Russian biologists have made a great contribution to world science. In this article we will talk about the main names that every person who is interested in the animal and plant world should know. Russian biologists, whose biographies and achievements you will get acquainted with, inspire the younger generation to study this interesting science.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

This man in Soviet times needed no introduction. However, now not everyone can say that Pavlov Ivan Petrovich (years of life - 1849-1936) created the doctrine of higher nervous activity. In addition, he wrote a number of works on the physiology of digestion and circulation. He was the first Russian scientist to receive the Nobel Prize for achievements in the field of digestive mechanisms.

Experiments on dogs

Many remember his experiments on dogs. Countless cartoons and anecdotes have been created on this topic both in our country and abroad. Every time they talk about instincts, they remember Pavlov's dog.

Pavlov Ivan Petrovich already in 1890 began to experiment on these animals. He used surgical techniques to bring out the ends of the dog's esophagus. When the animal began to eat, food did not enter the stomach, but the gastric juice from the created fistula still stood out.

Over time, Pavlov's experiments became more complicated. He taught dogs to respond in a certain way to external stimuli, in particular to the bell, which signaled imminent feeding. Thanks to this, the animal developed a conditioned reflex: immediately after the call, food appears. Even before they saw food, the dogs began to secrete gastric juice from the fistulas.

Feature of Pavlov's technique

A feature of Pavlov's methodology was that he associated physiological activity with mental processes. Numerous studies have confirmed the existence of this link. Pavlov's works, describing the mechanism by which digestion occurs, became the impetus for the emergence of a new direction in science - the physiology of higher nervous activity. Ivan Petrovich devoted more than 35 years of his life to this particular area.

Origin, training

The future scientist was born in Ryazan on September 14, 1849. His maternal and paternal ancestors were clergymen who devoted their lives to the Russian Orthodox Church. Pavlov graduated from the Ryazan theological school in 1864, after which he entered the theological seminary of the same city, about which he later spoke with great warmth. When he was in his last year, he read Sechenov's work "Reflexes of the Brain". It turned his future life around.

Pavlov's achievements

He published his first work in 1923, and in 1926 the government of the USSR built a biological station near Leningrad. Here Pavlov began his research in the field of nervous activity and the genetics of the behavior of higher apes (anthropoids). In addition, he worked in psychiatric clinics.

It should be noted that Pavlov in the field of cognition of the work of the brain belongs to almost the largest contribution in history. Using the scientific methods of this scientist allowed science to understand a lot about mental illness, as well as outline ways to treat them. The academician, having the support of the USSR government, had access to the resources necessary for research. This allowed him to make revolutionary discoveries.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov

The great Russian biologists of world renown are Ivan Petrovich Pavlov and Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. We have already talked about the first of them. Let's introduce the reader to the second.

Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich (years of life - 1845-1916) - a famous Russian microbiologist, as well as a pathologist. In 1908 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology (together with P. Ehrlich). Mechnikov received this prestigious award for achievements in the field of the nature of immunity.

The future scientist was born in a village near Kharkov on May 3, 1845. In 1864, Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich graduated from Kharkov University, after which he trained at the departments of universities in Munich, Göttingen and Giessen. Mechnikov also traveled to Italy, where he studied embryology. He defended his doctoral dissertation in 1868. From 1870 to 1882 the scientist worked in Odessa. Here, at Novorossiysk University, he was a professor of zoology. The scientist successfully combined teaching activities with scientific work. In 1886, together with N.F. Gamaleya, he organized a bacteriological station, the first in Russia. The scientist moved to Paris in 1887, and a year later, at the invitation of L. Pasteur, he began working at his institute, where he headed the laboratory. Since 1905, Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov was the deputy director of this educational institution.

The first works of Ilya Ilyich were written on the topic of invertebrate zoology (coelenterates and sponges), as well as evolutionary embryology. He owns the theory of phagocytella (the origin of multicellular organisms). The scientist discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis, which is the absorption of living cells and particles by unicellular organisms or phagocytes - special cells, which include, for example, some types of leukocytes. Based on this theory, Mechnikov developed another one - a comparative pathology of inflammation.

There are many works written by Ilya Ilyich on bacteriology. He experimented on himself, as a result of which he proved that Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of Asiatic cholera. Ilya Ilyich died on July 2, 1916 in Paris.

What other Russian biologists are worthy of attention? We invite you to meet one of them.

Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky

This is another great Russian scientist, whose name cannot be ignored. Kovalevsky was a zoologist, worked at the Imperial Academy of Sciences as an ordinary academician.

Kovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich was born in 1840, on November 19. He received his primary education at home, and then continued his studies in the Corps of Railway Engineers. Alexander Onufrievich left there in 1859 and entered St. Petersburg University (Department of Natural Sciences). Between 1860 and 1862 Kovalevsky studied with Bronn, Carius, and Bunsen in Heidelberg, and then with Leidig, Quenstet, Luschka, and Mol in Tübingen.

In 1862, Kovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich graduated from St. Petersburg University, after which he defended his master's and doctoral dissertations. In 1868 Kovalevsky became a professor of zoology. During this time he worked at Kazan University.

The period from 1870 to 1873 includes a trip to Algeria and the Red Sea for scientific purposes. In 1890, after another trip abroad, he was elected a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, and also received the title of ordinary academician. In 1891 he took the chair of histology at his native Petersburg University.

Most of the work of this scientist is devoted to embryology, especially invertebrates. His research in the 1860s discovered germ layers in these organisms. Kovalevsky's research in recent years has been devoted mainly to the identification of phagocytic and excretory organs in invertebrates.

Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov

This man owns the doctrine of the immunity of plants, as well as their origin from world centers. Vavilov Nikolai Ivanovich discovered the law on the hereditary change of organisms and on homologous series. This man made a great contribution to the study of biological species. He created the most impressive collection of seeds of various cultivated plants in the world. This is another scientist whose name has glorified our country.

Origin of Vavilov

Vavilov Nikolai Ivanovich was born in Moscow on November 25, 1887 in the family of a merchant of the second guild and public figure Vavilov Ivan Ilyich. This man was a peasant. Before the 1917 revolution, he worked as director of the Udalov and Vavilov firm, which was engaged in manufactory. Postnikova Alexandra Mikhailovna, the mother of the scientist, was from the family of an artist-carver. In total, Ivan Ilyich's family had 7 children, but three of them died in childhood.

Study and teaching activities

Nikolai Ivanovich received his primary education at a commercial school, and then began to study at the Moscow Agricultural Institute. He graduated in 1911, after which he remained to work at the institute at the department of private agriculture. Vavilov began lecturing at Saratov University in 1917, and from 1921 he worked in Petrograd. Nikolai Ivanovich headed the All-Union Institute of Plant Growing until 1940. Based on the research conducted in 1919-20, he described all the cultivated plants of the Volga and Trans-Volga regions.

Expeditions Vavilov

Nikolai Vavilov for 20 years (from 1920 to 1940) led expeditions to study the vegetation of Central Asia, the Mediterranean, etc. With one of them he visited Afghanistan in 1924. The materials obtained allowed the scientist to determine the origin and distribution of cultivated plants. This greatly facilitated the further work of botanists and breeders. The collection of plants collected by the researcher includes more than 300 thousand samples. It is stored in VIR.

last years of life

Vavilov received the Lenin Prize in 1926 for his work on immunity, the origin of cultivated plant species, and also for the law of homologous series discovered by him. He received a number of awards and several medals. However, a campaign was launched against the scientist, unleashed by his student T.D. Lysenko and supported by party ideologists. It was directed against research in the field of genetics. In 1940, as a result of this, Vavilov's scientific activity was terminated. He was accused of sabotage and arrested. The great scientist was destined for a difficult fate in recent years. He died of starvation in a Saratov prison in 1943.

Rehabilitation of a scientist

The investigation against him continued for 11 months. During this time, Vavilov was summoned for interrogation more than 400 times. After his death, Nikolai Ivanovich was denied even a separate grave. He was buried along with other prisoners. Vavilov was rehabilitated in 1955, all charges of activities directed against the revolution were dropped. His name was finally restored at the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Alexander Leonidovich Vereshchaka

Modern Russian biologists show great promise. In particular, A.L. Vereshchak, who owns many achievements. He was born in Khimki on July 16, 1965. Vereshchaka is a Russian oceanologist, professor, doctor of biological sciences, and also a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

In 1987 he completed his studies at Moscow State University, at the Faculty of Biology. In 1990, the scientist became a doctor, in 1999 - a professor at MIIGAik, and since 2007 he has headed a laboratory belonging to the Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, located in Moscow.

Vereshchaka Alexander Leonidovich is a specialist in oceanology and geoecology. He owns about 100 scientific papers. His main achievements are related to the use of modern methods in the field of oceanology and geoecology, such as deep-sea manned submersibles "Mir" (more than 20 dives, 11 expeditions).

Vereshchak is the creator of the hydrothermal system model (three-dimensional). He developed the concept of a boundary ecosystem (benthopegial), inhabited by a specific fauna and associated with the bottom layer. In collaboration with colleagues from other countries, he created a methodology for determining the role of marine nano- and microbiota (prokaryotes, archaea and eukaryotes) using modern achievements in molecular genetics. He owns the discovery and description of two families of shrimp, as well as more than 50 species and genera of crustaceans.

Rozenberg Gennady Samuilovich

The scientist was born in Ufa in 1949. He began his career as an engineer, but soon became the head of a laboratory located at the Institute of Biology of the Bashkir branch of the Academy of Sciences. Gennady Samuilovich Rozenberg moved to Tolyatti in 1987, where he worked as a chief researcher at the Institute of Ecology of the Volga Basin. In 1991, the scientist headed this institute.

He owns the development of methods for analyzing the dynamics and structure of ecosystems. He also created a system for analyzing the ecology of large regions.

Ilyin Yury Viktorovich

This scientist was born in Asbest on December 21, 1941. He is a molecular biologist, and since 1992 an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences. His achievements are great, so the scientist is worthy of a more detailed story about him.

Yuri Viktorovich Ilyin specializes in molecular genetics and molecular biology. In 1976, the scientist cloned dispersed mobile genes, which are eukaryotic genes of a new type. The significance of this discovery was very great. These were the first mobile genes found in animals. After that, the scientist began to study the mobile elements of eukaryotes. He created a theory about the role of dispersed mobile genes in evolution, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis.

