on the course "Forensic Psychology"

"Subject, tasks and structure of forensic psychology"

Introduction

1. Subject, tasks and methods of forensic psychology

2. History of the development of forensic psychology

Conclusion

Introduction

The specificity of the subject of forensic psychology lies in the originality of the vision of these states, in the study of their legal significance for establishing the truth, in search of scientifically based methods to reduce the possibility of violation of legal norms through psychological corrective states, as well as the personality traits of offenders, the investigator, conducting a preliminary investigation and court, examining a case in a court session, he finds out the complex interweaving of human relationships, sometimes the psychological, subjective qualities of people and the motives that pushed a person to commit a crime.

Understanding exactly why we do things the way we do enables us to better understand our lives and manage them more consciously. The investigator, prosecutor and defender, administrator and educator of correctional colonies must be armed with psychological knowledge that allows them to navigate the complex and intricate relationships and conflicts that they have to deal with. Undoubtedly, knowledge of psychological science is necessary for everyone who deals with people who are called upon to influence and carry out educational work. The science of human mental life and activity, which studies such processes as sensation and perception, memorization, thinking, feelings and will, personality traits with individual characteristics, temperament, character, age, inclinations, cannot but be directly related to the detection and investigation of crimes , consideration of cases in court. To a large extent, the tasks of forensic psychology are determined by the need to improve the practical activities of the judiciary, employees of the investigation and court, daily encountering various manifestations of the psyche of the person under investigation, the victim, the witness, of course, try to understand the complexities of their mental world, in order to correctly understand the main way to evaluate it. The professions of the investigator, prosecutor and judge gradually form certain ideas about the human psyche, forced to operate with the provisions of practical psychology and to be somewhat knowledgeable in this area. However, the volume and quality of such knowledge, mostly intuitive, cannot go beyond the individual experience and personal data of an employee. In addition, such empirical knowledge about the spiritual world of a person, acquired from time to time, is unsystematic and therefore cannot satisfy the ever-increasing demands of life. For the most objective and qualified solution of many issues that constantly arise before forensic investigators, along with legal and general erudition, professional experience, extensive psychological knowledge is also required.

1. Subject, tasks and structure of forensic psychology

Forensic psychology includes various areas of scientific knowledge, is an applied science and equally belongs to both psychology and jurisprudence. In the field of public relations regulated by the rule of law, the mental activity of people acquires peculiar features, which are due to the specifics of human activity in the field of legal regulation.

Being an active member of society, a person performs actions, actions that are subject to certain rules. The rules that are obligatory for a particular set (mass) of people are called norms of behavior and are established by the people themselves in the interests of either the whole society or individual groups and classes.

All norms of behavior are usually divided into technical and social.

The former regulate human activity in the use of natural resources (rates of consumption of fuel, electricity, water, etc.) and tools.

Social norms govern relationships between people. Social norms include customs, morality and law. All social norms, based on the assessments accepted in society, require either refraining from misconduct, or performing some kind of active actions.

The methodological feature of forensic psychology is that the center of gravity in cognition is transferred to the individual as the subject of activity.

Thus, if the law primarily singles out the offender in the person, then forensic psychology examines the person in the offender, in the witness, the victim, etc.

The mental state, as well as the stable features of the character and personality of the victim, offender, witness, develop and proceed, obeying general psychological and psychophysiological laws.

While investigating the shadow aspects of life, sometimes in its most repulsive manifestations, investigators and judges must maintain personal immunity (immunity) to negative influences and avoid unwanted distortions of the personality, the so-called professional deformation (suspicion, self-confidence, accusatory bias, etc.).

The peculiarities of the work of these workers make moral and psychological hardening necessary, because they are associated with a significant strain of mental and moral forces.

A significant increase in crime, as well as the development of its most dangerous forms: organized crime, sexually motivated murders, contract killings, etc. make demands on the efficiency of the law enforcement system. On the other hand, the protection of the rights and interests of individual citizens in the process of bringing them to criminal responsibility and the tendency to humanize the process of investigation and judicial review of criminal cases are being strengthened. This determines the need for a high level of professional competence of law enforcement officials as the main integral factor that ensures both the protection of the interests of individuals and organizations from criminal encroachments, and the observance of all the legitimate rights and interests of citizens and collectives, as well as the observance of ethical standards. Professional competence itself is largely determined by the personal potential of a lawyer, that is, by a system of psychological factors that can be united by the general concept of psychological culture.

Lawyers need to be able to rationally distribute their strengths and abilities in order to maintain effectiveness throughout the working day, to possess professional psychological qualities in order to obtain optimal evidentiary data with the least expenditure of nervous energy. In the consistent development of such professional qualities as flexibility of mind and character, sharp observation and tenacious memory, self-control and endurance, adherence to principles and justice, organization and independence, the recommendations of psychological science are of great importance, which indicates the right ways and means of their formation. Along with this, further growth in the efficiency of the work of forensic investigators requires a comprehensive, deep development of the psychological foundations of forensic tactics, as well as the study or knowledge of the psychology of other participants in criminal proceedings (the accused, the victim, the witness, etc.). The psychological competence of forensic investigators helps “to prevent sometimes serious errors that may arise in judging human actions due to underestimation of psychological moments”

Forensic psychology is a scientific and practical discipline that studies the psychological patterns of the human-law system, develops recommendations aimed at improving the effectiveness of this system.

The methodological basis of forensic psychology is a system-structural analysis of the process of activity, which is considered in conjunction with the structure of the personality and the system of legal norms.

Thus, the focus of this science is the psychological problems of harmonizing a person and law as elements of one system.

Exploring the problem of the subject and system of forensic psychology, we proceed from the fundamental position that psychological patterns in the field of law enforcement activities are divided into two large categories: law-abiding activities and activities related to certain offenses. These methodological prerequisites, as well as the principle of hierarchy, determine the construction of a system of forensic psychology, in which psychological patterns in the field of law-abiding behavior and in the field of social pathology are consistently analyzed.

Forensic psychology is a special part of legal psychology, which is often called forensic psychology, consists of the following sections: criminal psychology, psychology of the victim, psychology of juvenile delinquency, investigative psychology, psychology of the judicial process, forensic psychological examination and correctional labor psychology.

Forensic psychology studies a person in its entirety, on the other hand, legal aspects are clearly expressed in this scientific discipline, which determine the complex of objective patterns studied by the discipline. She develops psychological foundations:

Law-abiding behavior (legal awareness, morality, public opinion, social stereotypes);

Criminal behavior (the structure of the offender's personality, the criminal stereotype, the structure of the criminal group, the criminogenic situation, the structure of the victim's personality and the role of these structures in the genesis of criminal behavior);

Law enforcement activities (crime prevention, investigative psychology, psychology of the trial, forensic psychological examination);

Resocialization of offenders (correctional labor psychology, psychology of adaptation after release from ITU);

Psychology of minors.

Forensic psychology solves the following tasks:

The study of the psychological patterns of the impact of law and law enforcement on individuals, groups and collectives;

To optimize law enforcement, it is necessary, firstly, a detailed description of all aspects of this complex professional activity, personal qualities and skills that are implemented in it, and, secondly, scientifically based recommendations on the compliance of a particular human personality with the objective requirements for the legal profession. and on the methodology for the selection and placement of legal personnel.

The synthesis of psychology and jurisprudence in scientific disciplines - legal psychology and psychology of legal labor - should lead to the mutual enrichment of these sciences, the resolution of one of the most pressing problems in this joint area - increasing the effectiveness of law enforcement.

Forensic psychology (in the modern sense) is a science that studies various psychological aspects of a person and activity in the context of legal regulation. It can successfully develop and solve the complex of tasks facing it only thanks to a systematic approach.

The emergence of special disciplines is due, of course, to the growing differentiation and progress of analytical methods. However, in the field of human knowledge, this trend is intertwined with synthetic approaches to real holistic or complex types of human activity. Therefore, specialization in this area is most often combined with the unification of individual private theories into a general theory of a particular formation, property or type of human activity.

Different scientific disciplines approach the study of the genesis of offenses in different ways, since the structure of a particular offense can be analyzed from different points of view. The legal approach characterizes it as an act consisting of four elements: object, subject, objective and subjective damage. For criminology, sociology and psychology, a dynamic genetic approach is more productive, which makes it possible to study human behavior in development. An important task of criminal psychology is to highlight the internal personal prerequisites, which, in combination with certain external circumstances, can create a criminogenic situation - that is, to determine the criminogenic qualities of personality. Further, within the framework of criminal psychology, specific personality traits are established that determine these prerequisites in it (defects in legal consciousness, morality, culture of emotions, etc.), and a causal relationship is established between the identified defects and the propensity to commit a certain category of crimes. Criminal psychology explores the mechanism of the individual's immunity to a criminogenic situation and, through the knowledge of the patterns of this phenomenon, develops recommendations for the prevention of crime. Similar tasks ("on the other side of the barrier") in a criminogenic situation are set and must be solved by the psychology of the victim. The psychology of the victim studies the factors of formation of his personality, his conduct in the genesis of the crime, and also develops practical recommendations on the method of interrogating the victim and educating people in moral and volitional qualities that would provide protection from criminal encroachment. The psychology of the victim is closely related to criminal law, criminology, social psychology and personality psychology.

Psychological studies of the personality of the victim and his activities seem to be very relevant, as they contribute to solving a number of issues: a more correct qualification of crimes, the study of their causes and conditions, a comprehensive investigation of criminal cases, the discovery of new evidence, etc.

The problem includes the following aspects: methods for studying the identity of the victim, studying the behavior of the victim immediately before the crime event, at the time of the crime event, after it, and finally, at the stage of preliminary investigation. The complex problem of the formation of criminal intent can be studied quite deeply, first of all, within the framework of criminal psychology and the psychology of the victim.

In a special subsection of forensic psychology (criminal psychology) explores the psychological aspects of careless crime, including domestic and professional negligence.

Crime is a great social evil, and juvenile delinquency is an evil magnified many times over. A significant number of especially dangerous recidivists committed their first crime under the age of 18. A society that wants to get rid of crime, first of all, must properly educate children.

In the overwhelming majority of cases, those who do not have relationships in the school community are among the adolescent delinquents.

Forensic psychology investigates the antisocial behavior of a minor and the influence of external microenvironment factors on him, as well as personality traits of a teenager, which determine his individual response to various “failures in life”, and develops recommendations aimed at preventing child and juvenile delinquency.

Preliminary investigation is a purposeful process, the purpose of which is to reconstruct (restore) the event of a crime that took place in the past, according to the traces found by the investigator in the present.

It can be distinguished by at least, two directions of this process: the first is the reconstruction of the very event of the crime and the objective conditions that contributed to its commission. The final goal of such a reconstruction is to obtain comprehensive information about the object and the objective side of the corpus delicti.

The second direction of reconstruction is the study of the personality of the offender in its evolution, the study of the mechanism for the formation of criminal intent, the criminal attitude, the study of the subjective attitude of the offender to the committed act. Such a reconstruction is necessary in order to obtain comprehensive information about the subject and the subjective side of the corpus delicti, about the specific causes of this crime, which are manifested through the criminal attitudes and criminal behavior of the person under study.

Within the framework of investigative psychology, the psychological foundations of the most important investigative actions (examination, interrogation, search, identification, etc.) and psychological recommendations aimed at increasing their effectiveness are developed.

The psychology of the consideration of a criminal case in court explores the patterns of mental activity of all persons participating in the consideration, as well as the educational impact of the trial and sentence on the defendant and other persons, the role of public opinion as a factor influencing the trial, etc.

The sciences are closely connected with this section: criminal law, criminal procedure, social psychology, judicial ethics.

The psychological analysis of the judicial process makes it possible to develop recommendations aimed at increasing the effectiveness of justice, developing the culture of the process, and strengthening the educational impact on all its participants.

These tasks cannot be solved without the use of data from various sciences that study the personality of a person, his relationship with the team and the role of various factors that positively or negatively affect the personality of the convict. One of the most relevant and conducive to the solution of the above tasks is corrective labor psychology, which explores the patterns of mental activity of a person serving a sentence, and the main factors influencing him in the process of re-education: regime, work, team, educational impact, as well as optional factors - family, friendships with persons in the wild, studies, hobbies, etc.

The synthesis of psychology and jurisprudence in a new scientific discipline - legal psychology - should lead to mutual enrichment of both sciences and to the resolution of one of the most pressing problems - the problem of increasing the effectiveness of law enforcement.

2. History of the development of forensic psychology

Forensic psychology is one of the relatively young branches of psychological science. The first attempts to systematically solve certain problems of jurisprudence by the methods of psychology date back to the 18th century.

