Three types of criteria: temporal, spatial, content.
In accordance with the first, the historical stages of the emergence, approval and development of sociological science during the 19th-20th centuries are determined. With the help of spatial criteria, countries (continents) are singled out in which sociology is developing most actively in certain periods (stages). Finally, turning to substantive criteria means highlighting various trends, schools, currents, paradigms and their most prominent representatives (personalistic approach).
French scientists Sh.-A. Kuen and F. Gresl in their work "The History of Sociology"1 distinguish five stages in the development of sociological science: the first - before 1917, the second - 1918-1945, the third - 1945-1968, the fourth - 1969 - early 1990s years, the fifth - since the beginning of the 1990s. It is easy to see that such a periodization is based not so much on the substantive processes that took place in sociological science itself, but on major political events of world significance: revolutions, wars, socio-political movements and speeches that seriously influenced the development of society.
It is advisable to allocate two main stages in the development of sociological science:
1. The first covers the 19th century. (since the time of Comte) and the beginning of the 20th century. (until the 1920s),
2. The second - the entire XX century.
The first stage was called the classical one (the stage of emergence and development of classical sociology), the second - the modern one (the stage of development of modern sociology). If the first is associated with the existence, and predominantly, of theoretical sociology, then the second is characterized, along with the continuation of this process, by the emergence and development of empirical sociology. The current stage in the development of sociology is determined by the interaction (including in the form of confrontation, confrontation, mutual rejection) of theoretical and empirical sociology.
Theoretical sociology - the area of development of sociological science, the content of which is the acquisition of theoretical knowledge, the creation (construction) of general and special (private) sociological theories. empirical sociology- the area of development of sociological science associated with obtaining factual knowledge based on the study of specific social problems using appropriate methods for collecting primary sociological information (document analysis, sociological observation, survey in its various types and types, etc.).
Modern stage associated, firstly, with the formation and development of empirical sociology; secondly, with the sectoral differentiation of sociological science; thirdly, with the emergence of new schools, trends, paradigms and theories in comparison with those that existed in the 19th century; fourthly, with the desire to combine theoretical and empirical sociology in a certain way; fifthly, with the search for ways to move away from classical theories towards "postclassics".
Within the boundaries of the current stage of development of sociology, several periods can be distinguished:
1. The first falls on the 1920-1930s. and is characterized by a powerful offensive of sociological empiricism.
2. The next period is 1940-1960s. - is determined by a significant strengthening of theoretical and methodological constructions, which has become a kind of reaction to the dominance of the empirical tradition.
3. Third period - 1970s - mid-1980s; At this time, attempts are being made, on the one hand, to combine theoretical and empirical research, micro- and macrosociology, on the other hand, to bring science to a new level of theoretical understanding of processes (both in real life and in sociology itself).
4. The fourth period covers the last 15 years and makes it possible to detect fundamentally different trends that are of an integrative nature. New movements, theories and paradigms in sociology give grounds to speak of the beginning of a period of "post-classical" constructions.
Classic stage
| Time Criteria | Content criterion | Spatial criterion. Personalities | |
| Early Classic Period: 1830s-1880s | Positivism Naturalism, organicism: social Darwinism racial-anthropological direction geographical direction | Comte (France), Spencer (England), Kovalevsky (Russia) Gumplovich, Ratzenhofer (Austria), Small, Sumner (USA), Stronin, Lilienfeld (Russia) Gobineau, Letourneau (France) Bockle (England), Ratzel, Haushofer (Germany) ), Reclus (France), Mechnikov (Russia) | |
| Marxism | Marx, Engels (Germany), Plekhanov, Ulyanov/Lenin (Russia) | ||
| Late Classic Period: 1880s-1920s | Psychological direction: evolutionism psychology of peoples group psychology instinctivism interactionism | Ward, Giddings (USA), de Roberti, Kareev (Russia) Wundt (Germany) Tarde, Lebon (France) McDougall (England) Cooley (USA) | |
| Classical German sociology: formal sociology understanding sociology | Tennis, Simmel (Germany) Weber (Germany) | ||
| Positivism and neo-positivism | Durkheim (France), Pareto (Italy), Sorokin (Russia) |
Periodization according to Kravchenko:
1) Pre-scientific (3 thousand BC - 18 century AD) - ancient philosophers, modern times (Machiavelli, Hobbes and others, Montesquieu).