Zinaida Sergeevna Donets

The great biologists of Russia are not only men. We should also talk about such a scientist as Zinaida Sergeevna Donets. She is a Doctor of Science, Professor of Zoology and Ecology at Yaroslavl State University.

Of course, there are other biologists of our country worthy of attention. We talked only about the largest researchers and achievements that are useful to remember.

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Famous biologists of Russia and the world and their discoveries

The advancement of science is the lot of talented and hardworking people who were not afraid to put forward their own hypothesis, to propose a project, to invent a new device. Improving, humanity has seen many special, interesting and important discoveries in the field of biology for each millennium. Who are the very people who glorified Russia? Who are these famous biologists?

From antiquity to the 19th century

Famous biologists and their discoveries began to appear a long time ago. Even in ancient times, when there was no talk of such a science, people appeared who wanted to comprehend the secrets of the world around them. These are such famous personalities as Aristotle, Pliny, Dioscorides.

Biology as a science began to emerge closer to the 17th century. The systematics of living organisms appeared, such disciplines as microbiology and physiology were born. Anatomy continued to develop: the second circle of blood circulation was discovered, erythrocytes and spermatozoa of animals were studied for the first time. Famous biologists of that time are William Harvey, A. Leeuwenhoek, T. Morgan.

The 19th and 20th centuries are the peak of new discoveries that have changed the world. The most famous biologists who lived at that time were able to colossally change the course of science. The significance of the 19th and 20th centuries cannot be overestimated, because the main hypotheses and innovations appeared just at that time, not only in biology, but also in other areas of science. Probably the most important research was carried out only thanks to such personalities as Pavlov, Vernadsky, Mechnikov and many other famous Russian biologists.

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Born in 1744 in Picardy. He put forward his hypothesis of the evolution of life on earth, for which he was called the predecessor of Darwin. Lamarck also introduced the term "biology" and laid the foundation for such disciplines as zoology and paleontology of invertebrates.

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

After his father's death, Leeuwenhoek began working as an ordinary glass grinder. A few years later, he became a master of his craft, which helped him design his own 200x microscope. With this microscope, Leeuwenhoek discovered free-living organisms - bacteria and protists.

Also, the scientist was the first to prove that blood is a liquid with a large number of cells. Blood cells, erythrocytes, were also discovered by Leeuwenhoek.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

IP Pavlov was born in Ryazan in 1849. After graduating from the seminary in his native city, he decided to connect his life with science. The future scientist graduated from the Medical and Surgical Academy, having adopted the mastery of the scalpel from the teachers. What successes did the most famous biologists of the 19th century achieve?

Pavlov's research activity was based on the functions of the nervous system. He studied the structure of the brain, the process of transmission of a nerve impulse. The scientist was also engaged in research on the digestive system, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1904. Until his death, IP Pavlov worked as the rector of the Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences.

Like all famous biologists, Pavlov spent most of his life in science. For about 35 years he was engaged in research, linking the work of the central nervous system with the characteristics of psychological behavior. The scientist became the founder of a new direction in science - the physiology of higher nervous activity. Research was conducted in the laboratory, mental hospitals and animal kennels. In general, all the conditions for normal work were provided by the government of the USSR itself, since the results of the research helped to take a big step towards the scientific revolution in the field of nervous activity.

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky

Almost all famous Russian biologists were outstanding chemists, physicists, and mathematicians. A vivid example is V. I. Vernadsky, a great thinker, naturalist, researcher.

Vernadsky was born in 1863 in St. Petersburg. After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University, he began to study the properties of radioactive elements, the composition of the earth's crust, and the structure of minerals. His research gave impetus to the founding of a new discipline - biogeochemistry.

Vernadsky also put forward his hypothesis about the development of the biosphere, according to which all organisms are living matter. Involving radioactive solar energy in the circulation of substances, he combined living and non-living things into one biological system.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov

Famous biologists of the 19th century made many discoveries in the field of human physiology and immunology.

Mechnikov was born in 1845 in the village of Ivanovka, Kharkov province, graduated from school in 1862 and entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kharkov University. After completing his studies at the university, the scientist began his research in the field of invertebrate embryology.

In 1882, Mechnikov meets with Louis Pasteur, who offers him a good job at the Pasteur University. Ilya Ilyich worked there for several more years. During this time, he not only made several important discoveries in the field of embryology, but also began to study such a phenomenon as phagocytosis. Actually, Mechnikov managed to discover it for the first time using the example of leukocytes.

In 1908, the scientist received the Nobel Prize for the development of immunology and medicine. Thanks to his research, these disciplines were able to rise to a new level of development.

Mechnikov worked at the University of Paris until the end of his life and died after several heart attacks.

Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov

Famous Russian biologists can boast of the significance of their discoveries. N. I. Vavilov, a microbiologist, botanist, plant physiologist, astronomer and geographer, was no exception.

Vavilov was born in 1887 in Moscow. From early childhood, he was fond of collecting plants, compiling herbariums, and studying the properties of chemicals. It is not surprising that his future place of study will be the Moscow Agricultural Institute, where he was able to show his talent.

The most important discovery of Vavilov is the law of homologous series, which explains the parallelism in the inheritance of traits of several generations of organisms. The scientist found that closely related species have the same alleles of the same gene. This phenomenon is used in breeding to predict the possible properties of plants.

Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky (1864-1920)

Famous biologists worked not only in the field of botany, anatomy, physiology, but also promoted new disciplines. For example, D. I. Ivanovsky contributed to the development of virology.

Ivanovsky graduated from St. Petersburg University in 1888 at the Department of Botany. Under the guidance of talented teachers, he studied plant physiology and microbiology, which gave him the opportunity to find the source material for his future discovery.

Dmitry Iosifovich conducted his research on tobacco. He noticed that the causative agent of the tobacco mosaic is not visible in the most powerful microscope and does not grow on ordinary nutrient media. A little later, he concluded that there are organisms of non-cellular origin, which cause such diseases. Ivanovsky called them viruses, and since then such a branch of biology as virology has been laid, which other well-known biologists of the world could not achieve.

Conclusion

This is not a complete list of scientists who were able to glorify Russia with their research. Famous biologists and their discoveries gave impetus to the qualitative development of science. Therefore, we can rightly call the 19th and 20th centuries the peak of scientific activity, the time of great discoveries.

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Famous domestic biologists and their discoveries

Until the 19th century, the concept of "biology" did not exist, and those who studied nature were called natural scientists, naturalists. Now these scientists are called the founders of the biological sciences. Let us recall who were the domestic biologists (and we will briefly describe their discoveries), who influenced the development of biology as a science and laid the foundation for its new directions.

Vavilov N.I. (1887-1943)

Our biologists and their discoveries are known all over the world. Among the most famous are Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, a Soviet botanist, geographer, breeder, and geneticist. Born into a merchant family, he was educated at an agricultural institute. For twenty years he led scientific expeditions studying the plant world. He traveled almost the entire globe, with the exception of Australia and Antarctica. Gathered a unique collection of seeds of various plants.

During his expeditions, the scientist identified the centers of the origin of cultivated plants. He suggested that there are some centers of their origin. He made a huge contribution to the study of plant immunity and revealed the law of homological series, which made it possible to establish patterns in the evolution of the plant world. In 1940, the botanist was arrested on trumped-up charges of embezzlement. Died in prison, posthumously rehabilitated.

Kovalevsky A.O. (1840-1901)

Among the pioneers, a worthy place is occupied by domestic biologists. And their discoveries influenced the development of world science. Among the world-famous researchers of invertebrates is Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky, an embryologist and biologist. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. He studied marine animals, undertook expeditions to the Red, Caspian, Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. He created the Sevastopol Marine Biological Station and for a long time was its director. Made a huge contribution to the aquarium hobby.

Alexander Onufrievich studied embryology and physiology of invertebrates. He was a supporter of Darwinism and studied the mechanisms of evolution. Conducted research in the field of physiology, anatomy and histology of invertebrates. Became one of the founders of evolutionary embryology and histology.

Mechnikov I.I. (1845-1916)

Our biologists and their discoveries were duly appreciated in the world. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908. Mechnikov was born into the family of an officer and was educated at Kharkov University. He discovered intracellular digestion, cellular immunity, proved with the help of embryology methods the common origin of vertebrates and invertebrates.

He worked on issues of evolutionary and comparative embryology and, together with Kovalevsky, became the founder of this scientific direction. The works of Mechnikov were of great importance in the fight against infectious diseases, typhus, tuberculosis, and cholera. The scientist was occupied with the processes of aging. He believed that premature death was caused by poisoning with microbial poisons and promoted hygienic methods of struggle, he assigned an important role to restoring the intestinal microflora with the help of fermented milk products. The scientist created the Russian school of immunology, microbiology, pathology.

Pavlov I.P. (1849-1936)

What contribution to the study of higher nervous activity did domestic biologists and their discoveries make? The first Russian Nobel laureate in medicine was Ivan Petrovich Pavlov for his work on the physiology of digestion. The great Russian biologist and physiologist became the creator of the science of higher nervous activity. He introduced the concept of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.

The scientist came from a family of clergymen and himself graduated from the Ryazan Theological Seminary. But in the last year I read a book by I. M. Sechenov about the reflexes of the brain and became interested in biology and medicine. He studied animal physiology at Petersburg University. Pavlov, using surgical methods, studied the physiology of digestion in detail for 10 years and received the Nobel Prize for these studies. The next area of ​​interest was the higher nervous activity, the study of which he devoted 35 years. He introduced the basic concepts of the science of behavior - conditioned and unconditioned reflexes, reinforcement.

Koltsov N.K. (1872-1940)

We continue the topic "Domestic biologists and their discoveries." Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov - biologist, founder of the school of experimental biology. Born in the family of an accountant. He graduated from Moscow University, where he studied comparative anatomy and embryology, and collected scientific material in European laboratories. He organized a laboratory of experimental biology at the Shanyavsky People's University.

He studied the biophysics of the cell, the factors that determine its shape. These works entered science under the name "Koltsov's principle". Koltsov is one of the founders of genetics in Russia, the organizer of the first laboratories and the Department of Experimental Biology. The scientist founded three biological stations. He became the first Russian scientist who used the physicochemical method in biological research.

