Poet and versifier Nikolai Shoshanny

Nicholas Shoshanny

ABOUT FORMULA OF POETRY

Psychology of poetry
and silent language

Some aerobatics
in poetics

The soul of poetry is not rhyme, not a rattle for eccentrics.
Its invisible substance trembles and shimmers between the lines.

L. Pervomaisky

Once Sidorov, a well-known neurasthenic,
Sitting alone with myself
Looking at the wallpaper on the wall
And tobacco, reminiscent of a broom,
Smoked my skinny body
And everything was looking for a thought, an aphorism,
To justify, as a kind of element,
Your longing, your neurasthenia,
And his life, and laziness, and selfishness.
But the thoughts were poor, like patches,
And in the head, like impudent enemies,
Not aphorisms climbed, not quotes,
But only debts.
When did he become unbearable?
Smoking and thinking, pulling nerves,
He suddenly remembered the Socratic beginning:
Know yourself!
And jumped up, as if it had broken through
Dams, locks, collapsed down.
And he went into such introspection
In such an incredible self-bite,
In such excitement and rage of self-knowledge,
In such a comprehension of the inside,
That at half past five in the morning
Looking at the ceiling without a shudder,
I measured the hook on the ceiling with a glance,
And exactly at five he was already hanging on a hook.
* * *
This fable has a huge meaning:
Self-knowledge leads to disgust.

