Associated with a material carrier; internal characteristic of an elementary particle, which determines its electromagnetic interactions.

Electric charge is a physical quantity that characterizes the property of bodies or particles to enter into electromagnetic interactions, and determines the values ​​of forces and energies in such interactions. Electric charge is one of the basic concepts of the doctrine of electricity. The whole set of electrical phenomena is a manifestation of the existence, movement and interaction of electric charges. Electric charge is an inherent property of some elementary particles.

There are two types of electric charges, conventionally called positive and negative. Charges of the same sign repel each other, charges of opposite signs attract each other. The charge of an electrified glass rod was conditionally considered positive, and a resin (in particular, amber) - negative. In accordance with this condition, the electric charge of the electron is negative (Greek "electron" - amber).

The charge of a macroscopic body is determined by the total charge of the elementary particles that make up this body. To charge a macroscopic body, it is necessary to change the number of charged elementary particles contained in it, i.e., to transfer to it or remove from it a certain amount of charges of the same sign. Under real conditions, such a process is usually associated with the movement of electrons. A body is considered charged only if there is an excess of charges of the same sign on it, constituting the charge of the body, usually denoted by the letter q or Q.If charges are placed on point bodies, then the force of interaction between them can be determined by Coulomb's law. The unit of charge in the SI system is the pendant - C.

Electric charge q any body is discrete, there is a minimal, elementary electric charge - e, which is a multiple of all electric charges of bodies:

\(q = ne\)

The minimum charge that exists in nature is the charge of elementary particles. In SI units, the modulus of this charge is: e= 1, 6.10 -19 C. Any electric charge is an integer number of times greater than the elementary one. All charged elementary particles have an elementary electric charge. At the end of the 19th century an electron was discovered - a carrier of a negative electric charge, and at the beginning of the 20th century, a proton, which has the same positive charge; thus, it was proved that electric charges do not exist on their own, but are associated with particles, they are an internal property of particles (other elementary particles carrying a positive or negative charge of the same magnitude were later discovered). The charge of all elementary particles (if it is not equal to zero) is the same in absolute value. Elementary hypothetical particles - quarks, the charge of which is 2/3 e or +1/3 e, have not been observed, but their existence is assumed in the theory of elementary particles.

The invariance of the electric charge has been established experimentally: the magnitude of the charge does not depend on the speed with which it moves (i.e., the magnitude of the charge is invariant with respect to inertial frames of reference, and does not depend on whether it is moving or at rest).

The electric charge is additive, i.e. the charge of any system of bodies (particles) is equal to the sum of the charges of the bodies (particles) included in the system.

Electric charge obeys the conservation law, which was established after many experiments. In an electrically closed system, the total total charge is conserved and remains constant for any physical processes occurring in the system. This law is valid for isolated electrical closed systems in which charges are not introduced and from which they are not removed. This law also applies to elementary particles, which are born and annihilate in pairs, the total charge of which is equal to zero.

I think I'm not the only one who wanted and wants to combine the formula that describes the gravitational interaction of bodies (Law of gravity) , with a formula dedicated to the interaction of electric charges (Coulomb's law ). So let's do it!

It is necessary to put an equal sign between the concepts weight and positive charge , as well as between concepts antimass and negative charge .

Positive charge (or mass) characterizes Yin particles (with Attractive Fields) – i.e. absorbing ether from the surrounding ethereal field.

And the negative charge (or antimass) characterizes Yang particles (with Repulsive Fields) - i.e. emitting ether into the surrounding ethereal field.

Strictly speaking, mass (or positive charge), as well as anti-mass (or negative charge) indicates to us that this particle absorbs (or emits) the Ether.

As for the position of electrodynamics that there is a repulsion of charges of the same sign (both negative and positive) and an attraction to each other of charges of different signs, it is not entirely accurate. And the reason for this is not quite the right interpretation of experiments on electromagnetism.

Particles with Attractive Fields (positively charged) will never repel each other. They just get attracted. But particles with Repulsive Fields (negatively charged) will indeed always repel each other (including the negative pole of a magnet).

Particles with Attractive Fields (positively charged) attract any particles to themselves: both negatively charged (with Repulsive Fields) and positively charged (with Attractive Fields). However, if both particles have a Field of Attraction, then the one whose Field of Attraction is greater will displace the other particle towards itself to a greater extent than a particle with a smaller Field of Attraction will do.