2) Classical (19th century) - French school, Marxist school, German school. The struggle of schools is characteristic, at the end of the 19th century. institutionalization begins.
3) Modern (20th century).
Periodization according to Martin Elbrow:
1) The formation of sociology is a naturalistic period. This is the period of Comte and Spencer, the first of whom considered sociology as a "social physics", and the second as a "social organism".
2) The formation of national scientific schools and the development of theories that have become sociological classics today.
A) Sociocultural approach of Durkheim (France).
B) Weber's rationalism (Germany).
D) Genetic sociology of Kovalevsky (Russia).
3) Internationalization of sociology. The struggle between schools grew into an exchange of scientific knowledge. Two opposing systems:
A) Conflictologists (Marxists).
B) Evolutionists (structural functionalists).
Marxists focused on social contradictions, largely due to the economic system, while functionalists (Parsons, Merton, and others) emphasized the importance of spiritual, sociocultural factors in the consolidation of society.
4) The period of formation and development of sociological "postmodernity" associated with the penetration of the sociological culture of the West into the Asian, South American and African worlds, where there has been a significant transformation of the principles and methods of sociological knowledge, taking into account the cultural traditions and social specifics of developing countries.
32. The fifth period begins in the 1990s. and associated with the awareness of globalization(i.e. indissoluble connection) of the modern world. Sociology is again experiencing a crisis, correcting its ideas about the "object" and "subject", which causes the emergence of new theories. For example, I. Wallerstein's "global system".
Organism
G. Spencer comes to the conclusion that society is an organism - social growth, like the growth of a living organism, usually lasts either until the given society is absorbed by some other society, or until it breaks up into two or more others. “Another distinguishing feature of both societies and living beings is that, along with an increase in size, they also have an increase in the complexity of the structure” [Spencer. Sociology as a subject of study. 1996. S. 281].
Let us formulate in a generalized form the main similarities and differences between biological and social organisms as Spencer saw them. Speaking of similarities, let's name the main ones: 1) society, like a biological organism, has been growing for most of its existence, increasing in volume; 2) as society grows in volume, its structure becomes more complex, as well as the structure of an organism in the process of biological evolution; 3) both in a biological and in a social organism, the differentiation of the structure of its elements is accompanied by a similar differentiation of their functions. As for the differences between biological and social organisms, the main ones are manifested in the following: 1) in a biological organism, elements live for the sake of the whole, in society, on the contrary; 2) the ability to feel and think is concentrated only in certain parts of a living organism, while in society consciousness is “poured” throughout the entire “aggregate”.
Evolutionism
The English sociologist considers three types of evolution - inorganic, organic, supraorganic, corresponding to inorganic, organic nature and human society. Along with the general laws of evolution that operate in all these areas, there are laws specific to each of them. Moreover, as Spencer points out, the evolutionary laws of the higher spheres of being cannot be reduced to the laws of the lower spheres, since in the former there are phenomena and processes that are absent in the latter.
Evolution is seen as a transition from one state to another, more developed, within one social system. A person turns into a social being, becomes one in the process of a long evolution of primitive communities into social systems. Spencer writes about the natural evolution of labor skills, intelligence, social feelings, the core of which is the socialization of man. According to the English scientist, sociology should reveal the operation of the universal laws of evolution in the course of studying social facts, processes, and typical mass phenomena. In this regard, sociological science must reject the single, random, individual.
The problem of social evolution in connection with G. Spencer's search for a social ideal and ways to achieve it found its development in his interpretation of socialism - a society that did not exist in reality, but was predicted and promoted by many thinkers of the modern English sociologist of the era.
3. Sociological theory of Marxism: materialistic understanding of history, the concept of socio-historical formation (short version).
