When performing graphic work, you have to solve many construction tasks. The most common tasks in this case are the division of line segments, angles and circles into equal parts, the construction of various conjugations.

Dividing a circle into equal parts using a compass

Using the radius, it is easy to divide the circle into 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12 equal sections.

Division of a circle into four equal parts.

Dash-dotted center lines drawn perpendicular to one another divide the circle into four equal parts. Consistently connecting their ends, we get a regular quadrilateral(Fig. 1) .

Fig.1 Division of a circle into 4 equal parts.

Division of a circle into eight equal parts.

To divide a circle into eight equal parts, arcs equal to the fourth part of the circle are divided in half. To do this, from two points limiting a quarter of the arc, as from the centers of the radii of the circle, notches are made outside it. The resulting points are connected to the center of the circles and at their intersection with the line of the circle, points are obtained that divide the quarter sections in half, i.e., eight equal sections of the circle are obtained (Fig. 2 ).

Fig.2. Division of a circle into 8 equal parts.

Division of a circle into sixteen equal parts.

Dividing an arc equal to 1/8 into two equal parts with a compass, we will put serifs on the circle. Connecting all serifs with straight line segments, we get a regular hexagon.

Fig.3. Division of a circle into 16 equal parts.

Division of a circle into three equal parts.

To divide a circle of radius R into 3 equal parts, from the point of intersection of the center line with the circle (for example, from point A), an additional arc of radius R is described as from the center. Points 2 and 3 are obtained. Points 1, 2, 3 divide the circle into three equal parts.

Rice. four. Division of a circle into 3 equal parts.

Division of a circle into six equal parts. The side of a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle is equal to the radius of the circle (Fig. 5.).

To divide a circle into six equal parts, it is necessary from points 1 and 4 intersection of the center line with the circle, make two serifs on the circle with a radius R equal to the radius of the circle. Connecting the obtained points with line segments, we get a regular hexagon.

Rice. 5. Dividing the circle into 6 equal parts

Division of a circle into twelve equal parts.

To divide a circle into twelve equal parts, it is necessary to divide the circle into four parts with mutually perpendicular diameters. Taking the points of intersection of the diameters with the circle BUT , AT, FROM, D beyond the centers, four arcs are drawn by the radius to the intersection with the circle. Received points 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 and points BUT , AT, FROM, D divide the circle into twelve equal parts (Fig. 6).

Rice. 6. Dividing the circle into 12 equal parts

Dividing a circle into five equal parts

From a point BUT draw an arc with the same radius as the radius of the circle until it intersects with the circle - we get a point AT. Lowering the perpendicular from this point - we get the point FROM.From point FROM- the midpoint of the radius of the circle, as from the center, by an arc of radius CD make a notch on the diameter, get a point E. Line segment DE equal to the length of the side of the inscribed regular pentagon. By making a radius DE serifs on the circle, we get the points of dividing the circle into five equal parts.

Rice. 7. Dividing the circle into 5 equal parts

Dividing a circle into ten equal parts

By dividing the circle into five equal parts, you can easily divide the circle into 10 equal parts. Having drawn straight lines from the resulting points through the center of the circle to the opposite sides of the circle, we get 5 more points.

Rice. 8. Dividing the circle into 10 equal parts

Dividing a circle into seven equal parts

To divide a circle of radius R into 7 equal parts, from the point of intersection of the center line with the circle (for example, from the point BUT) describe how from the center an additional arc the same radius R- get a point AT. Dropping a perpendicular from a point AT- get a point FROM.Line segment sun equal to the length of the side of the inscribed regular heptagon.

Rice. 9. Dividing the circle into 7 equal parts

Division of a circle into three equal parts. Install a square with angles of 30 and 60 ° with a large leg parallel to one of the center lines. Along the hypotenuse from a point 1 (first division) draw a chord (Fig. 2.11, a), getting the second division - point 2. Turning the square and drawing the second chord, get the third division - point 3 (Fig. 2.11, b). By connecting points 2 and 3; 3 and 1 straight lines form an equilateral triangle.

Rice. 2.11.

a, b - c using a square; in- using a circle

The same problem can be solved using a compass. By placing the support leg of the compass at the lower or upper end of the diameter (Fig. 2.11, in) describe an arc whose radius is equal to the radius of the circle. Get the first and second divisions. The third division is at the opposite end of the diameter.

