Such a part of speech as the numeral often causes difficulties even for native speakers, to say nothing of those who study Russian as a foreign language. Special problems begin with the declination of ordinal numbers, denoting three- or four-digit complex numbers: here even very educated people who have no problems in spelling and word formation can get confused. Imagine a phrase like: "We went camping with two thousand three hundred and twenty-eight pairs of socks" - it's hard to even pronounce it out loud, let alone quickly and correctly pick up the right word forms!
Numerals as a part of speech
The numeral is an independent part of speech, capable of playing the role of the main or secondary member of the sentence. Answers the questions "How much?" “Which?”, and in the case of single-root adjectives like “eight-story”, “four-stroke”, the question is asked “Which one?”.
May refer to:
- amount;
- number of items;
- the order of things in counting.
This part of speech is inherent in the category of case: in a sentence, it always appears in the form of one of them. The main difficulty in declining numerals is that there is no single model for the formation of case word forms. It is necessary either to know by heart all types of declension (namely, declension, conjugation of verbs!) And be able to put them into practice, or decline numerals by cases online, which many sites can now help with.
Since there are a lot of types and word forms, many begin to get confused, cannot correctly determine the case ending, use the wrong form of the case, try to decline the cardinal number as ordinal and vice versa.
General theory of declension of numbers
It is clear from the introductory part of the article that there is no single model for the formation of word forms. If we turn to the 1990 edition of the Russian Grammar, we can find two types of declension of the numeral: the substantive type of declension (it is similar to the declension in cases of nouns) and the adjective type of declension (inherent in adjectives).
According to the first (substantive) model, we decline:
The use of the second The (adjective) model is used to change:
- Cardinal numbers one, two, three, four;
- ordinal numbers;
- Collective (including "both" and "both") and indefinitely quantitative numerals.
Separate Declension Models
It is necessary to separately consider the formation of word forms of ordinal, quantitative, collective and fractional numbers. In mastering the rules for declension of numerals by cases, tables in textbooks can only help to a certain extent, since there are a lot of options for the formation of case word forms.
numeral one has three variations of the genus: one, one, one; its declension form is similar to the paradigm of the adjective unit. numbers like "beloved (oh, oh) - beloved (oh, oh)".
numeral two has the feminine form “two” (the neuter form is equal to the masculine form) and declines like an adjective in the plural (two blacks - two blacks, etc.), case word forms of numerals are formed exactly according to the same principle three and four.
Important! In the accusative case of cardinal numbers from one to four, the ending often depends on the inanimateness or animation of the object to which the numeral is attached. In the case of animateness, the accusative case is formed according to the model of the genitive case, in the case of inanimateness, according to the model of the nominative case. Example: “I see two cups”, but “I see two cats”; “I see the four directions of the world”, but “I see four horsemen”.
Numerals five to ten, as well as on -twenty and -ten have the same declension form as nouns like power, rags (3rd declension of a noun).
Formation of word forms:
- them. and in. p .: six, ten, thirteen, thirty;
- genus, date, suggestion p .: six, ten, thirteen, thirty;
- tv.p.; six, ten, thirteen, thirty.
The instrumental case of the word "eight" has the form "eight", not "eight", which is often confused by foreign students.
Important! Cardinal numbers denoting two-digit numbers and ending in -ten have two endings in the word form: both parts change in the compound word. Example: sixty, sixty.
For words with a special form of declension - one and a half, forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half hundred- only two options for endings:
- them. and in. p .: one and a half, forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half hundred;
- genus., date., tv., proposition. p .: one and a half, forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half hundred.
Formation of case word forms in numerals two hundred four hundred five hundred nine hundred based on the duality of these words. Conventionally, they can be divided into two parts (three-hundred, five-hundred), and each of these parts is inclined in its own way (three-hundred, three-hundred; five-hundred, five-hundred).
Deal with word paradigm formation thousand and million it is not difficult - it occurs by analogy with the formation of case word forms of nouns of the first (feminine in -a) and second (masculine in consonant) declension, respectively.
In complex cardinal numbers each word changes according to the declension. For example: two thousand eight hundred thirty-seven, two thousand eight hundred thirty-seven). Knowing this rule is very important, because it will help you cope, for example, with writing amounts on receipts in words.
Important! The category of animateness/inanimateness does not affect the formation of the accusative case of numerals starting from five. Example: I see forty (one hundred) cups, I see forty (one hundred) cats. In the atypical numeral one and a half, the case declension takes into account the gender of the main noun in the phrase: one and a half glasses, BUT one and a half cups.
Declension of fractional numbers
A fractional numeral consists of three conditional parts - an integer part (which is omitted for numbers denoting proper fractions less than one and improper fractions), a numerator and a denominator. When changing in cases, all parts are inclined: eight point nine tenths, eight point nine tenths. The words one-two are used exclusively in the feminine gender both in the integer part and in the numerator: one whole two tenths, two whole one second.