According to Henri Bergson, the intuitionist philosopher and the inspirer of stream-of-consciousness literature, man cognizes the world through two methods: semantic-intellectual and intuitive. But the poets who manage to go through the next circles of mental pain, as a reward, have a unique opportunity to experience the effect of the third method used by the biblical prophets - the method of holy revelation. By combining all three methods of cognition, the poet can achieve such depths of insight into the essence of things that are not achievable either by scientists or philosophers.
It is possible that in the subconsciousness of EVERY person, information about the entire human race up to the version of the first man Adam and even deeper information about how a person was a particle of God, being in Him in the form of the Word, is stored. As a rule, such information is closed in the traditional worldview, but in some mental states of a creative person, its echoes can be partially revealed in the form of various voices and visions, although this is associated with a serious risk to the psyche and health.
Continuing the search for topics that sound convincing, the poet, in order to remain honest, first of all to himself, begins to transfer his own life and his worldview into poetry. The display in veiled or metaphorical images of the experienced is the only real plot that sounds really convincing. In one of the ancient oriental parables it is said: “If you want to write about bamboo, first plant a bamboo, then grow it, then become a bamboo yourself, and only after that take up a pen.” Each life is unique in its own way, filled with unique events, and all written poems are, in fact, one big poem about yourself. Even when the author writes, for example, about a dog, he consciously or unconsciously identifies himself with this dog. And if the poet puts some verbal filth into the mouths of his lyrical heroes, this indicates that his own soul is filled with negativity. One of the most difficult aspects that reveal the essence of a creative personality is irony. The significant thing about irony is that it can be considered as one of the subspecies of truth. People never laugh at things that are not true. The author's ability to penetrate into the essence of things, to see the truth and present its vision is one of the most important, if not the most important aspect of creativity. It is in irony that the poet's vulnerable soul can find a safe haven, because only self-deepening into one's inner world is often a direct path to psychiatric hospitals.
By and large, each person is able to write his own book, although not everyone is able to comprehend it. If you look back at the work of great poets, then experts consider their most successful things to be written on the basis of experienced events in real life. Let's take, for example, Arthur Rimbaud's poem "The Drunken Ship", which depicts the inner world of the author, where the poet identifies himself with an unbalanced ship. Let's take Robert Frost's The Unchosen Road, which also reflects the author's internal hesitations, which eventually led to the adoption of a paradoxical decision. Many such examples can be cited.
But the reflection in the poems of exclusively one's own life and constant soul-searching also often lead authors to psychiatric hospitals. Far from every person will dare to follow this path, because in addition to everything else, we all have a responsibility for relatives and friends. Therefore, a much safer (to preserve the health of poets) option for filling each of the verses can be risked to advise the option when approximately 50% of thoughts and feelings are taken from life, and the remaining 50% are supplemented by the author's fantasy. This level of filling poetry with truth is already enough to create quite strong things. Those authors for whom half-truths are not enough, naturally, have the opportunity to try to write the whole truth, but in order not to go crazy later, it is first necessary to become a saint by human standards.
Becoming on the path of creativity, the authors subconsciously or consciously want to be recognized by their compatriots. As Plato argued, all creators are just mediums through which invisible spirits speak, and these spirits constantly quarrel among themselves. According to Nietzsche, human actions are driven by the lust for power. It is possible that there are other subconscious motives. In my opinion, one of these motives is that all people, including poets, each in their own way struggle with the powerful deities of Forgetfulness and Loneliness. Creative people are able to feel this more acutely and they need recognition first of all in order to be able to communicate with others like themselves. To confirm this thought, I want to quote the English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley: "A poet is a nightingale who sings in the dark to dispel his loneliness with sweet sounds."
It happens that the process of seeking recognition becomes the author's dominant goal, and the creative principle gradually moves to a secondary level over time. How, in this respect, to try to find subsequent fairways along which you can move without spilling God's gift?
Let's dwell on the most dangerous reefs:
1. Often a creative person begins to exploit one topic, in the field of which some successful finds were obtained. Repetitions begin, which are added to the poet in paper volume, but such an author very soon becomes predictable and uninteresting. Ilf and Petrov “travelled” over such poets in their time using the example of “Gavriliad”. The classic Ukrainian example of "Gavriliada" is Pavel Glazovoy's fables about godfather and modern television series from which there is no escape.
2. Almost win-win for the recognition process is the process of using references to the dead and living authorities of the genre. For example, Shakespeare said such and such, and who dares to hint against what Shakespeare himself said? These are powerful koturnes, but they also destroy creativity and originality, as a result of which the poet slowly learns, like an engineer, to get his inspiration not from the heart, but from the bookcase.
3. Often, in search of novelty, the poet begins to try to pass off something incomprehensible to others as something especially talented. At the moment, the literary trend of the “stream of consciousness”, which is especially cherished by aesthetes, is quite fashionable. The imagery of the "stream of consciousness" chaotically combines anything, due to this, the process of "shift of consciousness" occurs in readers. In my opinion, the “stream of consciousness” is an obligatory component of real poetry, but it is nothing more than a “raw material” that must be “recycled” by the author accordingly, bringing the output thoughts to a state of “crystallization”. Only in this case, poetic finds get a chance to remain in the memory of readers for a long time, and the above-mentioned "stream of consciousness" is poetry with the so-called "short energy", a feature of which is the possession of the reader's attention only during reading, and after reading - the quiet silence of readers regarding reading comprehension.
4. It happens that various literary competitions, awards and ratings play a significant role in the author's recognition process, which raise the spiritual and social status of the winners in the eyes of the environment. All this is nothing more than one of the forms of struggle for power, in this case for spiritual power. At the same time, one can often observe the following picture - the less the author's inner confidence in his talent, the more he seeks external means for self-affirmation. In fact, the participation of authors in competitions much more often leads to humiliation of the individual, including the winners, because the attributes of competitions and ratings create an external entourage that affects only those people who often do not need poetry at all. Recently, titles and awards have been significantly devalued and often weigh no more than the titles of all kinds of newly minted "academicians" of various fake academies. One of the serious problems of recent times is also the competence and human qualities of those people who undertake to evaluate the work of poets. Quite often the winners of competitions or ratings are typical exaggerated figures who are “spun up” by literary agents or clans for a certain project, which is not a component of creativity, but a business for the purchase of some product by the people or a party order. For a variety of points of view, one should not forget that pleasant exceptions sometimes occur in the modern grading system.
