Jargonisms, terms - the culture of speech. In his opinion, jargon, like slang, is used in different groups that unite people according to their social status, common interests, hobbies, activities, and is the same sociolect, for example, the jargon of drug addicts: "grass" -

jargon

Jargons are words and expressions that belong to some kind of jargon. In modern linguistic literature, the word jargon is usually used to refer to various branches of the national language, which serve as a means of communication for various social groups. The emergence of jargons is associated with the desire of people to oppose themselves to society or other social groups, to isolate themselves from them, using the means of language. For example: scoop, son (young soldier); skulls, shoelaces (parents); Bundes, Fromes, Fronses (foreigners), etc.

Terms

Terms are words that are the exact designation of a certain concept of any special field of science, technology, art, social life, etc. Terms are quite often found in the speech of people of different specialties: engineers, doctors, economists, lawyers, teachers, agronomists, etc. However, not everyone and not always skillfully use them.

Vocabulary of a limited scope of use requires thoughtful handling. It is not necessary to completely exclude it from your speech. If you have to communicate. narrowly professional environment, then you can freely use the special words and professionalisms adopted there. But if there is no certainty that all listeners are familiar with special vocabulary, terms, then each non-common word should be explained.

Dialect words, and even more jargon, are generally unacceptable in speech. These elements of a limited scope of use can only be introduced into speech for a specific purpose, for example, as means of expression. But this should be done carefully, with an understanding of the appropriateness and appropriateness of such an application in each specific case.

Comprehensibility, clarity of speech also depends on the correct use of foreign words in it. Often the question arises whether it is possible to use foreign words or is it better to do without them. It should be borne in mind that borrowing is a normal, natural phenomenon for any language. So, in English, foreign words make up more than half, there are many of them in German, French and other languages. Borrowed words in the language appear as a result of communication of some peoples with others, as a result of political, economic and cultural ties between them. Borrowings according to the degree of their penetration into the vocabulary of the Russian language can be divided into three groups.

The first of them are foreign words that have firmly entered the Russian language. They have been borrowed for a long time, assimilated by all the people and are not perceived as foreign languages. These words are the only names for vital concepts: bed, sugar, factory, class, pencil, etc.

The second group is made up of words that are widespread in the Russian language and are also the only names for the designated concepts, but are perceived as foreign: sidewalk, service, radio, trolleybus, liner, etc.

The third group includes foreign language vocabulary, which is not widely used. It also includes words that have Russian parallels, but differ from them in volume, shade of meaning or scope of use (revise - check, contract - agreement, conservative - inert, constant - stable).

It is advisable to avoid the use of foreign words if the language has Russian words with the same meaning. When using foreign words, one must be sure that they are understandable to the listeners. Therefore, it is important to skillfully introduce a foreign word into your speech. It is necessary to give appropriate explanations of the used foreign words.

Great help in mastering the words of a limited sphere of use can be provided by constant work with dictionaries.

Russian youth slang is an interesting linguistic phenomenon, the existence of which is limited not only by certain age limits, as is clear from its nomination itself, but also by social, temporal and spatial limits.

It exists among urban student youth - and in separate more or less closed reference groups.

Jargon or slang is both colloquial words and expressions adopted among native speakers of the literary language, since the everyday speech of even the most refined intellectual (and this has been proven today) is very significantly different from his pre-prepared, verified, strictly codified speech. In addition, the colloquial speech of the city also includes the vernacular that we hear every day from the lips of ordinary citizens in queues and transport, in the factory floor and at the construction site, in the hospital and in the office. This also includes, further, a variety of professional and social jargons: school, youth, criminal, etc. Finally, these are the remnants of rural dialects that, to one degree or another, continue to exist in the conditions of the city, especially in the "private sector". Numerous (although most often unprofessional) dictionaries of jargons, the same obscenity, have now appeared, but there is still no dictionary that would cover all the numerous varieties of urban colloquial speech - and yet they constantly interact with each other, and this interaction is very large, perhaps , decisively determines the future of our language and linguistic culture. Needless to say, through language, more objectively than through any other social institution, the worldview of the people, their mindset, aesthetic and ethical preferences - their mentality, as they say now, are highlighted.

Like all social dialects, it is only a lexicon that feeds on the juices of the national language, lives on its phonetic and grammatical soil.

The flow of this vocabulary never dries up completely, it only becomes shallow at times, and in other periods it becomes full-flowing.

This is connected, of course, with the historical background against which the Russian language develops.

At present, the ability to speak correctly, express one's thoughts clearly and beautifully is important for various spheres of social life. That is why we can talk about the connection of the literary language with the concept of speech culture. There are 3 main aspects of the concept of speech culture: communicative, normative, ethical. The culture of speech is, first of all, the correct speech, it is the observance of the norms of the literary language. The task of speech culture is to ensure that these norms are fixed and controlled in order to monitor their change in the future. One of the most important components of speech culture is the normative component. However, the definition of "correctness" or "incorrectness" of the culture of speech is not the main one. Another function of the culture of speech is the definition of the communicative tasks of the language. The importance of the communicative side can be considered the main category of speech culture. Here you can consider such qualities of speech as its diversity, richness, accuracy and intelligibility of speech, expressiveness. Another aspect of the culture of speech is etiquette as the outer shell of the statement. Etiquette implies the correct use of lexical units and compliance with a particular style. Emotionally colored vocabulary is not combined with a scientific or official business style. When choosing a particular word, it is necessary to take into account not only its lexical meaning, but also its stylistic fixation, as well as expressive coloring. People of different age and professional categories perceive and use the ethical side of speech culture in different ways. Etiquette also monitors the rules for the use of specific vocabulary (for example, obscene language). It is unacceptable for certain, special lexical units of one style to be mixed with units of another style. The normativity of the culture of speech connects the communicative function and the ethical component of the culture of speech. Language is a constantly changing system. Vocabulary that was profanity may change its position over time, becoming more or less used in accordance with the norms of the literary language. Thus, the task of the theory of speech culture is to fix any changes in the language. Also, the culture of speech should draw attention to the use of words, partly incomprehensible to the general public. These include the use of professionalism.