Karl Marx is the most famous and influential social thinker XIX century. His works: "The German Ideology" (written with Engels), "The Poverty of Philosophy" (1847), "Toward a Critique of Political Economy" (1859), "The Class Struggle in France from 1848 to 1850" (1850), The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852), Capital, etc.
Materialist understanding of Marx's history can be summarized as follows: 1) this understanding of history comes from from the decisive, determining role of material production immediate life. It is necessary to study the real process of production, the real relations between people. 2). It shows how various forms of social consciousness arise - religion, philosophy, morality, law, and how they are determined by material production. 3). It always remains on the basis of actual history, it explains not practice from ideas, but ideological formations from material life. 4). It considers that each stage of the development of society finds a certain level of productive forces, certain relations of production. New generations use the productive forces, the acquired previous capital, and thus simultaneously create new values and new productive forces. 5). “The mode of production of material life determines the social, political and spiritual processes of life in general”
Any significant theory of society presupposes the explicit or implicit presence of some theory of man. According to Marx, man is first and foremost homo faber, man of production. Productive labor - this is what distinguishes man from animal. A person differs from an animal in that he does not so much adapt to the world around him as he adapts it to himself. At the same time, labor connects man with nature. Thanks to labor in the course of historical development, people are increasingly mastering the natural elements.
One of the first in the history of sociology, Marx develops a very detailed idea of society as a system. This idea is embodied primarily in his concept social formation.
His concept of a social formation, as well as the corresponding geological concept, contains an indication of the multilevel character inherent in this complex; close interconnection of different levels; the presence of "residual" layers in this complex, inherited from previous eras; common features that unite the whole complex, especially the same age. Indeed, according to the evolutionist and progressive point of view of Marx (formations are the “stages” of the development of society, from the least progressive to the most progressive) to determine which formation a particular society belongs to, means to determine its age .
A social formation, according to Marx, is a social system consisting of interrelated elements and in a state of unstable equilibrium. .
The structure of this system is as follows. It is based on the method of production of material goods, i.e., the economic subsystem, basis ; to designate it, Marx sometimes also uses the terms "economic formation" and "economic social formation ". The mode of production has two aspects: the productive forces of society and the relations of production.
To productive forces include all the resources and means at the disposal of society that ensure the production process: industry, human resources. Relations of production expressed in various forms of ownership of the means of production.
Both sides of the mode of production are in a state of correspondence and interaction; the leading role is played by the productive forces.
It is the mode of production that creates the qualitative definiteness of a social formation and distinguishes one formation from another.
But in addition to the productive forces and production relations, which constitute the "real basis", the structure of society, the formation includes superstructure or superstructure . In it, Marx includes legal and political relations and institutions (located closer to the basis than other institutions and relations) and further, more precisely, “higher” - the rest of the spheres of social life, which, like law and politics, belong to the field of “public consciousness”, or "ideologies": morality, science, religion, art.
Marx understood the relative autonomy of the superstructure in relation to the base.
In addition to the basis and superstructure, the formation, according to Marx, also includes a certain structure of social classes, groups and strata, which, like the superstructure, expresses the mode of production, the basis. Finally, the social formation also includes such components as certain forms of the family, lifestyle and daily life of people, in particular consumption.
Formation classification: primitive, slaveholding, feudal, bourgeois and future communist. This classification was based on differences in the method of production. The primitive formation is based on collective communal property and blood relations. The next three formations are based on private ownership of the means of production, the relations in them are antagonistic.
« Asian way of production"constitutes a special social formation that occupies an intermediate historical position between primitive and slave-owning formations and is based on a system of land communities united by the state.
communist formation in its developed form, it has such features as: 1) the disappearance of the subordination of man to the enslaving division of labor; 2) the simultaneous disappearance of the opposition of mental and physical labor; 3) the transformation of labor from a means into the first need of life; 4) comprehensive development of individuals; 5) unprecedented growth of productive forces and social wealth; 6) implementation of the principle " To each according to his ability, to each according to his needs ».
