The content of training at each level of general education is determined by the relevant educational programs, which are developed independently by educational organizations on the basis of federal state standards and taking into account the relevant exemplary basic educational programs. The program of secondary general education is compulsory and is considered mastered after completion of education in 11 grades and passing by each student of the state final certification. Certification is carried out in the form of a unified state exam (USE) in the Russian language and mathematics (mandatory exams), as well as in additional subjects from the list established by law (from 1 or more) at the choice of the graduate. The results of passing are accepted as entrance tests for admission to the university.

Professional education

The law introduces a ban on both intermediate and final certification of students in preschool educational organizations; federal state requirements for additional pre-professional programs; educational standards - for educational programs of higher education in cases provided for by the commented law or a decree of the President of the Russian Federation. The definition of the educational standard is given in paragraph 7) of Art. 2 of Law N 273-FZ, however, we find a more accurate interpretation of it in Art. 11 of the Law (see commentary to part 10 of article 11 of the Law). Educational programs are also included in the education system, since they represent a set of basic characteristics of education and organizational and pedagogical conditions.

Levels of education in the Russian Federation

This system should make it possible to realize the educational needs of a person throughout life, that is, not only the opportunity to get an education at any age, but also to get another profession (specialty). To this end, a variety of educational programs are being introduced. The system of education levels is being changed, according to which the structure of general education in accordance with the Law includes: 1) preschool education; 2) primary general education; 3) basic general education; 4) secondary general education; In the structure of vocational education: 1) secondary vocational education; 2) higher education - bachelor's degree; 3) higher education - training of a specialist, magistracy; 4) higher education - training of scientific and pedagogical personnel.

Graduates who successfully pass the USE receive a certificate of secondary general education, and to obtain a certificate, it is enough to pass the USE in Russian language and mathematics. This gives the holder the right to continue education at the level of secondary vocational education. Access to higher education is provided based on the results of the Unified State Examination with elective exams - the number and subjects are determined by applicants depending on the requirements of the university in the chosen direction.

Vocational education includes 5 levels: Secondary vocational education can be obtained through two types of programs: - training programs for skilled workers, employees; — training programs for mid-level specialists. Graduates of secondary vocational educational organizations after graduation receive a diploma of secondary vocational education.

Levels of professional education: features, conditions for admission

Attention

And they are also given access to master's programs in areas other than those already received in the specialty, and to training programs for highly qualified personnel (postgraduate education). The term of study for obtaining the qualification of a specialist is at least 5 years. The state final certification for obtaining the qualification of a specialist includes the defense of a project or thesis and the passing of state final exams.

Info

Obtaining the qualification of a specialist is confirmed by a diploma of a specialist. The level of higher education - specialty is equivalent to the level of higher education - magistracy. Higher education - master's degree (120 credits) is a two-year course of study, focused mostly on research activities (up to 50% of the student's workload) compared to specialist programs.

Levels of education in Russia. professional education levels

Obtaining primary general education in educational institutions begins when children reach the age of six years and six months in the absence of contraindications for health reasons, but no later than when they reach the age of eight years. Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the personality of the student (the formation of moral convictions, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle, a high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastering the basics of science, the Russian language, skills of mental and physical labor, developing inclinations, interests, ability to social self-determination).

Article 10. Structure of the education system

Persons with a higher medical education or a higher pharmaceutical education are allowed to master the residency programs. Persons with higher education in the field of arts are allowed to master the programs of assistantship-internship. Admission to study in educational programs of higher education is carried out separately for bachelor's programs, specialist's programs, master's programs, training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel of the highest qualification is carried out on a competitive basis.
Admission to study under master's programs, programs for training highly qualified personnel is carried out according to the results of entrance examinations conducted by the educational organization independently. Bachelor's degree is the level of basic higher education, which lasts 4 years and has a practice-oriented character.
After completing the educational program of the first type, graduates are granted access to the labor market, as well as the right to continue their studies in the programs of the second type and higher education (subject to obtaining secondary general education). Educational organizations implementing programs of the second type can be both independent educational organizations and structural subdivisions of the university. As a rule, in this case, the programs are well coordinated with the programs of universities in the relevant areas.
Currently in Russia there is a multi-stage system of higher education, as a subspecies of vocational education, consisting of the following levels: Higher education - bachelor's degree (240 credits). The bachelor's degree is awarded after completing a 4-year study program. Bachelor's programs are developed in various areas.