But with a seductive variety of options for recognition, it may not be superfluous for poets to sometimes think about the internal motivation of their work. Also, it will not be superfluous to remember the relationship between the intrinsic motivation of creativity and the quality of the “creative product”. This relationship is approximately the following: if the poet writes for his soul and for God, the level of quality of the "creative product" in this case is the highest, but he is unlikely to be able to receive any material reward for this. But the author has a chance that someone will someday remember him with a kind word after death. If the poet writes with an internal mindset to achieve success with readers, then it is likely that he will achieve both such success and material rewards, but this success is usually very shaky, it lasts no more than a moment, and to support it constant various crutches are required.
Although, on the other hand, in refutation of the above, in order for readers to have a desire to perceive the work of the poet carefully and seriously even during his lifetime, I personally do not yet see another way how to go and take part in competitions. Just for the sake of self-preservation, you should not take these contests and ratings as more than a kind of adult game. Also, one should not be imbued with the belief that the title of laureate lights a majestic star on the forehead of the author, and that the increase in the number of titles increases the proportion of his “creative product”.
During life, no one or practically no one tells the author the truth about the value of his work, even if there is a person who is able to evaluate this work more or less objectively. The only selection criteria that can be trusted can only be Time and Oblivion, which place everyone on the appropriate steps after death. The people tend to forget some idols very soon (including in poetry) and get carried away by others, and a small cohort of completely different connoisseurs maintains the treasury of the real spiritual values ​​of mankind. This is a rather narrow circle of readers and poets who devote their lives to serving the Word not for material reward, but at the behest of their hearts. As a rule, this category of people has a very good memory, they are able to capture the subtlest semantic and emotional nuances in poetry, sometimes even those that the author himself does not always suspect. It is these readers who pass the verdict in Time, whose names should be left in the temple of literary memory, and who should be ruthlessly deleted from there. By and large, this is that small circle of gourmet connoisseurs of the Word, for whom (except for themselves) poets write. In my opinion, in order for the author's name to have any chance of surviving the duel with Oblivion, the following minimum "gentleman's set" of qualities is required:
- write honestly
- give all the best in each of your poems as if it were the last one,
- do not forget that the intellectual qualification of the reader will later be higher than the intellectual qualification of the author himself.
And a poet who is excessively sad about recognition and fame can only be advised to console himself with the words of Seneca, who on this occasion said: “Glory follows merit as infallibly as a shadow follows a body, but, like this her companion sometimes in front, sometimes behind. Even if envy causes silence among all contemporaries, those who will judge both without irritation and without sycophancy will come later.
Now let's briefly touch on the topic of the internal "arrangement" of poems. The author of the proposed essay perceives each verse as a living being with its own soul. This soul is made up of thoughts, feelings, inner music and the magic of sound. The "components of the soul" are intertwined in such tight balls that attempts to consider them separately are unlikely to add anything to our understanding. A poem has a chance both for life and for responses in the souls of readers only when thoughts, feelings and inner melody, combined organically, come out of the overflowing soul of the poet and pour into no less organic combinations of form and content, further enhanced by the magic of sound . A poem can still be compared to the sounds of a symphony, where none of the instruments has the right to be out of tune, although if we wish, we can listen more to the one of the instruments that we like best. But in general, all art, including poetry, feeds on details and surprises. Somewhere it can be a non-standard rhyme, somewhere it can be an alliteration, a paradox, a metaphor, an unusual association, some kind of “hook”, etc. Gradually, these complex constructions seem to unwind in the mind of the reader, filling his entire being, on the one hand, giving aesthetic pleasure, on the other hand, forcing the reader’s thinking apparatus to work and imperceptibly making him a co-author of the creative process. I consider the opportunity to let the reader feel like a co-creator, to awaken his counter thought as one of the most important features of poetry and I have great respect for poets who are able to present thoughts not in the form of categorical didactic statements, but, while maintaining something understatement and mystery, some part of the mental work is necessarily left to the reader.
One of the most difficult aspects of creativity is that the authors, with their desire to create and be in demand by readers, do not always think about what exactly they can interest these readers.
The poet, through his creations, reveals to people for a general overview, first of all, not the ability to rhyme, but what is much subtler and more intimate - his inner world. It is the richness, depth and purity of this inner world (and nothing else) that attracts (or repels) readers. The poet is interesting only for such an inner world, from which the reader can take something into the archive of his own spiritual, philosophical or aesthetic experience. The paradox of this interest lies in the fact that as long as the author has not become famous, his inner world practically does not excite anyone, and if the inner world of the poet does not excite anyone, then he has no chance of becoming famous. It turns out a vicious circle.
Is there a way to break this circle? I take the liberty of giving a recipe for breaking the vicious circle - to consciously give up the desire to write "for the public" and start writing only for yourself. In this regard, one should not forget about one detail in human psychology - when you do something for yourself, the desire to hack is significantly reduced. An even more paradoxical feature of the reader's attention is that after some time (as a rule, quite a long time, measured in years), exactly what the author wrote for himself suddenly begins to interest other readers.
Without a doubt, in order to convey something from your soul to someone, you must first have something in this soul. How can a poet fill his soul? It would not be superfluous to recall the experience of the ancient Celts, from whose language the word "bard" came into use. The ancient Celts called bards priests, who were divided into three subspecies: spiritual (religious) bards, military bards (who were able to mobilize and raise the spirit of soldiers during the war with their speeches) and secular bards (analogue of modern poets and bards). Which of the traditions of the ancient Celts, in my opinion, is especially instructive - regardless of the chosen direction, each of the bards studied the specialization of their art of mastering the word and intonation for at least twenty years. After twenty years of constant improvement and strengthening of the spirit, a person who chose the path of a bard for himself went through a special rite of initiation into bards and only after that received the legal and moral right to communicate with other people. Such a school made the Celtic bards real guards of the spirit: they (unlike modern deputies) were sincerely believed, they were followed, other people cried and rejoiced along with them.
It is quite natural that the reader expects from modern poets, in addition to a simple presentation of thoughts, bringing phrases to that “crystallization” when words become in the only possible order, like atoms in a molecule. If in other literary genres editors can still insure writers, then in poetry only the poet himself is the only and last barricade that no one can insure. And it is precisely in relation to the poetic genre, as to no other, that Sergey Dovlatov’s especially relevant thought is “A good author does not need an editor, and an editor will not help a bad author.”
One more observation. I am not left with a strange feeling that people related to creativity in general are performers-mediums of some majestic plan, and what they have done are particles of the Informational Harmony of the Universe. And in this Harmony there are catalysts for a certain beginning of the countdown of the creativity of each of the subsequent creators - a kind of codes-commands, intended and waiting for exactly THEIR creator in space and time. They, like lighthouses, at a certain moment, as it were, turn on a kind of internal countdown - and a person is captured by the process of creativity. The roots of my work are in the genre of the author's song, and my own poetic attempts, which I consider more or less worthy of attention, were made after a phrase I heard from the Moscow bard Mikhail Shcherbakov, which, for some unknown reason, excited me to the incredible depths of my soul:

"Fish, whisper two words,
Wave your hands ... Alive, alive ... "

Around the year 2000, I began to be interested in an exotic topic: is it possible, in principle, to find in poetry as an art form some generalizations that do not depend on trends, styles, or individual "handwriting" of each of the poets. This exotic topic continues to interest me to this day, not with the aim of writing some kind of article, but with the aim of trying to find (primarily for myself) some invisible “piles” mentioned at the beginning of this essay, which, it seems to me, hold "poetic constructions" in general.
Over time, my point of view on some of these "piles" changed: something was added, something was refined, something was thrown out, something was left. In general, I am far from thinking that I have already managed to find all the "piles", and we can only talk about one of the intermediate results as of autumn 2005.
I consider it not superfluous to once again question the existence in principle of a certain general formula of poetry for all. We can talk about nothing more than the subjective experience of one of the authors. This subjective experience has absolutely equal chances for acceptance and rejection by other authors or just readers.
I also consider it not superfluous to emphasize that some of the thoughts presented below can be perceived as banalities. Since I honestly warned that the search was carried out primarily for the author of this essay, this side gives me the full moral right to repeat after Vladimir Vysotsky:

"This rut ​​is only mine, get out on your rut."

However, there is one half-tone facet that the author is sincerely really afraid of, so that some readers do not have a feeling of internal dissatisfaction with the fact that feelings of experiencing the depth of joy may become less vivid while making their own discoveries in the direction indicated in the title of this essay.
And finally - what the author considers the most important, or the quintessence of what the search began for:

If you can NOT write, better not write;
- before taking up a pen, first feel God in yourself;
- know that in fact the Word is God, therefore, you need to write not as for people, but as for God;
- try to use the word “shift of consciousness” in the works (for more details on the term “shift of consciousness”, see my essay “SOME FIGURES OF “APERIOTATION” IN POETICS”);
- do not steal from others;
- do not steal from yourself (which is much more difficult);
- win yourself in competition with yourself;
- use the most worthy object for poetry - your own life;
- draw words only from the book of your own heart;
- write in darkness, which will help the reader find light much faster than didacticism;
- remember that the reader must be a co-creator of the poet;
- surprise yourself: if this was not possible, the resulting poem is unnecessary at all;
- try to write in such a way that someone wants to memorize something written;
- do not stand on the shadows;
- try to write as well as the best;
- do not allow yourself to repeat in themes and rhythmic melodics;
- give all your best in each poem as if this verse is the last one in your life;
- if in one poem you managed to take a certain bar of a spiritual level, in your next verse you have no right to fall below this bar;
- constantly strive to get closer to the First Word-God;
- be sure that what you have created will definitely be found by that, perhaps, the only reader for whom what is written is addressed in Heaven;
- publish the written poem when it "rests" for at least a year;
Remember sometimes the words of the recognized authorities of the spiritual thought of mankind:

A verse, like a coin, coinage,
Strictly, clearly, honestly,
Follow the rule stubbornly:
To make the words cramped
Thoughts are spacious.

(N.A. Nekrasov)

- “Works of Art are always infinitely lonely and they are least of all able to comprehend criticism” (R.-M. Rilke);
“Don’t be sad that people don’t know you. Grieve that you do not know people” (Confucius).

© Nikolay Shoshanny (Ukraine)
Contact email: [email protected]

Poetry has always helped a person in difficult times, it gave him strength, in it he found peace, with its help he calmed mental anguish. However, not always people can appreciate the works of the creators of poems. It is the problem of the attitude of people towards poets that this text by V.P. Astafiev.

He believes that the poet is a martyr who reflects in his poems the pain and suffering that can awaken feelings in people: “The Russian people will take and tear their shirt, and with it they will tear their hearts to be tormented by the torment that they could not endure. , the poet did not survive, suffering at once with all the suffering of his people. And there is no one to console the poet, even after death he cannot find shelter for his soul. The author calls Yesenin "a miserable orphan", pities him: "Only a bright soul hovers over Russia and worries, worries us with eternal sadness."

In the poem "The Poet and the Crowd" A.S. Pushkin denounces people who believe that a poet is needed only to correct their vices. This dispute about the purpose of the poet suggests that misunderstandings between a talented person and his readers will not stop until the consumer attitude of people towards writers disappears.

“The Death of a Poet” is a poem written by M.Yu. Lermontov, struck by the death of Pushkin. In it, the poet accuses the "arrogant descendants" who killed the great creator. Lermontov emphasizes the fact that the "wonderful genius" is alone, he does not have a soul mate in this world. We see that the author protests against the prevailing public position that covers the criminal who killed the great poet.

Thus, I believe that creativity should be treated with respect, and poets should be loved and appreciated.

What works will help to easily reveal the topic and write a good essay

Text: Anna Chaynikova
Collage: Year of Literature. RF

Practice shows that the most difficulties for schoolchildren are the selection of arguments in the essay. everyone will have to take it, and everyone will have to write an essay in the second part of the exam, and not just those who have chosen humanitarian specialties for themselves. Together with you

we will analyze the main thematic blocks, and start with art, because the exam often contains texts about reading and books.

Types of problems in an essay in the USE format:

• philosophical
• Social
• Moral
• Environmental
• aesthetic

We will consider some of the most common problems in the texts of the exam and select works, on the example of which it will be easy to reveal the topic and write a good essay.

AESTHETIC problems affect the sphere of human perception of beauty:

• The role of art in human life (music, books and reading)
• Perception of art (music, literature, theater) and mass culture (television, internet)
• The power of art (music, poetry, books) and its impact on a person
• Education of aesthetic taste
• Spirituality in art
• Refusal of books and reading

Sample Problem Statements

The problem of the role of books/music in human life. (What role do books/music play in a person's life?)

The problem of refusal to read and books. (What threatens humanity with the rejection of books?)

The problem of perception of music/poetry by people. (How do people perceive music/poetry?)

The influence of music on people. (What effect does music have on people?)

The problem of the purifying power of art/poetry/music). (What is the impact of art/poetry/music on a person?)

The problem of the power of talent. (What is the power of talent?)

The problem of the power of the poetic word. (What is the power of the poetic word?)