Timiryazev K.A. (1843-1920)

Domestic biologists and their discoveries in the field of plant physiology have contributed to the development of the scientific foundations of agronomy. Timiryazev Kliment Arkadyevich was a naturalist, photosynthesis researcher and propagandist of Darwin's ideas. The scientist came from a noble family, graduated from St. Petersburg University.

Timiryazev studied the issues of plant nutrition, photosynthesis, and drought resistance. The scientist was engaged not only in pure science, but also attached great importance to the practical application of research. He was in charge of an experimental field, where he tested various fertilizers and recorded their effect on the crop. Thanks to this research, agriculture has advanced significantly along the path of intensification.

Michurin I.V. (1855-1935)

Russian biologists and their discoveries have significantly influenced agriculture and horticulture. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin is a famous biologist and breeder. His ancestors were small estate nobles, from them the scientist took over his interest in gardening. Even in early childhood, he looked after the garden, many of the trees in which were grafted by his father, grandfather and great-grandfather. Michurin began breeding work in a rented run-down estate. During the period of his activity, he brought out more than 300 varieties of cultivated plants, including those adapted to the conditions of the central zone of Russia.

Tikhomirov A.A. (1850-1931)

Russian biologists and their discoveries helped to develop new directions in agriculture. Alexander Andreevich Tikhomirov is a biologist, doctor of zoology and rector of Moscow University. He received a law degree at St. Petersburg University, but became interested in biology and received a second degree from Moscow University in the department of natural sciences. The scientist discovered such a phenomenon as artificial parthenogenesis, one of the most important sections in individual development. He made a great contribution to the development of sericulture.

Sechenov I.M. (1829-1905)

The topic "Famous biologists and their discoveries" will be incomplete without mentioning Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. This is a famous Russian evolutionary biologist, physiologist and educator. Born into a landowner's family, he was educated at the Main Engineering School and Moscow University.

The scientist studied the brain and discovered a center that causes inhibition of the central nervous system, proved the influence of the brain on muscle activity. He wrote the classic work "Reflexes of the Brain", where he formulated the idea that conscious and unconscious acts are performed in the form of reflexes. Introduced the brain as a computer that controls all life processes. Substantiated the respiratory function of the blood. The scientist created the national school of physiology.

Ivanovsky D.I. (1864-1920)

The end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX century - the time when the great Russian biologists worked. And their discoveries (a table of any size could not contain their list) contributed to the development of medicine and biology. Among them is Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky, a physiologist, microbiologist and founder of virology. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. Even during his studies, he showed an interest in plant diseases.

The scientist suggested that diseases are caused by the smallest bacteria or toxins. The viruses themselves were seen using an electron microscope only after 50 years. It is Ivanovsky who is considered the founder of virology as a science. The scientist studied the process of alcoholic fermentation and the influence of chlorophyll and oxygen on it, plant anatomy, and soil microbiology.

Chetverikov S.S. (1880-1959)

Russian biologists and their discoveries have made a great contribution to the development of genetics. Chetverikov Sergei Sergeevich was born a scientist in the family of a manufacturer, was educated at Moscow University. This is an outstanding evolutionary geneticist who organized the study of heredity in animal populations. Thanks to these studies, the scientist is considered the founder of evolutionary genetics. He initiated a new discipline - population genetics.

You have read the article "Famous domestic biologists and their discoveries." A table of their achievements can be compiled on the basis of the proposed material.

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Russian biologists and their discoveries :: SYL.ru

In the article we will talk about Russian biologists. We will consider the most significant names of the discoverers, as well as get acquainted with their achievements. From the article you will learn about those Russian biologists who really made a significant contribution to the development of this science. Everyone who is interested in the animal and plant world is simply obliged to know the names that we will name below.

Ivan Pavlov

This scientist in Soviet times did not even need to be introduced. However, in the modern world, not every person can say for sure who Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is. The man was born in 1849. His most significant achievement is the creation of the doctrine of the activity of the higher nervous system. He also wrote many books on circulation and digestion. This is the first Russian scientist who received the Nobel Prize for achievements in considering the mechanisms of digestion.

Experiments on dogs

Ivan Pavlov is a Russian biological scientist who is known for doing experiments on dogs. In our country, there are many anecdotes and cartoons related to this. Moreover, when it comes to instincts, everyone immediately remembers Pavlov's dog. The scientist began to conduct experiments in 1890. He managed to develop conditioned reflexes in animals. For example, he achieved that dogs secreted gastric juice after they heard the sound of a bell, and before this bell was always preceded by a meal. The peculiarity of the method of this scientist is that he saw the relationship between mental and physiological processes. Multiple subsequent studies have confirmed its presence.

The first work was published in 1923. In 1926 he began research in the field of genetics. For several years he worked in psychiatric clinics. The discoveries of Ivan Pavlov helped to learn a lot about mental illness, as well as about possible methods of their treatment. Thanks to the support of the Soviet government, Pavlov had enough resources to carry out all his experiments, which allowed him to achieve other outstanding results.

Ilya Mechnikov

We continue the list of Russian biologists with the famous name of I. I. Mechnikov. This is a famous microbiologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908. Born in Kharkov in 1845. He studied in the same city. He studied embryology in Italy, in 1868 he defended his doctoral dissertation. In 1886, together with other scientists, he created a bacteriological station, which at that time was the first in Russia.

He wrote his first books on zoology and evolutionary embryology. He is the author of the theory of phagocytella. He discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis, developed the theory of the comparative pathology of inflammation. Wrote a huge number of works on bacteriology. He experimented on himself, and thus proved that the causative agent of Asian cholera is Vibrio cholerae. He died in 1916 in Paris.

Alexander Kovalevsky

The list of famous Russian biologists will continue with the sensational name of Alexander Kovalevsky. This is a great scientist who was a zoologist. Worked at the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Born in 1842. At first he studied at home, and then entered the Corps of Railway Engineers. After that, he graduated from St. Petersburg University in the department of natural sciences. Defended master's and doctoral dissertations.

In 1868 he was already a professor of zoology and worked at Kazan University. He spent three years in Algiers and the Red Sea, where he did his research. Most of them are devoted to the embryology of invertebrates. In the 1860s, he conducted research that made it possible to discover germ layers in organisms.

Nikolai Vavilov

It is simply impossible to present a list of Russian great biologists without the name of Nikolai Vavilov. This man created the doctrine of plant immunity. He also owns the discovery of the law on hereditary changes in the body and homologous series. He made a significant contribution to the development of the doctrine of biological species, created a huge collection of seeds of various plants. By the way, it is recognized as the largest in the world.

The future scientist was born in Moscow in 1887 in the family of a merchant. He was a peasant. For some time he worked as the director of his father's firm, which dealt with invoices. Vavilov's mother was from an artist's family. In total, the family had 7 children, but three of them died at an early age.

Training and achievements

Nikolai Vavilov studied at a commercial school, later entered the Moscow Agricultural Institute, from which he graduated in 1911. After that, he began working at the Department of Private Agriculture. From 1917 he lectured at Saratov University, after 4 years he was already working in Petrograd. Thanks to his research, he described almost all the plants of the Volga and Volga regions.

The scientist devoted more than 20 years to the expedition, which he conducted in the Mediterranean and Central Asia. I remember my trip to Afghanistan in 1924 for a long time. All the collected materials helped Vavilov to determine not only the origin, but also the distribution of plants. His contribution is simply invaluable, because he greatly simplified the further work of breeders and botanists. It seems incredible, but Nikolai managed to collect more than 300 thousand different samples.

In 1926 he received a prize for his work on the study of immunity, the origin of plants, and the discovery of the law of homologous series. Nikolai Vavilov is the owner of a huge number of awards and several medals.

However, there is a dark spot in his biography. A lot of party ideologists were opposed to the scientist because of the scientific activities of his student T. Lysenko. The opposition campaign was directed against the scientist's research in the field of genetics. In 1940, Vavilov had to finish all his scientific work. Moreover, he was accused of sabotage, and he was even arrested. A difficult fate befell this great scientist in his last years. He died in prison from starvation in the foreign city of Saratov in 1943.

Rehabilitation

The investigation lasted more than 10 months, during which the scientist was summoned for interrogation more than 400 times. After his death, this great Russian scientist was denied even a separate grave, as a result he was buried with other prisoners. Only in 1955 he was rehabilitated. All charges regarding his activities were dropped.

Alexander Vereshchak

We have already talked about Russian biologists who received the Nobel Prize, but this does not mean that we should forget about other researchers, because their contribution is also significant. Alexander Vereshchak is a Russian oceanologist, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor and Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Studied at Moscow State University at the Faculty of Biology. In 1990 he became a doctor of sciences. Since 2007, he headed the laboratory, which belonged to the Institute of Oceanology. So smoothly we moved on to the consideration of Russian biologists of the 21st century. The scientist wrote more than 100 scientific papers. His main achievements are related to how modern methods of analysis can be applied in the field of geoecology and oceanology.

Conducted more than 20 dives and 200 expeditions. He is the creator of the hydrothermal system model. Developed the concept of an ecosystem inhabited by a special fauna. Together with employees from other countries, he jointly created a methodology that allows you to determine the role of marine nano- and microbiota. He discovered and described more than 50 species of crustaceans.

Gennady Rozenberg

He was born in 1949 in Ufa. In his name, we also continue to review the list of Russian biologists of the 21st century. He planned to become an engineer, but soon headed the laboratory at the Institute of Biology. In 1987 he moved to Tolyatti. He is the creator of the method for analyzing the structure and dynamics of ecosystems. Created his own system of ecology of large regions for the purposes of analytics.

Yuri Ilyin

The future scientist was born in the winter of 1941 in Asbest. Renowned molecular biologist. He was a specialist in molecular genetics and biology. In 1976, he conducted a study of mobile genes. It is extremely difficult to overestimate its significance, since it has significantly advanced all of science. Studied the mobile elements of eukaryotes. He is the creator of the theory of the role of mobile genes in carcinogenesis, evolution and mutagenesis.

Zinaida Donets

Other names

It should be noted that Russian biologists and their discoveries were not always appreciated. There are many researchers who are known only to those who also connected their lives with this science. For example, it is worth mentioning the name of Nikolai Koltsov, a Russian biologist who is considered the founder of experimental biology. He was the first to create a hypothesis about the molecular structure of chromosomes and their matrix reproduction. The discovery was made in 1928. Thus, this outstanding scientist anticipated all the basic provisions of modern biology and genetics.