But this connection cannot be interpreted too straightforwardly, explaining the noticeable revival and intensive word formation in slang only by historical cataclysms. At the beginning of the century, three stormy waves in the development of youth slang were noted.

The first reason for such a rapid emergence of new words in youth slang is, of course, the rapid, “jumping” development of life. If you look at the numerous magazines that cover the latest market news, we will see that more or less significant phenomena appear almost every week.

The first dates back to the 1920s, when the revolution and civil war, having destroyed the structure of society to the ground, gave rise to an army of homeless children, and the speech of adolescent and youth students, who were not separated from the homeless by impenetrable partitions, was colored with many "thieves" words;

The second wave falls on the 50s, when "dudes" took to the streets and dance floors of cities.

The emergence of the third wave is not associated with the era of turbulent events, but with a period of stagnation, when the suffocating atmosphere of public life in the 70s and 80s gave rise to various informal youth movements, and "hippie" young people created their own "systemic" slang as a linguistic gesture of opposition to the official ideology.

In the fight against jargon and "black" words, the ecological approach itself is also very important. Just as in nature there are limiting levels of radiation, atmospheric gas contamination, water pollution, above which irreversible destruction processes can begin, so in the language there are limits to its distortion, coarsening and stylistic decline, beyond which to speak of it as "the most important means of communication ” is simply not necessary. Evil and evil, rude words give rise to new evil, accumulate (like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere) in the general "linguistic atmosphere", becoming destructive for their speakers (who naively believe that they simply "rejected" this evil from themselves, pointing an arrow at others) . The clogging of the language environment is similar to air pollution, an increase in toxicity, poisoning, when they become dangerous to human life.

Beregovskaya E.M. identifies more than 10 ways of forming functional units of slang, thereby confirming the thesis about the constant updating of the vocabulary of slang.

In terms of productivity, foreign borrowings take the first place in terms of productivity (dude - guy (from the gypsy language), mostly English.

This method is organically combined with affixation, so that the word immediately comes in a Russified form.

The flow of borrowings from the English language has sharply increased. The largest number of borrowings falls on new areas where the system of Russian terms or names has not yet developed. This happens, for example, in modern economics or computer technology. In the absence of a word for a new concept, this word can be created from old means, or it can simply be borrowed. The Russian language as a whole took the second path. If we talk about specific words, then, say, the printer won the printing device. In such areas, borrowings are quite appropriate and, in any case, do not pose any threat to the language.

For example: thank you (thank you) - Senka; parents (parents) - parents, prints; birthday (birthday) - bezdnik, beznik.

Appearing in such a grotesque guise, borrowed slangism immediately actively enters the system of inflection: street (street) - on the street, bow (look) - bow, etc. And immediately the derivation mechanism is actively activated:

Drink (alcoholic drink) - drinkach, drinker, drink - team, drink, drink.

Some foreign words, long assimilated into the Russian language, are, as it were, re-borrowed in a different meaning:

rally (meeting), ring (telephone), speech (conversation), etc.

Affixation as a means is very productive.

And after E.A. Zemskaya, we will consider this type of word formation part by part.

Modern Russian language and social changes in society. Shattering traditional literary norms. Language modification: the emergence of new and the revival of old words; borrowing foreign; active "introduction" of slang words. A culture of speech.

Features of youth slang and the main sources of its formation. Functioning of slang units in journalistic text. Characteristics of the borrowing process. Determination of the specifics of borrowing as a source of youth slang formation.

Jargonization as a special language game of names, which is due to the desire to create "one's own" language of communication. Basic visualization techniques. Discharges of slang vocabulary. Groups of words with an emotional component of meaning. Aspects of expression of feelings and emotions.

Noun:

Uh (a) is used to form words with an expression of rudeness, disdain, irony: nickname - hysteria, order - order, show - window dressing, calmness - calmness.

At the same time, the basis of a complex, usually foreign-language base word is truncated: presentation - presentation, pornography - porn, scholarship - stipuha.

The suffix is also used as a means of univerbation, i.e. reduction of combinations "adjective + noun" into one word -

noun: wet business (murder) - mokruha, domestic crime - everyday life.

But behind this suffix is not always the same combination.

The bases of adjectives are used as basic, conveying the semantics of a new word: black - black, cheerful - cheerful.

Speech is called correct if the speaker pronounces the words correctly, uses the forms of words correctly, and builds sentences correctly. Although this may not be enough. Speech can be correct, but not correspond to the goals of communication. Good speech contains at least the following features: variety, richness, expressiveness, as well as the accuracy of the use of words. The richness of speech is characterized by the use of a huge vocabulary, various morphological forms. The use of complex syntactic constructions also indicates the diversity of speech. The expressiveness of speech is achieved by searching and selecting language means that correspond to the goals and conditions of communication. The choice of means that help to best reflect the content of the statement, which reveal its main idea, characterize the accuracy of speech. A cultured person is distinguished by a high level of speech culture. You need to improve your speech. The mass media are gaining immense popularity these days. For many, this is the primary source of information. Radio announcers, TV presenters should be a kind of example, because to some extent they are responsible for the cultural level of the broad masses. The spiritual component of human culture is associated with speech in its various forms. The inner world of the individual is manifested in speech: it is the intellect, and feelings, emotions, imagination, and fantasy, and moral attitude, faith. All diversity is associated with internal and external speech, with the culture of speech. The leading position in speech has always been occupied by linguistic material. The choice of words and phrases, the grammatically and logically correct construction of sentences, the variety of language means and techniques are characteristic, both for the speaker's speech and for scientific reports. Correct speech was the main indicator of the level of education and culture.