1. Education system in the Russian Federation: structure and general characteristics.

Law); employers, their associations have the right to carry out professional and public accreditation of professional educational programs implemented by an organization engaged in educational activities, and draw up ratings on this basis (clauses 3, 5, article 96 of the Law). Paragraph 3 of the commented Article 10 of the Law on Education in the Russian Federation introduces a system of types of education, subdividing it into general education, vocational education, additional education and vocational training. Vocational training, despite the seemingly absent "effect" of educational activities - increasing the educational qualification of the student, also implies the need to master the educational program of secondary general education, if it is not mastered.

Article 10 structure of the education system

Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the personality of the student, the development of interest in learning and the creative abilities of the student, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continuing education and the start of a career. Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Children who have not coped with the programs of one of these levels are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education.

How many levels does vocational education include

Their allocation is due to the fact that if either federal state educational standards, or federal state requirements, or educational standards are developed, the educational program is drawn up on their basis. In the event that these are not available (for additional general developmental and with certain characteristics, for additional professional programs * (14); vocational training programs are developed on the basis of established qualification requirements (professional standards), educational programs are the only set of requirements for obtaining this kind of education .
VO independently: 1) in any general education subjects: a) disabled children, disabled people; b) foreign citizens; c) persons who received a document on secondary general education within one year prior to the date of completion of the acceptance of documents and entrance examinations, inclusive, if all the certification tests of the State Examination Institute passed by them during the specified period for educational programs of secondary general education were not passed in the form of the Unified State Examination; 2) in certain general education subjects - persons who have passed the GIA in these general education subjects in the form of a state final exam, provided that they received a document on secondary general education within one year before the date of completion of the acceptance of documents and entrance examinations inclusive and during this period did not pass the exam in the relevant general education subjects.

Education in the Russian Federation is a single process aimed at educating and educating the future generation. During 2003-2010. the domestic education system has undergone a major reform in accordance with the provisions contained in the Bologna Declaration. In addition to the specialty and postgraduate studies, such levels of RF were introduced as

In 2012, Russia adopted the law “On the Education of the Russian Federation”. Levels education, similar to European states, provide an opportunity for free movement for students and teachers between universities. Another undoubted plus is the possibility of employment in any of the countries that have signed the Bologna Declaration.

purpose, functions

Education is the process and result of the transfer of knowledge and experience that has been accumulated by all previous generations. The main goal of education is to familiarize new members of society with established beliefs and value ideals.

The main functions of training are:

• Education of worthy members of society.
• Socialization and familiarization of the new generation to the values ​​that have developed in this society.
• Ensuring qualified training of young specialists.
• Transfer of knowledge related to work, with the help of modern technologies.

Criteria of education

An educated person is a person who has accumulated a certain amount of knowledge, is able to clearly determine the causes and consequences of an event, and can think logically at the same time. The main criterion of education can be called the consistency of knowledge and thinking, which is reflected in the ability of a person, reasoning logically, to restore gaps in the knowledge system.

The value of learning in human life

It is with the help of education that the culture of society is transmitted from one generation to another. Education affects all areas of society. An example of such an impact could be the improvement of the education system. New levels of vocational education in the Russian Federation as a whole will lead to an improvement in the quality of the state's available labor resources, which, in turn, will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic economy. For example, becoming a lawyer will help strengthen the legal culture of the population, since every citizen must know their legal rights and obligations.

High-quality and systematic education, which covers all spheres of human life, allows you to educate a harmonious personality. Education also has a significant impact on the individual. Since in the current situation, only an educated person can climb the social ladder and achieve a high status in society. That is, self-realization is directly interconnected with receiving high-quality training at the highest level.

Education system

The education system in Russia includes a number of organizations. These include institutions:

• Pre-school education (development centers, kindergartens).
• General education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums).
• Higher educational institutions (universities, research institutes, academies, institutes).
• Secondary special (technical schools, colleges).
• Non-state.
• Additional education.