It is impossible not to mention the Russian naturalist Kliment Timiryazev. He was born in 1843. He is the discoverer of the patterns of photosynthesis. He discovered and substantiated the process of the influence of light on the formation of organic substances in the layers of a plant.

Chetverikov Sergei is a talented Soviet geneticist, who is rightfully considered one of the founders of population and evolutionary genetics. This is one of the first researchers who found the relationship between the patterns of selection of individuals in a population and the speed of dynamics in evolutionary processes.

Alexander Tikhomirov is a Russian scientist who discovered artificial parthenogenesis. But this phenomenon is considered the most important section of the doctrine of the individual development of a living being. He made a great contribution to the development of sericulture in our country.

So we reviewed the information briefly about Russian biologists and their discoveries. However, I would also like to mention a few names that very few people know about.

It is worth mentioning Ivan Gmelin - a member of the Great Northern Expedition and a naturalist. The scientist is an academic researcher of Siberia, an ethnographer and a botanist. Described more than 500 species of Siberian plants. There he passed more than 34,000 km. Wrote a voluminous work on the flora of the region.

Nikolai Turchaninov is the first scientist who described the fauna of Transbaikalia and the Baikal region. Collected a huge private herbarium. Described more than 2,000 plant species from around the world. He is the most significant researcher of Asian flora.

It is also worth mentioning the name of Andrei Famintsyn, who is the discoverer of the semiotic nature of lichens. He also discovered the symbiosis of algae and radiolarians. Globally researched artificial lighting for plants.

This concludes our review of the biographies of Russian biologists and their discoveries (briefly). We have mentioned all the most significant names, without which it is simply impossible to imagine Russian biology. However, despite this, there are still many scientists whose contribution to the development of this science is simply invaluable. Russian biologists are worthy of attention, because they literally created the basic principles of modern science and actually laid the first foundations.

Every person should know these names, if only because biology is the science of life itself. Summing up the results of the article, I would like to once again express respect to Russian biologists, thanks to whom we have the opportunity to study a holistic complex science. Remember that these names can and should be proud of. Of course, the contribution of scientists from all over the world is important, but we must know and respect our own heroes.

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Scientists biologists - Science and education

Knowledge about nature, animate and inanimate, began to take shape in antiquity. The term "Biology" appeared only in the XIX century. Therefore, those whom we today proudly call biologists used to be called doctors or naturalists.

The role of biologists in the development of medicine, in pharmaceuticals, in the study of the structure of man and the world around us is not only enormous, but forms the basis for the development of many sciences. Without their studies and works, there would not be even elementary, as it would seem, antibiotics now, there would not be a whole knowledge base on the structure of a person, and, accordingly, the usual operations would not be done and the necessary treatment would not be carried out. Scientists biologists, their names, have firmly entered the history of mankind, and every self-respecting person should understand their significance and appreciate their contribution to our lives and to our development. Let's get to know these famous people better.

William Harvey (1578-1657) English naturalist. He figured out the meaning of the heart, the role of the valves; proved the movement of blood in a circle with a return to the heart; described two circles of blood circulation. In addition, Harvey is the founder of embryology.

Carl Linnaeus (May 23, 1707-January 10, 1778) was a Swedish naturalist. Created a system of flora and fauna. His system became the logical conclusion of the work of zoologists and botanists of the first half of the 18th century. In this system, he introduced a binary nomenclature, in which each specific species is designated by two names - species and generic. Linnaeus defined the very concept of "view".

Friedrich August Gebler (12/15/1782-03/09/1850) - naturalist. He described many new animal species of Altai, the fauna of these places.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) English naturalist. His merit is the creation of the theory of evolution. In 1858 He published the book On the Origin of Species. His theory is still a matter of controversy, but the theory of natural selection has found many confirmations.

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) - Austrian naturalist - deduced the existing laws of inheritance. Proved that traits can be inherited.

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) French immunologist and microbiologist. His work became the beginning of stereochemistry as a science. Refuted the possibility of spontaneous generation of life. Proved that diseases in humans and animals can be caused by bacteria. Invented vaccination.

Robert Koch (1843-1910) German bacteriologist. Investigated microbes as pathogens. He found out the cause of anthrax, discovered the causative agent of cholera and tuberculosis.

Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin (06/07/1855 -1935) - breeder and biologist. The author of many varieties of fruit and berry crops known today.

Alexander Fleming (August 6, 1881 – March 11, 1955) was a Scottish bacteriologist. Born in East Ayrshire. In 1928 discovered penicillin, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (09/26/1849-1936) - physiologist. Known for his doctrine of higher nervous activity. He was the first to use the so-called "chronic method" of conducting an experiment, the essence of which is to conduct research on an almost healthy animal. Pavlov formulated the concept of the analytical and synthetic work of the brain, created the doctrine of analyzers, revealed the systematic work of the cerebral hemispheres, and established the relationship between the brain and the work of all organs.

Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (11/13/1887-01/26/1943) - Soviet geneticist and plant breeder. He is considered the creator of the modern foundations of selection, the founder of the doctrine of the places of origin of all cultivated plants. Conducted research in the field of immunity.

Banting Frederick (1891-1941) - Canadian physiologist - explored the nature of diabetes. With his assistant Charles.

Alexey Petrovich Bystrov (1899-1959) - Soviet biologist. He began research with human anatomy, switched to paleontology. Of particular interest is his work "The Past, Present, Future of Man."

Alexander Baev (01/10/1904-1994) - biochemist. Known for his work in molecular biology, as well as for his work in biotechnology and genetic engineering.

Francis Crick (1916-2004) - English scientist. He discovered the structure of DNA, revealed how the DNA molecule is reproduced and transmitted from generation to generation.

Joshua Lederberg (May 23, 1925-February 2, 2008) was an American geneticist. Investigated the mechanisms of recombination in bacteria. His merit is also the discovery of the phenomenon of transduction.

David Baltimore (March 7, 1938) is an American biologist and virologist. Advocated for a moratorium on certain types of DNA experiments. He proposed to classify viruses according to the type of genomic nucleic acid. He proved that the RNA molecule, as well as the DNA molecule, can be a carrier of genetic information.

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Famous biologists of the world and their discoveries :: SYL.ru

Much of what seems obvious today was once first discovered by great minds. The titans of science have made the world the way it is presented to modern people. Biology is no exception here. After all, it was biologists who discovered such concepts as evolution, heredity, variability and many others.

"King of Botany": Carl Linnaeus

Biologists around the world still honor the name of the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778). His main achievement is the classification of all animate and inanimate nature. In it, Linnaeus also included a person for whom earlier scientists could not find a place among other living objects. The scientist was one of the founders of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Paris Academy and other academies of the world.

Linnaeus was born in a small village called Roshult in Sweden. Since childhood, he loved to spend time in the garden beds. When it came time to send Karl to school, the parents were very disappointed, because their child did not show any desire to learn and was unable to then obligatory Latin. The only exception for little Karl was a botanist, to whom he devoted all his free time. For his passion, Carl Linnaeus was prophetically called a "botanist" by his peers.

Fortunately, among the teachers there were those who helped young Karl to master other subjects. For example, one of the teachers presented Linnaeus with the works of the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder. Thanks to this, Karl was able to master Latin very quickly - and so well that this language is still being taught by biologists around the world. Being a commoner by origin, Linnaeus was buried in the cemetery of the kings. During his lifetime, Linnaeus was sure that it was he who was chosen by the higher powers in order to bring all God's Creations into a single system. The role of biological scientists like Linnaeus cannot be overestimated.

Gregor Mendel

Gregor Johann Mendel was born in 1822 in the small town of Heinzendorf in the Austrian Empire (now it is the territory of the Czech Republic). The family of the future biologist lived very poorly. As a child, Johann helped his parents take care of the garden, learned to take care of trees and flowers. The father really wanted Johann to get a good education, as he immediately noticed the unusual abilities of the child. However, parents could not pay the cost of education. In 1843, Mendel took the vows as a monk. Having got rid of the constant concern for a piece of bread, he got the opportunity to devote all his free time to science. In the monastery, Mendel received a small garden plot. On it, he conducted selection experiments, as well as experiments on the hybridization of peas that became known to the whole world.

Conclusions ahead of the era

Within the walls of the monastery, Mendel laboriously crossed pea species for eight whole years. He received valuable results on the patterns of inheritance and sent them to large cities - Vienna, Rome, Krakow. But no one paid attention to his conclusions - the scientists of that time were not interested in a strange mixture of biology and mathematics. They believed that biologists should explore only the area in which they are competent, without going beyond their own sphere of knowledge.

But the conclusions of the scientist were far ahead of his age. Mendel did not know then that genetic information is located in the nuclei of cells. He had no idea what a "gene" was. But gaps in knowledge did not prevent Mendel from giving a brilliant explanation of the laws of heredity. Gregor Mendel died in 1884. His obituary did not even mention that he was the discoverer of the law of heredity.

Achievements of Nikolai Vavilov

Another name revered by biologists is the name of Nikolai Vavilov. He was not only a geneticist and plant breeder, but also a geographer, the creator of the doctrine of the basics of selection and the centers of origin of cultivated plants. Vavilov organized expeditions to the countries of the Mediterranean, North and South America, and Africa. All this was done in order to expand knowledge in the field of botany and agronomy. After all, biologists must investigate the distribution of plants and the conditions surrounding them, and not just draw information from the walls of laboratories.

Vavilov collected one of the largest collections of seeds of various plants. The scientist substantiated the doctrine of plant immunity, as well as the law of homological series and hereditary variability of living organisms. But in 1940, Vavilov was arrested on charges of espionage. According to the verdict, the scientist was to be shot. However, the decision was replaced by a pardon - twenty years in prison. Vavilov died of exhaustion in 1943 in a prison hospital in the city of Saratov.

Charles Darwin

Darwin was born in 1809 in Shrewsbury, England. Since childhood, he began to show interest in nature and animals. In 1826, Darwin entered the medical faculty of the University of Edinburgh, but then, at the insistence of his father, he transferred to the theological faculty at Cambridge. But young Darwin was not at all interested in theology. Much more he was fond of natural history. The development of his scientific interests was greatly influenced by biologists of that time. For example, botanist J. Genslow.