Ar(a) produces modification nouns, i.e. words that differ from the basic expressive evaluation. As a rule, such a suffix conveys rude mockery: a journalist, a hostel, a prisoner;

Ar (a) forms expressive modification nouns that have a rude-joking character: nose - nose, cat - cat.

The -on is peculiar, with the help of which nouns are produced from the stems of verbs, denoting actions or states related to drinking and snacking: drink - drink, eat - snack, throw - zakidon.

The production of names of persons is carried out by many suffixes.

L (a) produces rudely - pejorative names of persons according to the action from the verb bases: drove (from the driver), scammer (from throwing - a deceiver);

Shik, -nick, -ach are active in different areas of the language: a freebie is a freeloader, hanging out is a party-goer, joking is a joke, knocking is a snitch;

Ak is more active in the production of nouns denoting any object or phenomenon, by action or sign: impudence - insolent, depression - depressive, passer (a work that can be published or a passing score at a university).

It generates not only nouns, but also a specific class of words - evaluative adverbial predicatives: sure, dead man (sure thing), acting as an interjection with the meaning: for sure, for sure.

Among the less expressive suffixes that act in the word formation of nouns, we will name the following:

Lk(a), with the help of which nouns of different semantics are formed from verbal stems, for example, naming types of children's folklore and children's games: horror stories, shooters (according to the well-known type: counting rhymes, teasers);

Ota is used to produce nouns with a collective meaning: narcota (from drugs);

The hedgehog forms from the verb bases the names of actions and states of the type: baldezh (from balding), buzzing (from buzzing);

Derivatives that have a local meaning are not very typical for general jargon.

For example, noun. bomzhatnik (from homeless), modeled after the names of premises for animals (calf house, chicken coop), noun. rocking chair (sports club) is modeled after colloquial reading room, smoking room.

In replenishing the vocabulary of slang, neutral suffixes are also widely used, which are productive in the literary language.

To produce nouns denoting actions or the result of an action, the following suffixes are used:

A: collision, rollback, gain;

K (a): cheating, laundering, excuse, exposure, promotion, tension;

Neither (e): laundering, welding, tinkering.

The word formation of the verb is less rich.

It has no specific suffixes.

The development of this linguistic phenomenon and its spread among an increasing number of native speakers of the Russian language is conditioned by the introduction of “foreignness” into the life of modern society. And youth slang is beginning to be used not only by young people, but also by people who have nothing to do with them at all. One day, one grandmother in the store said to another: “You see what HACKED apples they sell!” The only thing is that with the advent of slang, the language level has sharply decreased. Slang penetrates into all areas of activity, and even into literature. For a separate example, we can take the well-known and now popular author Viktor Pelevin. Jargon can be traced in his works: stray urka, sharpening, slangisms: not cool business, bespont, and even vulgarisms. But, despite all this, Pelevin is considered a serious author. Almost all young people and middle-aged people read his works. All his works are abstract - that is, the whole meaning is hidden, and you need to understand it yourself.

Derivatives with -nu, -anu are especially active, denoting instantaneous, one-time action: slow down, burst, rush. But the main role is played by prefixing, prefixes, productive in literary colloquial speech:

c - with the meaning of removal: slip away, dump (leave, leave);

to roll away, roll back, rake (lit. move away);

from - with the meaning of destroying the result of another action: launder (dirty money), smear (sya), rewind.

Adjective:

The word formation of adjectives is even less ramified than the word formation of verbs. It does not contain specific prefixes and suffixes. The most active are the same as for the literary language: -ov, -n-, -sk-: scrap - dray, plague - plague, goon - zhlobsky.

In slang, there is a specific kind of words like: banged up, crazy, correlative with verbs in -anuty. Anuty derivatives resemble passive participles in form (bend - bent), however, their semantics and the nature of their use (inability to control dependent nominal forms (bent by whom ...)) shows that they should be considered as a special kind of adjectives.

3. The second place after suffixation is occupied by such a method as truncation. With its help, names of various kinds are easily generated, as a rule, from a polysyllabic word: shiza - schizophrenia; demobilization - demobilization; cash cash;

4. The next powerful source of the formation of the lexical composition of slang is metaphor.

Metaphors: an aquarium, a monkey house - “a bench in the police for detainees”, a beggar - a complete absence of anything, extinguish - beat, fly away - feel great.

In metaphor, there is often a humorous interpretation of the signified:

shaggy - bald, a basketball player - a man of small stature, a pedal Mercedes - a bicycle.

Metonymy: hairy - hippies, crusty - diploma.

Metonymy such as: grass - drugs for smoking, puff - smoke drugs, sniff glue are euphemistic in nature, obscure the negative essence of the named denotations.

5. Development of polysemy: throw: 1) steal something from someone; 2) take something from someone and not give it back; 3) to cheat when making a transaction; 4) do not keep a promise, deceive; nishtyak: 1) all right; 2) it is not important, not essential; 3) not bad, tolerable; 4) please; hang around: 1) be under the influence of a drug; 2) get great pleasure, both physical and spiritual;

Borrowing of thieves' argotisms: lawlessness - complete freedom, revelry; cool - good; wet - beat, kill;

Synonymous or antonymic derivation (one of the components of a phraseological unit is replaced by a word of a national language or slang that is close or opposite in meaning): get on the needle - start using drugs regularly - get hooked on the needle - accustom someone to using drugs - get off the needle - stop using drugs ; score a joint - fill a cigarette with a drug for smoking - nail a joint, hammer a joint;

Full or partial abbreviation: KPZ: 1) pre-trial detention cell; 2) pleasant smell room; 3) Kyiv brewery; zosia - alcoholic drink "Golden Autumn";

Telescoping: cerebellum - go crazy (cerebellum + clink glasses);

Punching stand: bucharest - a youth party (from "boom" - alcohol), bezbabie - lack of money (from "grandmother" - money); asshole, constipation - car brand "Zaporozhets".

