious family.
Nestor the Chronicler. Fragment of a monument in Kyiv. Sculptor M. Antokolsky
At the lessons of Ukrainian literature, you studied material about chronicles, chroniclers, in particular, about Nestor. Write a short story about this historical person.
G. Yakutovich. Illustration for "The Tale of Bygone Years"
What is the historical memory of the people? Determine the role of the "Tale of Bygone Years" in the preservation of the historical memory of the Ukrainian people.
The Tale of Bygone Years, like other ancient Russian chronicles, is an important historical source not only for studying the past of the Eastern Slavs, but also their neighbors - Hungarians, Poles, Lithuanians, peoples of the North Caucasus, etc.
The continuation of the "Tale ..." are the Kyiv and Galicia-Volyn chronicles, describing the events of the XII and XIII centuries.
Svidersky Yu. Yu., Ladychenko T. V., Romanishin N. Yu. History of Ukraine: Textbook for 7th grade. - K.: Diploma, 2007. 272 p.: ill.
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The main source of our knowledge about ancient Russia is medieval chronicles. There are several hundred of them in archives, libraries and museums, but in essence this is one book written by hundreds of authors, starting their work in the 9th century and finishing it seven centuries later.
First, we need to define what a chronicle is. The following is written in a large encyclopedic dictionary: "A historical work, a type of narrative literature in Russia of the 11th - 17th centuries, consisted of weather records, or were monuments of a complex composition - free vaults." The chronicles were all-Russian ("The Tale of Bygone Years") and local ( "Novgorod Chronicles"). Chronicles were preserved mainly in later lists.
Chronicles are one of the most important monuments of writing, literature, history, and culture in general. Only the most literate, knowledgeable, wise people undertook to compile chronicles, able not only to set out different cases year after year, but also to give them an appropriate explanation, to leave to posterity a vision of the era as the chroniclers understood it.
The chronicle, according to the observations of scientists, appeared in Russia shortly after the introduction of Christianity. The first chronicle was probably compiled at the end of the 10th century. It was intended to reflect the history of Russia since the emergence of a new dynasty of Rurikovich there and until the reign of Vladimir with his impressive victories, with the introduction of Christianity in Russia. From that time on, the right and duty to keep chronicles were given to the leaders of the church. It was in churches and monasteries that the most literate, well-prepared and trained people were found - priests, monks.
Before chronicles appeared, there were separate records, oral stories, which at first served as the basis for the first generalizing works. These were stories about Kiev and the founding of Kyiv, about the campaigns of Russian troops against Byzantium, about the journey of Princess Olga to Constantinople, about the wars of Svyatoslav, the legend of the murder of Boris and Gleb, as well as epics, lives of saints, sermons, traditions, songs, all kinds of legends .
The second chronicle was created under Yaroslav the Wise at the time when he united Russia, laid the church of St. Sophia. This chronicle absorbed the previous chronicle and other materials.
The largest chronicle of Kievan Rus - "The Tale of Bygone Years" - arose at the beginning of the 12th century. "The Tale of Bygone Years" became the basis of Russian chronicle writing. It was included in almost all local annals. The most important themes of The Tale of Bygone Years were the defense of the Christian faith and native land. The monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor is usually called its author. However, in essence, this is a collective work, in the compilation and processing of which several chroniclers took part. The chronicler did not watch the events impassively. The chronicle was a political document and therefore was often subjected to processing in connection with the coming to power of a new prince.
Along with the development of chronicle writing, the growth of the general education of society, literature took shape and developed. The general rise of Russia in the 11th century, the creation of centers of writing, literacy, the appearance of a whole galaxy of educated people in the princely-boyar, church-monastic environment determined the development of ancient Russian literature.