The change of social formations is the successive periods of world history, stages, "steps" of social progress leading from "prehistory" to the "genuine" history of mankind, i.e. to the earthly paradise.
This interpretation of social systems stemmed from his belief in progress and his conception of social evolution as a process in which all societies inevitably go through the same phases, and all mankind in general moves in the same direction.
The dynamics of social development, according to Marx, is due to constantly emerging contradiction, conflict between the developing productive forces, one side, and industrial relations - with another. In turn, the relations of production (the basis) are constantly in conflict with the superstructure and various forms of awareness of this basis in society. On the whole, the development of the productive forces, according to Marx, is an immutable law; they cannot develop. For him, this development is identical with life itself.
4. Marxist theory of socio-economic formations; interpretation of capitalism. Theory of class struggle and social revolution (short version).
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FORMATION- the central concept of the Marxist theory of society or historical materialism (see): "... a society that is at a certain stage of historical development, a society with a peculiar distinctive character." Representatives of historical materialism believed that the concept of O.-E.F. allows you to notice the repetition in history and thus give its strictly scientific analysis. Change of formations forms a main line progress, formations perish due to internal antagonisms, but with the advent of communism, the law of formation change ceases to operate.
Capitalism , a socio-economic formation based on private ownership of the means of production and the exploitation of wage labor by capital; replaces feudalism, precedes socialism - the first phase of communism.
Main features TO.: domination of commodity-money relations and private ownership of the means of production, the presence of a developed social division of labor, the growth of the socialization of production, the transformation of labor power into a commodity, the exploitation of wage workers by capitalists . The goal of capitalist production is appropriation surplus value created by the labor of hired workers. As the relations of capitalist exploitation become the dominant type of production relations and the pre-capitalist forms of the superstructure are replaced by bourgeois political, legal, ideological, and other social institutions, capitalism turns into a socio-economic formation that includes the capitalist mode of production and its corresponding superstructure. To. antagonistic contradictions are inherent. The basic contradiction of capitalism between the social character of production and the private capitalist form of appropriation of its results gives rise to anarchy in production, unemployment, economic crises, and an irreconcilable struggle between the main classes of capitalist society—the proletariat and the bourgeoisie—and determines the historical doom of the capitalist system.
The theme of classes and class struggle- central to Marx.
1) the existence of classes is associated only with certain historical phases in the development of production,
2) the class struggle must be waged to the dictatorship of the proletariat ,
3) this dictatorship itself constitutes only a transition to the abolition of all classes and to a society without classes"
Although the concept of class is central to Marx's doctrine, it is nowhere does not provide a general definition.
From his point of view, class division is absent in primitive societies in which there is collective ownership of the means of production; it arises only in so-called antagonistic formations, as a result of the development of the division of labor and private ownership of the means of production.
In the broadest sense, classes, according to Marx, are any social groups that are in relation to each other in an unequal position and fighting among themselves oh.
In a narrower sense, Marx understands by classes such social groups that differ in their attitude towards the means of production. Various form of ownership of the means of production and, most importantly, the presence or absence of this property act as the main class criteria.
A class in the full sense, according to Marx, is a class that has realized itself as a special social group with its own interests, opposed to other groups. Along with these signs, as attitude to the means of production, economic situation, lifestyle, level of education, etc., class consciousness constitutes the most important class sign.
According to Marx, opposition opposition of a given social group to a certain other group- one of the most important class features. Thus, Marx's concept of classes is inseparable from his concept of class domination and class struggle.
The class dichotomy appears in him in two forms.
First, this through confrontation , characteristic of all "antagonistic" formations, where at one pole there are unproductive, ruling, oppressive, exploiting classes, extracting a surplus product from the exploitation of another class, and at the other, respectively, productive, subordinate, oppressed, exploited classes.
Secondly, each of these formations has its own specific pairs of classes expressing a certain mode of production. Each class assumes, in principle, its own antipode with which he is at odds.
The struggle between classes, according to Marx, is ultimately the expression of the struggle between the developing productive forces and the production relations lagging behind them.