Jargons are words used by certain social or common interest groups that carry a secret meaning that is incomprehensible to everyone.

Jargon is a kind of language within a language. Strictly speaking, jargon is a kind of speech of a group of people united by a single profession (jargon of pilots, miners, sailors), occupation (jargon of athletes, collectors), etc. Youth jargon is often called slang (from the English slang) or slang (from the French argot).

In the youth environment, jargon has existed for a long time (the jargon of high school students, seminarians). The main thing in this linguistic phenomenon is a departure from everyday life, a game, irony, a mask. Uninhibited, laid-back youth jargon seeks to get away from the boring world of adults, parents and teachers. They say: Good! And we: Cool! Great! Cool! Them: That's bad luck! Us: Well, bummer! Them: It's too hard! We: Don't load me! They admire, we stick out and trudge.

Youth jargon is similar to its natives - it is sharp, loud, impudent. It is the result of a peculiar desire to change the world in a different way, as well as the sign "I am mine." The language here reflects the inner aspirations of the young brighter and stronger than clothes, hairstyles, lifestyle. Students usually change the names of academic subjects in their own way: not colloid chemistry, but cold; not linear algebra, but a ruler; not the structure of molecules, but stroymol; not mathematical analysis, but matan. Academic leave is called academic (or academic).

Youth jargon easily absorbs words from different languages (from English - shoes, bag, men, haer; from German - kopf "head"), from different dialects (take "drink", uhaidohat `tire out'), from the criminal language - cool, shmon, chaos.

Generations of the young change in five or seven years, and then the jargon changes too. No one now remembers the ratings Awesome!, Iron! "good" or ratings like Millet! "bad", so widespread in the 60-70s of the twentieth century. New or old, jargon remains with young people as an indispensable condition for an indispensable game, as an island of naturalness and freedom in a strictly regulated world of adults, like a bauble on a hand or a hairatkin on a head. A striking feature of youth jargon is its rapid renewal. In the days of grandparents' youth, money could be called tugriks, rupees, in the time of their parents - coins, mani, today's youth use grandmas, bucks.

For example, this: “chicks”, “dudes”, “girls” have become a thing of the past. Now young people call girls "bees". If the girl is strange or drunk, then they can say about her "departed." Girls call young people "uncles". Young people are "increased steepness", but there are also "twisted", i.e. not very "cool". In light of the foregoing, it is worth quoting, probably now a fashionable saying: "Only eggs are cooler than you, only stars are higher than you." If a company gathers, then it is called a "party". "Party" may turn out to be "crazy", i.e. | unsuccessful, or successful - "freaky" ”(MK. 1992. No. 10).

Another feature of youth jargon is the limited subject matter. There are about a dozen semantic classes of names, within which there are many synonyms. These are the names of faces (dude, forehead, small, horses), body parts (lanterns, knife switch, claws), clothes and shoes (shoes, swinger, outfit), money (bucks, grandmas, piece, lemon), positive ratings (cool, cool, fly away, fall away, out), the names of some actions and states (pass out, pin, drag), etc.

Full communication in the youth environment is impossible without knowing its language.

Moreover, the swear words used by the teenager (of course, in the right circumstances) can be more effective than lengthy arguments and long conversations at the right time and place.

Modern technologies push the limits of communication. For example, the advent of the Internet has allowed modern youth to “hang out” in chat rooms (from the English word chat - chatter) and thereby significantly expand their social circle. And since the bulk of those who communicate in this way are young people, it is not surprising that the corresponding norm of speech is being mastered.

The element that feeds this youth language is everything new, unconventional or rejected: the speech of music fans, music television, in particular MTV, and the speech of drug addicts, computer jargon and urban vernacular, English and thieves' slang. Each of these components has its own sphere, its own subject and at the same time represents a wide field for borrowing (do not load me - from the jargon of computer scientists; I trudge, I stick out from Decl - from the jargon of drug addicts). Elements borrowed from the literary language are rethought in a playful, ironic way: it is absolutely parallel to me, purely violet, on the drum.

For youth jargon, in addition to alienation, an emotional and playful beginning is characteristic.

The game technique used in youth jargon is the convergence of words based on sound similarity, sound transfer: for example, lemon instead of a million, soap, emel instead of e-mail (from the English word e-mail).

So, a joke, a game is a positive element of youth speech. Hardly anyone can seriously fight this.

Another important characteristic of youth speech is its "primitiveness". The association with the language of some primitive society arises when teachers observe the instability, the constant change of jargon, both in time and in space. Not having time to gain a foothold, some forms of speech give way to others: for example, the not so old slang mani (from the English word money - money) was replaced by bucks and grandmas.

Another sign of the "primitiveness" of youth jargon is the uncertainty, blurring of the meanings of the words included in it. Strmno, cool, I can be both positive and negative assessment of the situation. They treat like hell! and fir-pals!, used in jargon only as emotional exclamations, and words like crust (peel), joke, cool, ult, plague. Being used as emotional interjections, they almost completely lose their meaning, which is displaced by the emotional component of meaning, which is strongly accentuated in a certain situation. The same group includes the phrases full atas, full paragraph,

There are also jargons of certain groups of people.