The problem of attitude to people of art (poets, composers), to their work. (How do people treat people of art, creative people?)

The problem of differences between science and art. (What is the difference between science and art?)

A poetic word, the sounds of music, wonderful singing can awaken the strongest emotions in a person, make him experience various feelings: sadness, delight, peace - make him think about the important and eternal. Art has a cleansing effect on the human soul, it can heal spiritual wounds, give strength to a person, instill confidence in the desperate, give a desire to fight for the life of a soldier in war.

The book is an invaluable source of knowledge passed down from generation to generation, with its help a person learns the world, getting acquainted with the life experience of other people, set out in it. It is impossible to understand a person if you do not read the books that have been written about him. M. Gorky called the book "The New Testament, written by a man about himself, about the most complex being that is in the world."

With the rejection of books and reading, ties between people will be interrupted, the mechanism for transferring knowledge will be lost, and humanity will stop in its development. Books educate morality, form a personality, without them it is impossible to grow a humane and sympathetic person. In the novel, Fahrenheit 451 describes a world in which books were outlawed and subject to destruction. Depicting a society that has abandoned reading and books, Bradbury talks about the danger of losing one's own "I", individuality, turning people into a faceless crowd that is easy to manage.

Books can have a tremendous impact on a person's worldview, give a certain model of behavior that he will adhere to in life. So, “living by the book” begins the title character of the novel “Don Quixote”, who wholeheartedly fell in love with chivalric novels. Presenting himself as a knight, he performs feats for the glory of his Beautiful Lady, Dulcinea of ​​Toboso: he fights giants, frees convicts, saves the princess, fights for the rights of the oppressed and offended. From French sentimental novels about life and relationships with men, Tatyana Larina, the heroine, and Sofia Famusova from the comedy "Woe from Wit" recognize. Tatyana writes a declaration of love to Onegin, just like the heroine of the novel, and she assigns a completely bookish role to her lover: he is either a "guardian angel" or "an insidious tempter." Sophia Molchalina sees through the prism of a sentimental novel, it fully corresponds to the book ideal, so the girl chooses him. The caustic Chatsky does not attract her, because he does not have that kindness and tenderness (however, feigned) that is inherent in Molchalin.

The daughter's immense love for books and reading worries Famusov, because he believes that books are only harmful ( “Learning is the plague, learning is the reason, / What is more dense now than when, / Crazy divorced people, and deeds, and opinions ...”) and “if you stop evil, take everything books would yes burn".

About the danger, which, according to some, the book may contain, he writes in the novel "The Name of the Rose". However, it is worth noting that in the hands of an unintelligent reader, the book will never be dangerous, but it will not be useful either. For example, the footman Chichikov Petrushka, a great lover of reading books, "the content of which he did not find it difficult," read everything with the same attention. “He didn’t like what he read about, but rather the reading itself, or, rather, the process of reading itself, that some word always comes out of the letters, which sometimes the devil knows what it means”. The book in the hands of such a "reader" is dumb, it can neither help nor harm him, because reading is not only pleasure, but also difficult mental and intellectual work.

For a sensitive, attentive reader, the book can not only give knowledge and give pleasure, but also form an idea of ​​​​the world, show its beauty, teach to dream and give strength to go towards your dream. This is exactly what is happening with Alyosha Peshkov, the hero of the trilogy "Childhood", "In People", "My Universities". Sent "to the people" the boy lives "in a fog of stupefying anguish" among the rudeness and ignorance of ordinary working people. In his life there are no aspirations, goals, it seems to the child dreary and hopeless. But how Alyosha's life changes when a book falls into his hands! She opens up to him a huge beautiful new world, shows that you can live differently: “They [books] showed me a different life - a life of great feelings and desires that led people to exploits and crimes. I saw that the people around me are not capable of exploits and crimes, they live somewhere away from everything that books are written about, and it is difficult to understand what is interesting in their life? I don’t want to live such a life ... It’s clear to me - I don’t want to ... ” Since then, the boy has been trying with all his might to get out of the pool he fell into, and the book has become his guiding star.

The main task of the book is not at all to entertain the reader, to give him pleasure, to console or lull, M. Gorky convinces the reader in the story “On the Restless Book”. A good book disturbs, deprives of sleep, "sows needles on ... the bed", making you think about the meaning of life, prompting you to understand yourself.

Artworks

About books and reading

A. S. Griboyedov"Woe from Wit"
A. S. Pushkin"Eugene Onegin"
"Dead Souls"
Maksim Gorky"In People", "Konovalov", "About the Restless Book"
A. Green"Green Lamp"
V. P. Astafiev"Yesenin sing"
B. Vasiliev"Don't Shoot the White Swans"
V. Sorokin"Manaraga"
M. Cervantes"Don Quixote"
D. London"Martin Eden"
R. Bradbury"451 degrees Fahrenheit"
O. Huxley"Brave New World"
W. Eco"The Name of the Rose"
B. Schlink"Reader"

About music and singing

"Mozart and Salieri"
"Singers"
L. N. Tolstoy"War and Peace", "Albert"
A. P. Chekhov"Rothschild Violin"
V. G. Korolenko"Blind Musician"
A. I. Kuprin"Garnet Bracelet", "Gambrinus", "Taper"
V. P. Astafiev"Dome Cathedral", "Postscript"
"Old Chef", "Dead City"

Views: 0

THE PROBLEM OF RESISTANCE AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS

1. In the novel by L.N. Tostoy's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy at all costs, and does not have a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him was the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.

2. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet..." Five young girls who opposed German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. Anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and endurance, showed themselves to be true patriots.

THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS

1. an example of sacrificial love is Jane Eyre, the heroine of the novel of the same name by Charlotte Brontë. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person she loved most when he went blind.

2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures the severity of her father. She treats the old prince with love, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often unnecessarily demanding of her. Mary's love is sincere, pure, bright.

THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING HONOR

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" for Pyotr Grinev, the most important life principle was honor. Even before the threat of the death penalty, Peter, who swore allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize the sovereign in Pugachev. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Aleksey Shvabrin, on the contrary, committed a betrayal and lost his own dignity when he went over to the camp of an impostor.

2. The problem of preserving honor is raised in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the protagonist are completely different. Ostap is an honest and courageous person. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic nature. For the love of a Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. His personal interests come first. Andriy dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, one should always remain honest, first of all, with oneself.

THE PROBLEM OF LOYAL LOVE

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinev from exile when she "asks for mercy" from the Empress. Thus, at the heart of the relationship between Masha and Peter is mutual assistance.

2. Selfless love is one of the themes of M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own, helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites white-washed chapters, trying to keep the master calm and happy. In this, a woman sees her destiny.

THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" shows a long way to repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of "permission of blood in conscience", the protagonist despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity of the crime committed. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.

THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD

1. In the story of I.A. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco", the American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life lies in the accumulation of wealth. When the Master died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.

2. In Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of life in the family, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character abandons social life, devotes herself entirely to the family. Natasha Rostova found her destiny in this world and became truly happy.

THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY IllITERACY AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH

1. In "Letters about the good and the beautiful" D.S. Likhachev claims that a book educates a person better than any work. A well-known scientist admires the ability of a book to educate a person, to form her inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach to think, make a person intelligent.

2. Ray Bradbury in Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to mankind after all books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there are no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply soulless, since there is no literature that can make people analyze, think, make decisions.

CHILD EDUCATION PROBLEM

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive care led to Oblomov's apathy and lack of will in adulthood.

2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" in the Rostov family reigns the spirit of mutual understanding, fidelity, love. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness, nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM

1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ..." Smolensk doctor Janson is working tirelessly. The protagonist in any weather hurries to help the sick. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to win the love and respect of all the inhabitants of the city.

2.

THE PROBLEM OF SOLDIER'S FATE IN WAR

1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet ...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls died. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls became an example of perseverance and courage.

2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. The further fate of the soldiers was different. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to give up and chose death.

THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A MAN IN LOVE

1. In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for a Pole, went over to the camp of the enemy, betrayed his brother, father, homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to go out with weapons against his yesterday's comrades. For Andrii, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his youngest son.

2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, like the main character P. Zyuskind's "Perfumer. The Story of a Murderer". Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is not capable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, the creation of a fragrance that inspires people to love. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who commits the most serious crimes to carry out his meta.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL

1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka eavesdropped and informed the head of everything that was said about him. Later, Romashov went so far as to collect information proving Nikolai Antonovich's guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov's expedition. All the actions of Chamomile are low, destroying not only his life but also the fate of other people.

2. Even deeper consequences are entailed by the act of the hero of the story V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember". Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but also causes the suicide of his wife Nastya.

THE PROBLEM OF DECEPTIONAL APPEARANCE

1. In Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Helen Kuragina, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, does not have a rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual decline.

2. In Victor Hugo's Notre Dame Cathedral, Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the protagonist is completely unsightly, but behind it lies a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincere love.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL IN WAR

1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrey Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went to reconnaissance, never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after a while, Guskov thought about why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness took over, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and caused the suicide of his wife Nastya. Pangs of conscience tormented the hero, but he was no longer able to change anything.

2. In V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve "great Germany". His comrade Sotnikov, on the other hand, is an example of resilience. Despite the unbearable pain he experiences during the torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his act, wants to run away, but understands that there is no turning back.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE HOMELAND ON CREATIVITY

1. Yu.Ya. Yakovlev in the story "Awakened by Nightingales" writes about the difficult boy Selyuzhenka, whom those around him did not like. One night, the protagonist heard the trill of a nightingale. Beautiful sounds struck the child, aroused interest in creativity. Selyuzhenok enrolled in an art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens the best qualities in the human soul, helps to reveal the creative potential.

2. Love for the native land is the main motive of the painter A.G. Venetsianov. His brush belongs to a number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants. "Reapers", "Zakharka", "Sleeping Shepherd" - these are my favorite canvases of the artist. The life of ordinary people, the beauty of Russia's nature prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have attracted the attention of viewers for more than two centuries with their freshness and sincerity.

THE PROBLEM OF INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood the happiest time. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care caused Oblomov's apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to wake up Ilya Ilyich. However, his way of life remained unchanged, because the way of his native Oblomovka forever left a mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced the life of Ilya Ilyich.

2. In the poem "My Way" S.A. Yesenin admitted that childhood played an important role in his work. Once at the age of nine, inspired by the nature of his native village, the boy wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined the life path of S.A. Yesenin.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A LIFE PATH

1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. The lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize their potential.

