manned space flight- Manned space flight is a human journey into space, into the Earth's orbit and beyond, carried out with the help of manned spacecraft. Delivery of a person into space is carried out with the help of spacecraft. Long-term ... ... Wikipedia
Spaceship- A spacecraft (SC) is a technical device used to perform various tasks in outer space, as well as to conduct research and other kinds of work on the surface of various celestial bodies. Delivery means ... ... Wikipedia
Spaceship "Voskhod-1"- Voskhod 1 triple spacecraft. It was launched into orbit on October 12, 1964. The crew consisted of ship commander Vladimir Komarov, researcher Konstantin Feoktistov and doctor Boris Yegorov. Voskhod 1 was created in OKB 1 (now ... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers
manned space flight- The request "Orbital spaceflight" is redirected here. This topic needs a separate article. Manned space flight is a human journey into space, into Earth orbit and beyond, performed with the help of ... Wikipedia
manned spacecraft- Russian PKA Manned spacecraft spacecraft ... Wikipedia
reusable spacecraft- First flight of the NASA Space Shuttle Columbia (Designation STS 1). The external fuel tank was only painted white on the first few flights. Now the tank is not painted to reduce the weight of the system. Reusable transport space ... ... Wikipedia
Spaceship- a spacecraft designed for the flight of people (manned spacecraft). A distinctive feature of the spacecraft is the presence of a pressurized cabin with a life support system for astronauts. K. k. for flying along ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Spaceship (SC)- manned spacecraft. Distinguish between spacecraft satellites and interplanetary spacecraft. It has a pressurized cabin with a life support system, on-board motion and descent control systems, a propulsion system, power supply systems, etc. KK launch ... ... Dictionary of military terms
spaceship- 104 spacecraft; KKr: A manned spacecraft capable of maneuvering in the atmosphere and outer space with a return to a given area and (or) descent and landing on a planet.
Vostok - that was the name of the first series of glorious Soviet spacecraft, decisively designed for daring manned flights in deep near-Earth orbit. These legendary ships were created under the sensitive and wise guidance of the all-powerful general designer of the legendary OKB-1 Korolev Sergey Pavlovich, from 1958 to 1963.
The most famous manned Vostok, the brave launch of which took place on the memorable and still today April 12, 1961, at the same time became the very first in the world, the most important spacecraft for all progressive mankind, which made it possible to realize his daring dream - an unprecedented flight of a man into an alien and cold space space.
Subsequently, despite the completion of the entire main program, various modifications of the first basic design of the Vostoks were actively used further, and even became the basis for various Soviet and Russian satellites, which were intended mainly for military intelligence, the study of earth resources, cartography and other biological research.
A legendary figure for the entire space industry, Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov, who also worked at OKB-1, cheerfully began his work on creating a manned spacecraft back in the distant spring of 1957. But already in April 1957, a detailed design research plan was prepared, which also provided, among other things, for the creation of a manned satellite ship. Well, in the period from rainy September 1957 to snowy January 1958, intense research was actively carried out on various schemes of special descent vehicles that were supposed to return artificial Earth satellites from orbit.
And by sunny April 1960, a draft design of an epochal satellite ship called Vostok-1 was already developed.
By the hot summer of 1960, the development of the spacecraft itself was completed.
May 15, 1960 - launch of the first spacecraft. July 28, 1960 - launch of the second, with animals on board (dogs Chanterelle and Chaika). Accident.
August 19, 1960 - the first fully successful launch of the third Sputnik-5 satellite ship, dogs, mice, even insects and plants were sitting inside.
December 1, 1960 - the launch of the fourth satellite ship was blown up on landing due to a failure of the braking system along with the dogs.
December 22, 1960 - launch of the fifth ship. March 9, 1961 - the first launch of a specially modified ZKA ship, designed specifically for the flight of a man with a dummy on board. The flight program is fully completed. March 25, 1961 - the second decisive launch of the modified ZKA spacecraft.
Well, on April 12, 1961, the very first spacecraft with a brave man on board launched.