Matter is antimatter.

In physics matter they call bodies, as well as the chemical elements from which these bodies are built, and also elementary particles. In general, it can be considered approximately correct to use the term in this way. After all Matter , from an esoteric point of view, these are power centers, spheres of elementary particles. Chemical elements are built from elementary particles, and bodies are built from chemical elements. But in the end it turns out that everything consists of elementary particles. But to be precise, around us we see not Matter, but Souls – i.e. elementary particles. The elementary particle, unlike the force center (ie the Soul, unlike Matter), is endowed with a quality – Ether is created and disappears in it.

concept substance can be considered a synonym for the concept of matter used by physics. Substance is, literally, what things that surround a person consist of, i.e. chemical elements and their compounds. And the chemical elements, as already mentioned, consist of elementary particles.

For substance and matter in science there are concepts-antonyms - antimatter and antimatter which are synonymous with each other.

Scientists recognize the existence of antimatter. However, what they take to be antimatter is actually not. In fact, antimatter has always been at hand for science and has been indirectly discovered a long time ago, since experiments on electromagnetism began. And we can constantly feel the manifestations of its existence in the world around us. Antimatter arose in the Universe together with matter at the very moment when elementary particles (Souls) appeared. Substance are particles of Yin (ie particles with Attraction Fields). Antimatter (antimatter) are Yang particles (particles with Repulsive Fields).

The properties of Yin and Yang particles are directly opposite, and therefore they are perfectly suited for the role of the sought-for matter and antimatter.

Ether filling elementary particles - their driving factor

"The power center of an elementary particle always tends to move along with the Ether, which fills this particle (and forms it) at the moment, in the same direction and at the same speed."

Ether is the driving factor of elementary particles. If the Ether that fills the particle is at rest, then the particle itself will also be at rest. And if the Ether of a particle moves, the particle will also move.

Thus, due to the fact that there is no difference between the Ether of the ethereal field of the Universe and the Ether of particles, all Principles of Ether behavior are applicable to elementary particles as well. If the Ether, which belongs to the particle, is currently moving towards the emergence of a lack of Ether (in accordance with the first principle of the Ether's behavior - "There are no ethereal voids in the ethereal field") or moves away from the excess (in accordance with the second principle of the Ether's behavior - "In ethereal field does not give rise to areas with excess ether density"), the particle will move with it in the same direction and at the same speed.

What is Strength? Force Classification

One of the fundamental quantities in physics in general, and especially in one of its subsections - in mechanics, is Strength . But what is it, how to characterize it and back it up with something that exists in reality?

To begin with, let's open any Physical Encyclopedic Dictionary and read the definition.

« Strength in mechanics - a measure of the mechanical action of other bodies on a given material body ”(FES,“ Strength ”, edited by A. M. Prokhorov).

As you can see, the Force in modern physics does not carry information about something concrete, material. But at the same time, the manifestations of the Force are more than concrete. In order to correct the situation, we need to look at the Force from the position of the occult.

From an esoteric point of view Strength is nothing but Spirit, Ether, Energy. And the Soul, as you remember, is also the Spirit, only "twisted in a ring." Thus, both the free Spirit is the Force, and the Soul (the locked Spirit) is the Force. This information will help us a lot in the future.

Despite some vagueness of the definition of Force, it has a completely material basis. This is not at all an abstract concept, as it appears in physics at the present time.

Strength- this is the reason that makes Ether approach its deficiency or move away from its excess. We are interested in the Ether contained in Elementary Particles (Souls), therefore for us the Force is, first of all, the reason that induces the particles to move. Any elementary particle is a Force, since it directly or indirectly affects other particles.

Strength can be measured using speed., with which the Ether of the particle would move under the influence of this Force, if no other Forces acted on the particle. Those. the speed of the ether flow that makes the particle move, this is the magnitude of this Force.

Let's classify all types of Forces that occur in particles, depending on the cause that causes them.

Force of Attraction (Aspiration of Attraction).

The reason for the emergence of this Force is any lack of Ether that occurs somewhere in the ethereal field of the Universe.

Those. any other particle that absorbs the Ether serves as the cause of the emergence of the Force of Attraction in a particle, i.e. forming the Field of Attraction.

Repulsion Force (Repulsion Aspiration).