Principles of the education system

• The priority of universal human values.
• The basis is cultural and national principles.
• Scientific.
• Orientation to the features and level of education in the world.
• humanistic character.
• Focus on environmental protection.
• Continuity of education, consistent and continuous nature.
• Education should be a unified system of physical and spiritual education.
• Encouraging the manifestation of talent and personal qualities.
• Mandatory presence of primary (basic) education.

Types of education

According to the level of independent thinking achieved, the following types of training are distinguished:

• Preschool - in the family and in preschool institutions (the age of children is up to 7 years).
• Primary - carried out in schools and gymnasiums, starting from the age of 6 or 7, lasts from the first to the fourth grades. The child is taught the basic skills of reading, writing and counting, much attention is paid to the development of personality and the acquisition of the necessary knowledge about the world around.
• Secondary - includes basic (grades 4-9) and general secondary (grades 10-11). It is carried out in schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. It ends with obtaining a certificate of completion of general secondary education. Students at this stage acquire the knowledge and skills that form a full citizen.
• Higher education is one of the stages of professional education. The main goal is to train qualified personnel in the necessary areas of activity. It is carried out at a university, academy or institute.

According to the nature and direction of education is:

• General. Helps to acquire knowledge of the basics of sciences, in particular about nature, man, society. Gives a person basic knowledge about the world around him, helps to acquire the necessary practical skills.
• Professional. At this stage, the knowledge and skills that are necessary for the student to perform labor and service functions are acquired.
• Polytechnic. Teaching the basic principles of modern production. Acquisition of skills in the use of simple tools.

Levels of education

The organization of training is based on such a concept as “the level of education in the Russian Federation”. It reflects the division of the training program depending on the statistical indicator of learning by the population as a whole and by each citizen individually. The level of education in the Russian Federation is a completed educational cycle, which is characterized by certain requirements. The federal law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for the following levels of general education in the Russian Federation:

• Preschool.
• Initial.
• Main.
• Average.

In addition, the following levels of higher education in the Russian Federation are distinguished:

• Undergraduate. Enrollment is made on a competitive basis after passing the exam. A student receives a bachelor's degree after he has acquired and confirmed basic knowledge in his chosen specialty. The training lasts 4 years. Upon completion of this level, the graduate can pass special exams and continue his studies as a specialist or master.
• Specialty. This stage includes basic education, as well as training in the chosen specialty. On a full-time basis, the term of study is 5 years, and on a correspondence course - 6. After receiving a specialist diploma, you can continue your studies for a master's degree or enroll in graduate school. Traditionally, this level of education in the Russian Federation is considered prestigious and does not differ much from a master's degree. However, when finding employment abroad, it will lead to a number of problems.
• Master's degree. This stage produces professionals with a deeper specialization. You can enroll in a master's program after completing a bachelor's and a specialist's degree.
• Training of highly qualified personnel. Assumes postgraduate study. This is a necessary preparation for obtaining a scientific degree Full-time education lasts 3 years, part-time - 4. The degree is awarded upon completion of training, dissertation defense and final exams.

According to the new law, the levels of education in the Russian Federation contribute to the receipt by domestic students of diplomas and supplements to them, which are quoted by higher educational institutions of other states, which means that they make it possible to continue their education abroad.

Forms of education

Education in Russia can be carried out in two forms:

• in special educational institutions. It can be carried out in full-time, part-time, part-time, external, remote forms.
• Outside educational institutions. It implies self-education and family education. It is envisaged to pass the intermediate and final

Subsystems of education

The learning process combines two interrelated subsystems: training and education. They help to achieve the main goal of the education process - the socialization of a person.

The main difference between these two categories is that education is aimed primarily at the development of the intellectual side of a person, while education, on the contrary, is aimed at value orientations. There is a close relationship between these two processes. In addition, they complement each other.

Quality of higher education

Despite the fact that not so long ago a reform was carried out in the education system of the Russian Federation, there is no particular improvement in the quality of domestic education. Among the main reasons for the lack of progress in improving the quality of educational services are the following:

• Outdated management system in higher education institutions.
• A small number of foreign teachers with a high degree of qualification.
• The low rating of domestic educational institutions in the world community, due to weak internationalization.