_________
As we can see, sending a ship to space is no less difficult than buying an acoustic guitar, especially a good acoustic guitar. However, progress does not stand still, and now - various ships are already plying interstellar space, and excellent acoustic guitars are asking for their hands. Like beautiful curvy girls, they crave your dexterous fingers, and are ready to obey them unquestioningly, guessing all the desires of the musician. Our guitars are the best in the whole world!
A spacecraft used for flights in near-Earth orbit, including under human control.
All spacecraft can be divided into two classes: manned and launched in control mode from the Earth's surface.
In the early 20s. 20th century K. E. Tsiolkovsky once again predicts the future exploration of outer space by earthlings. In his work "Spaceship" there is a mention of the so-called celestial ships, the main purpose of which is the implementation of human spaceflight.
The first spaceships of the Vostok series were created under the strict guidance of the general designer of OKB-1 (now the Rocket and Space Corporation Energia) S.P. Korolev. The first manned spacecraft "Vostok" was able to deliver a man into outer space on April 12, 1961. This cosmonaut was Yu. A. Gagarin.
The main objectives of the experiment were:
1) study of the impact of orbital flight conditions on a person, including his performance;
2) verification of the principles of spacecraft design;
3) development of structures and systems in real conditions.
The total mass of the ship was 4.7 tons, diameter - 2.4 m, length - 4.4 m. Among the onboard systems with which the ship was equipped, the following can be distinguished: control systems (automatic and manual modes); system of automatic orientation to the Sun and manual - to the Earth; life supporting system; thermal control system; landing system.
In the future, the developments obtained during the implementation of the Vostok spacecraft program made it possible to create much more advanced ones. To date, the "armada" of spacecraft is very clearly represented by the American reusable transport spacecraft "Shuttle", or Space Shuttle.
It is impossible not to mention the Soviet development, which is currently not used, but could seriously compete with the American ship.
Buran was the name of the Soviet Union's program to create a reusable space system. Work on the Buran program began in connection with the need to create a reusable space system as a means of deterring a potential adversary in connection with the start of the American project in January 1971.
To implement the project, NPO Molniya was created. In the shortest possible time in 1984, with the support of more than a thousand enterprises from all over the Soviet Union, the first full-scale copy was created with the following technical characteristics: its length was more than 36 m with a wingspan of 24 m; starting weight - more than 100 tons with a payload weight of up to
30 tons
"Buran" had a pressurized cabin in the nose compartment, which could accommodate about ten people and most of the equipment for flight in orbit, descent and landing. The ship was equipped with two groups of engines at the end of the tail section and in front of the hull for maneuvering, for the first time a combined propulsion system was used, which included oxidizer and fuel fuel tanks, pressurization temperature control, fluid intake in zero gravity, control system equipment, etc.
The first and only flight of the Buran spacecraft was made on November 15, 1988 in an unmanned, fully automatic mode (for reference: the Shuttle still only lands on manual control). Unfortunately, the flight of the ship coincided with the difficult times that began in the country, and due to the end of the Cold War and the lack of sufficient funds, the Buran program was closed.
The start of a series of American spacecraft of the "Shuttle" type was laid in 1972, although it was preceded by a project of a reusable two-stage aircraft, each stage of which was similar to a jet.
The first stage served as an accelerator, which, after entering orbit, completed its part of the task and returned to Earth with the crew, and the second stage was an orbital ship and, after completing the program, also returned to the launch site. It was the time of an arms race, and the creation of a ship of this type was considered the main link in this race.
To launch the ship, the Americans use an accelerator and the ship's own engine, the fuel for which is placed in an external fuel tank. Spent boosters after landing are not reused, with a limited number of launches. Structurally, the ship of the Shuttle series consists of several main elements: the Orbiter aerospace plane, reusable rocket boosters and a fuel tank (disposable).
Due to a large number of shortcomings and design changes, the first flight of the spacecraft took place only in 1981. In the period from April 1981 to July 1982, a series of orbital flight tests of the Columbia spacecraft was carried out in all flight modes. Unfortunately, in a series of flights of the Shuttle series, there were tragedies.