In the development of forensic psychology, the following three stages can be distinguished;

1. Early history of forensic psychology - XVIII century. and the first half of the 19th century.

2. The initial design of forensic psychology as a science is the end of the 19th century. and the beginning of the 20th century.

3. History of forensic psychology in the 20th century.

Early history of forensic psychology

Like most of the new sciences that arose at the junction of various branches of human knowledge, legal psychology in the early stages of its development was not independent and did not have special personnel. Individual psychologists, lawyers, and even scientists who specialized in other fields of knowledge have tried to solve issues related to this discipline. The initial stage of development is associated with the need to turn the legal sciences to psychology in order to solve specific problems that could not be solved by traditional methods of jurisprudence. Forensic psychology, like many other branches of psychological science, has gone from purely speculative constructions to scientific and experimental research. One of the first authors who considered a number of forensic psychological aspects and the idea of ​​humanism was M. M. Shcherbatov (1733–1790). In his writings, he demanded that laws be developed taking into account the individual characteristics of a person's personality; he was one of the first to raise the issue of parole from punishment. He positively assessed the labor factor in the re-education of a criminal.

Of interest are the works of I.T. Pososhkov (1652-1726), which gave psychological recommendations regarding the interrogation of the accused and witnesses, the classification of criminals, and touched upon some other issues.

The spread of the idea of ​​correction and re-education of the criminal made it necessary to turn to psychology for their scientific substantiation. Above this at the beginning of the XIX century. V.K. worked in Russia. Elpatievskiy, P.D. Lodiy, L.S. Gordienko, Chr. Stelzer and others.

However, psychology itself, which at that time was of a metaphysical, speculative nature, could not, even in alliance with criminal law, develop sufficiently substantiated criteria and methods for studying the human personality.

A significant number of works on forensic psychology appeared in Russia in the third quarter of the 19th century.

The psychological issues of evaluating testimonies occupied the outstanding French mathematician Laplace. In "Experiences in the Philosophy of the Theory of Probability", published in France in 1814, Laplace makes an attempt to give a materialistic interpretation of the question of the reliability of judicial decisions. He believed that the elements of the probability that a given testimony is true are:

From the probabilities of the event itself, about which the witness narrates;

From the probability of four hypotheses regarding the interrogated:

The witness does not err and does not lie;

The witness lies but is mistaken;

The witness does not err, but lies;

The witness both lies and makes mistakes.

Laplace understood how difficult it was to assess the truthfulness or falsity of witnesses' testimonies due to the large number of accompanying circumstances, but he believed that the court in its judgments relies not on mathematical certainty, but only on probability. Nevertheless, Laplace's scheme is interesting as the first attempt to create a scientific method for evaluating evidence.

For a long time, the study of the problems of forensic psychology did not go beyond these first attempts. In the second half of the 19th century, not only the successful development of the natural sciences, but also the growth of crime in all the leading capitalist countries served as an impetus for the further revival and expansion of forensic psychological research.

Late 19th and early 20th centuries associated with the intensive development of psychology, history and a number of legal disciplines (primarily the criminal law of scientists), representing these sciences at that time, were occupied by progressive ones (I.M. Sechenov, V.M. Bekhterev, S.S. Korsakov, V P. Serbsky, A.F. Kosh) scientists.

The development of psychology, psychiatry and law led to the need to single out legal psychology as an independent scientific discipline, Kovalevsky in 1899 raised the issue of separating psychopathology and psychology, as well as introducing these sciences into the course of legal education.

Around the same period, a struggle broke out between the anthropological and sociological schools of criminal law. The founder of the anthropological school was C. Lombroso, who created the theory of the “innate” criminal, who, due to his atavistic features, cannot be corrected.

Representatives of the sociological school used the ideas of utopian socialism and decisive importance in explaining the causes of crime, giving social factors. Some of the ideas of the sociological school carried elements that were progressive for their time.

At the beginning of the XX century. in legal psychology, mental research methods begin to be used.

The most thorough work on forensic psychology belonged to Hans Gross. In his "Criminal Psychology", published in 1898, the results of general pathological experimental studies of a number of psychologists were used.

In the study of the psychology of crime investigation, a major step forward was the direct application of the experimental method of psychology. One of the creators of this method, the French psychologist Alfred Binet, was the first to experimentally study the question of the influence of suggestion on children's testimony. In 1900, he published a book entitled Suggestibility, in which a special chapter is devoted to the influence of suggestion on children's testimony. In it, A. Binet draws interesting conclusions:

Answers to questions always contain errors;

In order to correctly evaluate the evidence, the minutes of court sessions should set out in detail both the questions and the answers to them.

In 1902, experiments to determine the degree of reliability of testimonies were carried out by the German psychologist William Stern. Based on his data, V. Stern argued that the testimony is fundamentally unreliable, vicious, since "forgetting is the rule, and remembering is the exception." V. Stern reported the results of his research at a meeting of the Berlin Psychological Society, and in Europe they aroused great interest in legal circles. Subsequently, V. Stern created a personalistic concept of memory, which had a pronounced idealistic character. According to this concept, human memory is not a reflection of objective reality, but acts only as its distortion for the sake of the narrowly selfish interests of the individual, his individualistic intentions, his pride, vanity, ambition, etc.

V. Stern's report caused a stormy reaction among Russian lawyers as well. The ardent supporters of V. Stern in Russia were O.B. Goldovsky and Professor of Kazan University A.V. Zavadsky and A.I. Elistratov. They independently conducted a series of experiments similar to those of V. Stern and drew similar conclusions. O. Goldovsky himself said: “The psychological reasons for errors are very different, and the conclusion from comparing the picture reproduced by the witness with reality is very sad. The witness does not give an exact copy, but only a surrogate for it.

Research on forensic psychology was also carried out in other countries: in France - by Claparede, in the USA - by Myers, and also by Cattell, who in 1895 conducted an experiment with the memory of students, and then proposed to compile an index of degrees of accuracy of witness testimony.

M.M. also worked on the psychology of testimonies in Russia. Khomyakov, M.P. Bukhvalova, A.N. Bershtein, E.M. Kulischer and others. In 1905, the collection “Problems of Psychology. Lies and testimonies. Many of the articles in the collection were permeated with the idea of ​​the unreliability of testimonies. They shared a negative attitude towards the testimony. Among them, first of all, one should name the largest Russian lawyer A.F. Horses. A.F. Koni sharply opposed the conclusions of V. Stern and O. Goldovsky.

Scientists of Kazan University M.A. Lazarev and V.I. Valitsky stated that Stern’s provisions would not matter for practice, that the most important evil in witness testimony is not involuntary errors, but the conscious lie of witnesses, a phenomenon more common than is commonly believed: almost a quarter of witnesses deviate from the truth.

The famous Soviet psychologist B.M. Teplov correctly noted that even with the complete subjective conscientiousness of the authors, the results of psychological experiments will be determined by the theory that guides them. In their psychological research, V. Stern and others showed a lack of understanding of the peculiarities of the mental reflection of objective reality. Thus, they considered the essence of involuntary memory as an accidental result of passive imprinting by the brain of the factors acting on it.

The development of sciences, including the sciences of social phenomena, gives rise to the desire to understand the causes of crime, to give a scientific justification for the activities of social institutions involved in its prevention. Thus, already in the 19th century, a new approach to solving this problem begins to take shape, the essence of which is the desire to uncover the causes of criminal behavior and, on their basis, draw up a program of practical activities to combat crime and crime. In the middle of the 19th century, Cesare Lombroso was one of the first to attempt to scientifically explain the nature of criminal behavior from the standpoint of anthropology. Lombroso's theory finds followers in our time. Echoes of it can be found in modern theories, such as Klinefelter's theory of chromosomal abnormalities, in Freudian and neo-Freudian teachings about innate aggression and destructive drives, and in genetic engineering.

Lombrosianism is the concept of the innate predisposition of individuals to criminal offenses. It is named after Cesare Lombroso, who first formulated this concept.

The Italian psychiatrist Lombroso, having worked all his life as a prison doctor, created an impressive classification of the facial features of criminals. He suggested that criminals not only differ in appearance from normal people, but also carry the rudimentary signs of primitive man. The external manifestations of these signs are the so-called stigmata of crime: the wrong structure of the skull, asymmetry of the face, dulled sensitivity, inability to blush, a tendency to tattoo, etc. Anomalies in the psyche are expressed in vindictiveness, vanity, pride, weakness of reason, underdevelopment of moral feelings, features speech and even a special script, reminiscent of the hieroglyphs of the ancients.

The teachings of Lombroso did not find further application. Alas, there are too many moral conclusions in his conclusions and too little truth. Of course, it would be very tempting to identify criminals, albeit potential ones for the time being, by the shape of the eyebrows or nose. However, the experience of criminologists shows that crimes are committed by people of very different appearances, sometimes even quite imposing. The famous hero of Conan Doyle claimed: "A man of the most disgusting appearance that I have ever met was a great philanthropist who donated without count to the needs of orphans, and the most charming woman I have seen turned out to be a poisoner of her children." One way or another, the works of Lombroso are interesting to read, but it is impossible to use them, at least for the purposes of forensic examination.

Obviously, if one follows the logic of Ch. Lombroso's anthropological theory to the end, then the fight against crime should be carried out through the physical destruction or lifelong isolation of "innate" criminals. The biologizing approach in explaining the nature of criminal behavior was already subjected to serious, fair criticism by bourgeois sociologists, Lombroso's contemporaries, when crime began to be studied as a social phenomenon.

History of forensic psychology in the 20th century.

The end of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th centuries is characterized by the sociologization of criminological knowledge, when the causes of crime as a social phenomenon began to be studied by sociologists J. Quetelet, E. Durkheim, P. Dupoty, M. Weber, L. Levy-Bruhl and others, who, using the method of social statistics , overcame the anthropological approach in explaining the nature of criminal behavior, showing the dependence of deviant behavior on the social conditions of society. These works were, of course, a progressive phenomenon of their time.

At the International Conference in France in 1972, researchers from different countries expressed the unanimous opinion that the relationship between gene disorders and crime is not statistically confirmed.

Thus, the theory of chromosomal anomalies, as once the anthropological theory of crime, did not find its confirmation on closer examination and was subjected to serious justified criticism. The followers of the biologizing approach, and in particular the representatives of the Freudian and neo-Freudian schools, pay special attention to explaining the nature of such a property as aggressiveness, which allegedly serves as the root cause of violent crimes. Behavior, the purpose of which is to harm some object or person, arises, according to Freudians and neo-Freudians, as a result of the fact that for various reasons certain unconscious innate drives do not receive realization, which causes aggressive energy, the energy of destruction, to come to life. As such unconscious innate drives, 3. Freud considered libido, A. Adler - the desire for power, for superiority over others, E. Fromm - the desire for destruction. Obviously, in this case, aggressiveness must inevitably arise in any person with innate, strongly expressed unconscious drives, which are far from always able to be realized in life and therefore find their way out in destructive, destructive behavior.

However, subsequent researchers of aggressiveness and its nature both abroad and in our country (A. Bandura, D. Bergkovets, A. Base, E. Kvyatkovskaya-Tokhovich, S. N. Enikolopov and others) significantly changed the point of view on the nature of aggression and its expression.

An increasing role in the nature of aggression is assigned to social factors that act in vivo. So, A. Bandura believes that aggression is the result of a distorted process of socialization, in particular, the result of parents' abuse of punishment, cruelty to children. A. Bergkovets points out that between the objective situation and the aggressive behavior of a person there are always two mediating reasons: readiness for aggression (anger) and interpretation, interpretation for oneself, of this situation.

Individual psychosomatic and gender and age characteristics, as well as deviations associated with them (mental retardation, neuropsychic and somatic pathologies, age-related crisis periods of development, etc.) are considered as psychobiological prerequisites for antisocial behavior that can impede the social adaptation of an individual, by no means without being a fatal predetermining cause of criminal behavior.

R. Merton's theory of "social anomaly" is built on the hypothesis of withering away, the falling away of moral norms in delinquent behavior (sociology of crime); the theory of "neutralization" by D. Mats and T. Sykes, who believe that the offender as a whole shares the generally accepted norms of morality, but justifies his criminal behavior.

The development of legal psychology in the early years of Soviet power was greatly facilitated by the great public interest in the administration of justice, legality, the identity of the criminal, etc. The country began to search for new forms of crime prevention and the re-education of offenders. Forensic psychology has taken an active part in solving these problems. In 1925, for the first time in the world, the State Institute for the Study of Crime and the Criminal was organized in our country. During the first five years of its existence, this institute published a significant number of works on legal psychology. Special offices for the study of the criminal and crime were organized in Moscow, Leningrad, Saratov, Kyiv, Kharkov, Minsk, Baku and other cities.