Problems relating to the management of the education system

• Low wages for education workers.
• Lack of highly qualified personnel.
• Insufficient level of material and technical equipment of institutions and organizations.
• Low education in RF.
• Low level of cultural development of the population as a whole.

Obligations to solve these problems are assigned not only to the state as a whole, but also to the levels of municipalities of the Russian Federation.

Trends in the development of education services

• Internationalization of higher education, ensuring the mobility of teachers and students in order to exchange best international practices.
• Strengthening the orientation of national education in the practical direction, which implies the introduction of practical disciplines, an increase in the number of practicing teachers.
• Active introduction of multimedia technologies and other visualization systems into the educational process.
• Promotion of distance learning.

Thus, education underlies the cultural, intellectual and moral state of modern society. This is a determining factor in the socio-economic development of the Russian state. Reforming the education system to date has not led to global results. However, there is a slight improvement. The levels of education in the Russian Federation under the new law contributed to the emergence of opportunities for the free movement of teachers and students between universities, which indicates that the process of Russian education has taken a course towards internationalization.

Education in Russia plays a decisive role in the process of personality formation. Its main goal is to educate and educate the younger generation, to acquire knowledge, skills, competencies and the necessary experience. Various types of education in Russia are aimed at the professional, moral, intellectual and physical development of children, adolescents, boys and girls. Let's consider this in more detail.

Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

According to this document, the educational process is a continuous, sequentially connected system. Such content implies the presence of certain levels. In the law they are called "types of education in Russia."

Each level has specific goals and objectives, content and methods of influence.

Types of education in Russia

According to the law, two major levels are distinguished.

The first is general education. It includes preschool and school sublevels. The latter, in turn, is divided into primary, basic and complete (secondary) education.

The second level is vocational education. It includes secondary, higher (bachelor's, specialist's and master's) and training of highly qualified personnel.

Let's look at each of these levels in more detail.

About the system of preschool education in Russia

This level is for children up to seven years of age. The basic goal is the overall development, education and upbringing of preschoolers. In addition, it implies the exercise of control and care for them. In Russia, these functions are performed by specialized institutions of preschool education.

These are nurseries, kindergartens, early development centers or homes.

About the system of secondary education in the Russian Federation

As noted above, it consists of several sublevels:

• Primary lasts four years. The main goal is to give the child a system of necessary knowledge in basic subjects.
• Basic education lasts from the fifth to the ninth grades. It assumes that the development of the child should be carried out in the main scientific areas. As a result, secondary schools must prepare teenagers for the GIA in certain subjects.

These levels of education at school are compulsory for children in accordance with their age. After the ninth grade, the child has the right to leave school and study further, choosing special secondary schools. In this case, it is the guardians or parents who, according to the law, are fully responsible for ensuring that the process of acquiring knowledge is continued, and not interrupted.

Complete education means that the student is in the tenth to eleventh grades for two years. The main purpose of this stage is to prepare graduates for the Unified State Examination and further education at the university. Reality shows that during this period they often resort to the services of tutors, since one school is not enough.

More about secondary vocational and higher education in our country

Secondary vocational schools are divided into colleges and technical schools (state and non-state). They train students in selected specialties for two or three, and sometimes four years. In most of the descents, a teenager can enter after the ninth grade. Medical colleges are an exception. They are accepted in the presence of a complete general education.

You can enter any higher educational institution in Russia under the undergraduate program only after the eleventh grade. In the future, if desired, the student will continue his studies in the magistracy.

Some universities currently offer a specialist degree rather than a bachelor's degree. However, in accordance with the Bologna system, higher professional education in this system will not exist in the near future.

The next step is the training of highly qualified personnel. These are graduate school (or adjuncture) and residency. In addition, specialists with higher professional education can complete an internship assistant program. We are talking about the training of pedagogical and creative figures of the highest qualification.

Remote education

This system is a new, specific form of education, which differs from traditional ones. Distance education is distinguished by other goals, objectives, content, means, methods and forms of interaction. The use of computer technologies, telecommunications, case technologies, etc. is becoming predominant.