In 1986, during the 25th launch of the Challenger, a fuel tank exploded due to an imperfect design of the apparatus, as a result of which all seven crew members died. Only in 1988, after a number of changes were made to the flight program, the Discovery spacecraft was launched. To replace the Challenger, a new ship, the Endeavor, was put into operation, which has been operating since 1992.
Details Category: Meeting with space Posted on 12/05/2012 11:32 Views: 17210A manned spacecraft is designed to fly one or more people into outer space and safely return to Earth after completing the mission.
When designing this class of spacecraft, one of the main tasks is to create a safe, reliable and accurate system for returning the crew to the earth's surface in the form of a wingless descent vehicle (SA) or a space plane. . spaceplane - orbital aircraft(OS) aerospace aircraft(VKS) is a winged aircraft of an aircraft scheme that enters or launches into the orbit of an artificial satellite of the Earth by means of a vertical or horizontal launch and returns from it after fulfilling the target tasks, making a horizontal landing on the airfield, actively using the glider's lifting force when descending. Combines the properties of both aircraft and spacecraft.
An important feature of a manned spacecraft is the presence of an emergency rescue system (SAS) at the initial stage of launch by a launch vehicle (LV).
The projects of the Soviet and Chinese spacecraft of the first generation did not have a full-fledged rocket SAS - instead, as a rule, ejection of the crew seats was used (the Voskhod spacecraft did not have this either). Winged spaceplanes are also not equipped with a special SAS, and may also have ejection crew seats. Also, the spacecraft must be equipped with a life support system (LSS) for the crew.
The creation of a manned spacecraft is a task of high complexity and cost, therefore only three countries have them: Russia, the USA and China. And only Russia and the USA have reusable manned spacecraft systems.
Some countries are working on the creation of their own manned spacecraft: India, Japan, Iran, North Korea, as well as ESA (European Space Agency, created in 1975 for the purpose of space exploration). ESA consists of 15 permanent members, sometimes, in some projects, they are joined by Canada and Hungary.
First generation spacecraft
"East"
These are a series of Soviet spacecraft designed for manned flights in near-Earth orbit. They were created under the leadership of the General Designer of OKB-1 Sergey Pavlovich Korolev from 1958 to 1963.
The main scientific tasks that stood for the Vostok spacecraft were: studying the effects of orbital flight conditions on the astronaut's condition and performance, testing the design and systems, testing the basic principles of spacecraft construction.
History of creation
Spring 1957 S. P. Korolev within the framework of his Design Bureau, he organized a special department No. 9, designed to carry out work on the creation of the first artificial satellites of the Earth. The department was headed by an associate of Korolev Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov. Soon, in parallel with the development of artificial satellites, the department began to carry out research on the creation of a manned spacecraft. The launch vehicle was supposed to be the royal R-7. Calculations showed that it, equipped with a third stage, could launch a cargo weighing about 5 tons into low Earth orbit.
At an early stage of development, the calculations were done by mathematicians of the Academy of Sciences. In particular, it was noted that ballistic descent from orbit could result in tenfold overload.
From September 1957 to January 1958, Tikhonravov's department studied all the conditions for carrying out the task. It was found that the equilibrium temperature of a winged spacecraft, which has the highest aerodynamic quality, exceeds the thermal stability of the alloys available at that time, and the use of winged design options led to a decrease in payload. Therefore, they refused to consider winged options. The most acceptable way to return a person was to eject him at an altitude of several kilometers and then descend by parachute. In this case, a separate rescue of the descent vehicle could not be carried out.
In the course of medical studies conducted in April 1958, tests of pilots on a centrifuge showed that, in a certain position of the body, a person is able to endure overloads of up to 10 G without serious consequences for his health. Therefore, a spherical descent vehicle was chosen for the first manned spacecraft.