The reason for the emergence of this Force is any excess of Ether that occurs somewhere in the ethereal field of the Universe.

We have to literally unstick things freshly washed and taken out of the dryer, or when we can’t put our electrified and literally standing on end hair in order. Who hasn't tried hanging a balloon from the ceiling after rubbing it against their head? This attraction and repulsion is a manifestation static electricity. Such actions are called electrification.

Static electricity is explained by the existence in nature electric charge. Charge is an essential property of elementary particles. The charge that arises on glass when it is rubbed against silk is conventionally called positive, and the charge that arises on ebonite when rubbing against wool is negative.

Consider an atom. An atom consists of a nucleus and electrons flying around it (blue particles in the figure). The nucleus is made up of protons (red) and neutrons (black).

.

The carrier of a negative charge is an electron, positive - a proton. The neutron is a neutral particle and has no charge.

The value of the elementary charge - an electron or a proton, has a constant value and is equal to

An entire atom is neutrally charged if the number of protons matches the number of electrons. What happens if one electron breaks off and flies away? The atom will have one more proton, that is, there will be more positive particles than negative ones. Such an atom is called positive ion. And if one extra electron joins, we get negative ion. The electrons, having come off, may not join, but move freely for some time, creating a negative charge. Thus, in a substance, free charge carriers are electrons, positive ions and negative ions.

In order to have a free proton, it is necessary that the nucleus collapses, and this means the destruction of the entire atom. We will not consider such methods of obtaining electric charges.

A body becomes charged when it contains an excess of one or other charged particles (electrons, positive or negative ions).

The value of the charge of the body is a multiple of the elementary charge. For example, if there are 25 free electrons in the body, and the rest of the atoms are neutral, then the body is negatively charged and its charge is . The elementary charge is not divisible - this property is called discreteness

Like charges (two positive or two negative) repel, opposite (positive and negative) - are attracted

point charge is a material point that has an electric charge.

The law of conservation of electric charge

A closed system of bodies in electricity is such a system of bodies when there is no exchange of electric charges between external bodies.

The algebraic sum of electric charges of bodies or particles remains constant for any processes occurring in an electrically closed system.

The figure shows an example of the law of conservation of electric charge. In the first picture, there are two bodies of opposite charge. In the second figure, the same bodies after contact. In the third figure, a third neutral body was introduced into an electrically closed system, and the bodies were brought into interaction with each other.

In each situation, the algebraic sum of the charge (taking into account the sign of the charge) remains constant.

The main thing to remember

1) Elementary electric charge - electron and proton
2) The value of the elementary charge is constant
3) Positive and negative charges and their interaction
4) Free charge carriers are electrons, positive ions and negative ions
5) Electric charge is discrete
6) The law of conservation of electric charge

3.1. Electric charge

Even in ancient times, people noticed that a piece of amber worn with wool begins to attract various small objects: dust particles, threads, and the like. You can easily see for yourself that a plastic comb, rubbed against your hair, begins to attract small pieces of paper. This phenomenon is called electrification, and the forces acting in this case - electrical forces. Both names come from the Greek word electron, which means amber.
When rubbing a comb against hair or an ebonite stick against wool, objects are charging, they form electric charges. Charged bodies interact with each other and electric forces arise between them.
Not only solids, but also liquids and even gases can be electrified by friction.
When bodies are electrified, the substances that make up electrified bodies do not turn into other substances. Thus, electrification is a physical phenomenon.
There are two different kinds of electric charges. They are quite conventionally named " positive" charge and " negative" charge (and one could call them "black" and "white", or "beautiful" and "terrible", or something else).
positively charged bodies are called that act on other charged objects in the same way as glass electrified by friction against silk.
negatively charged they call bodies that act on other charged objects in the same way as sealing wax electrified by friction against wool.
The main property of charged bodies and particles: Like-charged bodies and particles repel, and oppositely charged bodies attract. In experiments with sources of electric charges, you will also get acquainted with some other properties of these charges: charges can "flow" from one object to another, accumulate, an electric discharge can occur between charged bodies, and so on. You will study these properties in detail in the course of physics.

3.2. Coulomb's law

Electric charge ( Q or q) is a physical quantity, it can be more or less, and, therefore, it can be measured. But physicists cannot yet directly compare charges with each other, therefore, they do not compare the charges themselves, but the effect that charged bodies have on each other, or on other bodies, for example, the force with which one charged body acts on another.