The proletariat and the bourgeoisie, according to Marx, are the last antagonist classes. Future the communist formation is a classless society.
Although Marx recognizes the existence of other classes and strata in modern capitalist society, in addition to the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, all of them, from his point of view, should disappear in the future.
Theory of social action
The concept of "social action" in Weber's interpretation is derived from action in general, which is understood as such human behavior in the course of which the acting individual associates with it or, more precisely, puts into it a subjective meaning. Therefore, action is a person's understanding of his own behavior.
This judgment is immediately followed by an explanation of what a social action is: “We call “social” an action that, according to the meaning assumed by the actor or actors, correlates with the action of other people and focuses on him” [Weber. 1990].
social action includes two points: a) the subjective motivation of the individual (individuals, groups of people); b) orientation to others (the other), which Weber calls "expectation" and without which the action cannot be considered as social. Its main subject is the individual. Sociology can consider collectives (groups) only as derivatives of the individuals that make them up. They (collectives, groups) are not independent realities, but rather ways of organizing the actions of individual individuals.
Weber's social action comes in four types: goal-oriented, value-rational, affective, and traditional.
A goal-oriented action is an action based on the expectation of a certain behavior of objects of the external world and other people and the use of this expectation as "conditions" or "means" to achieve one's rationally set and thought-out goal"
Value-rational action is based "on the belief in the unconditional - aesthetic, religious or any other - self-sufficient value of a certain behavior as such, regardless of what it leads to"
An affective action is an action conditioned by affects or
emotional state of the individual. According to Weber, affective action
action "is on the border and often beyond what is "meaningful", especially
knowingly oriented; it can be unhindered reacting
to a completely unusual irritation"
A traditional action is an action based on a long habit. Weber writes: “Most of the habitual everyday behavior of people is close to this type, which occupies a certain place in the systematization of behavior ...”
Understanding sociology
M. Weber, and after him his followers and researchers, defines his sociology as understanding.
Weber proclaims that the specific object of understanding sociology is not the internal state or external attitude of a person as such, taken in itself, but his action. An action is always an understandable (or understood) attitude towards certain objects, an attitude that is characterized by the fact that it presupposes the presence of a certain subjective meaning.
Revealing the main features of understanding sociology, Weber dwells on three of them, characterizing the existence of an explainable human behavior and the meaning attached to it. In this regard, he writes: “Specifically important for understanding sociology is, first of all, behavior that, firstly, according to the subjectively assumed meaning of the actor, is correlated with the behavior of other people, secondly, is also determined by this meaningful behavior of his and, thirdly , perhaps, on the basis of this (subjectively) supposed meaning, is clearly explained"
In Weber's understanding sociology, the problem of value and evaluation occupies an important place.
As you can see, understanding in the sociology of M. Weber is closely connected with the category of the ideal type, which acts as the base for the entire system of scientific concepts that the scientist operates with. The ideal type is a manifestation of a kind of "interest of the era", a mental construction, a kind of theoretical scheme, which, strictly speaking, is not extracted from empirical reality. Therefore, it is no coincidence that Weber calls the ideal type a utopia. He points out: “In its content, this construction has the character of a utopia obtained by mentally strengthening certain elements of reality”
Ideal-typical constructions are of particular importance for empirical science, and this circumstance is specifically emphasized by Weber. He points to the need to renounce the ideal-type claim to perform the function of duty, just as empirical sociology renounces this. “Empirical science cannot teach anyone what he should do, it only indicates what he can, and under certain circumstances, what he wants to do”
"The "ideal type" in our understanding ... is something, in contrast to the evaluative judgment, completely indifferent and has nothing to do with any other, not purely logical "perfection""
The doctrine of the types of domination
M. Weber made a great contribution to the development of the sociology of management and the sociology of power and did this primarily through the development of the doctrine of the content and types of domination. By dominance, he understood the mutual expectation: those who give orders - that their orders will be carried out and they will be obeyed; those who obey, that the orders will have a character corresponding to their expectations. Hence, all the arguments of the scientist about domination are arguments about legitimate domination, ge. one that is recognized by controlled individuals.