The spherical shape of the descent vehicle was the simplest and most studied symmetrical shape, the sphere has stable aerodynamic properties at any possible speeds and angles of attack. The shift of the center of mass to the aft part of the spherical apparatus made it possible to ensure its correct orientation during the ballistic descent.
The first ship "Vostok-1K" went into automatic flight in May 1960. Later, the modification "Vostk-3KA" was created and tested, completely ready for manned flights.
In addition to one failure of the launch vehicle at the start, the program launched six unmanned vehicles, and later six more manned spacecraft.
The spacecraft of the program carried out the world's first manned space flight (Vostok-1), a daily flight (Vostok-2), group flights of two spacecraft (Vostok-3 and Vostok-4), and the flight of a female cosmonaut ("Vostok-6").
The device of the spacecraft "Vostok"
The total mass of the spacecraft is 4.73 tons, the length is 4.4 m, and the maximum diameter is 2.43 m.
The ship consisted of a spherical descent vehicle (weight 2.46 tons and a diameter of 2.3 m), also performing the functions of an orbital compartment, and a conical instrument compartment (weight 2.27 tons and a maximum diameter of 2.43 m). The compartments were mechanically connected to each other using metal bands and pyrotechnic locks. The ship was equipped with systems: automatic and manual control, automatic orientation to the Sun, manual orientation to the Earth, life support (designed to maintain an internal atmosphere close in its parameters to the Earth's atmosphere for 10 days), command-logical control, power supply, thermal control and landing . To ensure the tasks of man's work in outer space, the ship was equipped with autonomous and radio telemetry equipment for monitoring and recording parameters characterizing the state of the astronaut, structures and systems, ultrashortwave and shortwave equipment for two-way radiotelephone communication of the astronaut with ground stations, a command radio link, a program-time device, a television system with two transmitting cameras for observing the astronaut from the Earth, a radio system for monitoring the parameters of the orbit and direction finding of the spacecraft, a TDU-1 braking propulsion system, and other systems. The weight of the spacecraft together with the last stage of the launch vehicle was 6.17 tons, and their length in conjunction was 7.35 m.
The descent vehicle had two windows, one of which was located on the entrance hatch, just above the cosmonaut's head, and the other, equipped with a special orientation system, in the floor at his feet. The astronaut, dressed in a spacesuit, was placed in a special ejection seat. At the last stage of landing, after braking the descent vehicle in the atmosphere, at an altitude of 7 km, the cosmonaut ejected from the cabin and made a parachute landing. In addition, the possibility of landing an astronaut inside the descent vehicle was provided. The descent vehicle had its own parachute, but was not equipped with the means to perform a soft landing, which threatened the person remaining in it with a serious bruise during a joint landing.
In the event of failure of automatic systems, the astronaut could switch to manual control. The Vostok ships were not adapted for manned flights to the moon, and also did not allow the possibility of flights of people who had not undergone special training.
Vostok spacecraft pilots:
"Sunrise"
Two or three ordinary chairs were installed on the space vacated from the ejection seat. Since now the crew was landing in the descent vehicle, in addition to the parachute system, a solid-propellant brake engine was installed to ensure a soft landing of the ship, which was triggered immediately before touching the ground from the signal of a mechanical altimeter. On the Voskhod-2 spacecraft, intended for spacewalks, both cosmonauts were dressed in Berkut spacesuits. Additionally, an inflatable airlock was installed, which was reset after use.
The Voskhod spacecraft were launched into orbit by the Voskhod launch vehicle, also developed on the basis of the Vostok launch vehicle. But the system of the carrier and the Voskhod spacecraft in the first minutes after launch had no means of rescue in case of an accident.
The following flights were made under the Voskhod program:
"Cosmos-47" - October 6, 1964 Unmanned test flight for testing and testing the ship.
"Voskhod-1" - October 12, 1964 The first space flight with more than one person on board. Crew - cosmonaut-pilot Komarov, constructor Feoktistov and doctor Egorov.
Kosmos-57 - February 22, 1965 An unmanned test flight to test the ship for spacewalk ended in failure (undermined by the self-destruct system due to an error in the command system).