Dividing a circle into six equal parts

The compass opening is set equal to the radius R circles. From the ends of one of the diameters of the circle (from the points 1, 4 ) describe arcs (Fig. 2.12, a, b). points 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 divide the circle into six equal parts. By connecting them with straight lines, they get a regular hexagon (Fig. 2.12, b).

Rice. 2.12.

The same task can be performed using a ruler and a square with angles of 30 and 60 ° (Fig. 2.13). The hypotenuse of the square must pass through the center of the circle.

Rice. 2.13.

Dividing a circle into eight equal parts

points 1, 3, 5, 7 lie at the intersection of the center lines with the circle (Fig. 2.14). Four more points are found using a square with angles of 45 °. When receiving points 2, 4, 6, 8 the hypotenuse of a square passes through the center of the circle.

Rice. 2.14.

Dividing a circle into any number of equal parts

To divide a circle into any number of equal parts, use the coefficients given in Table. 2.1.

Length l chord, which is laid on a given circle, is determined by the formula l = dk, where l- chord length; d is the diameter of the given circle; k- coefficient determined from Table. 1.2.

Table 2.1

Coefficients for dividing circles

To divide a circle of a given diameter of 90 mm, for example, into 14 parts, proceed as follows.

In the first column of Table. 2.1 find the number of divisions P, those. 14. From the second column write out the coefficient k, corresponding to the number of divisions P. In this case, it is equal to 0.22252. The diameter of a given circle is multiplied by a factor and the length of the chord is obtained l=dk= 90 0.22252 = 0.22 mm. The resulting length of the chord is set aside with a measuring compass 14 times on a given circle.

Finding the center of the arc and determining the size of the radius

An arc of a circle is given, the center and radius of which are unknown.

To determine them, you need to draw two non-parallel chords (Fig. 2.15, a) and set up perpendiculars to the midpoints of the chords (Fig. 2.15, b). Center O arc is at the intersection of these perpendiculars.

Rice. 2.15.

Pairings

When making machine-building drawings, as well as when marking workpieces in production, it is often necessary to smoothly connect straight lines with arcs of circles or an arc of a circle with arcs of other circles, i.e. perform pairing.

Pairing called a smooth transition of a straight line into an arc of a circle or one arc into another.

To build mates, you need to know the value of the radius of the mates, find the centers from which the arcs are drawn, i.e. interface centers(Fig. 2.16). Then you need to find the points at which one line passes into another, i.e. connection points. When constructing a drawing, mating lines must be brought exactly to these points. The point of conjugation of the arc of a circle and a straight line lies on a perpendicular lowered from the center of the arc to the mating line (Fig. 2.17, a), or on a line connecting the centers of mating arcs (Fig. 2.17, b). Therefore, to construct any conjugation by an arc of a given radius, you need to find interface center and point (points) conjugation.

Rice. 2.16.

Rice. 2.17.

The conjugation of two intersecting lines by an arc of a given radius. Given straight lines intersecting at right, acute and obtuse angles (Fig. 2.18, a). It is necessary to construct conjugations of these lines by an arc of a given radius R.

Rice. 2.18.

For all three cases, the following construction can be applied.

1. Find a point O- the center of the mate, which must lie at a distance R from the sides of the corner, i.e. at the point of intersection of lines passing parallel to the sides of the angle at a distance R from them (Fig. 2.18, b).

To draw straight lines parallel to the sides of an angle, from arbitrary points taken on straight lines, with a compass solution equal to R, make serifs and draw tangents to them (Fig. 2.18, b).

• 2. Find the junction points (Fig. 2.18, c). For this, from the point O drop perpendiculars to given lines.
• 3. From point O, as from the center, describe an arc of a given radius R between junction points (Fig. 2.18, c).

A circle is a locus of points in a plane that are equidistant from a given point, called the center, at a given non-zero distance, called its radius.

In this article, you will learn how to divide a circle into 3-6, 4-8, 5-10 and n parts.

How to divide a circle into 3 and 6 parts

To divide a circle into 3, 6 and a multiple of them, we draw a circle of a given radius and the corresponding axes. The division can be started from the point of intersection of the vertical or horizontal axis with the circle. The specified radius of the circle is successively postponed 6 times. Then the obtained points on the circle are successively connected by straight lines and form a regular inscribed hexagon. Connecting points through one gives an equilateral triangle, and dividing the circle into 3 equal parts.