At the same time, research was carried out on the psychology of testimonies, on psychological examination and some other problems.

Interesting research was carried out by the psychologist A. R. Luria in the laboratory of experimental psychology, created in 1927 at the Moscow provincial prosecutor's office. He studied the possibilities of using the methods of experimental psychology for investigating crimes and formulated the principles of operation of the device, which later received the name "debunker of lies" (lie detector) "A significant contribution to the development of forensic psychology of that time was made by such well-known specialists as V.M. F. Koni.

Already in the first years of Soviet power, lawyers and psychologists were persistently looking for new forms of combating crime. The new social system saw in the criminal, first of all, a person. This humanistic principle, which formed the basis of the Soviet legislative regulation of the issues of proof, naturally increased the interest in the psychological characteristics of people involved in the orbit of criminal justice, introduced psychology into the circle of problems, the study of which was important for the successful investigation of crimes.

In 1922 Koni published the pamphlet Memory and Attention, which outlined the problems of witness testimony. A. R. Luria, in a number of his studies, subjected the essence of testimonies to a special psychological analysis. Much attention was paid to the psychology of testimonies by the then well-known forensic psychologist A.E. Brusilovsky.

The achievements of experimental psychology begin to be used during this period in judicial practice in Russia. In particular, V. M. Bekhterev and his students are actively involved in the problems of psychological diagnosis of criminals and witnesses. The first significant study in the field of forensic psychological examination was the book by A. E. Brusilovsky "Forensic psychological examination: its subject, methodology and subjects", published in 1939 in Kharkov. It contains examples of the use of forensic psychological expertise (FPE) in criminal proceedings.

Initially, during the formation of experimental psychology, attempts to use it for the needs of legal practice were reduced mainly to the development of methods for determining the reliability of the testimony of participants in the criminal process. For example, A. R. Luria in 1928, studying mental processes, develops the so-called “conjugate motor technique” with the aim of diagnosing affective traces. This technique is a prototype of the lie detector, which is now widely used in foreign legal practice.

In the works of that period, the personality of the offender was actively investigated. This had its positive aspects, as it made it possible to accurately and correctly qualify the crimes committed, taking into account all objective and subjective aspects. But, on the other hand, claiming to establish the reliability of the testimonies of the participants in the judicial-investigative process, the expert took on the task of determining how true or false these testimonies were. For example, based on the free story of the subject and answers to questions, expert psychologists drew conclusions about the presence or absence of the so-called "lying symptoms", objectively caused by one or another type of personality. It was assumed that the subjects, characterized by coldness, gloom, cynicism, are ready for a premeditated lie, distortion of facts. Therefore, the value of the testimony of such persons was considered doubtful, the testimony of subjects with complexes of unfulfilled desires was considered unreliable.

It should be noted that at that time in psychological practice there were no effective scientifically based methods for a comprehensive study of personality, and therefore the expert problem could not be solved. But this was not the main drawback of the SPE in that period. Giving an answer to the question about the unreliability of the testimony of the subject, the expert psychologist transgressed the boundaries of his special knowledge and procedural powers, thereby invading the competence of the investigation and the court.

The level of practical psychology at that time still lagged behind legal practice. The psychologist not only revealed the reliability of the testimony, but also determined the guilt of the person who committed the crime. Such an unjustified reassessment of the competence of psychological expertise caused a negative attitude towards expert psychological research, which existed until the 1960s. The misconceptions of some supporters of forensic psychological expertise have received a well-deserved critical assessment of leading lawyers. However, against the background of criticism, no constructive proposals were made that would contribute to the correct and strictly regulated application of psychological knowledge in the criminal process. Most of the opponents of forensic psychological expertise also underestimated the fact that psychological science has been widely introduced into practice. And only in the late 50's - early 60's. the question was raised about the need to restore the rights of legal psychology and forensic psychological examination. Thus, in the resolution of the plenum of the Supreme Court of the USSR No. 6 of July 3, 1963 “On judicial practice in cases of juvenile crimes”, it was indicated that it is expedient to conduct a forensic psychological examination in ascertaining the ability of minors to fully realize the significance of their actions and in determining the measure of their ability to lead by their actions. With this decision, the active use of psychological knowledge in investigative and judicial practice begins. The studies of domestic legal psychologists made it possible to set and solve psychological problems at a qualitatively new level in relation to the goals of the investigative and judicial process, the expert's special knowledge.

One of the particular tasks of the judicial and investigative process is the assessment of the personality of the accused, victim or witness. The task of an expert psychologist may include a general psychological characteristic of a person (the so-called psychological portrait). An expert, on the basis of his professional knowledge, reveals such properties and qualities of a person that make it possible to draw a conclusion about his psychological appearance. But expert activity, in contrast to the activity of the court and the investigation, is not of a social and evaluative nature, but is based on scientifically substantiated provisions of psychology.

In May 1971, the first All-Union Conference on Forensic Psychology was held in Moscow.

In June 1971 in Tbilisi, at the 4th All-Union Congress of Psychologists, forensic psychology was presented as a separate section.

In the autumn of 1986, the All-Union Conference on Legal Psychology was held in the city of Tartu (Estonia). Representatives of all the republics and regions of the Soviet Union gathered at this conference and made presentations and reports. In these reports, the problems of the methodology and structure of forensic psychology, the tasks of its individual branches (criminal psychology, the psychology of the victim, the psychology of the preliminary investigation, etc.), as well as the proposed structure of the university course of this discipline and the methodology of its teaching were widely discussed.

A significant contribution to the formation and development of legal psychology was made by V. V. Romanov and M. I. Enikeev: the first in the field of introducing legal psychology into the field of military justice, and the second in the field of organizing the teaching of this discipline in Moscow universities.

Currently, in our country in the field of legal psychology, a lot of research is being carried out in the following main areas:

General questions of legal psychology (subject, system, methods, history, connections with other sciences);

Legal awareness and legal psychology;

Professiograms of legal professions, psychological characteristics of legal activity;

To Forensic Psychology:

Criminal psychology. Psychology of the criminal and crime;

Psychology of preliminary investigation;

Psychology of criminal proceedings;

Forensic psychological examination;

Psychological characteristics of juvenile offenders;

Ethics and psychology of legal relations in the field of entrepreneurial activity;

Psychological patterns of the emergence and development of the "shadow economy";

Psychology of organized crime, etc.

Methods of forensic psychology methodological foundations

Each science has its own subject and corresponding methods of scientific research. However, regardless of the area in which the research is conducted, certain requirements are imposed on scientific methods:

First, the phenomenon under study must be investigated in its development, in relation to the environment and other systems;

Secondly, scientific research must be objective. This means that the researcher should strive to ensure that his subjective assessments and opinions do not affect the process of observation and the process of formulating final conclusions.

If we characterize in the most general terms the state of modern scientific knowledge and the methodological needs that are formed on this basis, then, apparently, it is necessary, first of all, to state that it has become deeper and more complex, multilevel and multidimensional. It is these properties and, at the same time, the needs of the development of modern scientific knowledge that correspond to the main directions of the systematic approach.

Forensic psychology is an independent scientific discipline, the focus of which is on the problems of harmonizing a person and law as elements of a single system. It can successfully develop and solve the complex of tasks facing it only thanks to a systematic approach.

The basis of the systematic approach is the study of the process of activity in conjunction with the structure of the personality and the system of legal norms. Only the systemic method makes it possible to analyze the interaction of these structures in sufficient depth and to reveal the main psychological patterns of such interaction, to give a fairly complete description of the process, taking into account all its elements.

In this regard, the development of the leading general psychological theory in Russian science - the theory of activity (Vygotsky, Leontiev, Luria, Zaporozhets, etc.) acquires special value.

Activity is one of the main psychological categories. However, there is no universally accepted definition. S.L. Rubinstein notes the organic connection between human activity and consciousness. In his opinion, activity is “a process through which one or another attitude of a person to the world around him is realized - to other people, to the tasks that life sets before him.”

A person's personality is characterized, first of all, by those basic, cardinal goals that make up the meaning of a person's life and are the driving forces of his activity and behavior. The main goals integrate the personality. Classification of methods

Forensic psychology makes extensive use of various methods of jurisprudence and psychology to reveal the objective patterns it studies. These methods can be classified both in terms of goals and methods of research. According to the objectives of the study, the methods of forensic psychology are divided into the following three groups:

1. Methods of scientific research. With their help, the mental patterns of human relations regulated by the rule of law are studied, and scientifically based recommendations are developed for practice - the fight against crime and its prevention.

2. Methods of psychological impact on personality. They are used by officials involved in the fight against crime. The range of application of these methods is limited by the framework of criminal procedure legislation and ethics. They pursue the following goals: prevention of criminal activity, detection of a crime and identification of its causes, re-education of criminals, adaptation (adaptation) of them to the conditions of normal existence in a normal social environment.

3. Methods of forensic psychological examination. Their purpose is the most complete and objective research conducted by an expert psychologist on the order of the investigating or judicial authorities. The range of methods used in this study is limited by the requirements of the legislation governing the production of expertise.

Conclusion

For forensic, as well as for legal psychology, it is productive to use one of the principles of system analysis - the hierarchy of systems, the essence of which is that any system is considered as part of another, wider system, and its elements - as independent systems. This principle allows, on the one hand, to focus on the multilevel organization of the reality under study, and on the other hand, it provides an opportunity to focus the study on a certain qualitatively unique phenomenon.

One of the methodological principles of both legal psychology and judicial psychology is a personal approach. Forensic psychology always has a personality as an object of study, since the system of legal norms is addressed to it. This allows you to build a personality structure and highlight those elements that are significant in criminogenic situations, in various aspects of law enforcement, in developing a strategy for the resocialization of offenders, etc. One of the most important tasks of forensic psychology is to identify internal personal prerequisites that interact with certain external factors can create a criminogenic situation for a given person, i.e., the allocation of criminogenic personal qualities and prerequisites.