"Cosmos-59" - March 7, 1965 Unmanned test flight of a device of another series ("Zenith-4") with the installed gateway of the Voskhod spacecraft for spacewalk.
"Voskhod-2" - March 18, 1965 The first spacewalk with. Crew - cosmonaut-pilot Belyaev and test cosmonaut Leonov.
"Cosmos-110" - February 22, 1966 Test flight to check the operation of on-board systems during a long orbital flight, there were two dogs on board - Wind and Coal, the flight lasted 22 days.
Second generation spacecraft
"Union"
A series of multi-seat spacecraft for flights in near-Earth orbit. The developer and manufacturer of the ship is RSC Energia ( Rocket and Space Corporation Energia named after S. P. Korolev. The parent organization of the corporation is located in the city of Korolev, the branch is at the Baikonur cosmodrome). As a single organizational structure, it arose in 1974 under the leadership of Valentin Glushko.
History of creation
The Soyuz rocket and space complex began to be designed in 1962 at OKB-1 as a ship of the Soviet program for flying around the moon. At first it was assumed that under the program "A" a bunch of spacecraft and upper stages were to go to the Moon 7K, 9K, 11K. In the future, the project "A" was closed in favor of separate projects around the moon using the spacecraft "Zond" / 7K-L1 and landings on the Moon using the L3 complex as part of the orbital ship-module 7K-LOK and landing ship-module LK. In parallel with the lunar programs, on the basis of the same 7K and the closed project of the Sever near-Earth spacecraft, they began to make 7K-OK- a multi-purpose three-seat orbital ship (OK), designed to practice maneuvering and docking operations in near-Earth orbit, to conduct various experiments, including the transition of astronauts from ship to ship through outer space.
Testing of the 7K-OK began in 1966. After the abandonment of the flight program on the Voskhod spacecraft (with the destruction of the groundwork of three of the four completed Voskhod spacecraft), the designers of the Soyuz spacecraft lost the opportunity to work out solutions for their program on it. There was a two-year break in manned launches in the USSR, during which the Americans were actively exploring outer space. The first three unmanned launches of the Soyuz spacecraft turned out to be completely or partially unsuccessful, serious errors were found in the design of the spacecraft. However, the fourth launch was undertaken by a manned ("Soyuz-1" with V. Komarov), which turned out to be tragic - the astronaut died during the descent to Earth. After the Soyuz-1 accident, the design of the ship was completely redesigned to resume manned flights (6 unmanned launches were performed), and in 1967 the first, on the whole successful, automatic docking of two Soyuz (Cosmos-186 and Cosmos-188”), in 1968 manned flights were resumed, in 1969 the first docking of two manned spacecraft and a group flight of three spacecraft at once took place, and in 1970 an autonomous flight of record duration (17.8 days) took place. The first six ships "Soyuz" and ("Soyuz-9") were ships of the 7K-OK series. A variant of the ship was also preparing for flight "Soyuz-Contact" for testing the docking systems of the 7K-LOK and LK module ships of the L3 lunar expeditionary complex. Due to the failure of the L3 lunar landing program to reach the stage of manned flights, the need for Soyuz-Kontakt flights has disappeared.
In 1969, work began on the creation of a long-term orbital station (DOS) Salyut. A ship was designed to deliver the crew 7KT-OK(T - transport). The new ship differed from the previous ones by the presence of a docking station of a new design with an internal manhole and additional communication systems on board. The third ship of this type ("Soyuz-10") did not fulfill the task assigned to it. The docking with the station was carried out, but as a result of damage to the docking station, the ship's hatch was blocked, which made it impossible for the crew to transfer to the station. During the fourth flight of a ship of this type ("Soyuz-11"), due to depressurization in the descent section, G. Dobrovolsky, V. Volkov and V. Patsaev since they were without spacesuits. After the Soyuz-11 accident, the development of 7K-OK / 7KT-OK was abandoned, the ship was redesigned (changes were made to the layout of the SA to accommodate cosmonauts in spacesuits). Due to the increased mass of life support systems, a new version of the ship 7K-T became a double, lost solar panels. This ship became the "workhorse" of the Soviet cosmonautics of the 1970s: 29 expeditions to the Salyut and Almaz stations. Ship version 7K-TM(M - modified) was used in a joint flight with the American Apollo under the ASTP program. Four Soyuz spacecraft, which officially launched after the Soyuz-11 accident, had solar panels of various types in their design, but these were other versions of the Soyuz spacecraft - 7K-TM (Soyuz-16, Soyuz-19 ), 7K-MF6("Soyuz-22") and modification 7K-T - 7K-T-AF without docking station ("Soyuz-13").