Ordinal and collective
The formation of case word forms of ordinal numerals (of the form first, third, eighth) occurs according to the same principle as for adjectives in the plural form (first-first = bold-bold). In this case, do not forget about the gender category, which also matters for words of this type (eighth - eighth - eighth). When forming compound and complex ordinal numbers, only the last word, the last root (one hundred twenty-second, eightieth) is declined.
According to the same adjective type, case endings are formed in collective numbers(two, three, seven - two, three, seven) and the words both and both.
Despite the above set of rules, the declension of this part of speech has been and remains one of the most difficult topics in Russian grammar - even literate native speakers sometimes cannot name some of the forms. It is noteworthy that paradigms differ not only depending on the words, but also depending on the type of speech (written or oral). It is all the more important to always be able to check yourself either in a dictionary or on the Internet.
Declension of cardinal numbers
Examples of cardinal numbers: two, eighteen, one hundred and forty one.
The declension of the numeral one depends on the number and gender.
| case | Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | Neuter gender | Feminine | All kinds | |
| AND. | one | one | one | alone |
| R. | one | one | some | |
| D. | alone | one | one | |
| AT. | one, one | one | one | alone, alone |
| T. | one | one(s) | alone | |
| P. | (about) one | (about) one | (about) one | |
The numeral two is masculine and neuter, the numeral two is feminine. The numerals two, two, three, four in relation to inanimate objects in the accusative case have the form of the nominative case, in relation to animate objects - the form of the genitive case. Examples: I see three horses, I see three chairs, I see two cats, I see two phones, I see two cars. The numeral four has the letter ь in the instrumental case - four b me. Let's summarize the rules with a table.
| case | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|
| AND. | two, two | three | four |
| R. | two | three | four |
| D. | two | three | four |
| AT. | two, two | three, three | four, four |
| T. | two | three | four |
| P. | about two | about three | about four |
Cardinal numbers from five to twenty and thirty are declined as nouns of the 3rd declension: in the genitive, dative, prepositional cases, the ending is -i, in the instrumental case, the ending is -u.
| Cases | 5-20 | 30 |
|---|---|---|
| I., V. | five | thirty |
| R., D., P. | five | thirty |
| T. | five | thirty |
It should be remembered that the cardinal numbers forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half hundred have only two forms.
| Cases | 40 | 90 | 100 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I., V. | fourty | ninety | hundred | a hundred and fifty |
| R., D., T., P. | magpie | ninety | one hundred | semi-thorasta |
In numbers from fifty to eighty, from five hundred to nine hundred, two hundred, three hundred, four hundred, both parts decline. We list them in the table below.
| case | 50-80 | 200-400 | 500-900 |
|---|---|---|---|
| AND. | fifty | two hundred | five hundred |
| R. | five ten | two hundred | five hundred |
| D. | five ten | two hundred | five hundred |
| AT. | fifty | two hundred | five hundred |
| T. | five ten | two hundred | five hundred |
| P. | about five ten | about two hundred | about five hundred |
In compound cardinal numbers, each word is declined in cases.
Example: 2537
I.p. two thousand five hundred and thirty seven
R.p. two thousand five hundred and thirty seven
D.p. two thousand five hundred and thirty seven
V.p. two thousand five hundred and thirty seven
etc. two thousand five hundred and thirty seven
P.p. two thousand five hundred and thirty seven
Declension of ordinal numbers
Examples of ordinal numbers: second, eighteenth, one hundred and forty-first.
Ordinal numbers vary by number and gender. This should be taken into account when declining in cases. For compound ordinal numbers, only the last word is declined. The ending is formed according to the same principle as for relative adjectives.
| case | 1 | ... | 10 | ... | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sred.r. | male | female | ... | sred.r. | male | female | ... | ||||
| AND. | first | 1st | first | 1st | first | 1st | ... | tenth | tenth | tenth | ... |
| R. | first | 1st | first | 1st | first | 1st | tenth | tenth | tenth | ||
| D. | first | 1st | first | 1st | first | 1st | tenth | tenth | tenth | ||
| AT. | first | 1st | first | 1st | first | 1st | tenth | tenth | tenth | ||
| T. | first | 1m | first | 1m | first | 1st | tenth | tenth | tenth | ||
| P. | about the first | about 1st | about the first | about 1st | about the first | about 1st | about the tenth | about the tenth | about the tenth | ||
Example: 2325th
I.p. two thousand three hundred and twenty five
R.p. two thousand three hundred and twenty five
...