Darwin's round the world trip

In 1831, on the advice of Professor Genslow, Darwin sets off on a trip around the world, which decides the fate of all his further research. The voyage on a small ship called the Beagle was the most celebrated scientific expedition of the 19th century. The ship's captain was Robert Fitz-Roy. Darwin writes that during the journey he was struck by how common animals are in South Africa. Since biological scientists must explore the habitats of animals in their natural environment, Darwin decides on a journey that later became a turning point in the entire history of science - and not only biological.

In the period from 1839 to 1843, Darwin published materials obtained by him in the study of coral reefs. And in 1842, the scientist writes his first essay, in which he first sets out his opinion on the origin of species. Darwin created the doctrine of evolution for almost twenty years. Thinking about the processes that move evolution forward, Darwin came to the conclusion that the struggle for survival is this fundamental process.

In 1859, the first fundamental work of Darwin was published, which is still appreciated by biologists around the world. It is "The Origin of Species by Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Breeds in the Struggle for Life." The entire circulation of his book - and this is 1250 copies - was completely sold out in one day.

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Russian and foreign biologists the most famous (List)

The most famous Russian and foreign biologists in history

BEKETOV ANDREY NIKOLAEVICH (1825-1902), botanist, founder of the national school of botanists-geographers. He studied the regularities of the structure of the vegetative organs of plants. He substantiated the position that in the surrounding nature there is a close connection between the internal properties of the plant and the environment, the changing conditions of which affect the metabolism and cause a change in the characteristics of the plant. Acquired changes can be inherited. So even before Charles Darwin, the Russian scientist called the external environment the main factor in the evolution of the organic world.

BOLOTOV ANDREY TIMOFEEVICH (1738-1833), Russian naturalist, one of the founders of Russian agronomic science, writer. Of all the branches of agriculture, Bolotov was especially fond of gardening. In his notes, he gave a description of more than 600 varieties of apple and pear trees, for the first time created a pomological system, that is, laid the foundation for varieties of fruit and berry plants (zoning, varietal classifications, etc.). Bolotov's work "On the division of fields" was the first guide to the introduction of crop rotations and the organization of agricultural territories. Bolotov developed methods of agricultural technology depending on zonal soil and climatic conditions, a number of scientific methods of fertilization. He was the first in the world to apply mineral plant nutrition in the fields of the Tula province. He developed many valuable varieties of fruit crops. In Bolotov we find attempts to use hybridization in the selection of fruit crops. Bolotov developed the scientific principles of afforestation and forest management, compiled the first Russian botanical manual on plant morphology and taxonomy.

VAVILOV NIKOLAY IVANOVICH (1887-1943), geneticist, plant grower, geographer. He organized botanical and agronomic expeditions to the countries of the Mediterranean, North Africa, America, established ancient centers of morphogenesis of cultivated plants in these territories. Vavilov collected the world's largest collection of seeds of cultivated plants, was the founder of the modern theory of the biological foundations of plant and animal breeding, and substantiated the doctrine of plant immunity.

DARWIN CHARLES ROBERT (1809-1882), English naturalist and traveler. His first laboratory for five years was a cabin on the sailing expedition ship Beagle. Collecting zoological, botanical, geological collections, analyzing his observations, Darwin suggested that the emergence of various species of plants and animals should be sought in nature itself, which produces a selection of individuals better adapted to certain living conditions. In 1859, the Linnean Society in London was presented with the work "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection", where the main provisions of his theory of evolution, an irreversible process of changing the living (organic) world, were revealed.

YERMOLYEVA ZINAIDA VISSARIONOVNA (1898-1974), Russian microbiologist. Area of ​​scientific interests - biochemistry of microbes. Among the most interesting results of research conducted by Yermolyeva in the 1930s is the preparation of the enzyme lysocin and the development of methods for its practical use. Creation of a complex preparation of cholera bacteriophage: she managed to combine 19 types of "eaters" of microbes. She was the first to receive penicillin from domestic raw materials in 1942. This drug saved the lives of thousands of wounded during the war.

KOCH ROBERT (1843-1910), German microbiologist. Engaged in the identification of pathogens of infectious diseases and ways to combat them. In 1882 he discovered a special type of microbacteria, called "Koch's wand". This type of bacteria is widespread in nature, resistant to many environmental factors, and is the causative agent of tuberculosis. They were the first to isolate a pure culture of anthrax. The methods of disinfection proposed by scientists marked the beginning of sanitary microbiology.

LINNE CARL (1707-1778), Swedish naturalist. Linnaeus considered the systematization of plants to be the main business of his life. This work took 25 years and resulted in the book System of Plants in 1753. He proposed a binary (double) system of generic and specific names for all of nature, gave names to plants and animals known in his time, outlined the improved biological terminology he used and improved. Linnaeus described all medicinal plants, studied the effect of medicines made from them, and even invented a thermometer.

MANASSEIN VYACHESLAV AVKSENTIEVICH (1841-1901) Russian doctor. One of the first Russian scientists who began studying the properties of green mold. He described the medicinal antibacterial properties of young cultures of the fungus Penicillumglaucum.

MECHNIKOV ILYA ILYICH (1845-1916), biologist-immunologist. While still a student, he got acquainted with the works of Charles Darwin and became a staunch supporter of the Darwinian theory of evolution. He studied the embryology of invertebrates. In 1882, the scientist made the main discovery in his scientific life - he discovered cells - phagocytes (from Greek phagos - devouring and kytos - cell) and formulated the main provisions of the phagocytic theory of immunity (from Latin immunitas - release, deliverance). Studied infectious diseases. He discovered the technology of making kefir. For his work on immunity in 1908, Mechnikov was awarded the Nobel Prize.

MOROZOV GEORGY FYODOROVICH (1867-1920), Russian botanist, geographer, forester. For the first time he brought together a huge amount of factual material accumulated by foresters, botanists, geographers, generalized it, showed its general biological significance, thus laying the foundation for a new branch of knowledge - biogeocenology. This idea became the scientific basis of the doctrine of the forest, the basis of forestry.

LOUIS PASTER (1822-1895), French scientist, founder of modern microbiology and immunology. He proved that fermentation is a biological phenomenon, the result of the vital activity of special microscopic organisms. He discovered anaerobiosis and proposed a way to preserve food using heat treatment - pasteurization. He discovered the nature of many infectious diseases. Found a reliable way to combat infectious diseases - vaccination. He developed a method of preventive vaccination against chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies.

POLOTEBNOV ALEXEY GERASIMOVICH (1838-1907), Russian physician. Investigating the causes of skin diseases, he first drew attention to the antibacterial properties of the green mold fungus. He studied and described the healing properties of fungal cultures in the treatment of skin diseases and wounds.

SOCRATES (470-399 BC), ancient Greek philosopher. Socrates came up with the idea that animals have instincts. He called it "the lower form of the soul" or "urge". This is what determines the nature of the behavior of animals in certain conditions. Socrates contrasted these forms of innate behavior with the mind, the “thinking power” of man.

THEOPHRAST (372-287 BC), ancient Greek naturalist, philosopher, one of the first botanists of antiquity. Created a classification of plants. He systematized numerous observations on the morphology of plants, the geography of their distribution. He owns valuable works on the use of plants in medicine.

ALEXANDER FLEMING (1881-1955), English microbiologist. In 1922, he discovered an enzyme that destroys the membranes of bacterial cells and creates an antibacterial barrier - lysozyme. He found this substance in the tissues of the heart, liver, lungs, as well as in human saliva and tears. But he did not attach practical importance to it. He worked on the problems of general bacteriology, discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic effective for clinical use, having isolated it from one of the types of mold fungus (1929).

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The most famous Russian and foreign biologists in history

BEKETOV ANDREY NIKOLAEVICH(1825-1902), botanist, founder of the national school of botanists-geographers. He studied the regularities of the structure of the vegetative organs of plants. He substantiated the position that in the surrounding nature there is a close connection between the internal properties of the plant and the environment, the changing conditions of which affect the metabolism and cause a change in the characteristics of the plant. Acquired changes can be inherited. So even before Charles Darwin, the Russian scientist called the external environment the main factor in the evolution of the organic world.

Bolotov Andrey Timofeevich(1738-1833), Russian naturalist, one of the founders of Russian agronomic science, writer. Of all the branches of agriculture, Bolotov was especially fond of gardening. In his notes, he gave a description of more than 600 varieties of apple and pear trees, for the first time created a pomological system, that is, laid the foundation for varieties of fruit and berry plants (zoning, varietal classifications, etc.). Bolotov's work "On the division of fields" was the first guide to the introduction of crop rotations and the organization of agricultural territories. Bolotov developed methods of agricultural technology depending on zonal soil and climatic conditions, a number of scientific methods of fertilization. He was the first in the world to apply mineral plant nutrition in the fields of the Tula province. He developed many valuable varieties of fruit crops. In Bolotov we find attempts to use hybridization in the selection of fruit crops. Bolotov developed the scientific principles of afforestation and forest management, compiled the first Russian botanical manual on plant morphology and taxonomy.

VAVILOV NIKOLAI IVANOVICH(1887-1943), geneticist, plant breeder, geographer. He organized botanical and agronomic expeditions to the countries of the Mediterranean, North Africa, America, established ancient centers of morphogenesis of cultivated plants in these territories. Vavilov collected the world's largest collection of seeds of cultivated plants, was the founder of the modern theory of the biological foundations of plant and animal breeding, and substantiated the doctrine of plant immunity.

DARWIN CHARLES ROBERT(1809-1882), English naturalist and traveler. His first laboratory for five years was a cabin on the sailing expedition ship Beagle. Collecting zoological, botanical, geological collections, analyzing his observations, Darwin suggested that the emergence of various species of plants and animals should be sought in nature itself, which produces a selection of individuals better adapted to certain living conditions. In 1859, the Linnean Society in London was presented with the work "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection", where the main provisions of his theory of evolution, an irreversible process of changing the living (organic) world, were revealed.

ERMOLIEVA ZINAIDA VISSARIONOVNA(1898-1974), Russian microbiologist. Area of ​​scientific interests - biochemistry of microbes. Among the most interesting results of research conducted by Yermolyeva in the 1930s is the preparation of the enzyme lysocin and the development of methods for its practical use. Creation of a complex preparation of cholera bacteriophage: she managed to combine 19 types of "eaters" of microbes. She was the first to receive penicillin from domestic raw materials in 1942. This drug saved the lives of thousands of wounded during the war.