Weber speaks of three types of legitimate domination, distinguished in accordance with the three main motives for obedience. First motive- the interests of those who obey, i.e. their rational considerations. This is the basis of the “legal” type of domination called by Weber, which can be found in developed bourgeois states - England, France, the USA, etc. The purest type of legal domination is bureaucracy. Weber was the first to develop this concept in the scientific literature. He considered bureaucratic management as domination through knowledge, which was its (management's) specifically rational character. The second type of legitimate domination is based on a different motivation for obedience - faith not only in legality, but even in the sacredness of long-standing orders and authorities. It is based on everyday mores, habits of certain behavior. Weber calls this type traditional domination. The purest type of such domination (the ideal type according to Weber) is patriarchal (“lord” - “subjects” - “servants”).
The third type of dominance has an affective basis of motivation, he received from Weber the name charismatic. The German sociologist's concept of charisma is very broad. He wrote: ““Charisma” should be called the quality of a person, recognized as extraordinary, thanks to which she is evaluated as gifted with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically special powers and properties that are inaccessible to other people.
The three types of domination roughly correspond to three of the four types of social action. The legal type of domination correlates with purposeful rational action, the traditional type with traditional action, the charismatic type with affective action.
Sociology of religion
In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904), Weber first establishes a connection between religion and economics. He shows how religious and ethical attitudes affect the nature and method of economic activity, its motivation, and how certain types of housekeeping change religious and ethical principles.
It characterizes religion and religious ethics not only in connection with economic and economic life and activity, but also with character, art, philosophy, science, power, etc. The main thing here for the sociologist is to understand the meaning of the actions performed by the individual, i.e. motives of human behavior, taking into account the religious moment. At the same time, Weber is only interested in those world religions that I assume! a relatively high level of social differentiation, a significant intellectual development of people.
One of the central problems in religious ethics that interested Weber was salvation. “The need for salvation,” writes the sociologist, “consciously cultivated as the content of religiosity, has always and everywhere arose as a result of an attempt to systematically rationalize the realities of life, although this correlation was not equally distinguishable in all cases”
6. Sociology of E. Durkheim: sociologism, the method of sociology, the theory of social development, the theory of industrial society. (Zborovsky)
E. Durkheim (1858-1917) was born in the French city of Epipal in the family of a rabbi. Two main trends can be traced in Durkheim's theoretical concepts. First - naturalism - comes from an understanding of society and its laws by analogy with nature, its natural laws. Second - social realism - understanding of society as a reality of a special kind, different from all other types of reality.
Main works:"Elements of Sociology" (1889), "On the Division of Social Labor" (1893), "The Rules of Sociological Method" (1895), "Suicide" (1897), "Elementary Forms of Religious Life" (1912), "Sociology and Philosophy" ( 1924).
Suicide problem
A large work of the French sociologist was specially devoted to its consideration. Suicide is studied by the sociologist primarily as not an individual, but a social phenomenon. “Since suicide, in its very essence, is social in nature,” writes Durkheim, “we should consider what place it occupies among other social phenomena”
Durkheim notes that "the percentage of suicides depends only on sociological reasons and that the contingent of voluntary deaths is determined by the moral organization of society"
With his sociological study “Suicide”, Durkheim demonstrates a brilliant example of the use of official statistical material, which is systematized in a strictly defined way and makes it possible to identify connections and dependencies between suicide and various social factors affecting it. Among the latter are factors of gender, family, religion, social status, national and political relations, and a number of others. In other words, the French sociologist views the suicide rate as a function of many social variables. Their main feature is the degree of social integration of the individual into the system of social ties and relationships, which becomes the main barrier against suicide.
Social group and individual
Another sociological problem that G. Simmel posed, starting with the first sociological work "On Social Differentiation", and which was repeatedly addressed in subsequent works ("Sociology" and "Basic Questions of Sociology"), is the social group structure of society and the place there is an individual in it. Here he formulated a number of very important provisions, which subsequently played a significant role in the development of social psychology and the sociological theory of groups. The German sociologist considered the social differentiation of society from the point of view of social groups existing and developing in it (social circles) and the inclusion of an individual in them.