2. From M. Mirsky's book "Healing with a scalpel. Academician N.N. Burdenko" I learned that the outstanding doctor first studied at the seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Entering the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev, in "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful," argues that "one must live life with dignity, so as not to be ashamed to remember." With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and not indifferent person.

THE PROBLEM OF DOG DEFOY

1. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky "White Bim Black Ear" tells the tragic fate of the Scottish Setter. Beam the dog is desperately trying to find his owner, who is having a heart attack. Along the way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog was killed. Bim can certainly be called a true friend, devoted to the owner until the end of his days.

2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family has to give up their collie to other people due to financial hardship. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when the new owner takes her away from her home. Collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog is reunited with the former owners.

THE PROBLEM OF SKILLS IN ART

1. In the story of V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Pyotr Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, with his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.

2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is surprisingly talented and hardworking. The boy's talent does not go unnoticed. His playing amazed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.

THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE FOR WRITERS

1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the protagonist is fond of poetry. Yuri Zhivago is a witness of the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. So life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.

2. The theme of the writer's vocation is raised in Jack London's novel "Martin Eden". The protagonist is a sailor who has been doing hard physical labor for many years. Martin Eden visited different countries, saw the life of ordinary people. All this became the main theme of his work. So life experience allowed a simple sailor to become a famous writer.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MENTAL STATE OF A HUMAN

1. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet" Vera Sheina experiences spiritual purification to the sounds of Beethoven's sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after her trials. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera find inner balance, find the meaning of her future life.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" evoke feelings in his soul that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel "such vivacity, such strength, which seemed to rise from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat."

THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE

1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilyevna was depressed when she learned that her son had to leave for a long time to work. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because for her nothing could be harder than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna's love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WAR ART WORKS ON HUMANS

1. In Lev Kassil's story "The Great Confrontation", Sima Krupitsyna listened every morning to news reports from the front on the radio. Once the girl heard the song "Holy War". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. So the work of art inspired the main character to a feat.

THE PROBLEM OF PSEUSIC SCIENCE

1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White Clothes", Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine approved by the party. For the sake of personal gain, the academician launches a struggle against genetic scientists. A number of vehemently defends pseudoscientific views and goes to the most dishonest deeds in order to achieve fame. The fanaticism of an academician leads to the death of talented scientists, the cessation of important research.

2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story "Candidate of Sciences" opposes those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science, and consequently, of society as a whole. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky emphasizes the need to combat pseudoscientists.

THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE

1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin's "Station Master" Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter ran away with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. From anguish and hopelessness, the caretaker died. Only a few years later Dunya came to her father's grave. The girl felt guilty for the caretaker's death, but repentance came too late.

2. In the story of K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna foresaw her imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at the grave of Katerina Petrovna. So K.G. Paustovsky claims that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.

THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY

1. V.G. Rasputin in the essay "Eternal Field" writes about his impressions of the trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time much has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Russia.

2. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev “The dawns here are quiet…” five girls fell fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their comrade-in-arms Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina's son Albert returned to the site of the death of anti-aircraft gunners to install a gravestone and perpetuate their feat.

THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE WAY OF A GIFTED PERSON

1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying..." Smolensk doctor Janson is an example of disinterestedness combined with high professionalism. The most talented doctor hurried to help the sick every day in any weather, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor won the love and respect of all the inhabitants of the city.

2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri" tells the story of the life of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart selflessly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite the death of Mozart, his works live and excite the hearts of people.

THE PROBLEM OF THE DESTRUCTIVE CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

1. A. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryona's Dvor" depicts the life of the Russian village after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to the loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy, became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.

2. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" shows the life path of a soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family died during the bombardment. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable thing they have.

THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTION OF THE INTERNAL WORLD OF HUMAN

1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" Yevgeny Bazarov is distinguished by his intelligence, diligence, determination, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who succumb to feelings, but is convinced of the wrongness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsova. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are inherently contradictory.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive character traits. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and dependent. Oblomov is not interested in real life, it makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by sincerity, sincerity, and the ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov's character.

THE PROBLEM OF FAIR ATTITUDE TO PEOPLE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich investigates the murder of an old pawnbroker. The investigator is a fine connoisseur of human psychology. He understands the motives for the crime of Rodion Raskolnikov and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives the young man a chance to turn himself in. This will later serve as a mitigating circumstance in the Raskolnikov case.

2. A.P. Chekhov in the story "Chameleon" introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out because of a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov tries to decide if she deserves to be punished. Ochumelov's verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The overseer does not seek justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.

THE PROBLEM OF INTERRELATION OF MAN AND NATURE

1. In the story of V.P. Astafieva "Tsar-fish" Ignatich has been poaching for many years. Once a fisherman caught a giant sturgeon on a hook. Ignatich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself was overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: "The king of the rivers and the king of all nature are in the same trap." So the author emphasizes the inseparable connection between man and nature.

2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels herself an integral part of the world around her, knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. I.A Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel "such vivacity, such strength, which, it seemed, all rose from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat." Thus, music can awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.

2. In the novel by M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don" songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing in military campaigns, in the field, at weddings. The Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, love for the Don, the steppes.