KOCH ROBERT(1843-1910), German microbiologist. Engaged in the identification of pathogens of infectious diseases and ways to combat them. In 1882 he discovered a special type of microbacteria, called "Koch's wand". This type of bacteria is widespread in nature, resistant to many environmental factors, and is the causative agent of tuberculosis. They were the first to isolate a pure culture of anthrax. The methods of disinfection proposed by scientists marked the beginning of sanitary microbiology.

LINNEY CARL(1707-1778), Swedish naturalist. Linnaeus considered the systematization of plants to be the main business of his life. This work took 25 years and resulted in the book System of Plants in 1753. He proposed a binary (double) system of generic and specific names for all of nature, gave names to plants and animals known in his time, outlined the improved biological terminology he used and improved. Linnaeus described all medicinal plants, studied the effect of medicines made from them, and even invented a thermometer.

MANASSEIN VYACHESLAV AVKSENTIEVICH(1841-1901) Russian doctor. One of the first Russian scientists who began studying the properties of green mold. He described the medicinal antibacterial properties of young cultures of the fungus Penicillumglaucum.

MECHNIKOV ILYA ILYICH(1845-1916), biologist-immunologist. While still a student, he got acquainted with the works of Charles Darwin and became a staunch supporter of the Darwinian theory of evolution. He studied the embryology of invertebrates. In 1882, the scientist made the main discovery in his scientific life - he discovered cells - phagocytes (from Greek phagos - devouring and kytos - cell) and formulated the main provisions of the phagocytic theory of immunity (from Latin immunitas - release, deliverance). Studied infectious diseases. He discovered the technology of making kefir. For his work on immunity in 1908, Mechnikov was awarded the Nobel Prize.

MOROZOV GEORGY FYODOROVYCH(1867-1920), Russian botanist, geographer, forester. For the first time he brought together a huge amount of factual material accumulated by foresters, botanists, geographers, generalized it, showed its general biological significance, thus laying the foundation for a new branch of knowledge - biogeocenology. This idea became the scientific basis of the doctrine of the forest, the basis of forestry.

PASTER LOUIS(1822-1895), French scientist, founder of modern microbiology and immunology. He proved that fermentation is a biological phenomenon, the result of the vital activity of special microscopic organisms. He discovered anaerobiosis and proposed a way to preserve food using heat treatment - pasteurization. He discovered the nature of many infectious diseases. Found a reliable way to combat infectious diseases - vaccination. He developed a method of preventive vaccination against chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies.

POLOTEBNOV ALEXEY GERASIMOVICH(1838-1907), Russian doctor. Investigating the causes of skin diseases, he first drew attention to the antibacterial properties of the green mold fungus. He studied and described the healing properties of fungal cultures in the treatment of skin diseases and wounds.

SOCRATES(470-399 BC), ancient Greek philosopher. Socrates came up with the idea that animals have instincts. He called it "the lower form of the soul" or "urge". This is what determines the nature of the behavior of animals in certain conditions. Socrates contrasted these forms of innate behavior with the mind, the “thinking power” of man.

THEOPHRAST(372-287 BC), ancient Greek naturalist, philosopher, one of the first botanists of antiquity. Created a classification of plants. He systematized numerous observations on the morphology of plants, the geography of their distribution. He owns valuable works on the use of plants in medicine.

FLEMING ALEXANDER(1881-1955), English microbiologist. In 1922, he discovered an enzyme that destroys the membranes of bacterial cells and creates an antibacterial barrier - lysozyme. He found this substance in the tissues of the heart, liver, lungs, as well as in human saliva and tears. But he did not attach practical importance to it. He worked on the problems of general bacteriology, discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic effective for clinical use, having isolated it from one of the types of mold fungus (1929).

AVICENNA(Ibn Sina) (980-1037) - Persian scientist of the Middle Ages, philosopher and physician, was a representative of Eastern Aristotelianism. Avicenna wrote more than 450 works in 29 fields of science (including biological sciences), only 274 have been seen by the modern world.

ADANSON Michel(1727-1806) - was a naturalist and traveler from France. Since 1759 he was a member of the French Academy of Sciences.

ALFRED Kinsey(1894-1956) - was an American biologist and sexologist, professor of zoology and entomology, founder of the Institute for the Study of Sex, Gender and Reproduction. He was one of the founders of the "sexual revolution" - he studied human sexuality.

ARISTOTLE(384-322 BC) - an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist-encyclopedist. In his writings, he cited a wide variety of information about the animal world of Greece and the regions of Asia Minor close to it. He developed a theory according to which plants and animals, gradually changing, climbed up the "ladder of nature", prompted by an internal desire for a more complex and more perfect organization.

BAUGIN Kaspar(1560-1624) - was an anatomist and botanist from Switzerland, systematized wildlife.

BARTMAN William(1739-1823) - was an explorer of North America, a naturalist, compiled a complete description of the birds of the New World.

BERNARD Claude(1813-1878) - French physiologist and pathologist, one of the founders of experimental medicine and endocrinology. Discovered the formation of glycogen in the liver. Introduced the concept of the internal environment of the body.

BREM Alfred Edmund(1829-1884) - German zoologist, educator. Author of Animal Lives, which has become for many generations the best popular textbook on zoology.

BROWN Robert(1773-1858) English botanist. Described the nucleus of a plant cell and the structure of the ovule. He established the main differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms, discovered Brownian motion.

BER Carl(1792-1876) - naturalist, founder of embryology (born in Estonia, worked in Austria, Germany and Russia). Opened the egg in mammals, described the blastula stage; studied chick embryogenesis. He established the similarity of embryos of higher and lower animals, the consistent appearance in embryogenesis of signs of type, class, order, etc .; described the development of all major organs of vertebrates.

BATSON William(1861-1926) - English biologist, one of the founders of genetics. He defended the non-inheritance of acquired traits, the intermittent nature of variability, the doctrine of the purity of gametes. He explained the emergence of new signs in organisms by the loss of inhibitory factors. The author of many genetic terms, proposed to call the science of the variability and heredity of organisms genetics (1906).

BUFFON Georges Louis Leclerc(1707-1788) French naturalist. He expressed ideas about the unity of the plan of the structure of the organic world. In contrast to Linnaeus, he defended the idea of ​​the variability of species under the influence of environmental conditions.

VAVILOV Nikolay Ivanovich(1887-1943) - Soviet biologist, geneticist, founder of the modern theory of the biological foundations of selection and the theory of the centers of origin of cultivated plants. He established the ancient centers of the formation of cultivated plants in the countries of the Mediterranean, North Africa, North and South America, collected the world's largest collection of seeds of cultivated plants. He substantiated the doctrine of plant immunity, opened the law of homological series and hereditary variability of organisms. Courageously defended genetics in the fight against the teachings of T. D. Lysenko.

VESALIUS Andreas(1514-1564) - was a physician and anatomist, the founder of scientific anatomy.

VIRCHOV Rudolf(1821-1902) German pathologist. He put forward the theory of cellular pathology, according to which the pathological process is the sum of violations of the vital activity of individual cells. "

WOLF Caspar Friedrich(1734-1794) - one of the founders of embryology. He laid the foundations of the doctrine of the individual development of organisms - ontogenesis.

GALEN(c. 130 - c. 200) - an ancient Roman doctor. In the classic work "On the Parts of the Human Body" he gave the first anatomical and physiological description of the whole organism. Introduced vivisection experiments on animals into medicine. He summarized the ideas of ancient medicine in the form of a separate doctrine, which had a great influence on the development of natural science up to the 15th-16th centuries.

HALLER Albrecht von(1708-1777) was a Swiss anatomist, physiologist, naturalist and poet. From 1776 he was a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

HARVAY William(1578-1657) English physician, founder of modern physiology and embryology. Described the large and small circles of blood circulation. He outlined the doctrine of blood circulation, which refuted the ideas that had prevailed since the time of Galen, for which he was persecuted by contemporary scientists and the church. For the first time he expressed the idea that "every living thing comes from an egg."

HACKEL Ernst(1834-1919) German evolutionary biologist. He proposed the first "family tree" of the animal world, the theory of the origin of multicellular organisms; formulated the biogenetic law.

HUXLEY Thomas Henry(1825-1895) English biologist. Comparative anatomical studies proved the morphological proximity of humans and higher apes, birds and reptiles, jellyfish and polyps. Developed and substantiated the position on the unity of the structure of the skull in vertebrates.

GESNER (Gessner) Konrad(1516-1565) was a Swiss encyclopedic scientist who was one of the first to classify known animals and plants.

HUMBOLDT Alexander von(1769-1859) - German naturalist, geographer and traveler. One of the founders of plant geography and the study of life forms.

DARWIN Charles Robert(1809-1882) - English naturalist, creator of Darwinism. “Summarizing the results of his own observations and the achievements of contemporary biology and breeding practice, he revealed the main factors in the evolution of the organic world. He substantiated the hypothesis of the origin of man from an ape-like ancestor.

DECARTS René(1596-1650) - French philosopher, mathematician, physicist and physiologist. Introduced the concept of reflex.

Dioscorides Pedanius(about 40 - about 90) - was a doctor, pharmacologist, naturalist of ancient Greece. Dioscorides is considered one of the fathers of pharmacognosy and botany.

DORN Felix Anton(1840-1909) - zoologist from Munich. Connected the origin of vertebrates with annelids.

DRISH Hans(1867-1941) - was a German biologist, embryologist, developed a new direction of vitalism, worked on spiritual issues.

JUSSIEU- a dynasty of famous botanists from France.

KOVALEVSKY Alexander Onufrievich(1840-1901) - Russian biologist, one of the founders of comparative embryology and physiology, experimental and evolutionary histology. He established the general patterns of development of vertebrates and invertebrates, extending the doctrine of germ layers to the latter, which proved the mutual evolutionary relationship of these groups of animals. He discovered phagocytic organs in invertebrates and showed their role in insect metamorphosis.

KOVALEVSKY Vladimir Onufrnevich(1842-1883) - Russian zoologist, founder of evolutionary paleontology. He was the first paleontologist to apply evolutionary theory to the problems of vertebrate phylogenesis. Established the relationship of morphology and functional changes with the conditions of existence.