The forces (F) acting on each of the two point charged bodies are oppositely directed along the straight line connecting these bodies. Their values ​​are equal to each other, directly proportional to the product of the charges of these bodies (q 1 ) and (q 2 ) and are inversely proportional to the square of the distance (l) between them.

This ratio is called "Coulomb's law" in honor of the French physicist Charles Coulomb (1763-1806), who discovered it in 1785. The most important for chemistry dependence of the Coulomb forces on the sign of the charge and the distance between charged bodies is clearly shown in Fig. 3.1.

The unit of measurement of electric charge is the pendant (definition in the course of physics). A charge of 1 C flows through a 100 watt light bulb in about 2 seconds (at a voltage of 220 V).

3.3. elementary electric charge

Until the end of the 19th century, the nature of electricity remained unclear, but numerous experiments led scientists to the conclusion that the magnitude of the electric charge cannot change continuously. It was found that there is a smallest, further indivisible portion of electricity. The charge of this portion is called "elementary electric charge" (denoted by the letter e). It turned out to be 1.6. 10–19 C. This is a very small value - almost 3 billion billion elementary electric charges pass through the thread of the same light bulb in 1 second.
Any charge is a multiple of the elementary electric charge, so it is convenient to use the elementary electric charge as a unit of measurement for small charges. In this way,

1e= 1.6. 10–19 C.

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, physicists realized that the carrier of an elementary negative electric charge is a microparticle, called electron(Joseph John Thomson, 1897). The carrier of an elementary positive charge is a microparticle called proton- was discovered a little later (Ernest Rutherford, 1919). At the same time, it was proved that the positive and negative elementary electric charges are equal in absolute value

Thus, the elementary electric charge is the charge of the proton.
You will get acquainted with other characteristics of the electron and proton in the next chapter.

Despite the fact that the composition of physical bodies includes charged particles, in the normal state the bodies are uncharged, or electrically neutral. Many complex particles, such as atoms or molecules, are also electrically neutral. The total charge of such a particle or such a body turns out to be equal to zero because the number of electrons and the number of protons that make up the particle or body are equal.

Bodies or particles become charged if electric charges are separated: on one body (or particle) there is an excess of electric charges of one sign, and on the other - of another. In chemical phenomena, an electric charge of any one sign (positive or negative) can neither appear nor disappear, since carriers of elementary electric charges of only one sign cannot appear or disappear.

POSITIVE ELECTRIC CHARGE, NEGATIVE ELECTRIC CHARGE, MAIN PROPERTY OF CHARGED BODIES AND PARTICLES, COULOMB'S LAW, ELEMENTARY ELECTRIC CHARGE
1. How is silk charged when rubbed against glass? What about wool when rubbed against sealing wax?
2. What is the number of elementary electric charges in 1 pendant?
3. Determine the force with which two bodies with charges of +2 C and -3 C are attracted to each other, located at a distance of 0.15 m from each other.
4. Two bodies with charges of +0.2 C and -0.2 C are at a distance of 1 cm from each other. Determine the force with which they are attracted.
5. With what force do two particles carrying the same charge equal to +3 repel each other e, and located at a distance of 2 E? The value of the constant in the equation of Coulomb's law k= 9 . 10 9 N. m 2 / Cl 2.
6. With what force is an electron attracted to a proton if the distance between them is 0.53 E? What about a proton to an electron?
7. Two similarly and equally charged balls are connected by a thread that does not conduct charges. The middle of the thread is fixedly fixed. Draw how these balls will be located in space under conditions when the force of gravity can be neglected.
8. How, under the same conditions, will three of the same balls be located in space, tied with threads of the same length to one support? And four?
Experiments on attraction and repulsion of charged bodies.

2. Particles of Yin and Yang. mass and antimass. positive and negative charge. matter and antimatter

1. Particles of Yin and Yang.

1) Yin particles - absorbing Ether– form the field of Attraction in the ethereal field of the Universe.

Ether of the ethereal field tends to move towards such a particle in accordance with the 1st principle of the Law of Forces - "Nature does not tolerate emptiness." This ether flow moving towards the particle is Field of Attraction.