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chronicle writing- the oldest original genre of ancient Russian writing, combining the types of historical and literary knowledge and reflection of reality. Chronicles are both a historical source (weather chronicles) and a work of art (a synthetic literary genre that incorporates a large number of smaller genres that reflect the worldview and originality of the stylistic manner of their authors). This genre was the only mundane, i.e. non-ecclesiastical, genre of ancient Russian literature in the early period of its existence. Chronicles were created in all Russian lands and principalities during the 11th - 18th centuries; they made up a huge corpus of vaults. The most famous ancient Russian chronicle codes: 1) The Laurentian Chronicle, preserved in the only parchment list of 1377, which is the Vladimir-Suzdal, northern code describing events until 1305, was published in PSRL volume I [ PSRL - Complete collection of Russian chronicles; publication began in 1841 by the Imperial Archaeographic Commission and was continued in Soviet times, a total of 42 volumes were published; now the Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences has begun facsimile reproduction of the first volumes of PSRL]; 2) The Ipatiev Chronicle, preserved in 7 lists, the earliest of which dates back to the 20s of the 15th century, which is a South Russian code, reflecting mainly the events of the Kyiv and Galicia-Volyn lands and the historical period until 1292, published in the II volume of the PSRL; 3) Novgorod chronicles; the oldest of them is the Novgorod I chronicle, which was based on a local code created at the bishop's court: it has been preserved in two editions: the first is read in the list of the first third of the 14th century, the second - in two lists, the earliest of which dates from the 40s of the 15th century century; Novgorod chronicle was, in accordance with the hypothesis of A.A. Shakhmatov, the basis for the formation of the all-Russian chronicle (Initial code); 4) The Radzivilov Chronicle - the first front (illustrated) list of the late XV century, containing over 600 colored miniatures, the northern set, including the Chronicler of Pereyaslavl of Suzdal, the text was published in the 38th volume of the PSRL.
The oldest Russian chronicle, which became the basis of all subsequent collections, which was certainly copied at their beginning, is “The Tale of Bygone Years”. The full name of this most important Russian historical and literary monument reveals its main ideas: “Where did the Russian land come from, who in Kyiv began before the princes, and where did the Russian land come from?” The compiler of the first final edition of the ancient Russian chronicle was the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor. The Tale of Bygone Years, being a mirror of the chronicler's political outlook, reflected the process of the formation of Russian statehood, the events associated with the baptism of Russia, the heyday of the Kievan state and the beginning of feudal fragmentation. The chronicle became one of the first ancient Russian literary monuments, within which such genres as historical legend, historical legend and historical story began to exist and develop, which were destined to have their long history in ancient Russian literature.
GENRE ORIGINALITY OF “LEGENDS ABOUT BORIS AND GLEB”
The Old Russian literary cycle, dedicated to the events related to the death of Russian princes, the sons of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, Boris and Gleb, at the hands of their elder brother Svyatopolk, consists of three works belonging to different literary genres: 1) Chronicle story of 1015 “On the murder of Borisov” as part of The Tale of Bygone Years; 2) An anonymous monument with the title: “The legend, passion and praise of the holy martyr Boris and Gleb”; 3) “Readings on the Life and Destruction of the Blessed Passion-Bearer Boris and Gleb,” written by Nestor, compiler of The Tale of Bygone Years and author of the Life of St. Theodosius of the Caves.
Of greatest interest in the literary sense is the "Anonymous Tale of Boris and Gleb". This is the first original Russian work written in the tradition of hagiography. Its author, focusing on the genre of Byzantine martyria, reflected in his text the ideas about the characteristic type of ancient Russian holiness, which formed the basis of a new genre variety of ancient Russian hagiography - the princely life. For the first time, the heroes of a hagiographic work here are not monks or church leaders, but lay princes who voluntarily sacrifice themselves in the name of the political idea of submission to the will of their elder brother. Thus, Boris and Gleb became the first victims in the struggle “against the hated strife of this age”, and the Chronicle of their death as part of the “Tale of Bygone Years” is the first in a series of subsequent numerous stories about princely crimes that filled many pages of Russian chronicles.
The most ancient chronicle of northeastern Russia is the Rostov chronicle, which arose at the beginning of the 12th century. The complexity of its study lies in the fact that the monuments of the Rostov chronicle of the XII-XV centuries. not preserved in a "pure" form. At the same time, according to the unanimous opinion of all researchers, the Rostov chronicles are presented in almost all the main Russian chronicles: Lavrentievskaya, Novgorod fourth, Sophia first, Ermolinskaya, Lvovskaya, etc. The history of Rostov annals has been restored in general terms by the works of several generations of domestic researchers (A.A. Shakhmatov, M.D. Priselkov, A.N. Nasonov, Yu.A. Limonov, L.L. Muravieva). There is no monographic study of the Rostov Chronicle.