Dividing a circle into 3-6 equal parts

How to divide a circle into 5 and 10 parts

In order to divide the circle into 5 and 10 equal parts, it is necessary to construct a regular pentagon. To build it, do the following. We draw two mutually perpendicular axes of the circle equal to the diameter of the circle. Divide the right half of the horizontal diameter in half using the arc R1. From the obtained point "a" in the middle of this segment with radius R2, we draw an arc of a circle until it intersects with the horizontal diameter at the point "b". With radius R3 from point "1" draw an arc of a circle until it intersects with a given circle (p. 5) and get the side of a regular pentagon, then set aside the resulting distance along the circle 5 times until a regular pentagon is obtained. The distance "b-0" gives the side of a regular pentagon.

Dividing a circle into 5-10 equal parts

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

How to divide a circle into n - equal parts

Otherwise, it is necessary to construct a regular polygon with n number of sides. We draw horizontal and vertical mutually perpendicular axes of the circle. From the top point "1" of the circle we draw a straight line at an arbitrary angle to the vertical axis. On it we set aside equal segments of arbitrary length, the number of which is equal to the number of parts into which we divide the given circle, for example 9. We connect the end of the last segment with the lower point of the vertical diameter. He draws lines parallel to the received one from the ends of the pending segments to the intersection with the vertical diameter, thus dividing the vertical diameter of the given circle into a given number of parts. With a radius equal to the diameter of the circle, from the lower point of the vertical axis we draw an arc MN until it intersects with the continuation of the horizontal axis of the circle. From points M and N we draw rays through even (or odd) division points of the vertical diameter until they intersect with the circle. The resulting segments of the circle will be the required ones, since points 1, 2, ... 9 divide the circle into 9 (N) equal parts.

Dividing a circle into n equal parts

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

The division of a circle into an arbitrary number of equal parts can be done using a table of chords, the numerical expression of which is determined by multiplying the radius of a given circle by a factor corresponding to the division number presented in the table.

Table of chords (coefficients for dividing a circle)

	Coefficient	Number of divisions of the circle	Coefficient	Number of divisions of the circle	Coefficient
1	0,000	11	0,282	21	0,149
2	1,000	12	0,258	22	0,142
3	0,866	13	0,239	23	0,136
4	0,707	14	0,223	24	0,130
5	0,588	15	0,208	25	0,125
6	0,500	16	0,195	26	0,120
7	0,434	17	0,184	27	0,116
8	0,383	18	0,178	28	0,112
9	0,342	19	0,165	29	0,108
10	0,309	20	0,156	30	0,104

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

How to find the center of a circle arc

It is necessary to do the following: on this arc, mark four arbitrary points A, B, C, D and connect them in pairs with chords AB and CD.

We divide each of the chords in half with the help of a compass, thus obtaining a perpendicular passing through the middle of the corresponding chord. The mutual intersection of these perpendiculars gives the center of the given arc and the circle corresponding to it.

Approximate division of an arc of a circle into an arbitrary number of equal parts can be performed using a compass by the method of successive approximation.

Today in the post I post several pictures of ships and diagrams for them for embroidery with isothread (pictures are clickable).

Initially, the second sailboat was made on carnations. And since the carnation has a certain thickness, it turns out that two threads depart from each. Plus, layering one sail on the second. As a result, a certain effect of splitting the image appears in the eyes. If you embroider the ship on cardboard, I think it will look more attractive.
The second and third boats are somewhat easier to embroider than the first. Each of the sails has a central point (on the underside of the sail) from which rays extend to points along the perimeter of the sail.
Joke:
- Do you have threads?
- There is.
- And the harsh ones?
- It's just a nightmare! I'm afraid to come!

My first debut Master Class. Hopefully not the last. We will embroider a peacock. Product diagram.When marking the places of punctures, pay special attention so that they are in closed contours even number.The basis of the picture is dense cardboard(I took brown with a density of 300 g / m2, you can try it on black, then the colors will look even brighter), better dyed on both sides(for the people of Kiev - I took it in the stationery department at the Central Department Store on Khreshchatyk). Threads- floss (of any manufacturer, I had DMC), in one thread, i.e. we unwind the bundles into individual fibers. Embroidery consists of three layers thread. First we embroider the first layer in feathers on the peacock's head, the wing (light blue thread color), as well as dark blue circles of the tail using the flooring method. The first layer of the body is embroidered with chords with variable pitch, trying to make the threads run tangentially to the contour of the wing. Then we embroider twigs (serpentine seam, mustard-colored threads), leaves (first dark green, then the rest ...

Dividing a circle into four equal parts and constructing a regular inscribed quadrilateral(Fig. 6).