In this regard, the most common types of such training are as follows:

• The first is based on interactive television. When it is implemented, there is direct visual contact with the audience, which is at a distance from the teacher. Currently, this species is underdeveloped and very expensive. However, it is necessary when unique techniques, laboratory experiments and new knowledge in a particular area are demonstrated.
• The second type of distance learning is based on computer telecommunication networks (regional, global), which have various didactic capabilities (text files, multimedia technologies, videoconferencing, e-mail, etc.). This is a common and inexpensive form of distance learning.
• The third combines the CD (basic electronic textbook) and the global network. Due to the great didactic possibilities, this type is optimal both for university and school education, and for advanced training. The CD has a lot of advantages: multimedia, interactivity, the presence of a large amount of information with minimal financial losses.

Inclusive education

The Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" highlights the creation of favorable conditions for the education of persons with disabilities as one of the priority tasks. And this is reflected not only in the form, but also in the content.

In the law, this system was named "inclusive education". Its implementation implies the absence of any discrimination against children with special needs, the existence of equal treatment for everyone and the availability of education.

Inclusive education is implemented in all educational institutions in Russia. The main goal is to create a barrier-free environment in the learning process and provide professional training for people with disabilities. For its implementation it is necessary to perform certain tasks:

• technically equip educational institutions ;
• develop special training courses for teachers;
• create methodological developments for other students aimed at the process of developing relationships with people with disabilities;
• develop programs that are aimed at facilitating the adaptation of persons with disabilities in educational institutions.

This work has just been developed. Within the next few years, the goal set and the assigned tasks should be fully implemented.

Conclusion

At the moment, the types of education in Russia are clearly identified, the functions and content of each level are disclosed. However, despite this, the reconstruction and reform of the entire education system continues.

There are different levels of education in Russia. They are regulated by a special Law on Education of the Russian Federation 273-FZ Chapter 2 Article 10, which was recently supplemented.

According to the law, the levels of education in the Russian Federation are divided into 2 main types - general education and professional. The first type includes preschool and school education, the second - all the rest.

According to Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, all citizens are guaranteed free general education in municipal institutions. General education is a term that includes the following types:

The second type is divided into the following subspecies:

Pre-school education is primarily aimed at developing skills that will help in the future in the assimilation of school material. This includes the primary elements of written and spoken language, the basics of hygiene, ethics and a healthy lifestyle.

Both municipal and private institutions of preschool education are successfully functioning in the Russian Federation. In addition, many parents prefer to raise their children at home, not sending them to kindergarten. Statistics says that the number of children who did not attend preschool institutions increases every year.

Primary education is a continuation of preschool and is aimed at developing students' motivation, honing writing and speaking skills, teaching the basics of theoretical thinking and various sciences.

The main task of basic education is the study of the foundations of various sciences, a deeper study of the state language, the formation of inclinations towards certain types of activity, the formation of aesthetic tastes and social definition. During the period of basic education, the student should develop the skills of independent knowledge of the world.

Secondary education aims to teach to think rationally, to make independent choices, various sciences are studied more deeply. A clear idea of ​​the world and the social role of each student in it is also formed. As never before, it's important pedagogical the influence of the class teacher and other teachers.

In Russian federation professional education levels are divided into the following subspecies:

Primary education is provided by institutions that provide working professions. These include vocational schools (vocational schools, which are now gradually being renamed PTL - vocational lyceum). You can enter such institutions both on the basis of 9th and 11th grades.

Secondary education includes technical schools and colleges. The former train basic-level specialists, the latter implement a system of in-depth training. You can enter a technical school or college on the basis of 9 or 11 grades, some institutions can only enter after 9 or only after 11 grades (for example, medical colleges). Citizens who already have primary vocational education are trained according to a reduced program.

Higher education provides training of highly qualified specialists for various sectors of the economy. Universities, institutes and academies (in some cases also colleges) are engaged in the training of specialists. Higher education is divided into the following levels:

Bachelor's degree is a mandatory level for obtaining the other two. There are also various forms of education. It can be full-time, part-time, part-time and external.

In the world, students are trained by a huge number of educational institutions and different countries.

• One of the best systems operates in the USA; more than 500 thousand foreign students study in the institutions of this country. The main problem of the American education system is the high cost.
• A very high educational level is also offered by the higher educational institutions of France, education in the universities of this country, as in Russia, is free. Students only have to provide their own maintenance.
• In Germany, population countries and foreign applicants are also entitled to free education. There was an attempt to introduce tuition fees, but the attempt failed. An interesting feature of education in this country is that there is no division into bachelor's and specialist's degrees in the legal and medical industries.
• In England, the term Higher Education is used only to refer to institutes or universities where graduates receive a doctoral or academic degree.
• Also, education in China has recently become popular. This happened thanks to the teaching of most disciplines in English, however, the cost of education in China is still quite high.