Jargons of soldiers and sailors of military service: `liteha' - lieutenant, `spirit' - a soldier who serves for the first six months; jargons of schoolchildren: `teacher'-teacher, etc.; jargons of students: `war'-classes in military training; common youth jargons: `bottleman"-bottle; jargons of informal youth groups: `hair"-hair (the word is borrowed from English. `hair"-hair), `pops"-popular music (only the concept is borrowed from English: `popular music ").

APPENDIX

GLOSSARY OF YOUTH SLANG

Alcofunk - booze alkonaut - drunkard cormorant - young man tower - head blows tower - go crazy bulkotryas - disco bunker - basement boots - any shoes bottleball - see alcofalk plump - drink booze - booze cut in - understand cut out - 1) stop understanding; 2) fall asleep from fatigue, cackle - have fun for some reason, gopnik - punks humanizer - police baton drape - 1) go; 2) run away fighting - about a vehicle that is in poor condition drol - 1) a person doing everything wrong; 2) a not too smart person to give (catch, grab, grab) an oak - 1) die; 2) to freeze very much to move ideas - to give ideas an engine - an incentive, a reason to move - see drive a tree - a stupid person to guard (derived from the word "tear") - toastmaster, to lead a holiday to pull - to drink rowdy - see to rowdy to make legs - to run away Bastille Day is an extra holiday (a reason to drink)

faceted glass day - see Bastille day horns day - see Bastille day Jerry Lee Lewis - 1) a person who plays keyboards well; 2) a person who can quickly type a DJ console - a wild teapot - a terrible disc player - a disco a goodwiller - an attacker to catch up - to guess, to understand to get - to get tired of getting - see running into do hast - an impulse to action - "Let's go!"

du hast niht - refusal to offer du hast dope - marijuana dubak - cold doulo - see stuffy trunk - boring no brainer - very obviously green fir trees - expression of discontent gasp - see pull yellow house - crazy house zhoping - dance in which there is more the whole back part of the body is involved to score - to throw something to collapse - to come to rattle - to be in an uncomfortable position to load - see to fill up to drive - to sell up - tired of crushed - sleepy, sleepy ass - a person who is always lucky to clamp - to conceal, to be greedy for something either to heal - see clamping the leaven - the beginning of the booze to succumb - to make friends with someone to mow down - see to score a snack - a snack to snack - see the snack to fly in - 1) see to thunder, 2) to get pregnant to lay - to betray a hostage - a person who is all time betrays sink - get carried away refuel - manage harness - see fill up steam - annoy start - see sandal light up - detect, impersonate detect - catch someone stocking up at an inconvenient moment - prudently acquiring something tormented - tortured to check out - evaluate the stars to hit (hang) - beat someone green - green dollars - see teapot zykansko - see cool raisin - handsome teenager individual - person out of the ordinary tester - a person who, during a feast, drinks first kranty - see the pipe, press (spin) the pedals - move the frame - a funny or strange person to catch a buzz - enjoy kaliks - morgaliki - any pharmacological drugs used not for treatment, but as needed as two fingers ... - very simple, easy as underpants without an elastic band - free, not burdened by anyone to turn over - wait, waste time in vain cabbage - see grandmas ride - laugh roll a barrel - show aggression towards someone - get a cough - catch a cold skiff - see pipe sour - see plump cyborg drunkard - an alcoholic with an impressive appearance, a drunken boxer or a bodybuilder kipesh - scandal, noise, fuss to isca - a very beautiful girl sour - sad cool - great, excellent cool - good, great cool - see cool Jim Morrison cocktail - a cocktail consisting of 50% vodka and 50% Coca - Cola

corefan - friend sidekick - see corefan jamb - half-finished mow - feign poking around in the brain - think sausage, sausage - a state in which a person has fun, enjoys to the fullest wheels - a car kolobpodit - see walking kolotun - see dubak commander - see carrier comics - vacation composter - a person who boringly, morally influences composting brains - boringly, morally influence kondybat - go far kondybat - go skates discard - die digging - 1) slowly gather; 2) look for something hooves to throw away - see skates discard roam - make excuses stoker - a person who watches the fire, behind the fire a roofer - a psychiatrist kranty - a sad result of the Kuriles - a place intended for smoking kumar - a large amount of smoke in the room a lot - see tusa laver - lover, beloved crap - not true, nonsense to mess up - see fly left - bad, superfluous battle on the ice - big booze goof - useless person rush - move away to get laid - see fly raspberry - happiness matilda - affectionate name for beloved girls mahach - a fight looms - flicker before your eyes event - booze slow medical assistance - annoy run into - be in a dangerous position heat up - see chop load - see fill up get - find hitting - making a claim, threatening, using violence, infringing on someone the right to get drunk - to get drunk to cover up - to break down to drip - see. ; mean; get off tense - difficult situation strain - force something to run into - stumble upon squeal - see lay grunt - see get drunk strum - do something with interest out of topic - out of time not fort - no luck immeasurably - a lot of not weak - good , interesting knockout - loss of consciousness, sudden falling asleep during drinking knockdown - continuation of drinking after a knockout dive - hide snatch - a secluded place stunned - a fool get stoned - get high, drink a bummer - don’t want to, too lazy to break off - see flying to slobber - slobber a stub - a young man of unattractive appearance, stupid and awkward to christen - 1) name; 2) hit okochuritsya - die knock over - see rip off swell up - get tired, get tired morally promptly - quickly discard the skates - die cut off - see get out get off - see hack off - leave me alone lean back - 1) relax; 2) die turn off - see get out of it - see nadybat otmazyvatsya - see roaming soak - do something very original merchandise - hit break away - have fun sucks - something horrible, something bad to be delayed - have a good rest waste - a state of hangover unhook - fall behind dumplings - see cormorant joke - 1) an object of curiosity; 2) something or someone worthy of attention outfit - clothes snuggle up - adapt to snuggle up - snuggle up to snuggle up - see snuggle attach - attach something to something snuggle up - see snuggle snuggle up - see snuggle hit on something - drawn to something (to laughter, etc.)