Bibliography

1. Baranov P.P., V.I. Kurbatov Legal psychology. Rostov-on-Don, "Phoenix", 2007.

2. Bondarenko T. A. Legal psychology for investigators. M., 2007.

3. Volkov V.N., S.I. Yanaev Legal psychology. M., 2005.

4. Vasiliev V.L. "Legal Psychology": Textbook - St. Petersburg, 2006.

5. Enikeev M.I. Legal psychology. M., 2006.

6. Psychological techniques in the work of a lawyer. Stolyarenko O.M. M., 2006.

7. Shikhantsov G.G. Legal psychology. M., 2006.

forensic psychology) S. p., which arose at the intersection of psychology and law, studies the interaction between psychology and law and is engaged in the application of psychol. knowledge to solve legal issues. This specialty covers a wide range of clients and situations incl. individuals of all ages, couples, groups, orgs, industries, government agencies, schools, universities, inpatient and outpatient psychiatric clinics, and correctional facilities. Forensic psychologists may be employed in areas as diverse as criminal standing and liability, civil liability and/or damages, product liability, psychiatric referral, divorce and parental custody litigation, non-punitive criminals, the rights of patients and criminals, special education, witness identification, jury selection, selection and training of police officers, recruitment practices, workers' wages, and professional liability. Unlike psychiatry, which has been playing its role in the judicial system for many years, psychology did not acquire a solid legal status until 1962, after the decision of Judge Baslon of the US Court of Appeals in the case of Jenkins v. United States (Jenkins v. United States) . The judge involved in the Jenkins criminal case suggested that the jury disregard the testimony of a psychologist regarding mental illness. disorders. He did so on the basis of the belief that a psychologist was not qualified to make medical judgments. US Court of Appeals. held that the judge had erred and determined that "certain psychologists are entitled to testify as an expert in the field of mental disorders". He further proposed criteria for qualifying a psychologist as an expert. Over the years that have passed since this decision, other cases have significantly expanded the range of psychol. examination of problems. Today, despite some differences between states and between state and federal governments, psychologists are regularly granted expert status in virtually every relevant area of ​​criminal, civil, family, and administrative law. S.'s development of the item was shown in a number of other directions. In the 1960s, law schools and psychology departments began to co-create interdisciplinary curricula. In the early 1970s, the first joint PhD and Juris Doctor programs appeared, as well as PhD programs in psychology with a specialization in forensic or correctional psychology. To date, there are already many such programs, and there is a tendency to include psychol in programs. postgraduate courses of legal content. Appeared tzh whole line professional orgs. These include the American Association of Correctional Psychology and the American Psychology-Law Society. In 1980, members of the American Psychological Association (APA) approved the creation of the Division of Psychology and Law (Division 41). The APA also established a Commission on Legal Issues (COLI). In 1978, the American Board of Forensic Psychology was established. Its purpose is the certification of qualified specialists and the promotion of forensic psychology as an independent legal discipline. Another evidence of development is the publication of journals and books in the field. Along with the major journals, Law and Human Behavior and Criminal Justice and Behavior, there are many other journals that also publish relevant articles. Books reviewing the state of the art in this area include New directions in psycholegal research by Lipsitt and Sales, The role of the forensic psychologist by J. Cook, and Law and psychological practice ("Law and psychological practice") Schwitzgebel and Schwitzgebel. Specific questions addressed to forensic psychologists. The main questions that a psychologist has to answer in most court cases can be divided into three categories: a) diagnostic questions regarding personality dynamics, the presence of psychosis or organic psychopathology, evidence of simulation, etc.; b) issues that require a transition from the level of diagnosis to the issuance of expert opinions regarding specific legal issues, the legal capacity to answer before the court, the connection of psychol. disorder with an accident, respect for the interests of the child, etc.; c) questions related to decisions on the case - the need for referral for treatment and the prediction of its results, the possibility of dangerous behavior in the future, etc. To answer such questions, a forensic psychologist does not need only traditional diagnostic skills, he also needs to possess special evaluation procedures and knowledge pending court case. In addition, he will have to deal with important confidentiality issues, which will vary from situation to situation. Before proceeding with the assessment, the psychologist must also work with lawyers on the range of questions that are put before him, and help them understand what a psychol. Evaluation can give and what it cannot give. The lawyer must also understand that the psychologist receives his fee only for the evaluation and that he is under no obligation to testify on behalf of the client. Whether such evidence is provided or not depends on the results of the evaluation. The psychologist also needs to familiarize himself with the "forensic history" (forensic history), which is more extensive than the usual biography, and often includes such information as clinical records, police reports and testimonies. These sources of information should be subsequently referred to when drawing up an opinion on the results of the assessment. Testimony in court. In some cases, the conclusion of a forensic psychologist can be accepted without his appearance in court. However, it is not uncommon for a psychologist to be called to testify in court. Testifying can be a traumatic experience; a key factor in minimizing difficulties is thorough preliminary preparation. This training takes place at several levels. The first level involves a thorough study of the relevant law, the tests used and the results obtained. The psychologist must also be able to present test data without abusing professional jargon, illustrating his statements with relevant examples of behavior. The second level of preparation is a meeting with a lawyer. A forensic psychologist must strictly follow ethical principles and maintain personal integrity. However, the psychologist is also responsible for presenting the results in the most effective way possible. The lawyer, on the contrary, is required to promote the interests of the client. Lawyers are taught never to ask a witness a question to which the lawyer would not already know the answer in advance. Preparation therefore includes agreement between the psychologist and the lawyer on how the test results will be announced and what questions will be asked and what the psychologist will answer. It is also useful to consider the questions that may be asked to the psychologist during cross-examination in order to outline possible answers to them. The credibility of a psychologist in the courtroom will depend on a number of factors. The first is the level of his qualifications (credentials): the psychologist must provide the lawyer with his brief autobiography (curriculum vitae), which the lawyer can use when introducing the psychologist and characterizing his qualifications. The credibility of a psychologist will also depend on his behavior in the courtroom. While on the stand for testimony, the psychologist must remember that the cross-examining lawyer is only doing his job when he expresses doubts about the credibility of the psychologist and the results obtained by him. In addition, the situation in the courtroom is often not as formal as expected, and the judge is usually willing to assist an expert witness. When witnessing, the psychologist should not hesitate to admit that he did not understand the question, or does not know the answer, or that he does not have enough information. to answer this question. Judicial non-punitive influence. Judicial non-punitive action (forensic treatment) covers as wide a range of situations as judicial evaluation. In the case of criminal cases, non-punitive intervention may consist of therapy focused on restoring the legal capacity of an incompetent individual to answer before the court, or in providing emotional support to a person who is facing imprisonment. Non-punitive action in criminal cases sometimes includes therapy focused on personality problems or on an individual's aggressive or sexual behavior while in custody or outpatient therapy as a condition prescribed by a court decision on probation or parole. Therapeutic work with offenders requires specific knowledge of the criminal justice system, the nature and effects of the prison environment, the probation and parole system, and the personality and/or behaviors often observed in offenders. Group therapy or behavioral therapy procedures are often extremely helpful when dealing with sexual abusers, offenders with alcohol problems, and other types of offenders. In civil damages situations, non-punitive intervention may consist of insight-oriented or supportive psychotherapy. In addition to this, special methods such as behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy or biologist technique. feedback, can be used to treat anxiety, phobias, or depression. The therapist must be aware that the court may require evidence, and this may at times affect both the psychic. the client's condition and the course of therapy. In such cases, the therapist may often find that the judicial situation is at odds with the therapeutic situation. In such cases, the therapist is obliged to communicate his recommendations to the patient and the lawyer, but the final decision as to whether to follow these recommendations or not lies with the patient himself. In a child custody situation, non-punitive action is often ordered by the court, either to avoid full custody proceedings or as part of a dispute resolution. Main the purpose of this intervention is to help the child successfully adapt to the new situation, and this, of course, requires work with the child. However, it almost always also requires work with the parents. Working with parents focuses on issues such as the process of communicating with the child, the unconscious or conscious restriction of the other parent's rights in relation to the child, and the resolution of conflicts between parents. Research in S. p. Most of the questions asked of a forensic psychologist require only a description of the current state of the individual. However, many other questions contain an explicit or implicit requirement to predict future behavior. Answering questions regarding the likelihood of future risky behavior, response to psychiatric treatment, or the child's adaptation to various possible alternative life situations requires not only a thorough clinical assessment, but knowledge of the relevant studies. In research. the fallacy of traditional clinical concepts can often be found. A recent example of this is the results of a study. children's adaptation to the trauma caused by the divorce of their parents. The existing level of scientific knowledge often does not allow to support clinical t. sp. in terms of available research results. This dictates the need for a forensic psychologist to be not only a recipient of information, but also a provider of research. on these issues. In other cases, for example. associated with witness identification, the predominant basis for drawing up a conclusion is the conduct of an appropriate study. The forensic psychologist must constantly be aware of new information, which appears as a result of research. Such efforts, along with modern the level of knowledge of the law and the changes brought to it by new cases provide the prospect that, when combined with a thorough clinical approach, they will allow the forensic psychologist to provide the greatest assistance to the legal system. See also Criminal Liability, Expert Testimony, Psychology of Juries, Psychology and Law J. Cook

Legal and Forensic Psychology

Subject and system of legal psychology

Legal psychology includes various areas of scientific knowledge, is an applied science and equally belongs to both psychology and jurisprudence. In the field of public relations regulated by the rule of law, the mental activity of people acquires peculiar features, which are due to the specifics of human activity in the field of legal regulation.

Law is always associated with the normative behavior of people. Below we will briefly review these concepts, after which we will move on to the consideration of the “man - law” and “person - law - society” systems, and then to the analysis of law enforcement and other types of legal activities.

Being an active member of society, a person performs actions. actions that obey certain rules. The rules that are obligatory for a particular set (mass) of people are called norms of behavior, which are established by the people themselves in the interests of either the whole society or individual groups and classes.

All norms of behavior are usually divided into technical and social. The former regulate human activity in the use of natural resources (fuel consumption rates, electricity, water, etc.) and tools. Social norms govern human actions in human relationships.

Social norms include customs, morality and law. All social norms, based on the assessments accepted in society, require either abstention from certain actions, or the performance of some kind of active actions.

The methodological feature of legal psychology is that the center of gravity in cognition is transferred to the individual as the subject of activity. Thus, if the law primarily singles out the offender in a person, then legal psychology examines the person in the offender, in the witness, the victim, etc.

The mental state, as well as the stable features of the character and personality of the victim, offender, witness, develop and proceed in no other way than obeying general psychological and psychophysiological laws. The specificity of the subject of legal psychology lies in the originality of the vision of these conditions, in the study of their legal significance in the process of establishing the truth, in search of scientifically based methods to reduce the possibility of violating legal norms through the psychological correction of these conditions, as well as the personality traits of offenders.

The investigator, conducting a preliminary investigation, the court, examining the case in court, find out the complex interweaving of human relationships, sometimes difficult to account for the psychological, subjective qualities of people, the motives for which a person committed a crime. So, in cases of murder, incitement to suicide, intentional infliction of grievous bodily harm, hooliganism, theft, essentially psychological issues are considered - self-interest and revenge, deceit and cruelty, love and jealousy, etc. At the same time, the judge, the prosecutor, the investigator, the worker of the bodies of inquiry deal not only with criminals, but also with a variety of people acting as witnesses, victims, experts, witnesses. The personality of each of them has developed in certain conditions of social life, their ways of thinking are individual, their characters are not the same, their attitudes towards themselves, towards the world around them are peculiar.

An accurate understanding of why we do things the way we do enables us to better understand and control our lives more consciously. Judge and investigator, prosecutor and defense counsel, administrator and educator of correctional colonies must be armed with psychological knowledge that allows them to correctly navigate the complex and intricate relationships and conflicts that they have to deal with. There is no doubt that the significance of psychological science is necessary for everyone who deals with people, who is recognized to influence them, to educate them. The science of human mental life and activity, which studies such processes as sensation and perception, memorization and thinking, feelings and will, personality traits with individual characteristics such as temperament, character, age, inclinations, cannot but have the most direct relation to disclosure and investigation of crimes, consideration of cases in court.

To a large extent, the tasks of legal psychology are determined by the need to improve the practical activities of the judiciary.

Employees of the investigation and the court, daily faced with various manifestations of the psyche of the defendant, victim, witness, of course, try to understand the complexities of their mental world in order to correctly understand it and properly evaluate it. The peculiarity of the very profession of an investigator, prosecutor and judge is that it gradually forms certain knowledge about the human psyche, forcing them to operate with the provisions of the so-called practical psychology and to be somewhat knowledgeable in this area. However, the volume and quality of such knowledge, mostly intuitive, cannot go beyond the individual experience and personal data of an employee. In addition, such empirical knowledge about the spiritual world of a person, acquired from time to time, is unsystematic, and therefore they cannot satisfy the ever-increasing demands of life. For the most objective and qualified solution of many issues that constantly arise before forensic investigators, along with legal and general erudition, professional experience, extensive psychological knowledge is also required.

While investigating the shadow aspects of life, sometimes in its most repulsive manifestations, the investigator, the judge must be able to maintain personal immunity (immunity) to negative influences and avoid unwanted distortion of the personality, the so-called professional deformation (suspicion, self-confidence, accusatory bias, etc.) .

The peculiarities of the work of these workers make moral and psychological hardening necessary, because they are associated with a significant strain of mental and moral forces.

Lawyers need to be able to rationally distribute their strengths and abilities in order to maintain the effectiveness of work throughout the working day, to possess professional psychological qualities in order to obtain optimal evidentiary data with the least expenditure of nervous energy. In the consistent development of such professional qualities as flexibility of mind and character, sharp observation and tenacious memory, self-control and endurance, adherence to principles and justice, organization and independence, the recommendations of psychological science are of great importance, which indicates the right ways and means of their formation. Along with this, a further increase in the efficiency of the work of forensic investigators requires a comprehensive, deep development of the psychological foundations of forensic tactics, as well as the psychology of other participants in criminal proceedings (the accused, the victim, the witness, etc.). The psychological competence of forensic investigators helps to “prevent errors that are sometimes fraught with serious consequences that may arise when judging human actions due to underestimation of psychological moments” [Rubinshtein S.L. Fundamentals of General Psychology. Ed. 2nd. M., 1946. S. 26.].

Legal psychology is a scientific and practical discipline that studies the psychological patterns of the "man - law" system, develops recommendations aimed at improving the effectiveness of this system.

The methodological basis of legal psychology is a system-structural analysis of the process of activity, which is considered in conjunction with the structure of the personality and the system of legal norms.

Thus, the focus of this science is the psychological problems of harmonizing a person and law as elements of one system.

Exploring the problem of the subject and system of legal psychology, the author proceeds from the fundamental position that psychological patterns in the field of law enforcement activity are divided into two large categories: law-abiding activity and activity associated with certain offenses.

These methodological prerequisites, as well as the principle of hierarchy, determine the construction of a system of legal psychology, in which psychological patterns in the field of law-abiding behavior and in the field of social pathology are consistently analyzed.

The general part of legal psychology outlines the subject, system, history, methods, connection with other scientific disciplines, as well as the foundations of general and social psychology. A special section tells about the patterns of law-abiding behavior, legal consciousness and intuition of the individual, their role in the formation of the individual's immunity to a criminogenic situation.

A special part of legal psychology, which is often called forensic psychology, consists of the following sections: criminal psychology, psychology of the victim, psychology of juvenile delinquency, investigative psychology, psychology of the judicial process, forensic psychological examination and correctional labor psychology.