Social differentiation itself represented the basic model of development in Simmel's sociological theory. In Pei, he pointed out that with the increase in the size of the group, its members become more and more different from each other, since they receive opportunities for the manifestation of individualism. A small group constrains the individual both by tight control and by its size. Simmel wrote that "the larger group makes fewer demands on us, cares less about individuals, and therefore places fewer obstacles to the full development of even the most perverted drives than the narrower group"
The German sociologist believed that the number of different groups to which a person belongs is an indicator of the height of a culture. The more groups a person is included (or can be included in), the more developed society is.
Theory of society.
Simmel considered the development of society as a functional differentiation, accompanied by the simultaneous integration of its various elements. The emergence of intelligence and the appearance of money mark the entry of society into a "historical" period. The history of society is the growing intellectualization of social life, and at the same time, the strengthening of the influence of the principles of the monetary economy. The action of these two most important "forms of social
These Temporary criteria for determining the degree of loss of professional ability to work as a result of accidents at work and occupational diseases were developed in pursuance of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 16, 2000 N 789 "On approval of the Rules for establishing the degree of loss of professional ability to work as a result of accidents at work and occupational diseases "for use by institutions of medical and social expertise in determining the degree of loss of professional ability to work by persons who have received damage to their health as a result of accidents at work or occupational diseases (hereinafter referred to as victims), their need for medical, professional and social rehabilitation measures.
These criteria are temporary for the period of studying their application in practice and making possible adjustments.
I. General principles for determining the degree of loss of professional ability to work in percent
1. The degree of loss of professional ability to work is determined based on the consequences of damage to health due to an accident at work, taking into account the professional abilities, psycho-physiological capabilities and professionally significant qualities that the victim has, allowing him to continue to perform professional activities that preceded the accident at work and occupational disease, of the same content and in the same volume or taking into account the reduction in qualifications, the reduction in the volume of work performed and the severity of labor in ordinary, specially created production or other conditions; expressed as a percentage and set between 10 and 100 percent.
2. The main methodological principle of the examination of the professional capacity for work of the victim is a cumulative analysis of the following criteria:
Clinical and functional;
The nature of professional activity (qualification, quality and volume of work, ability to perform it);
3. Clinical and functional criteria include:
The nature and severity of the injury, occupational disease;
Features of the course of the pathological process caused by an accident at work or an occupational disease;
The nature (type) of violations of body functions;
The degree of violations of body functions (significantly expressed, expressed, moderate, insignificant);
Clinical and rehabilitation prognosis;
Psychophysiological abilities;
Clinical and labor prognosis.
4. When determining the degree of loss of professional ability to work, the severity of violations of the functions of the body of the victim, leading to a limitation of the ability to work, and other categories of life, is taken into account. Traumatic injuries and occupational diseases are characterized by a variety of clinical manifestations, which are different both in nature and in the severity of functional disorders. The polymorphism of the clinical picture in the victims may be due to the presence of both direct consequences of injuries, occupational diseases, and their complications. In this regard, the methodology for expert examination of this category of victims requires a comprehensive clinical and physiological study using modern methods of diagnosis and retrospective analysis of post-traumatic and previous periods of development of an occupational disease, a thorough study of anamnestic information, data from medical institutions, medical, expert documentation, etc. Analysis of a set of indicators of a clinical and physiological nature helps to clarify the main medical and biological factors (nature, degree of dysfunction, course of the disease, etc.), which are the basis of clinical and functional criteria for determining the degree of loss of professional ability to work.
II. Criteria for assessing the ability to professional activity
5. When determining the degree of loss of professional ability to work, it is necessary to take into account the professional factor, in particular, the ability of the victim after an accident at work or the occurrence of an occupational disease to perform work in full in his previous profession (before the accident or occupational disease) or another equivalent to it. qualifications and pay, as well as the possibility of using the residual professional capacity for work in other less skilled work in ordinary or specially created production or other working conditions.