banish the topic - we’ve come to joke - please forget this or that phrase project - miss the project - miss the moment to fly by - experience a strong feeling of dissatisfaction from unfulfilled expectations register - spend a lot of time somewhere spend a lot of time - spend money enlighten - report something to pass - 1 ) discover; 2) understand the gingerbread - 1) greeting; 2) the appeal of a steam locomotive - railway vehicles to graze - follow the shepherd - noun. from the mouth to translate arrows - to make excuses to shove - to go very far pearls - see the topic dumpling - see the cormorant kick the bulldozer - do nothing, engage in nonsense peshkarus - saw on foot - 1) go; 2) see dripping on the brains - people have a moral effect - people write with boiling water - be extremely excited, feel a strong feeling of flame - a lighter drove - a nickname, a nickname to show off - demonstrate their superiority to get sick - about a worsened state of health, a pigsty, a pigsty - a littered room to basement - come up to tease - mock at someone to make a fuss - see to fill up to tease - see to tease to get - see to rattle to get - see to run in half, equally - hang out in the vestibule anyway - stand with friends on the stairwell pus - cat or dog gun - see barrel nickel - nose

to breed for money - to demand money

smash - see smash

to speak - to tell

gouging - see soak

smear on the wall - hit very hard

soak - break, break

smash - see smash

shred - cut

dissect - sloppy ride

dissect - see pun

rasp - see slow-witted

play cards - play cards

turnip - see tower

tear off the turnip - see the tower demolishes

push speech - tell something

pzhat - see cackle

rodoks - see skulls

fishing - fishing and drinking at the same time

yell - shout, yell

soap dispenser - see moydodyp

rip - twitch

growl - swear relatives, ancestors - parents collapse from oak - go crazy sansei - teacher dump - leave to pig - litter droop - 1) steal; 2) call the holy sausages - an exclamation expressing great surprise drive - run for something to make a goat's face - show a face separator - about a device, a device of unknown origin cigarette - smoke a cigarette - jump from something high CD - CD player

a draft in the attic - wind in the head to assemble - collect, combine into a single whole fly off - see drive to fly off the coils - completely unbelt the cream of society - savor about a group of bad people - see the buzz to catch relish - see cool snykat - hide the scoop - poorly understanding a person to spovadit - to carry out a lifeline - to fuse any vessel with water after a booze - see drive calmly - calmly dumbly - to get old badly - to shake the old barrel - a pistol chest - see slow-witted to play in a box - to die troubles - horror to squander money - to spend money without sense chatter - gossip chatter - talk pipe - 1) kinescope; 2) cell phone; 3) unfavorable end of the pipe burning - hangover difficult water - vodka, any other booze tryndet - talk ramming - stand and wait to no avail scoreboard - herd face - crowd vestibule - stairwell theme - something interesting, funny brake - see slow-witted stick around - have fun push - see drive a flea market - clothing market push - toilet stomp - go drown - 1) flunk the exam; 2) go fuel - see booze exactly - just a nauseating place - an eatery where the food is not tasty slow-witted - a person who thinks badly and for a long time - the company is fading - see cackle leave - get drunk sting 1. drink 2. take a smart drug - good, useful to jump - 1) leave; 2) hide headlights - For her (for her)

fire - see the flame is furry - the first Fenya - something uninteresting chip - see the topic to format the brains - to put oneself in order after drinking bullshit to push - to lie to eat - there is a hawka - food is a freebie - something received as a gift of hayushki - greeting hwa - that's enough ponytail - a small animal heromancy - see fenya hom - teapot house - a person ignorant of anything smack - kiss an attic - brains of a chernukha - something connected with the dark sides of the universe of a skull - parents of pure water - clearly fumble - understand ballball with something - talk balls roll - play billiards shaman - 1) magician; 2) a mind reader; 3) astrologer shampoo - champagne shampoo - see shampoo schizoid - a person with mental disabilities closet - 1) elevator; 2) kingpin schmal - see foolish shoelaces - see skulls shoelaces in a glass - parents at home dumped shoelaces parents left shnyaga - nonsense plaster - heavily made-up girl right now - now you will get it - a vigorous threat - a strong clear pepper - see a no brainer box - TV set

Notes

The reality denoted by the word is typical only for youth slang.

The word is perceived by slang speakers as "their own", that is, specific to young people.

The word is unknown to the "control" informants, who are representatives of different social strata, but do not consider themselves to be in the specified age category.

The word has a significantly higher frequency of use in this environment compared to other social groups of people.

The word was used to form new derivative words, the specificity of which is beyond doubt.

The word acquired in the studied environment a special semantic or communicative connotation.

There are a number of words that are on the border of youth slang and other lexical layers. Since the question of their inclusion in slang seems debatable, it seems natural to cite some of them (meanings are given approximately): cut in "understand", enter "understand", cut out "stop thinking", gopnik "punks", "break away" `have fun", fall "get carried away", mow "simulate", sucker "worthless person", moon rover "police car", tenseness "difficult situation", lean back "to die", blackness "anything connected with the darkest sides of the universe".

Sometimes there are words that have not received sufficient distribution in slang or related to other lexical layers, as well as proper names necessary for understanding examples (the meanings are contextual): cut (someone into something) "explain (someone something )", just "as soon as", get (someone) "annoy (someone)", collapse "come in, come"", lover "lover, beloved", lazy "bad", knock down "come", hom "house", furry "first".

Etymological dictionary

Very often, young people borrow words from the etymological dictionary. Such as the:

Bathysphere - the sphere of father's intervention in family affairs.

The gap is a lie.