Legal psychology is an independent psychological discipline that studies a person in its entirety. On the other hand, in this scientific discipline, legal aspects are clearly expressed, which determine the complex of objective laws studied by this discipline. She develops psychological foundations:

law-abiding behavior (legal awareness, morality, public opinion, social stereotypes);

criminal behavior (the structure of the offender's personality, the criminal stereotype, the structure of the criminal group, the criminogenic situation, the structure of the victim's personality and their role in the genesis of criminal behavior);

law enforcement (crime prevention, investigative psychology, psychology of the trial, forensic psychological examination);

resocialization of offenders (correctional labor psychology, psychology of adaptation after release from ITU);

psychology of minors (psychological features of the problems outlined in paragraphs 1 - 4).

Legal psychology solves the following tasks:

study of the psychological patterns of the impact of law and law enforcement on individuals, groups, collectives;

Along with the development of criminal psychology, the psychology of the victim, investigative psychology and other disciplines that are part of the structure of a special part of legal psychology, in recent years our country has developed research into the psychology of legal labor, in particular its individual aspects, professiograms of legal professions, professional selection and professional orientation in the field of jurisprudence.

To optimize law enforcement, it is necessary, on the one hand, a detailed description of all aspects of this complex professional activity, personal qualities and skills that are implemented in it, and, on the other hand, scientifically based recommendations on the compliance of a particular human personality with the objective requirements for the legal profession, on the methodology for the selection and placement of legal personnel.

The psychology of legal work is an independent psychological discipline: the complex of the main problems it studies is related to legal professiography, professional advice and orientation, professional selection and professional education, specialization and prevention of professional deformation of law enforcement officers. However, there are a number of boundary aspects in which this discipline is included in the system of legal psychology: for example, the individual characteristics of the personality of an employee and their implementation in law enforcement (individual style of interrogation), the dominance of various aspects of professional activity at various stages, the role of personal qualities in achieving success. (or failure) in various professional situations, etc.

The synthesis of psychology and jurisprudence in scientific disciplines - legal psychology and psychology of legal labor - should lead to the mutual enrichment of these sciences, the resolution of one of the most pressing problems in this joint area - increasing the effectiveness of law enforcement.

Legal psychology in its modern sense - a science that studies various psychological aspects of a person and activity in the conditions of legal regulation, can successfully develop and solve a complex of tasks facing it only thanks to a systematic approach.

Modern science is characterized by the combination of two opposing trends - the increasing differentiation and integration of various sciences. The emergence of special disciplines is explained, of course, by the growing differentiation and progress of the analytical methods of science. However, in the field of human knowledge, this trend is intertwined with synthetic approaches to real holistic or complex types of human activity. Therefore, the specialization of knowledge in this area is most often combined with a complex unification of individual private teachings into a general theory of a particular education, property or type of human activity [See: Ananiev B.G. On the problems of modern human knowledge. M. 1977. S. 14.].

The study of the genesis of offenses is characterized by different approaches to these phenomena depending on the scientific discipline, since the structure of a particular offense can be analyzed from different points of view. The legal approach characterizes it as an act consisting of four elements: object, subject, objective and subjective sides. For criminology, sociology and psychology, a dynamic, genetic approach is more productive, which makes it possible to study human behavior in development.

The idea of ​​an integrated approach to the definition of the subject and tasks of criminal psychology was expressed back in the mid-20s by S.V. Poznyshev. “Criminal psychology,” he wrote, “studies all those mental states of a person that have one or another influence on criminal liability, and the subject of criminal psychology is not individual mental processes in their possible mental justification, but a person in a certain range of its manifestations related to to the field of crime or the fight against it” [Poznyshev S.V. Criminal psychology. M. 1926. S. 9.].

An important task of criminal psychology is to identify internal personal prerequisites that, in interaction with a certain external situation, can create a criminogenic situation, i.e. determine criminogenic personal qualities and prerequisites. Further, within the framework of criminal psychology, specific personality traits are established that cause criminogenic prerequisites in it (defects in legal consciousness, morality, culture of emotions, etc.), and a causal relationship is established between the identified defects and the propensity to commit a certain category of crimes. Criminal psychology investigates the mechanism of a person's immunity to a criminogenic situation and, through the knowledge of the patterns of this phenomenon, develops recommendations for the prevention of crime.

Similar tasks ("on the other side of the barrier") in a criminogenic situation are set and must be solved by the psychology of the victim.

The psychology of the victim studies the factors of formation of the personality of the victim, his behavior in the genesis of the crime, and also develops practical recommendations on the method of interrogating the victim and educating people in moral and volitional qualities that would provide protection from criminal encroachment. The psychology of the victim is closely related to criminal law, criminology, social psychology and personality psychology.

Psychological studies of the personality of the victim and his activities seem to be very relevant, as they contribute to solving a number of issues: a more correct classification of crimes, the study of their causes and conditions, a more comprehensive investigation of criminal cases, the discovery of new evidence, etc.

The problem includes the following aspects: methods for studying the identity of the victim, studying the behavior of the victim immediately before the crime event, at the time of the crime event, after it, and finally, at the stage of preliminary investigation.

The complex problem of the formation of criminal intent can be studied quite deeply, first of all, within the framework of criminal psychology and the psychology of the victim.

In a special section, criminal psychology explores the psychological aspects of careless crime, including domestic and professional negligence.

Crime is a great social evil, and juvenile delinquency is an evil magnified many times over. A significant number of especially dangerous recidivists committed their first crime under the age of 18. A society that wants to get rid of crime, first of all, must properly educate children.

In the vast majority of cases, those who do not have relationships in the school community are among the adolescent delinquents.

Thus, legal psychology investigates the antisocial behavior of a minor and the influence of external microenvironment factors on him, as well as personality traits of a teenager, which determine his individual response to various "failures in life", and develops recommendations aimed at preventing child and juvenile delinquency.

Preliminary investigation is a purposeful process, the purpose of which is to reconstruct (restore) the event of a crime that took place in the past, according to the traces discovered by the investigator in the present (Articles 20.21 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR).

It is possible to distinguish at least two directions of such reconstruction: the reconstruction of the crime event itself and the objective conditions that contributed to its commission. The final goal of such a reconstruction is to obtain comprehensive information about the object and the objective side of the corpus delicti.

The second direction of reconstruction is the study of the offender's personality in its evolution, development, the study of the mechanism of formation of criminal intent, criminal attitude, the study of the subjective attitude of the offender to the committed act. Such a reconstruction is necessary in order to obtain comprehensive information about the subject and the subjective side of the corpus delicti, about the specific causes of this crime, which are manifested through the criminal attitudes and criminal behavior of the person under study.

Within the framework of investigative psychology, the psychological foundations of the most important investigative actions are developed: examination, interrogation, search, identification, etc. - and psychological recommendations are developed aimed at increasing their effectiveness.

The psychology of considering a criminal case in court explores the patterns of mental activity of all persons involved in the consideration of a criminal case in court, as well as the educational impact of the trial and sentence on the defendant and other persons, the role of public opinion as a factor influencing the trial, etc. sciences are closely connected with this section: criminal law, criminal procedure, social psychology, judicial ethics.

The psychological analysis of the judicial process makes it possible to develop recommendations aimed at improving the effectiveness of justice, the culture of the process, and the maximum educational impact on all its participants.

Correctional labor psychology explores the psychological aspects of the re-education of persons who have committed crimes, their involvement in work and adaptation to a normal existence in a normal social environment, the dynamics of the convict's personality, factors affecting his re-education, the structure of the convict team, and also develops practical recommendations for re-education and resocialization of convicts.

These tasks cannot be solved without the use of data from various sciences that study the personality of a person, his relationship with the team, as well as the role of various factors that positively or negatively affect the personality of the convict. One of the most relevant sciences that contribute to the solution of the above problems is corrective labor psychology, which explores the patterns of mental activity of a person serving a sentence, and the main factors influencing him in the process of re-education: regime, work, team, educational impact, as well as optional factors - family, friendly ties with persons who are at large, study, hobby for amateur performances, etc.

Corrective labor psychology is closely connected with corrective labor law, pedagogy, labor psychology and social psychology.

The synthesis of psychology and jurisprudence in a new scientific discipline - legal psychology - should lead to the mutual enrichment of both sciences, the resolution of one of the most pressing problems - increasing the effectiveness of law enforcement.

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APPROVE

Head of Department

psychology and pedagogy

Colonel of the Internal Service

A.V. Shlenkov

"___" ___________________ 2013

LECTURE

by discipline

“LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY”

for students in the specialty

030301.65 - WORK PSYCHOLOGY

QUALIFICATION (DEGREE)

"SPECIALIST"

SMK-UMK-4.4.2-45-13

Theme 5

Forensic psychology

Considered at the PMC meeting (section)

Protocol No. ___ dated "___" _________ 20__

St. Petersburg

2013

1. learning goals
   1. Introduce the concept of forensic psychology.

2. Study the materials of the preliminary investigation and the planning of the trial.

1. educational goals
   1. To instill in students the desire for self-education and instill an interest in discipline.
2. Calculation of study time

	Time, min.
INTRODUCTION MAIN PART Study questions: 3. Psychology of interrogation FINAL PART

1. Literature

Main literature

4. Enikeev M.I. Legal psychology. Textbook for universities: [certified by the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Higher Education] - M .: Norma, 2013. - 502 pages.

additional literature

1. 
   activities. SPb., 2008.
2. 
   allowance. SPb., 2009.

1. Educational and material support
2. Teaching aids: multimedia projector, computer equipment.
3. Slides:

• Topic title.
• Educational questions.
• Recommended literature.
• Consideration of the content of training questions
• Conclusion.

VI. Lecture text

INTRODUCTION

Trial as a stage of the criminal process follows the preliminary investigation. During the trial, the court must fully analyze the version of the preliminary investigation, as well as all possible relationships between the events and circumstances of the case. In addition, the court can put forward its own version of any criminal case.

The activity of the court is based on the principles of publicity, orality, immediacy, continuity of the process; when the parties are in conflict.

The judge must have certain mental qualities, in particular, emotional stability and the ability to engage in constructive activities in the extreme conditions of the criminal process, because it is no secret that it is in the court session that the aggressiveness, anger and hatred of the parties concerned are reproduced. In such a situation, a judge needs to show restraint, tolerance, and also the ability at the right time to use his authority, which the state has endowed him with. All activities of the court should be aimed at establishing the truth in the case, making the only correct, legal decision on the verdict.

MAIN PART

General ideas about forensic psychology.

S. p., which arose at the intersection of psychology and law, studies the interaction between psychology and law and is engaged in the application of psychol. knowledge to solve legal issues. This specialty covers a wide range of clients and situations incl. individuals of all ages, couples, groups, orgs, industries, government agencies, schools, universities, inpatient and outpatient psychiatric clinics, and correctional facilities. Forensic psychologists may be employed in areas as diverse as criminal standing and liability, civil liability and/or damages, product liability, psychiatric referral, divorce and parental custody litigation, non-punitive criminals, the rights of patients and criminals, special education, witness identification, jury selection, selection and training, recruitment practices, workers' wages, and professional liability.