Bishop Simon of Vladimir (1220s) mentions the decrepit chronicler of Rostov in a letter to the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Polikarp. This mention indicates the existence of annals in Rostov in the 12th century. The beginning of the Rostov chronicle records is attributed to the 20-30s. 12th century These records under Prince Yuri Dolgoruky were issued in the chronicler (M.D. Priselkov, Yu.A. Limonov). A.N. Nasonov refers the beginning of the Rostov chronicle writing to the second half of the 12th century, noting that it was conducted at the Assumption Cathedral in Rostov (compilation of 1193). The initiators of the creation of chronicles in Rostov were either bishops or princes. In the XIII century. a whole series of princely chronicles appeared: Konstantin Vsevolodovich and his sons (records for 1206-1227), the collection of 1239 - Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. The chronicle of 1239, compiled in Rostov, was the grand-ducal, that is, the annals of the entire Vladimir-Suzdal land. The Rostov chronicler under 1227, when describing the appointment of a bishop in Vladimir, also mentioned himself, however, traditionally for ancient Russian literature, without indicating his name (“happen to me, a sinner, to be and see that”). This Rostov chronicler, according to M.D. Priselkov, the "hagiographic" style of the story is inherent - the heroes of the story say long prayer speeches, sometimes repeating them, the whole story is imbued with an instructive tone.
In the second half of the XIII century. Rostov chronicle in connection with the ruin of most Russian cities by the Tatars (Rostov was not ruined) becomes for a short time all-Russian. In 1263, an all-Russian annalistic code was compiled in Rostov, sometimes called the chronicle code of Princess Mary (D.S. Likhachev). Princess Maria was the wife of the Rostov prince Vasilko Konstantinovich, who was killed by the Tatars in 1238 for refusing to "be in their will and fight with them." M.D. Priselkov believed that the chronicle of 1263 was compiled by "an ardent admirer of the Rostov Bishop Kirill, who died in 1263." (Priselkov M.D. History of Russian Chronicle. P. 149). This is how he explains the appearance of the life of the bishop in the chronicle text under 1231. In the literature, a certain connection of this life with the Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky, also placed in the chronicle by the compiler of the annals of 1263, was noted. Bishop Kirill was a famous writer and scribe of his time. Under 1262, the chronicler, an eyewitness of the events, reported on a speech against the Tatars of Rostovites and the murder of one of the first Russian traitors and his inglorious end: Be a drunkard and a student talker, a verbalist and a slanderer, of course, he rejected Christ and was a bezurmen, having entered into the charm of the false prophet Mahmed ... this lawless Zosima obish in the city of Yaroslavl, be his body poisoned by a dog and a raven. (PSRL. T. 1. L., 1927. Stb. 476).
Rostov is also associated with the earliest list (XIII century) of Patriarch Nikifor's Chronicler soon, in which Byzantine history is continued by Russian news, brought up to 1276, including Rostov news.
In the late 70s - early 80s. 13th century in Rostov, another annalistic code was compiled. This is indicated by the Rostov news, traced in the Laurentian Chronicle until 1281, and also, according to V.S. Ikonnikov, the text of the Tver collection under 6784 (1276): "For the same year, the prince's chronicler." This chronicle of Yu.A. Limonov dated 1279.
V.N. Tatishchev in his History mentions the Rostov chronicle of 1313, but the chronicle itself has not been preserved.
Based on the analysis of a number of Russian chronicles L.L. Muravyova substantiated the existence of the Rostov vault of 1365, calling it a monument of episcopal-princely chronicle writing.