The methodology of the British publication Times Higher Education (THE) was the basis for this rating, created by Times Higher Education in conjunction with the Thomson Reuters information group. Developed in 2010 and replacing the well-known World University Rankings, the ranking is recognized as one of the most authoritative in determining the quality of education in the world.

• The academic reputation of the university, including scientific activities and the quality of education (data from a global expert survey of representatives of the international academic community)
• The scientific reputation of the university in certain areas (data from a global expert survey of representatives of the international academic community).
• General citation of scientific publications, normalized for different areas of research (analysis data of 12 thousand scientific journals over a five-year period).
• The ratio of published scientific articles to the number of teaching staff (data from the analysis of 12,000 scientific journals over a five-year period).
• The amount of funding for university research activities in relation to the number of faculty members (the indicator is normalized by purchasing power parity, based on the economy of a particular country).
• The volume of funding by third-party companies for the research activities of the university in relation to the number of faculty members.
• The ratio of public funding for research activities to the total research budget of the university.
• The ratio of the teaching staff to the number of students.
• The ratio of the number of foreign representatives of the teaching staff to the number of local ones.
• The ratio of the number of foreign students to the number of local students.
• The ratio of defended dissertations (Ph.D.) to the number of teaching staff.
• The ratio of defended dissertations (PhDs) to the number of bachelors going to the title of master.
• Average remuneration of a member of the teaching staff (the indicator is normalized to purchasing power parity, based on the economy of a particular country).

The maximum score that the studied university can receive is 100 points.

• For the level of teaching activity, the quality of education, the number of highly qualified teachers, the university can get a maximum of 30 points.
• For the scientific reputation of the university, a maximum of 30 points is given.
• For the citation of scientific works - 30 points.
• For the development of innovative projects, attracting investments to them, the university receives a maximum of 2.5 points.
• For the ability of the university to attract the best students and teachers from all over the world to its ranks - 7.5 points.

1) preschool education;

4) secondary general education.

Article 10. Structure of the education system

1. The education system includes:

1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and (or) directions;

2) organizations engaged in educational activities, teachers, students and parents (legal representatives) of underage students;

3) federal state bodies and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercising state management in the field of education, and local government bodies exercising management in the field of education, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them;

4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education;

5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

2. Education is divided into general education, vocational education, additional education and vocational training, which ensure the possibility of exercising the right to education throughout life (lifelong education).

3. General education and vocational education are implemented according to the levels of education.

4. The following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) preschool education;

2) primary general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education.

5. The following levels of vocational education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) higher education - bachelor's degree;

3) higher education - specialty, magistracy;

4) higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

6. Additional education includes such subtypes as additional education for children and adults and additional vocational education.

7. The education system creates conditions for continuous education through the implementation of basic educational programs and various additional educational programs, providing the opportunity for the simultaneous development of several educational programs, as well as taking into account existing education, qualifications, and practical experience in obtaining education.

Commentary on Art. 10 of the Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

The commented provisions are not new for the domestic educational legislation, since the norms on the structure of the education system contained the system-forming acts of educational legislation: the law on education (Art. and the law on higher education (Art. 4). reworked and synthesized into normative material, taking into account the multi-level nature of education.

1. The commented law proposes a new approach to the definition of the education system, taking into account changes in the system of educational relations in general. It lies in the fact that:

Firstly, the education system includes all types of existing sets of mandatory requirements for education: federal state educational standards, federal state requirements, as well as educational standards and educational programs of various types, levels and (or) directions.

In order to ensure the quality of education, the legislator provides for: federal state educational standards for basic general education and professional programs, including for preschool education, which was not previously provided. However, this does not mean the need for certification for students at this level. The law introduces a ban on both intermediate and final certification of students in preschool educational organizations;

federal state requirements - for additional pre-professional programs;

educational standards - for educational programs of higher education in cases provided for by the commented law or a decree of the President of the Russian Federation. The definition of the educational standard is given in paragraph 7) of Art. 2 of Law N 273-FZ, however, we find a more accurate interpretation of it in Art. 11 of the Law (see commentary to part 10 of article 11 of the Law).