Specific questions addressed to forensic psychologists. The main questions that a psychologist has to answer in most court cases can be divided into three categories: a) diagnostic questions regarding personality dynamics, the presence of psychosis or organic psychopathology, evidence of simulation, etc.; b) issues that require a transition from the level of diagnosis to the issuance of expert opinions regarding specific legal issues, the legal capacity to answer before the court, the connection of psychol. disorder with an accident, respect for the interests of the child, etc.; c) questions related to decisions on the case - the need for referral for treatment and the prediction of its results, the possibility of dangerous behavior in the future, etc. To answer such questions, a forensic psychologist does not need only traditional diagnostic skills, he also needs to possess special evaluation procedures and knowledge pending court case. In addition, he will have to deal with important confidentiality issues, which will vary from situation to situation. Before proceeding with the assessment, the psychologist must also work with lawyers on the range of questions that are put before him, and help them understand what a psychol. Evaluation can give and what it cannot give. The lawyer must understand that the psychologist receives his fee only for the assessment and that he is under no obligation to testify on behalf of the client. Whether such evidence is provided or not depends on the results of the evaluation. The psychologist also needs to familiarize himself with the "judicial history", which is more extensive than the usual biography, and often includes such information as clinical records, reports and testimonies. These sources of information should be subsequently referred to when drawing up an opinion on the results of the assessment. Testimony in court. In some cases, the conclusion of a forensic psychologist can be accepted without his appearance in court. However, it is not uncommon for a psychologist to be called to testify in court. Testifying can be a traumatic experience; a key factor in minimizing difficulties is thorough preliminary preparation. This training takes place at several levels. The first level involves a thorough study of the relevant law, the tests used and the results obtained. The psychologist must also be able to present test data without abusing professional jargon, illustrating his statements with relevant examples of behavior. The second level of preparation is a meeting with a lawyer. A forensic psychologist must strictly follow ethical principles and maintain personal integrity. However, the psychologist is also responsible for presenting the results in the most effective way possible. The lawyer, on the contrary, is required to promote the interests of the client. Lawyers are taught never to ask a witness a question to which the lawyer would not already know the answer in advance. Preparation therefore includes agreement between the psychologist and the lawyer on how the test results will be announced and what questions will be asked and what the psychologist will answer. It is also useful to consider the questions that may be asked to the psychologist during cross-examination in order to outline possible answers to them. The credibility of a psychologist in the courtroom will depend on a number of factors. The first is the level of his qualifications: the psychologist must provide the lawyer with his brief autobiography, which the lawyer can use when introducing the psychologist and characterizing his qualifications. The credibility of a psychologist may depend on his behavior in the courtroom. While on the stand for testimony, the psychologist must remember that the cross-examining lawyer is only doing his job when he expresses doubts about the credibility of the psychologist and the results obtained by him. In addition, the situation in the courtroom is often not as formal as expected, and the judge is usually willing to assist an expert witness. When witnessing, the psychologist should not hesitate to admit that he did not understand the question, or does not know the answer, or that he does not have enough information. to answer this question. Judicial non-punitive influence. Judicial non-punitive action covers as wide a range of situations as judicial evaluation. In the case of criminal cases, non-punitive intervention may consist of therapy focusing on restoring the incompetent individual to his legal capacity to answer before the court, or providing emotional support to a person who is facing imprisonment. Non-punitive action in criminal cases sometimes includes therapy focused on personality problems or on an individual's aggressive or sexual behavior while in custody or outpatient therapy as a condition prescribed by a court decision on probation or parole. Therapeutic work with offenders requires specific knowledge of the criminal justice system, the nature and effects of the prison environment, the probation and parole system, and the personality and/or behaviors often observed in offenders. Group therapy or behavioral therapy procedures are often extremely helpful when dealing with sexual abusers, offenders with alcohol problems, and other types of offenders. In civil damages situations, non-punitive intervention may consist of insight-oriented or supportive psychotherapy. In addition to this, special methods such as behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy or biologist technique. feedback, can be used to treat anxiety, phobias, or depression. The therapist must be aware that the court may require evidence, and this may at times affect both the psychic. the client's condition and the course of therapy. In such cases, the therapist may often find that the judicial situation is at odds with the therapeutic situation. In such cases, the therapist is obliged to communicate his recommendations to the patient and the lawyer, but the final decision as to whether to follow these recommendations or not lies with the patient himself. In a child custody situation, non-punitive action is often ordered by the court, either to avoid full custody proceedings or as part of a dispute resolution. Main the purpose of this intervention is to help the child successfully adapt to the new situation, and this, of course, requires work with the child. However, it almost always also requires work with the parents. Working with parents focuses on issues such as the process of communicating with the child, the unconscious or conscious restriction of the other parent's rights in relation to the child, and the resolution of conflicts between parents. Research in S. p. Most of the questions asked of a forensic psychologist require only a description of the current state of the individual. However, many other questions contain an explicit or implicit requirement to predict future behavior. Answering questions regarding the likelihood of future risky behavior, response to psychiatric treatment, or the child's adaptation to various possible alternative life situations requires not only a thorough clinical assessment, but knowledge of the relevant studies. In research. the fallacy of traditional clinical concepts can often be found. A recent example of this is the results of a study. children's adaptation to the trauma caused by the divorce of their parents. The current level of scientific knowledge often does not allow to support the clinical so-called. sp. in terms of available research results. This dictates the need for a forensic psychologist to be not only a recipient of information, but also a provider of research. on these issues. In other cases, for example. associated with witness identification, the predominant basis for drawing up a conclusion is the conduct of an appropriate study. The forensic psychologist must constantly be aware of new information, which appears as a result of research. Such efforts, along with modern the level of knowledge of the law and the changes brought to it by new cases provide the prospect that, when combined with a thorough clinical approach, they will allow the forensic psychologist to provide the greatest assistance to the legal system.

Studying the materials of the preliminary investigation and planning the trial.

At the stage of studying the materials of the preliminary investigation, the judge gets acquainted with the materials obtained during it. It is at this stage that the analytical side of the mental activity of the judge is activated, who tries to imagine the image of the emergence and development of the event under study, mentally conducting various experiments and putting forward his own versions. When putting forward a judicial version, the judge should be based only on verified and reliable facts in order to avoid judicial error.

In addition to the judge, the prosecutor and defense counsel get acquainted with the case materials, critically analyzing the collected evidence, making appropriate extracts from the case in order to identify violations of the procedural law. To assess the available evidence, each circumstance of a particular criminal case is considered from the point of view of procedural opponents,

The judicial investigation is a part of the trial, in which the defendant and all participants in the process take part in order to directly examine the evidence collected during the preliminary investigation and present them to the court.

The presented evidence is carefully examined, its admissibility and relativity are identified and analyzed. In accordance with the current legislation, the court can issue a sentence only on the basis of the evidence that was considered in the judicial investigation. The psychological task of a judge in a judicial investigation is to provide guaranteed rights and opportunities to procedural opponents (prosecutor and defense counsel) in order to ensure the adversarial nature of legal proceedings. The judge must tactfully but firmly respond to unacceptable situations (rudeness and incorrect behavior of the parties), thereby introducing the process into the right procedural channel. You can not resort to moralizing and notations. During the trial, the judge should contribute to the removal of the oppressive and depressed atmosphere.

The judicial investigation is built on the interrogation of all participants in the process, therefore the following are unacceptable:

inattention on the part of the chairman;

his lengthy negotiations with the judges;

Manifestations of intolerance, irony or disrespect for others.

All questions put to the participants in the process must be supervised by the members of the court without fail. The judge must always remember how subjective the victim, who is an interested person, can be in his testimony, and therefore his testimony must be given the closest attention. The psychological characteristics of the victim are very important for determining the degree of responsibility of the accused, so the court must also take into account the provocative behavior of the victim, which is recognized as an mitigating circumstance for the defendant. The court must provide mnemonic assistance to all those involved in the process, reminding them of the starting events of the crime, their sequence, as well as linking them to events that are vital for this participant in the process. Particular attention during the judicial investigation should be given to the interrogation of the expert in order to find out what research methods he used.

Psychology of judicial debate and judicial speech.In accordance with the criminal procedure law, judicial debates consist of speeches by accusers; civil plaintiff; civil defendant or their representatives; defense counsel for the defendant.

The duration of the debate is not limited by law, however, the presiding judge has the right to stop those participating in the debate if they affect circumstances that are not relevant to the case. At the end of the debate, their participants have the right to a remark.

Each participant in the judicial debate delivers a judicial speech that is closely related to the results of the judicial investigation and the evidence obtained in the course of it. The purpose of a judicial speech is to have a convincing impact on the court through appropriate arguments. The speech of the speaker must be clear, competent from the point of view of the law and accessible to all participants in the judicial investigation. Giving the psychological characteristics of the defendant, one should not carelessly treat his personality and the psycho-traumatic factors of his behavior. The art of judicial speech is to arouse solidarity among judges with what has been said by providing strong arguments supported by the evidence available in the case.

The main technique of oratory is the impact on others, prompting the independent development of their thoughts.

Psychology of the prosecutor's speech in court.The prosecutor in court is entrusted with the obligation to maintain public prosecution, which should be based on the actual circumstances of the legal assessment of the crime committed by the defendant.

The prosecutor has the right to insist on an accusation only if the materials of the investigation confirm it, otherwise he must drop the accusation. The prosecutor's speech should be based only on irrefutable evidence and specific facts that are analytical, not narrative. Obviously, the analysis of the crime event should first of all be aimed at proving that the crime event took place and that it was the defendant who was guilty of committing it. For this, the evidence must be strictly systematized, which ultimately ensures the correctness of the accusation.

Psychology of the speech of the defender in court.The procedural function of a lawyer is to defend the defendant with the argumentation of his arguments. Providing legal assistance to his client, the defender must prevent arbitrariness in legal proceedings and prevent a possible judicial error. By working in court, the defender helps his client to perform legally competent actions.

In psychological terms, a trusting relationship should develop between the defender and the client, while the defender should not be connected with the will and position of the client, he independently determines the direction and tactics of the defense he has built, speaking on his own behalf.

The speech of the defender should be based only on the evidence collected in the case, which can refute the accusation brought against his client or mitigate his responsibility. A lawyer, like no one else, must remember the presumption of innocence, using any doubt when interpreting the law in favor of his client. By his actions, he must ensure the completeness of the defense, disclose all the psychological circumstances of the act committed by his client, in order to cause indulgence of the court.

The speech of the lawyer who speaks after the prosecutor must be reasoned and convincing enough to break down the psychological barrier that has developed after the speech of the prosecutor. But you should always remember that the methods of defense must be correct and tactful, they must show the civil position of the defender.

Psychology of the defendant in court.The situation in the court has a negative impact on the psyche of the defendant. If, however, such a preventive measure as detention is chosen for the defendant, then waiting for the trial in the pre-trial detention center often leads him to mental exhaustion, which is aggravated directly in the courtroom. The defendant experiences a feeling of fear before the judicial investigation, and especially before the sentencing; this feeling is aggravated by shame in front of relatives and relatives, as well as in front of the victim. For any defendant, an excessively harsh sentence with a long prison term becomes a life catastrophe.

Psychological aspects of justice and legality of criminal punishment.In the course of the judicial investigation, the court must analyze and take into account all the circumstances that led to the commission of a crime by a particular defendant, assess his personal qualities, which determined the socially significant features of his behavior.

When individualizing punishment, the court must take into account:

the form of guilt, the purpose and motives of the crime;

mental state of the defendant;

features of his personality

For imposing punishment by the court, the repetition of the crime is of great importance. The personality of the defendant is characterized by both aggravating and extenuating circumstances. Mitigating circumstances are frank confession, confession, public repentance, readiness to compensate for the damage caused, etc.

Psychology of sentencing.The decision of the verdict is the final stage of the trial. For this purpose, the court retires to the deliberation room, where it decides the entire list of issues put for resolution by the court. The law states that every question put to the decision of the court must be put in such a form that it can be answered either in the affirmative or in the negative.

The sentence must be drawn up in understandable and accessible terms, and the description of the criminal act must correspond to the facts established by the court. The justification of the court decision must contain an analysis of the evidence being examined and strong arguments according to which the court accepted some of them and rejected others. The decision on the type of punishment must be formulated in such a way that no doubts arise during the execution of the sentence.

3. Psychology of interrogation

Interrogation is the most common way to obtain evidence in a case and, at the same time, one of the most difficult investigative actions: it requires the investigator to have a high general, psychological, etc. about professional culture, deep knowledge of people, them psychology, master R his mastery of tactical methods of interrogation.

The main psychological tasks of interrogation are diagnostician and ka the truth of testimony, the provision of legitimate mental influence in order to obtain reliable testimony and expose false evidence a ny.

Psychological aspects of preparing an investigator for interrogation

One of the main tasks of the investigator in preparing for interrogation is to h giving its information base, which is achieved by collecting the initial data n nyh. Initial data for interrogation according to their sources and content e homogeneous. The most important among them are those that relate to the subject of the interrogation. They may be in the case file, which about The teacher carefully studies, - especially from the point of view of the upcoming about millet. Particular emphasis should be placed on data relating to the question of guilt. about information about the identity of the accused (when preparing for the interrogation of the accused) R singers and witnesses). Information related to the subject of interrogation can also be obtained from operational sources. Initial data for interrogation include information about the identity of the interrogated person, such as social b the social status of a given person, the social roles he performs, the moral b face and behavior in everyday life, attitude towards the team and the team towards it, relative about solution to other persons involved in the case, psychophysiological qualities t va, behavior in situations of stress and frustration, etc. They can be gender at derived from the available case materials and operational sources, or from about by the power of special psychological methods: as a result of observation, conversation, by analyzing the products of activity, generalizing independent x and a characterist.

Of particular importance is the study of the personality of the accused, neo b used not only for successful interrogation, but also for investigations a in general, as well as for the correct decision of the case in court and subsequent work on the correction and re-education of the convict.