Two mutually perpendicular center lines divide the circle into four equal parts. By connecting the points of intersection of these lines with the circle with straight lines, a regular inscribed quadrilateral is obtained.

Dividing a circle into eight equal parts and constructing a regular inscribed octagon(Fig. 7).

The division of the circle into eight equal parts is carried out using a compass as follows.

From points 1 and 3 (the points of intersection of the center lines with the circle) with an arbitrary radius R, arcs are drawn to mutual intersection, with the same radius from point 5, a notch is made on the arc drawn from point 3.

Straight lines are drawn through the points of intersection of the serifs and the center of the circle until they intersect with the circle at points 2, 4, 6, 8.

If the obtained eight points are connected in series by straight lines, then a regular inscribed octagon will be obtained.

Dividing a circle into three equal parts and constructing a regular inscribed triangle(Fig. 8).

Option 1.

When dividing the circle with a compass into three equal parts from any point on the circle, for example, point A of the intersection of the center lines with the circle, draw an arc with a radius R equal to the radius of the circle, get points 2 and 3. The third division point (point 1) will be located at the opposite end of the diameter , passing through point A. by successively connecting points 1, 2 and 3, a regular inscribed triangle is obtained.

Option 2.

When constructing a regular inscribed triangle, if one of its vertices is given, for example, point 1, point A is found. To do this, a diameter is drawn through a given point (Fig. 8). Point A will be at the opposite end of this diameter. Then an arc is drawn with a radius R equal to the radius of the given circle, points 2 and 3 are obtained.

Dividing a circle into six equal parts and constructing a regular inscribed hexagon(Fig. 9).

When dividing the circle into six equal parts using a compass from two ends of the same diameter with a radius equal to the radius of the given circle, arcs are drawn until they intersect with the circle at points 2, 6 and 3, 5. Connecting the points obtained in succession, a regular inscribed hexagon is obtained.

Dividing a circle into twelve equal parts and constructing a regular inscribed dodecagon(Fig. 10).

When dividing a circle with a compass from the four ends of two mutually perpendicular diameters of the circle, an arc is drawn with a radius equal to the radius of the given circle, until it intersects with the circle (Fig. 10). By connecting the intersection points obtained in succession, a regular inscribed dodecagon is obtained.

Dividing a circle into five equal parts and constructing a regular inscribed pentagon ( Fig.11).

When dividing a circle with a compass, half of any diameter (radius) is divided in half, point A is obtained. From point A, as from the center, an arc is drawn with a radius equal to the distance from point A to point 1, until it intersects with the second half of this diameter at point B. Segment 1B is equal to the chord subtending the arc, the length of which is equal to 1/5 of the circumference. Making serifs on a circle with a radius R1 equal to the segment 1B, the circle is divided into five equal parts. The starting point A is chosen depending on the location of the pentagon.

Points 2 and 5 are built from point 1, then point 3 is built from point 2, and point 4 is built from point 5. The distance from point 3 to point 4 is checked with a compass; if the distance between points 3 and 4 is equal to the segment 1B, then the constructions were performed exactly.

It is impossible to perform serifs sequentially, in one direction, since measurement errors accumulate and the last side of the pentagon turns out to be skewed. Consistently connecting the found points, a regular inscribed pentagon is obtained.

Dividing a circle into ten equal parts and constructing a regular inscribed decagon(Fig. 12).

The division of the circle into ten equal parts is performed similarly to the division of the circle into five equal parts (Fig. 11), but first the circle is divided into five equal parts, starting from point 1, and then from point 6, located at the opposite end of the diameter. By connecting all the points in series, a regular inscribed decagon is obtained.

Dividing a circle into seven equal parts and constructing a regular inscribed heptagon(Fig. 13).

From any point of the circle, for example, point A, an arc is drawn with a radius of a given circle until it intersects with a circle at points B and D of a straight line.

Half of the resulting segment (in this case, segment BC) will be equal to the chord that subtends the arc, which is 1/7 of the circumference. With a radius equal to the segment BC, serifs are made on the circle in the sequence shown when constructing a regular pentagon. By connecting all the points in series, a regular inscribed heptagon is obtained.

Dividing the circle into fourteen equal parts and constructing a regular inscribed fourteen-angle (Fig. 14).

The division of the circle into fourteen equal parts is performed similarly to the division of the circle into seven equal parts (Fig. 13), but first the circle is divided into seven equal parts, starting from point 1, and then from point 8, located at the opposite end of the diameter. By connecting all the points in series, they get a regular inscribed quadrilateral.