Message on the theme of the closed Far East. Interesting facts about the Sakhalin region

It stretches along the coast of the Pacific Ocean and its seas for almost 4,500 km from northeast to southwest, from Chukotka to the borders with Korea. The northern part of the region is located beyond the Arctic Circle, where snow lies almost all year round. The seas washing the coast, even in summer, are not completely cleared of ice. The southern part of the region lies at 40 latitudes. Here you can find subtropical plants (for example, creepers) with northern spruces and larches. The first explorers of the south of the Far East wrote: "... this is an amazing land... Here the sable meets the tiger, and the grapes wrap around the spruce...". Ginseng - a plant of the forests of the Far East - is well known for its healing properties. This plant has been preserved here for a long time, from Mesozoic or Paleogene times.

The Far East has a complex geological structure: most of it was formed in the Mesozoic era, and only Kamchatka, Sakhalin and a number of islands were formed much later, in the Alpine or Cenozoic era of folding.

The Far East is predominantly a mountainous area. In the south, medium-altitude and low ranges (Sikhote-Alin, Dzhugdzhur) predominate, and in the north there are highlands (Chukotskoe, Koryakskoe) and plateaus (Anadyrskoe) with extensive lava covers and short ridges. The highest point of the Far East is Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano (4750 m). About a quarter of the territory is occupied by plains, which are confined either to intermountain depressions (for example, the Middle Amur) or to the coasts (for example, Kamchatka). The largest plain is the Zeya-Bureya.

Of the minerals of the Far East, it is necessary to note the rich deposits of non-ferrous metal ores, and primarily tin. The Far East is part of the Eurasian tin belt, stretching from Chukotka to the Sunda Islands. Gold deposits have been discovered along the tributaries of the Amur and in Chukotka. In the north of Sakhalin there is an oil basin, in Primorye - coal.

The Far East is located in a seismic zone, earthquakes and volcanoes are frequent here. This is because there is a junction of lithospheric plates here. Coastal areas are especially mobile. Seaquakes are observed here, which are the cause of the occurrence of waves of destructive force, called tsunamis. Active volcanoes are not uncommon in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. In 1975, the strongest volcanic eruption occurred in Kamchatka. He threw out a huge amount of slag, volcanic bombs and ash. Lava poured out like a river at a speed of up to 3 km per hour. There is an amazing place in Kamchatka - the Valley of Geysers, where there are 20 gushing springs that emit steam and hot water. The largest geyser in the valley is Velikan. Most of them gush at regular intervals. The heat from hot springs is used in Kamchatka for heating, and a geothermal power plant operates on it.

The climate of the Far East is monsoonal. The large extent of the region from north to south caused differences in temperatures. In winter the temperature fluctuates from - 15-20°С to - 32-34°С. Cold air at this time of the year comes from the Asian High. Precipitation falls mainly in summer, they are brought by monsoons from the Pacific Ocean. The annual amount of precipitation is from 500 to 1000 mm. Precipitation falls in the form of torrential rains. In winter, there is little precipitation, the thickness of the snow cover is small, so the soils freeze deeply. Permafrost occurs on individual islands.

The climate of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands differs from the mainland of the Far East. There is no permafrost, milder winters and cool summers, much more precipitation than on the mainland - up to 1600 mm. The distribution of precipitation over the seasons is more even.

Many rivers flow through the territory of the Far East: the Amur with its tributaries, the Anadyr and others. The rivers are full-flowing and are characterized mainly by rain feeding, however, to the north, the proportion of melted snow water in the feeding of rivers increases. Floods near the Far Eastern rivers do not occur in spring, but in summer. Often they take the form of catastrophic floods, leading to large losses. For example, the 1958 flood caused 30 times more damage than the 1928 flood, even though the flood was just as bad. The rivers of the Far East are used to generate electricity. Several hydroelectric power stations have been built on the Amur and its tributaries.

Almost half of the territory is occupied by the zone of arctic deserts and tundra. A significant part of it is occupied by mountains, in which the tundra is gradually replaced by mountain tundra, consisting of shrubs and scale lichens. Mountain tundras are gradually replaced by cold deserts with stone placers. Below the tundra zone is the forest zone. Stone birch forests are typical for Kamchatka, which do not form dense massifs. The surface of the earth in these forests is covered with tall grass meadows (their height reaches 1.5 m). Stone birch forests do not rise above 700 m.