Study of identity of the interrogatednecessary to determine and more effective methods of psychological interaction with a given person, as well as for building probabilistic models of his behavior on a daily basis. about millet. “Planning to overcome possible opposition,” notes M.I. Enikeev, “it is necessary to take into account such personal characteristics before P developed as reflectivity, flexibility or rigidity (stagnancy) of his thinking, as well as characterological qualities: aggressiveness, co n conflict behavior, resistance or instability to stress, to n e expected difficult circumstances. Because the original n information about the identity of the interrogated person is often very scarce, it is possible to build several of the most probable models of behavior e a person who wants to be interrogated and options for the tactics of his interrogation"".

An important element of preparation for interrogation is the preparation of its plan. The plan may be long or short, written or we with lazy. It should contain a list of questions, which in investigative tactics are divided into complementary, clarifying, reminiscent, control, incriminating.

Complementary questions are asked to fill in the a knowledge, to fill the gaps in them. They can be aimed at detailing the testimony.

Clarifying questions can also be asked to detail the testimony, but more often - to clarify, concretize the information received.

reminiscent questions are aimed at reviving the memory of interrogations and on the occurrence of certain associations, with the help of which he will recall the facts of interest to the investigator. Several reminder questions are usually asked to help the interrogated to remember about b standing of a forgotten event. At the same time, "reminiscent questions - according to d R. S. Belkin draws out - should not be confused with leading questions, that is, such questions, the formulation of which contains the answer, e my for the questioner: "Was there a gray raincoat with m e buttons?". Due to the fact that leading questions have an inspiring effect on the interrogated, they orient him in what answer the investigator would like to hear from him and therefore can interfere with with the formation of truth during the investigation, they are prohibited by law" 2 .

Control Questions are asked to verify information received. e ny.

damning questions are aimed at exposing the interrogated in a lie that is obvious to the investigator. They are usually accompanied by in giving the interrogated reliable evidence that refutes his testimony.

The success of the interrogation is largely determined by the correct choice of the time of its conduct and the correct organization of the summons of the interrogated person. As practice shows, premature interrogation (especially of the suspect and the accused), as well as belated, can negatively b but affect further investigation. When choosing the time of interrogation, two factors must be taken into account: subjective and objective.

Subjective factors include the state of readiness for interrogation of the investigator and the interrogated. Before a difficult interrogation, the investigator l wives to be in good "form", that is, in such an emotional-volitional about standing, which would provide him with free operation of having and using the materials of the case, the successful control of the psyche of the interrogated person and the management of this psyche within the framework of the law in order to obtain the most truthful and complete testimony from this person. The investigator must also successfully manage his own mental states during interrogations. oh sa.

The objective factors that determine the readiness of the investigator for interrogation include: a thorough study of the case materials, the development of versions that should be checked during interrogation, the preparation of a detailed interrogation plan, and the study of the identity of the interrogated person.

A prerequisite in preparing for a complex interrogation (in R in turn of the suspect and the accused) is the development of a psychol about logical methods of establishing contact with the interrogated, since in many cases it is the absence of psychological contact that becomes an obstacle to the disclosure of a crime in general.

Deciding the question of where, in what place to interrogate (no place pr about production of the investigation or at the location of the accused, head and sieves from a specific situation.

Psychology of interrogation of the witness and the victim

Of the individual types of interrogation, the most common in interrogation of witnesses and victims. Any person who is capable of perceiving and testifying about circumstances relevant to the case may be a witness, with the exception of counsel for the accused, who cannot be interrogated about the circumstances of the case that have become him and h known in connection with the performance of the duties of a defender.

A witness can be like a person who directly perceives in who knew the event of a crime or other circumstances relevant to the case, and the one who became aware of this from the words of other persons or from documents, as well as from other sources.

A victim is a person who has been harmed by a crime. about physical, physical or property harm. He, like a witness, can be interrogated about any circumstances to be proven, as well as about his relationship with the accused.

Interrogation of witnesses and the victim is divided into four stages:

1. establishing psychological contact with the interrogated;

free story interrogated;

asking clarifying questions;

familiarization with the protocol and magnetic recording of testimony.

Establishment by the investigator of psychological contact with interrogation e which, as previously noted, is a necessary prerequisite for achieving e purpose of the interrogation. “Psychological contact with the interrogated,” notes RS Belkin, “is understood as the creation of such an atmosphere of interrogation in which the interrogated person is imbued with respect for the investigator, is understood and I eat his tasks and duties, excludes any personal motives in his action. t viyah, is aware of the need to contribute by his testimony to establish in the laziness of the truth."

The establishment of contact is influenced by the situation of interrogation, the manner of behavior e investigator, self-control, his tone, appearance(tightness, neatness).

After establishing contact with the interrogated, the investigator suggested a let him tell everything known about the case. This stage of the interrogation is called the free story of the interrogated, during which he sets out and h facts known to him in the sequence that he chooses himself or that the investigator recommends to him.

After presenting the evidence, the investigator, using various questions about owls clarifies, fills in the gaps, reveals new facts not mentioned in the free story. If the evidence obtained, in the opinion of the investigator, is false, then he must:

1) in case of conscientious delusion of the interrogated, help him and with correct errors;

2) in case of deliberately giving false testimony - to expose him in a lie and force him to give truthful testimony.

As investigative practice shows, in many cases Doprash and those who are forgotten forget some individual details of the investigation of interest with about being. Forgetting is a natural process, so the investigator should not a guard not so much that the interrogated person forgot some facts, but that he too easily gives details of a long time ago e th event: this may indicate memorized testimony.

The victim remembers the circumstances of the event more firmly, about how much the injured person perceives and experiences emotions about mentally, but even this person's memorization may have certain gaps.

In order to "revive" the memory of a witness or victim (these techniques can also be used when interrogating a suspect or an accused, to about who sincerely try to remember this or that circumstance) I The following tactics are used.

1. Interrogation using associative links

a) Adjacency. In the process of forming readings in the memory of St. and the victim, the suspect, the accused, associations are formed according to the principle of adjacency between the images of objects and phenomena in that one about the temporal or sequential order in which they were perceived. To help the interrogated to remember the fact of interest, traces a the tel reminds him of an object or phenomenon that was with the object e Tami interrogation in spatial or temporal connection. To this end, up to P the victim can be taken to the scene of the incident, where in his memory "was and vayut" details of what happened.

b) similarity. A similar function as in the previous technique is performed by presenting to the interrogated objects, words, expressions, etc., not directly related to the case. h an irritant (for example, a photograph of a person) can evoke additional a sewn image of some person similar to the one shown in the photo about graphics.

c) in contrast. This technique is based on the use of temporary connections in the interrogated person's memory, including ideas about the opposite about false, contrasting objects. For example, the event of interest to the investigation occurred in the summer. If the interrogator finds it difficult to say about when this event took place, then, by reminding him of winter, you can help restore the forgotten time in his memory.

G) With the help of visibility.This technique is used when the interrogated person finds it difficult to formulate in words certain features of an object or phenomenon. Then he is presented with certain objects related to the circumstances of interest to the investigation. Such objects may turn out to be a kind of stimulus for recall: their sight will evoke associations associated with it in the memory of the interrogated person, which will lead to the recall of the object of interest.

2. Re-interrogation in a limited number of circumstances

When re-testifying, the interrogated person can remember a the facts and circumstances that he experienced during the first interrogation. This is explained ps and chological mechanism of reminiscence, which is understood as the phenomenon of amplification in the memory of new semantic connections during delayed reproduction e nii.

Techniques for "revitalizing" associative links can be used about wana and in cases where a witness or victim gives false evidence a knowledge, conscientiously mistaken and sincerely believing that he is telling the truth.

Psychology of interrogation of the suspect and the accused

The interrogation of the suspect and the accused compared with the interrogation of St. and child and the victim has its own characteristics. These features are shown I already in the specifics of establishing psychological contact.

A person who deeply repents of a committed crime, long before interrogation, feels remorse, a sense of shame, regret about what he did. Such an accused, seeing in the investigator a person, empathizes and who, together with him, wants to objectively understand what happened, is imbued with confidence in the investigator and his explanation that a frank admission of his guilt and giving truthful testimony will be a mitigating circumstance. This position of the accused, of course, is the basis for establishing contact between the investigator and the interrogated.

Emotion plays an important role in establishing contact with the accused. about the investigator's mental state, his mood and the tone of the interrogation. By fur a to the nism of specularity, the interrogated person "infects" with the corresponding em about the investigator's mental state. Therefore, a calm, even tone e interrogator, his emotional balance relieves tension from the interrogated, and the desire of the investigator objectively, impartially about to take in everything causes the interrogated to trust him.

"It may be more difficult to establish contact with the accused e we, who were in the mood to give knowingly false testimony, and, moreover, those who had previously been convicted. Sometimes in such a conflict situation, contact is established about it is not possible to twist. Interrogation takes on the character of confrontation, and in such with conditions, the psychological task of the investigator is to suggest to the accused about mu respect for your opponent, feelings of hopelessness to deceive the traces t vie. This is already the first step towards establishing contact and encouraging the accused e mogo to give truthful testimony "".

The interrogation of the accused, who fully admits his guilt, as a rule, is of a conflict-free nature, with the exception of cases of self-examination. about a thief or attempts to hide from the investigation or downplay the guilt of any of the accomplices. However, the lack of conflict of the situation at the beginning of the interrogation can be exacerbated by the rude and familiar behavior of the investigator in relation to the interrogated, his insensitivity, inattention to the human fate of the interrogated, inability and undisguised unwillingness to understand him.

"U. appeared at the police station on duty and stated that a few minutes ago she had killed her roommate V. e but that V. was really killed in W.'s house by a knife stab in the region of the heart.

Investigator K. after examining the scene of the incident, the interrogation n Noah to his office U. began with the words: "Come on, tell me how you soaked him and la?". In response, U. cursed with obscene words and categorically refused a willing to give any evidence.

To credit K. - he was a young investigator - he immediately realized his mistake, reported the incident to the prosecutor and asked to transfer the case to another at to any investigator. The latter needed to spend long time to establish contact with U., after which the suspect told in detail a hall about the motives and circumstances of the murder committed by her".

However, in most cases, the investigator has to deal with a situation where the accused in the initial stage of the investigation refuses to a called upon to give any evidence. Then the investigator has to a call on such an accused tactical influence, which is carried out i can do it by:

1) convictions of the accused in the incorrectness of the employment them positions;

2) the use of the fact of giving evidence by the accomplices of the accused;

3) use of contradictions between the interests of accomplices.

The tactics of interrogating a suspect is similar to the tactics of interrogating an accused. e moo, although it has some features. They consist in the fact that the data on the identity of the suspect, which the investigator has, are usually limited. a nothing. In addition, the investigator, during the interrogation of the suspect, has not yet killed e strong evidence, as during the interrogation of the accused. At the same time, there is an advantage - the factor of surprise, which does not allow the interrogated person to think over the line of defense, to comprehend what evidence of his guilt the investigation has.

Psychological features of interrogation when exposing interrogations and told in lies

False testimony is given not only by suspects, but also by witnesses and victims. An interrogated person may give false testimony both in his own interests and to the detriment of them (for example, in self-incrimination).

The motives for giving false testimony by a witness may be the following:

- fear of revenge on the part of the suspect, the accused, their ancestry vennikov and acquaintances;

- fear of spoiling relations with other persons involved in the case;

- the desire to exonerate or mitigate the guilt of the suspect (blaming e mogo) due to relative, family, friendly motives or from the s private considerations, as well as the opposite intention to aggravate the guilt of these persons - out of revenge, jealousy, etc.;

- unwillingness to further act as a witness, identification Yu current or participant in another investigative action, to be summoned to court, etc.;

- the desire to hide their own unseemly acts, immoral behavior, etc.

The motives for giving false testimony to the victims are similar to those listed n nym, you can add to them only such motives as;

I) the desire to downplay the harm caused by the crime R who sang to hide the source of the acquisition of lost values; 2) the desire to exaggerate the damage caused by the crime, both out of a sense of revenge, and out of self-interest and other motives (jealousy, anger, etc.).

As regards the motives for perjury by suspects and and nym, they are very diverse. In investigative practice, the following are most often encountered:

1) the desire to avoid responsibility for the deed or to minimize one's guilt, or to be punished not for the committed, but for a less serious crime - real or imaginary;

2) the desire to exonerate or mitigate the guilt of accomplices due to friendly, family or family ties, for selfish reasons;

3) the desire to slander accomplices out of revenge or in order to ensure e own security in the future, as well as to incriminate yourself by virtue of b about a sick state of mind, orout of boasting, etc.;

4) the desire to slander oneself in order to hide the unseemly, including with le and criminal, the behavior of a loved one.

A person who knowingly gives false testimony opposes the investigation, enters into a confrontation with the investigator, as a result of which a conflict situation is created.

In order to convict the interrogated person of giving false evidence, traces a The teller needs to use tactics.