KOLTSOV Nikolai Konstantinovich(1872-1940) - Soviet biologist, founder of domestic experimental biology. He was the first (1928) to develop a hypothesis of the molecular structure and matrix reproduction of chromosomes, which anticipated the fundamental provisions of modern molecular biology and genetics.

KOCH Robert(1843-1910) - German microbiologist, in 1905 received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on tuberculosis.

CUVIER Georges(1769-1832) - French zoologist, one of the reformers of comparative anatomy, paleontology and taxonomy of animals. Introduced the concept of type in zoology. He established the principle of "correlation of organs", on the basis of which he reconstructed the structure of many extinct animals. He did not recognize the variability of species, explaining the change of fossil faunas by the so-called catastrophe theory.

LATREILE Pierre André(1762-1833) - was a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences, founded the Entomological Society of France. Wrote several works on zoology and entomology.

LAMARK Jean Baptiste(1744-1829) French naturalist. He created the doctrine of the evolution of living nature (Lamarckism). Founder of zoopsychology.

LEVENGUK Anthony van(1632-1723) - Dutch naturalist, one of the founders of scientific microscopy. Having made lenses with 150-300-fold magnification, for the first time he observed and sketched a number of protozoa, spermatozoa, bacteria, erythrocytes and their movement in capillaries.

LINNEY Carl(1707-1778) - Swedish naturalist, creator of the system of flora and fauna. For the first time he consistently applied binary nomenclature and built the most successful artificial classification of plants and animals, described approx. 1500 plant species. He advocated the permanence of species and creationism.

LORENZ Konrad(1903-1989) - Austrian zoologist, one of the creators of ethology. Developed the doctrine of the instinctive behavior of animals and its development in onto- and phylogenesis (together with Tinbergen); in some works, he extended the biological patterns of animal behavior to human society.

MAGENDI François(1783-1855) French physiologist. Established the basic patterns of distribution of motor and sensory fibers in the nerve roots of the spinal cord.

BABY Marcello(1628-1694) - Italian biologist and physician, one of the founders of microscopic anatomy. Discovered the capillary circulation. Described the microscopic structure of a number of tissues and organs of plants, animals and humans.

MÖLLER Herman Joseph(1890-1967) - American geneticist, one of the founders of radiation genetics. He experimentally proved the possibility of artificial mutations under the influence of X-rays, participated in the development of the chromosome theory of heredity.

MENDEL Gregor Johann(1822-1884) - Austrian naturalist, monk, founder of the doctrine of heredity (Mendelism). Applying statistical methods to analyze the results of hybridization of pea varieties, he formulated the patterns of heredity.

MECHNIKOV Ilya Ilyich(1845-1916) - Russian biologist and pathologist, one of the founders of comparative pathology, evolutionary embryology, immunology. He discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis, outlined the phagocytic theory of immunity. Created the theory of the origin of multicellular organisms.

Miklukho-Maclay Nikolay Nikolaevich(1846-1888) was a Russian ethnographer, anthropologist, biologist and traveler. Actively worked in the field of zoology and botany, anthropology and ethnography and other fields of science.

MORGAN Thomas Hunt(1866-1945) - American biologist, one of the founders of genetics. The works of T. X. Morgan and his school substantiated the chromosome theory of heredity; the established regularities in the arrangement of genes in chromosomes contributed to the elucidation of the cytological mechanisms of Mendel's laws and the development of the genetic foundations of the theory of natural selection.

OWEN Richard(1804-1892) - English zoologist. Archeopteryx was the first to describe.

PAVLOV Ivan Petrovich(1849-1936) - Russian physiologist, creator of the doctrine of higher nervous activity. He introduced into practice a chronic experiment, which allows studying the activity of a practically healthy organism. With the help of the method of conditioned reflexes developed by him, he established that the basis of mental activity is physiological processes occurring in the cerebral cortex.

PASTER Louis(1822-1895) - French scientist, founder of modern microbiology and immunology. Discovered the nature of fermentation. Refuted the theory of spontaneous generation of microorganisms. Studied the etiology of many infectious diseases.

PITTON DE TOURNEFORTE, Joseph(1656-1708) - was a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences, professor of botany. Made a systematic distribution of plants.

PLINY the Elder(23 or 24-79) - Roman writer and scholar. The author of the multi-volume (37 books) encyclopedic work Natural History, in which books 8-11 are devoted to animals, books 12-19 - to plants.

PURKINE Jan Evangelista(1787-1869) Czech naturalist. He discovered the nucleus of the egg, proposed the term "protoplasm".

RAY John(1627-1705) English biologist. Proposed the first natural system of plants. Introduced the concept of monocots and dicots. For the first time he used the categories of genus and species in a sense close to the modern one. Author of the first summary of the flora of England.

Saint Hilaire Etienne Geoffroy(1772-1844) - French zoologist, continental predecessor of the British evolutionist C. Darwin and forerunner of the modern doctrine of involution.

THEOPHRAST(372-287 BC) - an ancient Greek naturalist, one of the first botanists of antiquity. Created a classification of plants, systematized the accumulated observations on the morphology, geography and medical use of plants.

Timiryazev Kliment Arkadievich(1843-1920) - Russian naturalist. He revealed the patterns of photosynthesis as a process of using light to form organic substances in a plant.

TINBERGEN Nicholas(1907-1988) Dutch ethologist and animal psychologist. Developed (together with Lorentz) the doctrine of the instinctive behavior of animals and its development in onto- and phylogenesis.

ULYSSE Aldrovandi(1522-1605) - a scientist from Italy, was a humanist, physician, naturalist, botanist, entomologist, zoologist. He founded the botanical garden in Bologna - one of the first botanical gardens in Europe.

FLEMING Alexander(1881-1955) Scottish biologist, discovered the enzyme lysozyme (an antibacterial enzyme) and was the first to isolate the antibiotic penicillin from fungi.

VOGT Oscar(1870-1959) - German neurologist, author of fundamental works on the morphology, physiology and hereditary pathology of the brain.

FRISCH Carl von(1886-1982) German physiologist and ethologist. He deciphered the mechanism of information transmission by bees (“bee dances”).

CESALPINO Andrea(1519-1603) - a physician from Italy, was also a naturalist and philosopher. He was the first to discover blood circulation. Systematized wildlife.

CHETVERIKOV Sergei Sergeevich(1880-1959) - Soviet geneticist, one of the founders of evolutionary and population genetics. He was one of the first to connect the patterns of selection in populations with the dynamics of the evolutionary process.

SCHWANN Theodore(1810-1882) - German biologist, founder of the cell theory. For the first time he formulated the basic provisions on the formation of cells and the cellular structure of all organisms. Discovered pepsin in gastric juice.

SCHLEIDEN Matthias Jacob(1804-1881) - German botanist, founder of the ontogenetic method in botany. Schleiden's work played an important role in Schwann's substantiation of the cell theory.

Sprengel Christian Conrad(1750-1816) - was a botanist, discovered the adaptability of flowers to the characteristics of the behavior and structure of insects.

Prominent biologists. Many biologists have written their own in the world history of science. Below are their names and brief biographical information.

Attenborough, David Frederick(b. 1926). British naturalist and broadcaster. He made many films about wildlife, including Zoo (1954-1964), On Earth (1979), Planet (1984) and Life (1994).

Bailey, Liberty Guide(1858-1954). American horticulturist and botanist. Compiled the Standard Encyclopedia of Horticulture (1914-1917).

Bellamy, David James(b. 1933). British naturalist, writer and broadcaster. With his television programs, he contributed to the spread of interest in natural history. Co-founder in UK (1982).

Burbank, Luther(1849-1926). American gardener. He brought out a variety of potatoes named after him, and new varieties of fruits and flowers.

Beebe, Charles William(1877-1962). American naturalist and explorer. Curator of Ornithology at the New York Zoological Society. Explored sea depths up to 1000 m.

Banks, Joseph(1743-1820). British botanist. Accompanied James Cook on his circumnavigation of Endeavor (1764-1771) and collected many previously unknown plants. President of the Royal Society (1778-1819).

Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc(1707-1788). French naturalist. He suggested that the age of the Earth is greater than what is stated in the book of Genesis, and anticipated the theory.

Vavilov, Nikolai I.(1887-1943). Russian biologist, geneticist, founder of the modern theory of the biological foundations of selection and the theory of the centers of origin of cultivated plants.

Hardy, Alistair Clavering(1896-1985). British explorer of the sea. He invented a method for plankton, which made it possible to study life in the ocean in detail.

Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August(1834-1919). German naturalist. One of the first compiled a family tree.

Huxley, Thomas Henry(1825-1895). British biologist. One of the first to support Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.

Goodall, Jane(b. 1934). British zoologist. She became famous for her research on chimpanzees in (1960).

Darwin, Charles Robert(1809-1882). British naturalist (see photo). Founder (together with Alfred Wallace) of the theory of evolution and natural selection. He made a round-the-world trip on the English warship Beagle around the world (1831-1836), during which he made a series that formed the basis of work Origin of species through natural selection (1859).

Durrell, Gerald Malcolm(1925-1995). British writer, broadcaster and naturalist, born in Corfu. Founded the Jersey Zoological Park (1958).

Dawkins, Richard(b. 1941). British ethologist. Wrote the books Gene (1976) and Watchmaker (1988).

Carson, Rachel Louise(1907-1964). American naturalist and popularizer of science. She wrote the books The Sea Around Us (1951), in which she warned of the dangers of the seas, and The Quiet Spring (1962), in which she drew the attention of the public to artificial ones and their impact on food chains.

Kettlewell, Henry Bernard David(1907-1979). British geneticist and entomologist. His research on moths demonstrated the persuasiveness of the theory of natural selection.

Cott, Hugh Banford(1900-1987). British zoologist, artist and explorer. Specialist in: wrote many books, including Color among Animals (1940).

Cousteau, Jacques Yves(1910-1997). French oceanographer. He was engaged in popularization of the idea of ​​protecting marine wealth, made a series of films the world of Jacques Cousteau.

Cuvier, Georges(Leopold Chrétien Frederic Dagobert) (1769-1832). French anatomist. Introduced a classification system for animals and drew parallels between comparative anatomy and paleontology.

Lamark, Jean(Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet) (1744-1829). French naturalist who anticipated the theory of evolution. In Zoological Philosophy (1809) he put forward the thesis that acquired traits can be inherited.