THE PROBLEM OF BOOKS SUPPOSED BY TV

1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society based on mass culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was supplanted by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are unspiritual, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.

2. In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful”, D.S. Likhachev thinks about the question: why is television replacing literature. The academician believes that this happens because the TV distracts from worries, makes you slowly watch some program. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to humans, because television “dictates how to watch and what to watch”, makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE

1. The story of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor" depicts the life of the Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous, unspiritual. Only Matryona retained a sense of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. The tragic death of the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian village.

2. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which should be flooded. It is hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they have spent their entire lives, where their ancestors are buried. The end of the story is tragic. Along with the village, its customs and traditions disappear, which for centuries have been passed down from generation to generation and formed the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY

1. A.S. Pushkin in the poem "The Poet and the Crowd" calls that part of Russian society that did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity "dumb mob". According to the crowd, the poems are in the public interest. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that a poet will cease to be a creator if he submits to the will of the crowd. Thus, the main goal of the poet is not popular recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.

2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem "Out loud" sees the poet's mission in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon capable of inspiring people to great achievements. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that personal creative freedom should be abandoned for the sake of a common great goal.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF A TEACHER ON STUDENTS

1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" class teacher Lidia Mikhailovna - a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a rural boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lidia Mikhailovna had to go against the generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. In addition to studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and compassion.

2. In the fairy tale-parable of Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince", the old Fox became a teacher for the main character, telling about love, friendship, responsibility, fidelity. He revealed to the prince the main secret of the universe: “you can’t see the main thing with your eyes - only the heart is vigilant.” So Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO ORPHAN CHILDREN

1. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all the remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life's difficulties, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.

2. In the story of G. Belykh and L. Panteleev "Republic of ShKID" the life of students of the school of social and labor education for homeless children and juvenile delinquents is depicted. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and went on the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should treat orphans with attention, create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF A WOMAN IN WWII

1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev “The dawns here are quiet…” five young anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for their Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to oppose the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, along with men, are capable of military feats and heroic deeds.

2. In the story of V.A. Zakrutkina "The Mother of Man" shows the fate of a woman during the war. The main character Maria lost her whole family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left completely alone, her heart did not harden. Maria left seven Leningrad orphans, replaced their mother. The story of V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and troubles during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.

THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

1. A. Knyshev in the article “O great and mighty new Russian language!” ironically writes about lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes ridiculous when it is overloaded with foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings clogs the Russian language.

2. V. Astafiev in the story "Lyudochka" connects changes in the language with a drop in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is littered with criminal jargon, which reflects the troubles of society, its degradation.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION

1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. The lyrical hero thinks about how to find the right life path and occupation. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and equally necessary for people.

2. In E. Grishkovets's story "Darwin", the protagonist, after graduating from school, chooses a business that he wants to do all his life. He realizes the "uselessness of what is happening" and refuses to study at the Institute of Culture when he watches a play played by students. A young man lives with a firm conviction that the profession should be useful, bring pleasure.

The poet E.A. Yevtushenko raises the problem of man's attitude to poetry.

At first, the author writes that many do not like to read poetry. Then he talks about his attitude to poetry. The poet gives an example of how the composer Stravinsky felt the beauty of a line in one of Yevtushenko's poems. The author speaks of his love for Russian poetry, which he is not only passionate about, but educates himself on it.

E.A. Yevtushenko believes that by reading poems, a person develops a taste for literature, because, while enjoying them, he learns to feel the word.

He argues that the poetic ear can be developed. E.A. Yevtushenko is happy that the poets have taught him sympathy.

It is difficult to disagree with the author's arguments. I think that some people are gradually becoming interested in poetry, even if it's only one topic, for example, the topic of love. Some do not completely reject all poems, but like to read only poems that contain, for example, an event. But still, most people don't like poetry.

How did famous people feel about poetry? Prose writer K.G. Paustovsky recalled how he became interested in poetry in the Taganrog library. He read all the poets and memorized their poems. The writer admitted that he was "conquered by the magical music of poetry." This is how the “singing richness” of the Russian language was revealed to him. K.G. Paustovsky wrote that he fell into a family of "spiritually subtle" poets. He felt that he possessed innumerable spiritual riches. Poems for K.G. Paustovsky were the same reality as bread and the sun.

I.S. Turgenev in his youth admired the poetry of V.G. Benediktov. A.A. Fet was one of the favorite poets of L.N. Tolstoy, and N.G. Chernyshevsky considered Fet's poetry "an example of nonsense."

The protagonist of the novel I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" Yevgeny Bazarov did not recognize poetry, he was surprised that Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov, the father of his friend Arkady, loves Pushkin. The writer, taking into account the peculiarities of the era, showed a representative of the younger generation denying poetry, the beauty of nature, music, romantic love and wanted the readers to understand that a person thus impoverishes his life spiritually.

So, poetry can be treated differently, because people have different tastes for literature. But, joining the world of poetry, a person forms his own spiritual world, the development of which sometimes does not even think about, because the real, practical, pragmatic world that surrounds a person and is distinguished by everyday fuss, most often prevails over the spiritual world.

Updated: 2018-02-08

Attention!
If you notice an error or typo, highlight the text and press Ctrl+Enter.
Thus, you will provide invaluable benefit to the project and other readers.

Thank you for your attention.

Useful material on the topic