The forests of the south of the Far East are characterized by the presence of subtropical vegetation: cork, Manchurian walnut, lemongrass, and grapes. The forests of the south of the region are called the Ussuri taiga. The forests of the Ussuri taiga are arranged in tiers: Korean cedars, black firs and spruces grow in the uppermost tier. Yews, maples, wild apple trees, and birches grow below. The undergrowth is represented by grass cover. The trees are intertwined with vines. Medicinal ginseng grows in the forests, iron birch, which has very hard wood, wild grapes, lemongrass, the berries of which contain a lot of vitamins. The fauna of the Far East is rich and varied: roe deer, wild boars, deer, tigers, martens, forest cat, Himalayan bear, badger, otter, Siberian weasel and others. Leopards, blue magpies, turtles, mandarin ducks live in the reserves.

The mountainous relief determines the development of altitudinal zonality. The combination of belts changes when moving from north to south and from west to east (due to the distance from the coast). In Sikhote-Alin, for example, at the foot there is a belt of broad-leaved forests, which, with height, are replaced by coniferous-broad-leaved, and then dark coniferous forests. In the upper part of the forest belt there are forests consisting of stone birch, dwarf pine. Above these forests there is a mountain tundra, and on the peaks there is a belt of eternal snows and glaciers.

The Far East has long been mastered and used by man. Logging is carried out in the forests of the southern part of the region. Agro-climatic resources make it possible to develop agriculture here and to obtain crops of grain, legumes; horticulture is developed in the south of the Far East. The seas of the Far East are very rich in fish (salmon). Crab fishing is carried out off the coast of Kamchatka. Fur-bearing animals are hunted in the forests of the Far East.

The most important task facing the Far East today is the rational use and protection of rich fish resources.

The Far East is located off the coast of the Pacific Ocean and consists of mainland, peninsular and insular parts. In addition to the Kuril Islands, it also includes the Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin Island, the Commander Islands and other single islands located near the eastern borders of Russia.
The length of the Far East from the northeast (from Chukotka) to the southwest (to the borders of Korea and Japan) is 4.5 thousand kilometers. Its northern part is located beyond the Arctic Circle, so there is snow here almost all year round, and the seas washing the coast are not completely cleared of ice even in summer. The land in the northern part of the Far East is bound by permafrost. Tundra dominates here. In the southern part of the Far East, conditions are much milder.

In the south of the Far East, low and medium-altitude mountain ranges, such as Bureinsky and Dzhugdzhur, mainly predominate. In the north, there are highlands (Kolyma, Chukotka) and plateaus (Anadyr), which arose as a result of volcanic activity. Only a quarter of the territory of the Far East is occupied by plains. They are mainly located in those parts of the coast where tectonic activity is low, as well as in intermountain depressions, so their area is relatively small.

The climate of Kamchatka, of course, cannot be compared with the climatic conditions of the Mediterranean resorts; the summer here is quite cool and rainy. There is another interesting feature of the peninsula, in winter an area of high pressure forms over the central part, so the winds blow from here to the outskirts, that is, not from the sea, but, on the contrary, in its direction to the east and west.
But the climatic "shortcomings" are more than offset by the beauty of Kamchatka's nature. Just imagine the pictures, from sea terraces giving way to alpine meadows with luxurious tall grass intermountains and leaving first into sparse forests of stone birch, passing in places into lush thickets of alder and elfin cedar, add to these beauties volcanic hills, bewitching snowy peaks of the mountain range and valleys on which, every now and then beat fountains outgoing clubs of steam. Among the habitats of the fauna here you can meet a brown bear, and a reindeer, and a bighorn sheep, and a Kamchatka sable, but especially a great number of ubiquitous squirrels here. It is impossible not to mention the wealth of the seas washing the coast of Kamchatka: crabs, cod, Pacific herring, navaga, pink salmon, coho salmon, chum salmon and many other types of fish, which abound not only in the seas, but also in local "shops".
But, perhaps, let's leave geography alone, and move on to the essence of our story - geysers. Of course, Iceland, and Japan, and New Zealand, and New Guinea, and California, and Tibet, and North America can boast of hot water fountains, but we will talk about our Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka.
Periodically gushing hot springs - geysers, are common in areas where volcanic activity exists or has recently ceased.