Educational programs are also included in the education system, since they represent a set of basic characteristics of education and organizational and pedagogical conditions. Their allocation is due to the fact that if either federal state educational standards, or federal state requirements, or educational standards are developed, the educational program is drawn up on their basis. In the event that these are not available (for additional general developmental and with certain characteristics, for additional professional programs * (14); vocational training programs are developed on the basis of established qualification requirements (professional standards), educational programs are the only set of requirements for obtaining this kind of education .

Secondly, the education system includes, along with organizations engaged in educational activities, also teachers, students and their parents (legal representatives) (up to the age of majority of the student), which makes them full participants in the educational process. Of course, such a position should be supported by specific rights and guarantees for such subjects. To this end, the legislator introduces Chapter 4, dedicated to students and their parents, and Chapter 5, dedicated to pedagogical, managerial and other employees of organizations engaged in educational activities (Articles 47 and 50 of the Law on Education in the Russian Federation).

Thirdly, the education system includes, along with the bodies exercising management in the field of education at all levels of government, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them. The sign of jurisdiction is not singled out; instead, the sign of the creation of a body by the body exercising management in the field of education is introduced. Such a replacement does not bear fundamental differences. At the same time, the former wording "institutions and organizations" could not allow attributing, for example, public councils to the education system.

Fourth, the education system includes organizations that provide educational activities and assess the quality of education. The above is explained by the need to understand the education system as a single inseparable process of the movement of knowledge from the teacher (educational organization) to the student. This process also includes settlement centers for information processing, and attestation commissions, etc. This circle does not include individuals (experts, public observers, etc.).

Fifthly, in addition to associations of legal entities and public associations, the education system includes associations of employers and their associations operating in the field of education. This position is due to the activating direction of the integration of education, science and production; understanding of education as a process culminating in employment and orientation in this regard to the demands of the world of work. Employers take part in the work of educational and methodological associations (Article 19 of the Law), are involved in the state final certification for basic professional educational programs, in the conduct of a qualification exam (the result of vocational training) (clause 16 of Article 59, Article 74 of the Law) ; employers, their associations have the right to carry out professional and public accreditation of professional educational programs implemented by an organization engaged in educational activities, and draw up ratings on this basis (clauses 3, 5, article 96 of the Law).

Paragraph 3 of the commented Article 10 of the Law on Education in the Russian Federation introduces a system of types of education, subdividing it into general education, vocational education, additional education and vocational training.

Vocational training, despite the seemingly absent "effect" of educational activities - increasing the educational qualification of the student, also implies the need to master the educational program of secondary general education, if it is not mastered.

This system should make it possible to realize the educational needs of a person throughout life, that is, not only the opportunity to get an education at any age, but also to get another profession (specialty). To this end, a variety of educational programs are being introduced.

The system of education levels is being changed, according to which the structure of general education in accordance with the Law includes:

1) preschool education;

2) primary general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education;

In the structure of vocational education:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) higher education - bachelor's degree;

3) higher education - training of a specialist, magistracy;

4) higher education - training of scientific and pedagogical personnel.

The main innovation is that: 1) pre-school education is included as the first level of general education; 2) initial vocational education is not singled out as a level; 3) higher professional education absorbs the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel (previously carried out within the framework of postgraduate professional education).

The change in levels of education is caused by the prescriptions of the Bologna Declaration, the International Standard Classification of Education.

The question arises: what are the consequences of changing the system of educational levels?

Modernization of the system of levels of education affects the system of educational programs and types of educational organizations.

Changes in educational programs repeat the corresponding changes in the levels of education.

At first glance, the introduction of preschool education into the system of educational levels looks frightening. As a rule, this implies the existence of federal state educational standards with confirmation of the results of the development of a preschool educational program in the form of a final certification. However, in this situation, the Law provides for a "big" exception to the rule, which is justified given the level of psycho-physical development of children at such an early age. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certification and final certification of students. That is, confirmation of the fulfillment of the requirements of federal state educational standards should not be expressed in the form of testing the knowledge, skills, abilities of pupils, but in the form of reporting by employees of a preschool educational organization on the work done, aimed at implementing the requirements of the standard. Pre-school education is now the first level of education, but the legislator does not make it compulsory.