Leeuwenhoek, Lipshi van(1632-1723). Dutch scientist. He made many discoveries that proved the circulation of the blood and the similarity of blood cells and spermatozoa.

Linnaeus, Carl(1707-1778). Swedish naturalist and physiologist. Introduced the modern (binary) system of genus and species names for animals and plants. The Linnean Society was founded in his honor in London (1788).

Lorenz, Konrad Zacharias(1903-1989). Austrian zoologist and ethologist. In the 1930s founded the ethological behavior of animals (studying their behavior in the natural environment) together with Nikolaas Tinbergsn; known for his observations on imprinting in the young.

McClintock, Barbara(1902-1992). American geneticist, engaged in plants. Discovered genes that can control other genes and move around.

Mellanby, Kenneth(1908-1994). British entomologist and environmental researcher. Conducted research on the effects of pesticides on the environment.

Mendel, Gregor Johann(1822-1884). Austrian biologist, botanist and priest. Known as the father of genetics: he established patterns of distribution of hereditary traits in offspring.

Morgan, Thomas Hunt(1866-1945). American geneticist. His experiments with the Drosophila fly proved that genes serve as carriers of heredity.

Morris, Desmond John(b. 1928). English zoologist and ethologist. He wrote the book Ape Discovered (1967), in which he analyzes the behavior of people as representatives of the animal kingdom.

Audubon, John James(1785-1851). American ornithologist, born on about. Haiti. Published Birds of America (1827-1838), which contained 1065 life-size illustrations of birds. In 1866, the Audubon National Society was founded, which is aimed at protecting birds.

Porrit, Jonathan Epsey(b. 1950). British environmental researcher, writer and broadcaster. Director of Friends of the Earth Society (1984-1990).

Ray, John(1628-1705). British naturalist. He put forward the basic principles of dividing plants into spores, gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Rothschild, Lionel Walter(Baron Rothschild of Tring) (1868-1937). British zoologist. Compiled the greatest collection of dissected animals.

Rothschild, Miriam Louise(b. 1908). British naturalist and conservationist, niece of L. W. Rothschild. She proved that fleas carry myxomatosis - infectious rabbits.

Severno Alexey Nikolaevich(1866-1936). Russian biologist, founder of the evolutionary morphology of animals.

Scott, Peter Markham(1909-1989). British artist and ornithologist. In 1946 he helped found the Wild Bird Society in Slimbridge, which had the largest collection of water birds in the world.

Thorpe, William Howman(1902-1986). British zoologist and ethologist. Analyzed bird songs by means of sound spectrography. Classical Labor - and Instincts in Animals (1956).

Tansley, Arthur George(1871 - 1955). British botanist. Ecological pioneer, published Practical Plant Ecology (1923) and The British Isles and their Vegetation.

Wallace, Alfred Russell(1823-1913). British naturalist. Contributed to the promotion of the theory of natural selection and the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species. He traveled extensively in the river basin and Malaya, making a great contribution to zoogeography.

Frisch, Carl(1886-1982). Austrian ethologist and zoologist. He proved that bees transmit information to each other through the so-called dances.

Hooker, William Jackson(1785-1865). British botanist. First director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (1841).

Until the 19th century, the concept of "biology" did not exist, and those who studied nature were called natural scientists, naturalists. Now these scientists are called the founders of the biological sciences. Let us recall who were the domestic biologists (and we will briefly describe their discoveries), who influenced the development of biology as a science and laid the foundation for its new directions.

Vavilov N.I. (1887-1943)

Our biologists and their discoveries are known all over the world. Among the most famous are Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, a Soviet botanist, geographer, breeder, and geneticist. Born into a merchant family, he was educated at an agricultural institute. For twenty years he led scientific expeditions studying the plant world. He traveled almost the entire globe, with the exception of Australia and Antarctica. Gathered a unique collection of seeds of various plants.

During his expeditions, the scientist identified the centers of the origin of cultivated plants. He suggested that there are some centers of their origin. He made a huge contribution to the study of plant immunity and revealed what made it possible to establish patterns in the evolution of the plant world. In 1940, the botanist was arrested on trumped-up charges of embezzlement. Died in prison, posthumously rehabilitated.

Kovalevsky A.O. (1840-1901)

Among the pioneers, a worthy place is occupied by domestic biologists. And their discoveries influenced the development of world science. Among the world-famous researchers of invertebrates is Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky, an embryologist and biologist. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. He studied marine animals, undertook expeditions to the Red, Caspian, Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. He created the Sevastopol Marine Biological Station and for a long time was its director. Made a huge contribution to the aquarium hobby.

Alexander Onufrievich studied embryology and physiology of invertebrates. He was a supporter of Darwinism and studied the mechanisms of evolution. Conducted research in the field of physiology, anatomy and histology of invertebrates. Became one of the founders of evolutionary embryology and histology.

Mechnikov I.I. (1845-1916)

Our biologists and their discoveries were duly appreciated in the world. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908. Mechnikov was born into the family of an officer and was educated at Kharkov University. He discovered intracellular digestion, cellular immunity, proved with the help of embryology methods the common origin of vertebrates and invertebrates.

He worked on issues of evolutionary and comparative embryology and, together with Kovalevsky, became the founder of this scientific direction. The works of Mechnikov were of great importance in the fight against infectious diseases, typhus, tuberculosis, and cholera. The scientist was occupied with the processes of aging. He believed that premature death was caused by poisoning with microbial poisons and promoted hygienic methods of struggle, he assigned an important role to restoring the intestinal microflora with the help of fermented milk products. The scientist created the Russian school of immunology, microbiology, pathology.

Pavlov I.P. (1849-1936)

What contribution to the study of higher nervous activity did domestic biologists and their discoveries make? The first Russian Nobel laureate in medicine was Ivan Petrovich Pavlov for his work on the physiology of digestion. The great Russian biologist and physiologist became the creator of the science of higher nervous activity. He introduced the concept of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.

The scientist came from a family of clergymen and himself graduated from the Ryazan Theological Seminary. But in the last year I read a book by I. M. Sechenov about the reflexes of the brain and became interested in biology and medicine. He studied animal physiology at Petersburg University. Pavlov, using surgical methods, studied the physiology of digestion in detail for 10 years and received the Nobel Prize for these studies. The next area of ​​interest was the higher nervous activity, the study of which he devoted 35 years. He introduced the basic concepts of the science of behavior - conditioned and unconditioned reflexes, reinforcement.

Koltsov N.K. (1872-1940)

We continue the topic "Domestic biologists and their discoveries." Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov - biologist, founder of the school of experimental biology. Born in the family of an accountant. He graduated from Moscow University, where he studied comparative anatomy and embryology, and collected scientific material in European laboratories. He organized a laboratory of experimental biology at the Shanyavsky People's University.

He studied the biophysics of the cell, the factors that determine its shape. These works entered science under the name "Koltsov's principle". Koltsov is one of those in Russia, the organizer of the first laboratories and the Department of Experimental Biology. The scientist founded three biological stations. He became the first Russian scientist who used the physicochemical method in biological research.

Timiryazev K.A. (1843-1920)

Domestic biologists and their discoveries in the field of plant physiology have contributed to the development of the scientific foundations of agronomy. Timiryazev Kliment Arkadyevich was a naturalist, photosynthesis researcher and propagandist of Darwin's ideas. The scientist came from a noble family, graduated from St. Petersburg University.

Timiryazev studied the issues of plant nutrition, photosynthesis, and drought resistance. The scientist was engaged not only in pure science, but also attached great importance to the practical application of research. He was in charge of an experimental field, where he tested various fertilizers and recorded their effect on the crop. Thanks to this research, agriculture has advanced significantly along the path of intensification.

Michurin I.V. (1855-1935)

Russian biologists and their discoveries have significantly influenced agriculture and horticulture. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin - and breeder. His ancestors were small estate nobles, from them the scientist took over his interest in gardening. Even in early childhood, he looked after the garden, many of the trees in which were grafted by his father, grandfather and great-grandfather. Michurin began breeding work in a rented run-down estate. During the period of his activity, he brought out more than 300 varieties of cultivated plants, including those adapted to the conditions of the central zone of Russia.

Tikhomirov A.A. (1850-1931)

Russian biologists and their discoveries helped to develop new directions in agriculture. Alexander Andreevich Tikhomirov - biologist, doctor of zoology and rector of Moscow University. He received a law degree at St. Petersburg University, but became interested in biology and received a second degree from Moscow University in the department of natural sciences. The scientist discovered such a phenomenon as artificial parthenogenesis, one of the most important sections in individual development. He made a great contribution to the development of sericulture.

Sechenov I.M. (1829-1905)

The topic "Famous biologists and their discoveries" will be incomplete without mentioning Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. This is a famous Russian evolutionary biologist, physiologist and educator. Born into a landowner's family, he was educated at the Main Engineering School and Moscow University.

The scientist studied the brain and discovered a center that causes inhibition of the central nervous system, proved the influence of the brain on muscle activity. He wrote the classic work "Reflexes of the Brain", where he formulated the idea that conscious and unconscious acts are performed in the form of reflexes. Introduced the brain as a computer that controls all life processes. Substantiated the respiratory function of the blood. The scientist created the national school of physiology.

Ivanovsky D.I. (1864-1920)

The end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX century - the time when the great Russian biologists worked. And their discoveries (a table of any size could not contain their list) contributed to the development of medicine and biology. Among them is Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky - a physiologist, microbiologist and founder of virology. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. Even during his studies, he showed an interest in plant diseases.

The scientist suggested that diseases are caused by the smallest bacteria or toxins. The viruses themselves were seen using an electron microscope only after 50 years. It is Ivanovsky who is considered the founder of virology as a science. The scientist studied the process of alcoholic fermentation and the influence of chlorophyll and oxygen on it, soil microbiology.

Chetverikov S.S. (1880-1959)

Russian biologists and their discoveries have made a great contribution to the development of genetics. Chetverikov Sergei Sergeevich was born a scientist in the family of a manufacturer, was educated at Moscow University. This is an outstanding evolutionary geneticist who organized the study of heredity in animal populations. Thanks to these studies, the scientist is considered the founder of evolutionary genetics. He laid the foundation for a new discipline - population genetics.

You have read the article "Famous domestic biologists and their discoveries." A table of their achievements can be compiled on the basis of the proposed material.