Magadan Region
The region is located on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean.
¾ of the territory is occupied by tundra and forest-tundra.
The main rivers of the region are: Kolyma, Ayan-Yuryakh.

The extreme south of the Russian Far East lies between the Asian mainland and the Korean peninsula, and the Japanese, separating it from other Pacific seas and the ocean itself.
The Sea of Japan is dominated by natural boundaries, but in some areas it is limited by imaginary lines.
In the north, the border between the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk runs along the line of Cape Sushcheva - Cape Tyk.
In the Laperouse Strait, the boundary is the line Cape Crillon - Cape Soya. In the Sangar Strait, the border runs along the line of Cape Syria - Cape Esan, and in the Korea Strait along the line of Cape Nomo (Kyushu Island) - Cape Fukae (Goto Island) - about. Jeju-do is the Korean peninsula.

Within these boundaries, the sea is enclosed between the parallels 51°45′ and 34°26′ N. sh. and meridians 127°20′ and 142°15′ E. d.

As a rule, the highest peaks of the Sikhote-Alin have a sharply defined contour and are covered with large stone placers in vast areas. The relief forms resemble badly destroyed circuses and mountain glaciation karts.

They are composed of sandy-shale deposits with numerous breakthroughs of intrusions, which led to the presence of deposits of gold, tin and polymetals. In tectonic depressions within the Sikhote-Alin deposits of hard and brown coal.

In the foothills, basalt plateaus are common, of which the largest plateau in terms of area is west of Sovetskaya Gavan. Plateau areas are also found on the main watershed. The largest is the Zevinsky plateau, on the watershed of the upper reaches of the Bikin and the rivers flowing into the Tatar Strait. In the south and east, the Sikhote-Alin is represented by steeply sloping mid-mountain ranges, in the west by numerous longitudinal valleys and basins, and at altitudes of more than 900 m - bald mountains. In general, the Sikhote-Alin has an asymmetric transverse profile. The western macroslope is more gentle than the eastern one. Accordingly, the rivers flowing to the west are longer. This feature is reflected in the very name of the ridge. Translated from the Manchu language - the ridge of large western rivers.

snowy mountain

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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
Far East.

Nizhny Novgorod State University. N. I. Lobachevsky

Finance Department

Specialty: finance and credit.

Abstract on the topic:

"Far East"

Prepared with

1st year student

Groups 13F19

Chekurova Julia

Teacher

K. A. Gulyaeva

N. Novgorod 2000

Primorsky Krai

Khabarovsk region

Amurskaya Oblast

Kamchatka region

Magadan Region

Sakhalin region

The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

Far East - one of the largest economic and geographical regions of Russia. Includes Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, Amur, Kamchatka, Magadan and Sakhalin regions, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Area - 3.1 million sq. km 2. Population 4.3 million man (1959). The territory of the Far East stretches from north to south for more than 4.5 thousand km. km. It is washed by the Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk, and Japanese seas. The Far East is predominantly a mountainous country; the plains occupy relatively small spaces, mainly along the valleys of large rivers (the Amur and its tributaries, the Anadyr, etc.). There are active volcanoes in Kamchatka.

A huge stretch (from the Arctic to the subtropics), a variety of climatic conditions, poor development of the territory and, along with this, the presence of natural resources leave an imprint on the economy of the region. The role of the Far East in the development of Russia's foreign trade is great. The closest trade ties are with China, Vietnam, and Japan. In foreign trade operations, the seaports of Vladivostok and Nakhodka are of particular importance.

Primorsky Krai.

Primorsky Krai is located in the southern part of the Far East and occupies an area of 165.9 thousand km 2 . It borders with the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, in the north - with the Khabarovsk Territory, from the east it is washed by the waters of the Sea of Japan. The composition of the region includes the islands: Russian, Slavic, Reineke, Putyatina, Askold, etc.

Most of the territory is occupied by mountains belonging to the Sikhote-Alin system (maximum height 1855 m. Cloudy). The most extensive lowlands are Ussuriyskaya and Prikhankayskaya. The climate is characterized by a pronounced monsoon character. Most of the rivers belong to the Amur basin, Bikin, Krylovka, Arsenievka, the Samarka, Avvakumovka, Rozdolnaya rivers flow into the Sea of Japan, the Ilistaya, Melgunovka rivers flow into Lake Khanka.