Law N 279-FZ now provides for primary general education, basic general education and secondary general education as separate levels of education. In the former Law N 3266-1, they were the stages of education.

Since the level of initial vocational education "drops out", it is replaced by two programs introduced into secondary vocational education, which are a successful combination of instilling skills in the field of initial vocational education with the knowledge and skills necessary to perform jobs that require the level of secondary vocational education. As a result, the main programs of secondary vocational education are divided into programs for the training of skilled workers and programs for the training of mid-level specialists.

The change in the higher education system leads to its division into several sublevels:

2) specialist training, magistracy;

3) training of scientific and pedagogical personnel.

The term "professional" itself is no longer applied to higher education, while the latter is still included in the system of vocational education.

The bachelor's, master's and specialist's degrees, which have already become familiar to us, retain their legal significance, now side by side with the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel. A specialty, as an educational program, is provided where the standard period for mastering an educational program in a particular area of ​​training cannot be reduced.

It should be noted that in the system of levels of education, the allocation of sublevels is dictated by different tasks. If we talk about secondary school, here the receipt of primary education is considered as incomplete education and parents are obliged to ensure that their children receive primary, basic general and secondary general education. These levels are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education. The requirement of obligatory secondary general education in relation to a particular student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen years, if the corresponding education was not received by the student earlier.

The allocation of sublevels in higher education is dictated by the need to indicate the independence of each of them and self-sufficiency. Each of them is evidence of higher education without "subjunctive moods". Judicial practice in this regard, based on the law on education of 1992, in contrast, approaches the assessment of the bachelor's degree as the first level of higher education, insufficient for occupying positions that require high professional training, for example, a judge. This approach has been implemented in the entire system of courts of general jurisdiction, including the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation * (15).

Hence, the concept of incomplete higher education can only refer to the fact of an incomplete normative term for mastering one or another educational program of a certain level of education. Therefore, when the educational program in a specific area of ​​training is not fully mastered, it is impossible to talk about passing a specific level of education with the issuance of a document on education, which is also confirmed by judicial practice * (16).

It should be noted that in the regional legislation there are examples of ranking depending on the "level" of education (specialist, master), for example, wage rates. This practice is recognized as inconsistent with the law, since in this case the provisions of Part 3 of Art. 37 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, art. Art. 3 and 132 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, which prohibit discrimination in the sphere of labor, including discrimination in the establishment and change of wage conditions.

Following the logic that each of the "types" of the level of higher education, whether it be a bachelor's degree, a specialist's degree or a master's degree, confirms the completed education cycle, characterized by a certain single set of requirements (Article 2 of the Law, "Basic Concepts"), then no restrictions can be set for one species over another.

However, this statement requires clarification: certain restrictions are already provided for by the Law itself. What regulations do this follow from? We find the answer in Art. 69 "Higher education", which says that persons with a secondary general education are allowed to master undergraduate or specialist programs (types are equated).

Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to master the master's programs. This emphasizes the higher position of the magistracy in the hierarchy of higher education.

However, further we see that the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel in graduate school (adjuncture), residency, assistantship-internship is possible by persons who have an education not lower than higher education (specialist or master's degree). That is, in this case, we see that the specialist "at the finish line" corresponds in terms of the level of his training to the master's program. But the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel is already the next level of higher education.

Thus, the education system, in accordance with the law on education, is a single system, starting with preschool education and ending with the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel, as the necessary level of education for engaging in certain types of activities or certain positions (for example, residency).

The change in the levels of education led to a change in the types of educational organizations: the expansion of opportunities to create various types of organizations that provide training. In addition to the educational ones themselves, organizations that have educational units in their structure are actively involved in the education system, according to the Law.

Additional education is a type of education and includes such subspecies as additional education for children and adults and additional vocational education. Each of them involves the implementation of individual educational programs.

Additional educational programs include:

1) additional general education programs - additional general developmental programs, additional pre-professional programs;

2) additional professional programs - advanced training programs, professional retraining programs.