6. Professional activity in full implies a full working day, a full working week, the fulfillment of production standards by at least 100 percent.
7. The criteria for assessing the possibility of performing professional activities are related to the difference in tariff and qualification categories within the framework of the relevant profession.
8. The multiplicity of the reduction in qualification is determined taking into account the established tariff categories, classes, categories for this professional activity.
9. At the heart of the ranking of work by degree of complexity (and therefore by skill categories) are the factors of labor complexity:
Technological - the complexity of management (maintenance, use) of tools; complexity of technological (working) processes;
Organizational - the breadth of the complex of operations (works) performed and the degree of independence of the employee in the process of performing work;
Responsibility - material and responsibility for life and health;
Specific - special requirements for work, for example, work in unusual, close to extreme conditions of production activities.
10. The assessment of the level of complexity of work is carried out differentially according to work that differs in the degree of mechanization: manual, machine-manual, machine, automated, hardware.
11. When determining the tariff-qualification category, the employee's qualification is taken into account as a set of knowledge, skills and labor skills, as well as the time spent on training (study). Qualification requirements for knowledge increase from initial information in the volume of an incomplete secondary school (1 - 2 categories) to knowledge of individual disciplines in the volume of a full course of secondary specialized educational institutions (6 category).
12. For the tariff-qualification system for assessing work and professions of workers, a pattern of increasing complexity of work is characteristic for each of the factors taken as the basis for determining the category. For example, according to the technological factor: when moving from 1st category to the next, the complexity, power, and dimensions of a unit of serviced equipment of a similar purpose increase. According to the organizational factor of complexity, the degree of independence in the performance of work is increasing and functions are connected to manage workers of lower skill levels.
13. Professions of workers of skilled physical labor are classified by six tariff-qualification categories. The tariff-qualification category indicates the compliance of the qualifications of the worker with the complexity of the work performed, as well as the level of his knowledge, skills and labor skills.
Skilled professions of workers can have a different range of grades (1 - 6, 4 - 6, 3 - 5, etc.).
14. If the victim cannot perform work of the previous complexity (qualification), then the question arises of transferring him to work of less complexity (qualification) in accordance with the types of work provided for by the Unified Tariff and Qualification Reference Book of Works and Professions of Workers (ETKS), with the optimal ( 1st class of working conditions) or acceptable (2nd class of working conditions) physical, neuro-emotional load, which does not contain contraindicated production factors and corresponds to the psychophysiological capabilities of the victim for its implementation.
15. At the same time, the degree of loss of professional ability to work is established depending on the level of skill reduction, taking into account the decrease in the coefficient of complexity of work. For example, the transfer of a worker of the 6th category to the 2nd category leads to a decrease in qualification with the loss of four categories and with a decrease (by 60 percent) in the coefficient of complexity of work.
16. The degree of loss of professional capacity for work of a worker of unskilled physical labor is established depending on his psycho-physiological state, physical ability to perform simple physical labor and is associated with an assessment of classes of working conditions in terms of the severity of labor.
The loss of professional ability to work for this contingent of workers is determined taking into account the degree of reduction in the category (class) of the severity of labor, for example, when a worker transfers heavy physical labor of the 4th category of severity (lifting and carrying a load weighing more than 35 kg) to the shown work of the 1st category of severity with mild physical stress (one-time lifting of a load weighing no more than 2 kg) with a pronounced decrease in the category (class) of the severity of the labor process.
17. When determining the degree of loss of professional ability to work, it is necessary to take into account the classes of working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process.
18. A set of indicators reflecting production factors is the basis for resolving the issue of the need to change the profession, qualifications of an employee, the volume of his production activity in connection with an injury or occupational disease.
19. The loss of professional capacity for work of employees (engineers, managers of various levels, people of creative professions, etc.), to whose activities labor rationing is applicable, is determined taking into account the reduction in the volume of work performed, its complexity and intensity, and job duties.