P.p. about two thousand three hundred twenty-five
For compound ordinal numbers, only the last word is declined:
|
Nominative |
|
|
Genitive |
one thousand nine hundred and eighty six wow |
|
Dative |
one thousand nine hundred and eighty six omu |
|
Accusative |
one thousand nine hundred and eighty six wow(animated) one thousand nine hundred and eighty six oh(inanimate) |
|
Instrumental case |
one thousand nine hundred and eighty six th |
|
Prepositional |
oh one thousand nine hundred and eighty six ohm |
If we write down the date with one thousand in words, then we do not write the word one:
A.S. Pushkin was born in 1799.
Collective declension
An example of collective numbers: both, both, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, how many.
Collective nouns are declined in the same way as plural adjectives.
Examples:
I.p. four how many
...
etc. four, how many
P.p. about four, how many
Collective numerals "both" and "both" decline differently.
| case | Male and neuter gender |
Feminine |
|---|---|---|
| AND. | both | both |
| R. | both | both |
| D. | both | both |
| AT. | both, both | both, both |
| T. | both | both |
| P. | about both | about both |
Declension of fractional numbers
Examples of fractional numbers: one second, seven hundredths, one and a half.
A fractional number consists of two parts: the numerator of a fraction (a cardinal number denoting an integer) and the denominator of a fraction (ordinal number). Both parts change in cases in accordance with the declension of cardinal and ordinal numbers. The second part is declined as an ordinal number in the plural: to three-fifths (d.p.), with two fifths (tv.p.). When denoting a quantity, a noun with a fractional numeral is used in the genitive case: from one-seventh of the plot, to two-sevenths of the area of the rectangle.
It should be remembered that the numeral one and a half is declined according to a special rule.
| case | masculine | Feminine |
|---|---|---|
| I., V. | one and a half | one and a half |
| R., D., T., P. | one and a half | one and a half |
It was formed much later than a noun or adjective, so linguists do not always clearly qualify individual words as referring specifically to it. The reason for the confusion is some formal similarity between the numeral and other parts of speech.
Definition
The numeral is a significant part of speech, the categorical meaning of which is an integer, a designation of the number of objects, a fraction, an order in counting. So, integer cardinal numbers - three (houses), five (kopecks), one hundred (friends); fractional - five sixths (way), one second (glasses), three point eight tenths (percent); ordinal - first (lane), second (turn), sixth (cup).
Morphological features of numerals reflect their grammatical features. Most of the words of this part of speech do not change by gender and number (we will talk about exceptions later), and the declension of numerals has a number of features. Many of them go back to the case endings of nouns.
As for the sentence, numerals can act as a subject, predicate, definition, etc. The differentiation of numerals by category also determines their lexical and grammatical compatibility with words of other parts of speech.
Declension Features
The declension of numerals denoting integers is determined by several factors.
- the numeral "one" is declined like adjectives: one - dad's, one - dad's, one - dad's, one - blue;
- the numerals "two", "three", "four" are inclined according to the type of adjectives in the plural form: three - green, three - green, three - green, etc.;
- the declension of numbers from five to twenty is the same as for nouns of the 3rd declension: five, thirty - night; five, thirty - nights; five, thirty - at night, etc.;
- for numerals forty, ninety, one hundred, two forms of declension are considered correct: in the nominative and with a zero ending - forty crows and forty nights, in other case forms - with the ending -a: forty liters, about a hundred days, etc .;
- the numeral "thousand" changes according to the pattern of nouns of the 1st declension: thousands - aunts, thousands - aunts, about a thousand - about aunt;
- according to the type of nouns in the second declension, the declension of the numerals “million”, “billion” is also produced: million - a leopard, million - a leopard, about a million - about a leopard;
- if the numeral is complex, then when declining, all parts of it change. For example, the declension of quantitative numbers from fifty to eighty is made according to the 3rd declension of nouns: fifty-six - mother, about fifty-six - about mother;
- in complex numerals from two hundred to four hundred, both parts change during declension: two hundred, two hundred, about two hundred, two hundred and twenty, two hundred and twenty, etc .;
- for the correct declension of quantitative numbers from five hundred to nine hundred, you must always change the first part according to the model of nouns of the 3rd declension, and the second forms its own ending. The declension of numerals of this type is as follows: no five hundred rubles, to five hundred rubles, five hundred rubles, about five hundred rubles;
- if they are compound, then all the words of which they consist are declined: no one hundred and forty-five people, say one hundred and forty-five people, done by one hundred and forty-five people, talk about one hundred and forty-five people;
- collective numerals also bow according to their own rules: both girls, both girls are absent, approach both girls, talk about both girls; or: five comrades, to five comrades, with five comrades, about five comrades;
- ordinal numbers, denoting the order of objects when counting, decline according to the pattern of adjectives with a hard and soft base: the first is blue, the first is blue, the first is blue, about the first is about blue; the third - blue, the third - blue, the third - blue, about the third - about blue. With this algorithm, the declension of ordinal numbers is easy to remember;
- fractional numerals in their declension combine the features of the declension of integer quantitative and ordinal numbers.