Volnushka - melodrama.

The bungler is the executioner.

Cooking - dining room.

A rake is a thief's tool.

Drap - flight.

The dungeon is a neighbor.

The monster is an active volcano.

The chicken coop is a smoking area.

Malaria - whitewashing and painting works.

Bloodless - deprived of a roof over his head.

Industry - beard.

Papier-mache - parents.

Shorthand - graffiti on the walls.

Sniff - sing along, participate in the choir.

Yarrow is a thick novel.

Chimera - the era of chemistry.

The drawing is the underworld.

Quarter - set marks for the quarter.

Whatnot - a neighbor in the stairwell.

1. Basics of speech culture

The Russian national language is a combination of various phenomena, such as the literary language, territorial and social dialects (jargon), and vernacular. The literary language is the historically established highest form of the national language, which has a rich lexical fund, an ordered grammatical structure and a developed system of styles. This is an exemplary, standardized language, described by grammars and dictionaries. Territorial dialects (local dialects) are the language of a limited number of people living in the same territory. Jargon is the speech of individual professional, estate, age groups. Vernacular is the language of poorly educated, mostly non-urban residents, characterized by a deviation from literary norms.

The literary language serves such spheres of human activity as politics, culture, science, office work, legislation, official and unofficial communication, and verbal art. A person can equally master two or more forms of a language (for example, a literary language and a dialect, a literary language and vernacular), use them depending on the conditions. This phenomenon is called diglossia.

The main feature of the literary language is normalization. A norm is a uniform, generally accepted use of elements of a language, the rules for their use in a certain period. The norms are not invented by scientists, but reflect the natural processes and phenomena occurring in the language, supported by speech practice. The main sources of the norm include the works of writers, the language of the media, the generally accepted modern usage, and the scientific research of linguists.

Norms help the literary language to maintain its integrity and comprehensibility, protect it from the flow of dialect speech, social jargon, and vernacular. However, language norms are constantly changing. This is an objective process that does not depend on the will and desire of individual native speakers. According to researchers, this process has intensified in recent decades in connection with social transformations. In a critical era, the logosphere changes significantly, i.e. speech-cogitative area of culture, which, in turn, testifies to changes in the public consciousness of the language community. Changes are determined by the new setting: "In a democracy, everything is possible!" However, emancipation as a feature of the modern linguistic taste is carried out in parallel with the desire for "learning", for the sophistication of speech, which is expressed, first of all, in the wide use of borrowed special vocabulary (leasing, holding, realtor, etc.). Within the literary norm, there are options (bookish, colloquial), one of them is preferred. These objective fluctuations in the norm are usually associated with the development of the language. Variants are transitional steps from an obsolete norm to a new one. The norm is the central concept of the theory of speech culture.

2. Basic understanding of slang

Let's touch our speech and find out how sick it is. The real misfortune of our society and our language is foul language.

For some, their native language has already become a fusion of jargon and obscenities. "Jargon" ( French) -tainted language . Jargon is spoken by people connected by one profession, social stratum. These are a kind of password words, in order to distinguish "one's own".

Jargon is a type of speech used mainly in oral communication, by a separate relatively stable social group that unites people on the basis of their profession (programmer jargon), interests (philatelic jargon) or age (youth jargon). Jargon differs from the national language in its specific vocabulary and phraseology and the special use of word-formation means.

Part of the slang vocabulary belongs not to one, but to many social groups. Passing from one jargon to another, the words of their "general fund" can change their form and meaning: "dark" - to hide prey, "cunning" in modern youth jargon - to speak unclearly, to evade the answer. The vocabulary of jargon is replenished by borrowing from other languages ("dude" - a guy from the gypsy language), but most of it is created by re-registration ("basket" - basketball), more often by rethinking commonly used words ("jerk" - go, "wheelbarrow" - automobile). The ratio of vocabulary, as well as the nature of its rethinking in jargon - from playfully ironic to rudely vulgar - depends on the value orientation and nature of the social group: whether it is open or closed, organically enters society or opposes itself to it. In open groups (youth), the slang is "collective game". In closed groups, jargon is a signal that distinguishes between "one's own" and "alien", and sometimes a means of conspiracy. The vocabulary of jargon flows into the literary language through the vernacular and the language of fiction, where it is used as a means of speech characteristics. The fight against jargon for the purity of the language and the culture of speech reflects the rejection of linguistic isolation by society as a whole. The study of jargon is one of the tasks of sociolinguistics. Sometimes the term "jargon" is used to refer to distorted incorrect speech. Therefore, in the proper terminological sense, it is often replaced by terms such as "student language", "slang", "slang".

3. Sources of replenishment of slang

For a long time, the basis of general slang was student slang. But at present this is far from the case. In the last decades of the twentieth century, the main source of replenishment of slang was slang (criminal language). This is largely due to the fact that the language of the Soviet prison became public: the taboo on prison topics in literature and cinema was lifted, and this was immediately reflected in the press. Many words have moved into common jargon from thieves' slang. Here are some examples: "grandmothers" - money, "wet" - to kill, "cop", "garbage" - a policeman, "shchipach" - a petty swindler, "raspberry" - a thieves' den, "arrow" - a meeting of thieves.

The general jargon and the influence of the jargon of drug addicts have not escaped, but this vocabulary is not numerous in the general jargon: the jargon of drug addicts retains a certain caste, it is limited to a narrow circle of speakers, and only a few words go beyond this sphere. These are such words and expressions as: "nonsense", "weed" - marijuana, "sit on a needle", "jamb" - a cigarette with marijuana, "glitches" - hallucinations.