Minerals: tin, polymetals, tungsten, gold, fluorites, coal, building materials. The most famous deposits: tin - Kavalerovsky ore district; tungsten - Vostok-2; polymetals - Nikolaevskoe; fluorites - Voznesenskoe, coal - Lipovedskoe, Rettikhovskoe, Pavlovskoe, Bikinskoe.

On the territory of Primorsky Krai there are 25 administrative districts, 11 cities, 45 urban-type settlements, 221 village councils. On 01.01.1992 The population in the region was 2309.2 thousand people. Human. Population density 13.9 people. for 1 km 2. 32% of workers and employees are employed in the region's industry, 8% in agriculture, 12% in transport, and 11% in construction.

The economic activity of the Primorsky Territory is focused on the development of oceanic industries: maritime transport, the fishing industry, ship repair, offshore construction, etc. They account for more than a third of the gross social product.

In the total marketable output of industry and agriculture of Primorsky Krai, industry accounts for 88%. The industries that determine the participation of Primorye in interregional exchange include: fish (31% of production), engineering and metalworking (25%), forestry and woodworking (4%) and mining and chemical industry (2%). Primorye provides the country with 15% of the catch of fish and seafood, the main part of boron products and fluorspar, a significant part of lead, tin, tungsten, but the development of the economy is hindered due to the deterioration of the fund (in industry - 42.8%, in construction - 43.0%) .

Primorsky Krai has a developed diversified agriculture. In agricultural production, the share of animal husbandry is 60%. In the total consumption of the region's population, local production of vegetables, milk and meat takes up to 60-65%; The population is fully provided with its own potatoes.

Primorye is the most developed region of the Far East in terms of transport. The territory of the region is crossed from north to south by the end section of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which has several exits to the sea coast, where large transport hubs have been created (Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vostochny Port, Posyet).

Economic relations of the region: fish and fish products, non-ferrous metals, and their concentrates, commercial timber, furs, soybeans, rice, honey, antlers are exported; Ferrous metals, machinery and equipment, oil products, food and light industry products, building materials are imported.

2. Khabarovsk region.

The Khabarovsk Territory borders on the Primorsky Territory, the Amur and Magadan regions. It is washed by the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan.

The territory of the region is 824.6 thousand km 2 . Mountainous relief prevails here (over 70% of the territory), the main mountain ranges are: Sikhote-Alin, Turan ranges, M. Khingan, Bureinsky, Badzhalsky, Yam-Alin, Stanovoy, Coastal, Dzhugdzhur; the most extensive lowlands: Lower and Middle Amur, Evoron-Tugan (in the south), Okhotsk (in the north). The climate is monsoonal, with severe and little snowy winters and warm, humid summers.

The rivers of the territory of the region belong to the basins of the Pacific and Arctic oceans. The largest river of the region is Amur, other large rivers are Tumnin, Uda, Tugur, Amgun, Bureya, Bidzhan, Bira.

Minerals: tin, mercury, iron ore, hard and brown coal, graphite, brucite, manganese, feldspar, phosphorites, alunites, building materials, peat.

The Khabarovsk Territory includes 22 administrative districts, 9 cities, 44 urban-type settlements, 2528 rural councils. The region includes the Jewish Autonomous Region. On 01.01.1992 the population of the region amounted to 1855.4 thousand people. (in the Jewish Autonomous Region - 216 thousand people), including the urban population - 78.4%. Population density - 2.3 people. for 1 km 2. The regional center is the city of Khabarovsk (601 thousand people). The largest cities of the region: Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Birobidzhan, Amursk. Agriculture is poorly developed.

The Khabarovsk Territory occupies key positions in the unified transport system of the Far East. The configuration of the region's transport network in the future will be determined by the transit railway lines - the Trans-Siberian and BAM. They are adjoined by railway lines: Izvestkovaya - Chegdomyn, Volochaevka - Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Komsomolsk-on-Amur - Sovetskaya Gavan. Developed maritime transport - Vanino. Air transport is widely used. The Okha-Komsomolsk-on-Amur oil pipeline is in operation.