When exposing a witness and a victim in a lie, you can resort to the following methods:

- the belief in the incorrectness of the position taken, its anti-civilian character;

— explanation of the legal consequences of giving false testimony;

- explanation of the harmful consequences of giving false testimony for persons close to the interrogated from among the victims, suspects, and employed;

- impact on the positive aspects of the personality of the interrogated (self-esteem, courage, nobility, principle ness, etc.).

Investigative tactics has a whole arsenal of techniques and denial of the suspect and the accused in giving false testimony, as well as the provision ofthem of legitimate psychological influence with the aim of sex at read truthful testimony. Let's consider the main ones.

1. Persuasion. This technique consists in turning the investigator to the common sense of the interrogated person, inducing him to repentance and cleanliness. R child recognition by explaining how the harmful effects of locking a deceit and lies, as well as the favorable consequences of confessing one's guilt and actively contributing to the investigation of the crime committed, as well as crimes of past years that remained unsolved.

2. Using Positive Personality Traits in Interrogation e can. The appeal of the investigator to the positive qualities of the interlocutor in many cases is beneficial. Each person is characterized by a desire for self-respect, and therefore, appealing to honesty, decency of interrogations and valued, to his merits in the past, authority in the team, among the goods and cabbage soup, his personal and social status, he can be persuaded to be frank n ny, truthful.

3. Suppression of lies.This technique is used when there is no neo b ability to give the suspect or the accused the opportunity to "do R typing "lie, when the investigator has reliable information on about water of the circumstances clarified during the interrogation. “In this case, the false testimony of the interrogated person is immediately rejected, the lie is nipped in the bud by presenting available evidence or other means of influence.often goes from falsehood to truth.

4. Waiting. This technique is applied to persons who have about there is a struggle of motives, one of which induces to give false testimony or refuse to testify, and the other - to admit one's guilt, repent I nyu in what he did. Such a struggle of motives does not fade and can manifest itself before with sharply strong with the skillful tactical influence of the investigator, and in about process of interrogation. Taking into account the hesitation of the interrogated, the investigator, giving certain information, deliberately "lays" in his consciousness such and n formation, which should ensure the victory of positive motives, and then makes a break in the interrogation, waiting for the interrogated person to give up the motives that prompt him to give false testimony.

5. Assumption of the legend.Often the investigator, knowing or guessing that the suspect or the accused is giving false testimony - a legend, gives him the opportunity to state it. Having entered into a kind of game with the interrogated person, he proceeds from the intention to extract from him as many details, specifics, details as possible and as accurately and thoroughly as possible. a record the story in the protocol of interrogation. Allowing interrogation e When I can say whatever he wants, the investigator presents weighty evidence that refutes and debunks the legend. Caught off guard and unprepared to create new lies, interrogated by m about able to testify truthfully.

6. Surprise. This approach lies in the unexpected P decision of the investigator to carry out after interrogation one or another following d a natural action, while the interrogated, convinced of the ignorance e the investigator's opinion about tx or other circumstances of the case, considers this action impossible. For example, the investigator says to the accused, yes Yu giving false testimony, about the intention to confront the person who about horny, according to the interrogated, is no longer alive.

A variation on the use of the surprise factor during interrogation is I there is such a common method of exposure as an unexpected presentation in leniye evidence. The effectiveness of this method also depends on the about does the suspect or accused admit that the evidence about Gut be at the investigator. A. V. Dulov called this technique, which has a strong psychological impact on the accused (suspect), "an emotional experiment." He writes: "This action is an exp e riment for the reason that the investigator specifically creates conditions under which the emotional state of the interrogated person changes sharply, often leading toand certain physiological responses. emotional b The experiment is called nym due to the fact that its purpose is to identify and h changes in the emotional state, subsequent analysis and use in interrogation of this identified change. The more the event of the crime is experienced, stored in the memory of the accused (by virtue of repentance or and lu fear of exposure), the greater the emotional impact on him will have information reminiscent of this event, especially n but in the event that he does not know about the presence of it at the disposal of the investigator, if he believes that this information completely destroys his line of defense against the charges brought.

As an example, one of the criminal cases from practice and ki US Federal Bureau of Crime Investigation.

The lifeless body of Mary Stoner, aged 12, was discovered at 16 kilos about meters from her house in suburban thickets. Last time she was seen outside how many days before disappearing when she got off the school bus near her house.

The cause of death was a blow with a stone, splitting the skull. bloody n a new murder weapon was discovered and seized by police officers who carried out with motre of the scene.

Suspicion fell on Daurel Devier, 24 years old. Checking it for gender and graph did not give any result. FBI officer John Douglas, who advised local detectives, told how events unfolded further. and kov.

"I told the police that now that he understands that he is not afraid of the PTS lie detector, there is only one way to convict" him - interrogation. First of all, it should be carried out at night. At first, the criminal will feel more comfortable, since night interrogation will mean, that he won't be the prey of the press, but an after-hours interrogation would also indicate serious police intentions.

The interrogation should involve both FBI agents and local police. He will understand that all the power of government forces is turned against him. to tour.

Next, I advised, set up an interrogation room. Use downlighting to create an air of mystery. Lay out a stack of folders with his name in plain sight. The most important thing is to put the blood on the table in flax stone from the scene, but so that he could see it only by turning his head.

Don't say anything about this stone, I advised the policemen, but watch Devier's facial expressions carefully. If he is the killer, then he will not be able to ignore him.

I knew from experience that the blunt-force attacker would invariably be exposed to the victim's blood.

My script was executed exactly. When the police brought Devier into the room prepared for interrogation, he immediately looked at the stone, covered in perspiration and began to breathe heavily. He acted nervous and wary, and was visibly depressed at the mention of blood. At the end of the extension about he confessed not only to the murder of Mary Stoner, but also to the e other rape."

Daurel Jean Devier was charged with the rape and murder of Mary Stoner and sentenced to death. He was executed in the electric chair on May 17, 1995.

7. Consistency.This approach is, by its very nature, the opposite of about false to the previous one. It is believed that sometimes it is expedient to present in present evidence sequentially (following the example of increasing probative force) and systematically, dwelling in detail on each of them in order to allow the accused to "feel" the full force of a separate evidence and their entire complex. In general, in investigative tactics there is a whole arc e methods for presenting evidence:

1) separate presentation of various evidence in one sequence or another;

2) simultaneous presentation of all available evidence;

3) presenting first indirect, and then direct evidence;

4) sudden presentation of evidence (as discussed above);

5) presentation of evidence on an increasing basis their weight;

6) presentation of a set of evidence after preliminary about communicating with the accused about the availability of evidence, them transfers with specified and eat their sources origin (or without indication);

7) presentation of evidence, as if by chance, between cases;

8) providing the accused with the opportunity to study the evidence himself a evidence and evaluate the degree of its persuasiveness;

9) fixing attention on individual signs of evidence;

10) accompanying the process of presenting evidence by explaining the mechanism of its formation, the circumstances of its discovery;

11) presentation of evidence with a demonstration of the possibility of technical and co-forensic tools to identify and decipher the hidden and n formation contained in this source 2 .

8. Relieve stress.Often during interrogation, the accused does not t seems to be out of the conversation, but he can’t carry it on either, because he feels himself about bathroom, overly stressed. In this case, the investigator, influencing the interrogated person in a certain way, sometimes only with the intonations of the voice, with separate phrases, tries to relieve this tension. Successful stress relief quite often entails a frank confession. Oble G The tension that sets in after the tension is relieved causes the interrogated person to strive to “flow out in conversation”, “to talk heart to heart”. one

9. Use of "weak points" of the personality of the accused. Under "sl a "By place" of the personality should be understood as such features of it, using which you can achieve correct, truthful testimony during interrogation. The "weak point" of the interrogated may be a tendency to melancholic e emotional experiences, irascibility, vanity, etc. Thus, in vehemence and anger, the accused will tell what he would not say in his usual state (for example, he will betray his accomplices). At the same time, investigative ethics forbids appealing to the low qualities of the interrogated person (greed, acquisitiveness, etc.).

10. Inertia. This is a kind of technique, the essence of which boils down to the fact that the investigator, talking with the accused, imperceptibly transfers the conversation from the sphere of abstract, extraneous conversation to the sphere of conversation on the merits. e stvu. At the same time, the accused, speaking with an "outsider", "by inertia" prog a talks about things he doesn't want to talk about. To get more effect to it is necessary to make such transitions more often from one subject of conversation I to another.

11. Distraction.The accused always sensitively and closely follows the course of the interrogation in order to catch what is important for the investigator and what seems to him of secondary importance. In this regard, the interrogated e wants to focus his attention on one thing, in his opinion, in nom. “Given this circumstance,” note L.B. Filonov and V.I.D. a vydov, - the investigators artificially transfer the attention of the interrogated to areas that are not of paramount importance, and thereby divert his attention from more important areas. All this is done in the expectation that the interrogated person will be treated with less caution, n e be more careful about those circumstances about which it would be desirable for the investigator to obtain more detailed information.

12. Creating the impression of good knowledge of the investigator.The essence of this technique lies in the fact that the investigator, without deceiving the interrogated person, at the same time convinces him of his knowledge. This can be achieved, firstly, by the ability to behave in a certain way, and secondly, with the help of reliable information, while the accused does not assume what kind of information it is (separate details of the biography, facts from the case, etc.). As a result, the interrogated person gets the impression that e The investigator knows not only the individual details of the case, but everything else. This may eventually force the defendant to stop denial.

13. Creation of "blankness".This technique is applied in those at teas when, in the absence of sufficient evidence of traces a The author conducts his reasoning based on a number of reliable facts. He is tol b ko shows the accused "blank" places in the case. At the same time, while basically drawing a fairly clear and complete picture of the event, he, together with the interrogated person, traces the logic of individual facts and invites him to fill in the unclear places. These blank spaces and ambiguities noted n nye. by the investigator, cause anxiety in the interrogated person and naturally n a need to get rid of illogicality, to bring everything said into line with logic.

14. The forced pace of the interrogation.This technique consists in the fact that the investigator, using an active position, takes the initiative into his own hands and is ahead of the "opponent's" thought with pre-prepared moves in the form of about pros or judgments. With a high rate of questions, the interrogated, having accepted this rate, will be unable to carefully think and "grow I gyvo" answer.

There are a number of other tactical methods of interrogating the accused, considered in more detail by L. B. Filonov and V. I. Davydov in about a busy job.

FINAL PART

Forensic psychology is a branch of legal psychology that studies the patterns of activity - investigation, judicial review and prevention of crimes. The main task of forensic psychology is to find out what personality traits determine the successful professional activity of forensic investigators, and how they can be purposefully formed. Within its framework, questions of optimal methods of interaction between lawyers and other persons involved in a criminal case, the implementation of investigative and judicial actions (interrogation, examination, confrontation, search, identification) are considered.

Specific questions addressed to forensic psychologists. The main questions that a psychologist has to answer in most court cases can be divided into three categories: a) diagnostic questions regarding personality dynamics, the presence of psychosis or organic psychopathology, evidence of simulation, etc.; b) issues that require a transition from the level of diagnosis to the issuance of expert opinions regarding specific legal issues, the legal capacity to answer before the court, the connection of psychol. disorder with an accident, respect for the interests of the child, etc.; c) issues related to decisions on the case - the need for referral for treatment and the prediction of its results, the possibility of dangerous behavior in the future, etc.

Developed

Department Professor

psychology and pedagogy V.I. Kolesov

\ Appendix (to the lecture)

TASK FOR LESSONS ON TOPIC №5

1. Lecture

Issues under consideration

1. General ideas about forensic psychology
   1. Studying the materials of the preliminary investigation and planning the trial
   2. Psychology of interrogation

Main literature

1. Belicheva S.A. Fundamentals of preventive psychology. M., 2010.
2. Belkin R.S. Criminalistics: problems of today. M., 2011.
3. Vasiliev V.L. Legal psychology. SPb., 2012.
4. Enikeev M.I. Legal psychology. Textbook for universities: [certified by the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Higher Education] - M .: Norma, 2013. - 502 pages.

additional literature

1. Actual problems of combating corruption and organized crime in the economic sphere. M., 2006.
2. Vasiliev V.L. Psychological culture of the prosecutorial and investigative
   activities. SPb., 2008.
3. Gorkovaya I. A. Fundamentals of forensic psychological examination: Educational
   allowance. SPb., 2009.
4. Gorkovaya I.A. The personality of a teenager is a delinquent. SPb., 2005.
5. Grimak L.P. etc. Methods of applied psychology in disclosure and
   investigation of crimes. M., 1999.

	Position	Surname / Signature	the date
Developed	Department Professor	Kolesov V.I.
checked	Department Professor	Lobzha M.T.
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