Each particle that absorbs Ether absorbs a strictly defined amount of Ether per unit time. Due to the fact that the Ether of the ethereal field is uniform everywhere, has no densification or rarefaction, we can speak about the rate of absorption of the Ether. The absorption rate will just indicate the amount of ether absorbed by the particle per unit time.

2) Yang particles - emitting Ether– form the Repulsion Field in the ethereal field of the Universe.

The ether of the ethereal field tends to move away from such a particle in accordance with the 2nd principle of the Law of Forces - "Nature does not tolerate excess." This ethereal stream moving away from the particle is Repulsion field.

Each particle that emits Ether emits a strictly defined amount of Ether per unit of time. Ether emission rate indicates the amount of Ether emitted by a particle per unit of time.

2. Mass - antimass.

And now let's draw a parallel between the physical quantity that exists in science, mass, and the concepts often used in this book - the Field of Attraction and the Field of Repulsion.

Particles with Attractive Fields (Yin particles) responsible for the process gravity- that is, the attraction of other particles to them. The field of attraction is weight.

Particles with Repulsive Fields (Yang particles) responsible for the process antigravity(not yet recognized by official science) - that is, the process of repulsion of other particles from them. In science, there is no correspondence to the concept of the Repulsion Field, therefore, it will have to be created. Thus, the Repulsion Field is antimass.

3. Electric charge - positive and negative.

I think I'm not the only one who wanted and wants to combine the formula that describes the gravitational interaction of bodies ( Law of gravity), with a formula dedicated to the interaction of electric charges ( Coulomb's law). So let's do it!

It is necessary to put an equal sign between the concepts weight and positive charge, as well as between concepts antimass and negative charge.

A positive charge (or mass) characterizes the particles of Yin (with Fields of Attraction) - that is, absorbing the ether from the surrounding ethereal field.

And the negative charge (or antimass) characterizes Yang particles (with Repulsion Fields) – that is, emitting ether into the surrounding ethereal field.

Strictly speaking, mass (or positive charge), as well as anti-mass (or negative charge) indicates to us that this particle absorbs (or emits) the Ether.

As for the position of electrodynamics that there is a repulsion of charges of the same sign (both negative and positive) and an attraction to each other of charges of different signs, it is not entirely accurate. And the reason for this is not quite the right interpretation of experiments on electromagnetism.

Particles with Attractive Fields (positively charged) will never repel each other. They just get attracted. But particles with Repulsive Fields (negatively charged) will indeed always repel each other (including the negative pole of a magnet).

Particles with Attractive Fields (positively charged) attract any particles to themselves: both negatively charged (with Repulsive Fields) and positively charged (with Attractive Fields). However, if both particles have a Field of Attraction, then the one whose Field of Attraction is greater will displace the other particle towards itself to a greater extent than a particle with a smaller Field of Attraction will do.

4. Matter - antimatter.

In physics matter they call bodies, as well as the chemical elements from which these bodies are built, and also elementary particles. In general, it can be considered approximately correct to use the term in this way. After all Matter, from an esoteric point of view, these are power centers, spheres of elementary particles. Chemical elements are built from elementary particles, and bodies are built from chemical elements. But in the end it turns out that everything consists of elementary particles. But to be precise, around us we see not Matter, but Souls – that is, elementary particles. The elementary particle, unlike the force center (ie the Soul, unlike Matter), is endowed with a quality – Ether is created and disappears in it.

concept substance can be considered a synonym for the concept of matter used by physics. Substance is, literally, what things that surround a person consist of - that is, chemical elements and their compounds. And the chemical elements, as already mentioned, consist of elementary particles.

For substance and matter in science there are concepts-antonyms - antimatter and antimatter which are synonymous with each other.

Scientists recognize the existence of antimatter. However, what they take to be antimatter is actually not. In fact, antimatter has always been at hand for science and has been indirectly discovered a long time ago, since experiments on electromagnetism began. And we can constantly feel the manifestations of its existence in the world around us. Antimatter arose in the Universe together with matter at the very moment when elementary particles (Souls) appeared. Substance are particles of Yin (i.e., particles with Attraction Fields). Antimatter(antimatter) are Yang particles (particles with Repulsive Fields).

The properties of Yin and Yang particles are directly opposite, and therefore they are perfectly suited for the role of the sought-for matter and antimatter.

This text is an introductory piece.

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