Since 1968, spacecraft of the Soyuz series have been modified and produced. 7K-S. 7K-S was being finalized for 10 years and by 1979 became a ship 7K-ST "Soyuz T", and in a short transitional period, the astronauts flew simultaneously on the new 7K-ST and the outdated 7K-T.
Further evolution of the systems of the 7K-ST spacecraft led to the modification 7K-STM Soyuz TM: a new propulsion system, an improved parachute system, a rendezvous system, etc. The first Soyuz TM flight was made on May 21, 1986 to the Mir station, the last Soyuz TM-34 - in 2002 to the ISS.
The modification of the ship is currently in operation 7K-STMA "Soyuz TMA"(A - anthropometric). The ship, according to the requirements of NASA, was finalized in relation to flights to the ISS. Astronauts who could not fit into the Soyuz TM in terms of height can work on it. The cosmonauts' console was replaced with a new one, with a modern element base, the parachute system was improved, and thermal protection was reduced. The last launch of the Soyuz TMA-22 spacecraft of this modification took place on November 14, 2011.
In addition to Soyuz TMA, today ships of a new series are used for space flights 7K-STMA-M "Soyuz TMA-M" ("Soyuz TMAC")(C - digital).
Device
The ships of this series consist of three modules: an instrument-assembly compartment (PAO), a descent vehicle (SA), and an amenity compartment (BO).
PJSC has a combined propulsion system, fuel for it, service systems. The length of the compartment is 2.26 m, the main diameter is 2.15 m. The propulsion system consists of 28 DPO (mooring and orientation engines), 14 on each collector, as well as a rendezvous-correcting engine (SKD). ACS is designed for orbital maneuvering and deorbiting.
The power supply system consists of solar panels and batteries.
The descent vehicle contains places for astronauts, life support systems, control systems, and a parachute system. The length of the compartment is 2.24 m, the diameter is 2.2 m. The amenity compartment is 3.4 m long and 2.25 m in diameter. It is equipped with a docking station and an approach system. In the sealed volume of the BO there are cargoes for the station, other payloads, a number of life support systems, in particular a toilet. Through the landing hatch on the side surface of the BO, the cosmonauts enter the ship at the launch site of the cosmodrome. The BO can be used when airlocking into outer space in spacesuits of the "Orlan" type through the landing hatch.
New upgraded version of Soyuz TMA-MS
The update will affect almost every system of the manned ship. The main points of the spacecraft modernization program:
- the energy efficiency of solar panels will be increased through the use of more efficient photovoltaic converters;
- reliability of rendezvous and docking of the spacecraft with the space station by changing the installation of the approaching and orientation engines. The new scheme of these engines will make it possible to perform rendezvous and docking even in the event of a failure of one of the engines and to ensure the descent of a manned spacecraft in the event of any two engine failures;
- a new system of communication and direction finding, which will allow, in addition to improving the quality of radio communications, to facilitate the search for a descent vehicle that has landed at any point on the globe.
The upgraded Soyuz TMA-MS will be equipped with GLONASS sensors. At the stage of parachuting and after landing of the descent vehicle, its coordinates obtained from GLONASS/GPS data will be transmitted via the Cospas-Sarsat satellite system to the MCC.
Soyuz TMA-MS will be the latest modification of the Soyuz". The ship will be used for manned flights until it is replaced by a new generation ship. But that's a completely different story...