Economic relations of the Khabarovsk Territory: products of mechanical engineering and metalworking (energy and foundry equipment, agricultural machinery), non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, chemistry, fish and fish products are exported; oil and oil products, ferrous metallurgy products, machinery and equipment, light industry products, fertilizers, food are imported.

History of the development of the territory of the Far East

Active settlement of the Far East began in the middle of the 19th century. The population increased at a rapid pace. Peasants and Cossacks from the central provinces and Siberia moved here, as well as foreign citizens - Koreans and Chinese. In Russia, people who decided to move to the Far East were exempted from military service, paid lower taxes and had many advantages in the field of land development. In 1913 foreigners made up 13% of the total population.

Rice. 1. Far Eastern Federal District on the map.

With the development of the region, large cities began to stand out, which gradually became major economic and cultural centers - Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Nikolaevsk, Vladivostok.

Population of the Far East

The area of the Far East is 6169.3 thousand square meters. km. This territory is home to 7.6 million people, which is 5% of the total population of Russia. The population density is unevenly distributed over the territory. Most people live in Primorsky Krai with a density of 12 people per 1 sq. km. km. And the density, for example, in the Magadan region is 0.3 people per 1 sq. km. km. The main part of the population are Russians, Ukrainians and Tatars.

The demographic situation is characterized by negative dynamics. In recent years, the population has declined - many (especially young people) have left the region and moved closer to the capital.

Indigenous peoples of the Far East

Several indigenous peoples live on the territory of the Far Eastern Federal District, each of which does not exceed 50 thousand people. The indigenous inhabitants of the Far East include Evenks, Evens, Nanais, Koryaks, Chukchis and others.

- people living in Eastern Siberia. Also found in Mongolia and northeastern China. The population is 37,000 people, half of whom live in Yakutia.

What have we learned?

The territory of the Far Eastern District is home to many nationalities and nationalities. Among them there are both settlers (Chinese, Koreans) and indigenous peoples (Koryaks, Chukchi, Nanais). The population density is distributed unevenly throughout the territory. The largest population density is in Primorye, and the smallest is in Chukotka and Magadan.

Various, cold and warm, representatives of the northern and southern flora and fauna coexist nearby. All this determines the great diversity of natural conditions.

The entire Far East is determined by the interaction of continental and sea air masses of latitudes. In winter, currents of cold air rush to the southeast from the powerful Asian High. Therefore, the winter in the Far East is very severe and dry. In the northeast, along the edge of the Aleutian Low, cold continental air interacts with relatively warm sea air. As a result, often occur, which are associated with a large amount of precipitation. A lot of snow falls in Kamchatka, it is not uncommon. On the eastern coast of the peninsula, the height in places can reach 3 m. Snowfalls are also significant on Sakhalin.

In summer, air currents rush from the Pacific Ocean. Maritime air masses interact with continental air masses, as a result of which monsoon rains occur throughout the Far East in summer. As a result, the largest Far East and its tributaries flood not in the spring, but in the summer, which usually leads to catastrophic. Destructive ones often sweep over coastal areas, coming from the southern seas.

The interaction of continental and marine air masses, northern and southern currents, complex relief, which combines mountains and lowlands, closed basins - all this together leads to a diversity of the vegetation cover of the Far East, to the presence of northern and southern species in its composition. In the northern lowlands are located, into which larch forests enter along the rivers from the south. Most of Kamchatka is occupied by sparse forests of stone birch and larch, and thickets of dwarf pine with alder and lichens grow on the slopes of the mountains. Northern Sakhalin is characterized by sparse larch forests, and southern Sakhalin is characterized by impenetrable thickets of bamboo and spruce-fir. On the Kuril, in and where the summer is warm and humid, coniferous-broad-leaved forests of rich species composition grow. They consist of Korean cedar, spruce, fir, linden, hornbeam, Manchurian walnut, pear and many other species. Dense thickets of trees are intertwined with vines, grapes and lemongrass. There are many medicinal herbs in the forests, including ginseng.

Northern and southern species of animals are found in the Amur and Primorye regions. Here live such Siberian species as reindeer, elk, sable, squirrel, and such southern species as the Amur tiger, spotted deer, black deer, raccoon dog. The Kuril Islands are characterized by seals, fur seals and sea otters.

It is difficult in most of the Far East. But in the south, with fertile and brown forests, wheat, rice, soybeans, potatoes and vegetables are grown.

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