To characterize the Rostov chronicle of the late XII - early XV centuries. of particular importance is the so-called Moscow Academic Chronicle (another name is the Moscow Academic List of the Suzdal Chronicle) - a monument that has come down to us in a single list (RSL, f. 173, collection MDA, No. 236; former code - collection MDA, No. 5/182). In the third part of this chronicle (from 6746 (1238) to 6927 (1419)), the Rostov annalistic code, brought up to 1419 (the last news of the chronicle), is presented. There is a special version of this collection in the form of a short Russian Chronicler. In the Moscow Academic Chronicle, throughout its third part, there are Rostov news similar to the following: “In the summer of 6919, indiction 4, September 26, the church of the Most Honorable Mother of God in Rostov was completed, which was burned out from the fire, and the month of October 1 was sacred. God-loving Gregory, Bishop of Rostov and Yaroslavl ”(PSRL. T. 1. Laurentian Chronicle. Issue 3. Applications: Continuation of the Suzdal Chronicle according to the Academic List: Indexes. L., 1928. Stb. 539). It is assumed that the compilation of the Moscow Academic Chronicle was associated with the Rostov Bishop Grigory (1396-1417 - the years of his bishopric). The compilation of all subsequent Rostov chronicles is associated with Bishop Ephraim of Rostov, Archbishops Trifon (1462-1467), Vassian and Tikhon (1489-1505). Judging by the description of the Rostov chronicle given by A.A. Shakhmatov, based on the analysis of the Typographical and other chronicles, almost every new ruler of Rostov created a new chronicle code. These Rostov chronicles of the XV century. were actively used in other chronicle centers when creating new chronicle monuments. For example, the Rostov Vladyka Chronicle of 1472 by Archbishop Bassian Ryl was the main source of the Yermolinsky Chronicle, and the 1484 Code of Archbishop Tikhon was the source of the Typographic Chronicle. The latter contains the Tale of Standing on the Ugra River, which differs from similar Tales in the Moscow chronicles. The author or editor of this Tale was a Rostov chronicler who worked on the chronicle in the 1980s. 15th century at the archbishop's chair. In the text of the Tale, he emphasizes the treacherous role of Andrei the Great and Boris, the brothers of the Grand Duke, during the confrontation between the Russians and the Tatars. The author of the Tale understands the full significance of standing on the Ugra River, which put an end to the centuries-old dependence of Russia on the Tatars. Here he warns of another threat posed by the Turkish Empire: “Oh, the brave courage of the sons of Rus! Save your fatherland, the Russian land, save from the filthy, do not spare your heads, so that your eyes do not see the depredation and plunder of your houses, and the murder of your children, and reproach over your wives and children, as if the other great and glorious land from the Turks suffered. Even I say: Bulgarians, and Serbs, and Greeks, and Trabizon, and Ammorea, and Albanas, and Khrvats, and Bosna, and Mankup, and Kafa, and others of many lands, even without having acquired courage and perished, the fatherland has destroyed both the land and the state, and they wander through foreign countries, poor indeed, and strange, and weeping a lot, and worthy of tears, scolding and reviling, spitting, as if lack of manhood ... And, Lord, have mercy on us, Orthodox Christians, with the prayers of the Mother of God of all saints. Amen". (Monuments of literature of Ancient Russia: The second half of the XV century. M., 1982. S. 518-520). As you can see, the Rostov chronicler of the XV century. not only had an idea of the events taking place around Russia, but also perceived them in the correct historical perspective.
Another Rostov chronicler, on the basis of one of the sovereign chronicles, compiled at the end of the 15th century. a brief Rostov sovereign code, which describes the events from 859 to 1490
On the Rostov chronicle of the 16th century. little is known. There was some kind of Rostov chronicle that ended with the time of Ivan IV, but its only copy has been lost (it was in the handwritten collection of P.V. Khlebnikov).
Known, for example, is the brief Chronicler of Rostov, compiled at the end of the 17th century. deacon of one of the Rostov churches, and in the library of the Rostov Bishop's House in the 17th century. there were three Russian chronographs, but it is difficult to say whether they were compiled in Rostov. One of the famous Russian chronographs of the 17th century is associated with Rostov, more precisely, its successor in the archbishop's chair Yaroslavl. - the chronograph of the Spaso-Yaroslavsky Monastery, on the last sheets of which was placed "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". Annals were written in Rostov in the 17th century, but it is incomparable in its significance with the Rostov annals of the 15th century.