Schoolchildren are in the sixth grade. This part of speech is necessary in order to report in literal terms the number or order of objects when counting.
To determine the case y, put a question to it. You probably know that there are six cases in the language. They are determined with the help of auxiliary questions: - nominative case - who? what?
- genitive case - whom? what?
- - to whom? what?
- accusative - whom? what?
- - by whom? how?
- prepositional case - about whom? about what?
Depending on the case, they change their shape. For example, the numerals "two", "three", "four" change as adjectives. For example, in the genitive case it will be “two”, and in the instrumental case it will be “two”, in the prepositional case it will be “about two”.
Try to decline the numeral "fifty", and you will see that in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases it will have the ending "and".
Know that in compound cardinal numbers all words change form, and in ordinal numbers only the last word changes form. Moreover, it changes as an adjective.
You must remember that in numbers from two hundred to four hundred, denoting round hundreds, the same endings will be observed in different cases as in nouns belonging to the first declension. This can be seen by using the numeral "" in different cases: - nominative case - four hundred;
- genitive case - four hundred;
- dative case - four hundred;
- accusative case - four hundred;
- instrumental case - four hundred;
- prepositional case - about four hundred.
If you decline the numerals "forty", "ninety" and "hundred", you will see that they will either have the ending "o" in the nominative and accusative cases, or the ending "a" in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases.
The masculine numerals "both" and the feminine "both" change in the same way as adjectives. So in the genitive, accusative and prepositional cases it will be "both", in the dative - "both", and in the instrumental - "both".
Learn to determine the case of numerals. This will allow you to avoid mistakes in writing.
Sources:
- how to change numbers by cases
Unlike the Finnish and Hungarian languages, in which there are one and a half to two dozen cases, in Russian grammar there are only six of them. The endings of words in different cases can be the same, so to determine the case, you must ask the correct question to the word being checked.
Instruction
To determine the case of a noun, carefully read the phrase in which it is included. Find the word to which the noun you are checking belongs - it is from this the words you will ask a question. For example, you are given the phrase "I love dogs", and you need to determine the case of the noun "dogs". The word "dogs" in this sentence is subordinate to the word "love". Therefore, you will ask a case question as follows: “I love whom?”
Each of the six cases has its own special question. So, in the nominative case, they answer the question "who?" or "what?". The auxiliary word "is" can be substituted for this case. For example, there is (who?) . The question of the genitive case is “whom?” or "what?". The auxiliary word "no" can be substituted for the noun in this case. Dative to the question "to whom? / what?" and is combined with the auxiliary word "give". The question of the accusative case - "whom?" or “what?”, and its auxiliary word is “blame”. Nouns in the instrumental case answer the question "by whom?" and are combined with the words "created" and "satisfied." Finally,
The category of simple includes such numerals that have only one root in their composition, for example: “five”, “seven”, “ten”. They are like singular nouns, feminine ("night", "help"). That is, in the nominative and accusative cases, the ending is “-ь”, in the instrumental “-ю”, in the rest “-и”. This is what five looks like:- Nominative case: five.
- Genitive case: five.
- Dative case: five.
- Accusative: five.
- Instrumental case: five.
- Prepositional (about) five.
Declension of complex cardinal numbers
Compound numbers are called numbers that consist of two roots ("eleven", "fifty", ""). The declension of these numerals has the following features: for numerals ending in "-twenty" only endings, and for those ending in "-ten", "-hundred" (the latter also include "", "three hundred", "") are inclined in a series cases both roots. Detail:- Nominative case: fifteen; sixty; seven hundred.
- Genitive case: fifteen; sixty; seven hundred.
- Dative case: fifteen; sixty; seven hundred.
- Accusative: fifteen; sixty; seven hundred.
- Instrumental case: fifteen; ; seven hundred.
- Prepositional (about) fifteen; sixty; seven hundred.
Features of the declension of some numerals
Numerals such as “forty”, “” and “one hundred” have only two forms of declension: “forty”, “ninety”, “one hundred” (i.p., v.p.); "", "ninety", "hundred" (in other cases).The declensions of the collective numerals "both", "both", "four" (and others), as well as the words "two", "three", "four" look like this:
- Nominative case: both; both; four; two; three; four.
- Genitive case: two; three; four; both; both; four; two; three; four
- Dative case: both; both; four; two; three; four.
- Accusative: (whom?) Both; both; four; two; three; four; (what?) both; both; four; two; three; four.
- Instrumental case: both; both; four; two; three; four.
- Prepositional (about, about) both; both; four; two; three; four.
Also keep in mind that in compound numbers consisting of several words (for example: “one hundred and thirty-one”), all words must be declined.