Editions
PSRL. T. 1. Issue. 3. Continuation of the Suzdal chronicle according to the Academic list. 2nd ed. L., 1928; PSRL. T. 24. Typographic chronicle. Pg., 1921; Nasonov A.N. Chronicle of the XV century. (according to two lists) // Materials on the history of the USSR. T. II. M., 1955. S. 273-321; Bogdanov A.P. Brief Rostov chronicler of the end of the 17th century // Soviet archives. 1981. No. 6. S. 33-37.
Literature
Shakhmatov A.A. Review of Russian chronicles of the XIV-XVI centuries. M.; L., 1938. Ch. 9, 19, 22; Nasonov A.N. Little-studied issues of the Rostov-Suzdal chronicle of the XII century. // Problems of source studies. Issue. X. M., 1962. S. 349-392; Voronin Ya. Ya. On the question of the beginning of the Rostov-Suzdal chronicle // Archeographic Yearbook for 1964. M., 1965. P. 19-39; Buganov V.I. Domestic historiography; Muravieva L.L. Chronicle of North-Eastern Russia of the late XIII - early XV century. M, 1983. Ch. V. Rostov chronicle.
The need for a general plan for the publication of annals has been recognized for a long time. This problem, connected with the definition of principles for choosing texts for publication, has recently acquired particular relevance. Recently, reprints of a number of chronicles from the PSRL series have appeared by the publishing house "Languages of Russian Culture", as well as in the new series "Russian Chronicles" being prepared in Ryazan (A.I. Tsepkov).
Having republished the 1st and 2nd volumes of PSRL, Moscow publishers found themselves, however, in a difficult situation - to reproduce, for example, the 3rd volume of PSRL, published in 1841, is completely pointless - it does not in any way meet modern scientific requirements . As a result, the H1 edition by A. N. Nasonov (1950) was reprinted, which is true from a scientific point of view, but, strictly speaking, does not correspond to the principle of reprint reproduction of the series. As for the Ryazan series (under the editorship of A. I. Tsepkov), it has an educational rather than a purely scientific character, reproducing publications that have long become a bibliographic rarity. Thus, the generally unsystematic approach to the choice of published annalistic monuments has not yet been replaced by a new plan of publications.
However, back in 1936, such a plan was formulated by M. D. Priselkov (published by S. N. Valk in 1948)]. In the same 1948, M. N. Tikhomirov proposed his own plan for publishing chronicles, polemical in relation to the plan of M. D. Priselkov.
As is known, neither plan was implemented and was practically forgotten, however, when discussing the principles of publishing Old Russian chronicles and the problems associated with the choice of text, we must return to consideration of the proposals of these researchers. The main striking difference between M. D. Priselkov’s plan and M. N. Tikhomirov’s plan is that the former proposes a complete revision of the traditional principles for publishing annals, including their total renaming.
Indeed, as has been noted more than once, many names of annalistic monuments arose under the influence of random circumstances and can sometimes only confuse researchers. In those cases when the chronicle is called, according to the last dates found in it, “the code of such and such a year”, there is a possibility of referring the same name to different monuments. As D.S. Likhachev noted, “the end of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th century. “Clogged” in the history of chronicle writing with a huge number of codes with dates, and these dates are already beginning to be repeated, creating confusion (for example, two different codes have recently been introduced into scientific use - both called the code of 1518 and two different codes of 1484. )".
Thus, the issue of systematization and putting in order the names of chronicle monuments themselves is on the agenda, however, an analysis of the project proposed by M.D. Priselkov allows us to see its weaknesses. It is obvious that although this project is really based on the achievements in the study of the history of chronicle writing by A. A. Shakhmatov and his followers, however, the hypothetical nature of a number of reconstructed stages of chronicle writing does not allow rigidly fixing preliminary conclusions by renaming all monuments. Of course, "such a renaming could be considered relatively expedient only if the study of the history of chronicle writing could be considered completely completed and the discovery of new chronicles excluded."
A.G. Bobrov. Textology / D.S. Likhachev. Textology - St. Petersburg, 2001