Some words of common jargon are professional expressions by their origin, for example, police expressions: "bytovuha" - a crime committed on domestic grounds, "dismemberment" - a dismembered corpse, "snowdrop" - a corpse found under the snow. For miners, for example, a pile of overturned wagons is called a "wedding", for pilots the frontal part of the aircraft is called a "muzzle". Instead of the word "anesthesia" dentists often use the word "freeze". Patients of hospitals, not knowing medical terminology, come up with names for procedures, tools themselves. A flexible probe inserted into the stomach is called "gut", fluoroscopy - "transmission" ... Such words fall into the language of physicians and become their professional jargon. Army - "grandfathers", "demobilization", "mow" (from the army); names borrowed from the jargon of the special services - "disinformation" - misinformation, and businessmen - "cash" - cash, "clearing" - cashless payment. Among the argotisms, one can single out intra-professional elements that do not go beyond one slang, and pronounced interargotisms, i.e. argotisms serving a whole range of slang. For example, the former include such words as "imperishable" - a work created not for commerce, but for the soul (among artists), "dollar" - a hook for hanging a bowler hat over a fire (among tourists), "charging a client" - making a promise to pay a certain amount of money, and then deceive (from speculators, resellers), etc. To the second - such a word as "teapot" - an unfavorable visitor to an institution (from waiters), a beginner, a bad driver (from drivers), an amateur athlete (for athletes), etc.

Throughout its existence, the general jargon actively interacts with vernacular (the language of the uneducated part of society that does not know enough the norms of the literary language). In many cases, one can speak of a slang-colloquial lexicon zone: by origin it is vernacular (and sometimes dialectal) and continues to be used in vernacular, but at the same time has firmly “settled” in jargon. This is predominantly stylistically reduced vocabulary with a tinge of rudeness or familiarity, for example: "get drunk", "get drunk", "drunk", "whistling" - get drunk, "from a hangover" - from a hangover, "hit", "embed" - hit, " kumpol" - head. Neutral colloquial nominations such as "master" - husband, "play" - indulge in the game, "lay down" (instead of the lit. "lay") are not used in jargon.

Thus, a very active process of integrating common jargon with all areas of the profanity of the Russian language is currently taking place.

Common jargon is constantly influenced by other languages. And in former years, more than others, the English language enriched the jargons. At present, in connection with the facilitation of contacts with the United States, the influx of Americanisms into the common jargon has noticeably intensified. Here are examples of English (more precisely, American) borrowings that fell into the common jargon at different times: "girl" - a girl, "pop" - pop music, "face" - a face. Much less in the general jargon of borrowings from other languages. Compare: "ksiva" - passport (Yiddish), "kaif" - pleasure (Arabic or Turkish), "fazenda" - a country house, country plot with a house (Spanish).

Jargon is constantly replenished as a result of semantic and word-formation processes.

4. Youth slang

Youth slang is a means of communication for a large number of people united by age, and even then it is very conditional. The carriers of slang are, as a rule, people 12 - 30 years old. Slang covers almost all areas of life, describes almost all situations, except for boring ones, since the slang word is born as a result of the speaker's emotional attitude to the subject of conversation. Slang is a constant word creation, which is based on the principle of a language game. Often it is the comic, playful effect that is the main thing in the slang text. It is important for a young person not only "what to say", but also "how to say" in order to be an interesting storyteller. Slang is a living organism that is in the process of constant change and renewal. He constantly borrows units from jargons and other subsystems of the Russian language, and also becomes a supplier of words for colloquial, colloquial use - such a fate awaits popular slangism, which, due to repeated repetition, loses its expressive coloring.

In the use of jargon by young people, there is a tendency to use familiar vocabulary in relation to socially significant phenomena traditionally respected in society: parents (ancestors, skulls); dead and the very fact of death (blind man, freshman - dead man, grunt, inflate flippers, etc. - die); relationships between a man and a woman (glue, shoot - get acquainted, ring- marry, get married), etc. Phenomena that are significant from the point of view of social norms are often interpreted by young people as the values of "fathers" and, therefore, are perceived skeptically.

The informal Mitkov group gives a great contrast to youth jargon. Mitki is an informal association of St. Petersburg artists who paint in a pseudo-Russian popular style, forming a new mass youth movement, including not only artists, but also people adjoining them. Mitki are distinguished by a special manner of behavior - deliberate benevolence and tenderness in address, expressed in particular in a predilection for diminutive forms. They have their own limited set of words and expressions; dress up in anything in the style of the beatniks of the 50s. (most often, in vests), wear beards. Mityok, just like Ivanushka, is associated with the hero of a Russian folk tale, who tends to lie on the stove as a klutz, but is actually savvy.

5. Schoolchildren's slang as a component of youth slang

The carriers of school slang are exclusively representatives of the younger generation - respectively, schoolchildren. Despite the absence of any cryptolality in this slang and the obvious intelligibility of most of its units to representatives of other social and age groups, the vocabulary of this slang subsystem is realized only in the speech of the specified contingent of speakers due to its irrelevance for the rest of the Russian speakers. Thus, school slang can be qualified as corporate youth slang. The vocabulary of schoolchildren's jargon contains words that are thematically related to the following four areas: the school area, the leisure area, the area of everyday life, and the area of assessment.

School slang includes the names of subjects (matesha - mathematics, geos - geometry, physical education - physical education, liters etc.), school grades (slop, twix - grade "2", trendel - grade "3", etc.), some school premises (canteen - dining room, tubzik, tubarkas - toilet, etc.), individual school employees ( teacher - teacher, sackcloth - school director), types of educational activities (homework - homework, kontrosha - test), etc. This lexical group can be considered as the "core" of school jargon - the units included in it are implemented in the speech of the majority schoolchildren without any (for example, territorial) restrictions. The specified group is adjoined by units representing the names of pedagogical workers in the taught subject (physicist - teacher of physics, biologist - teacher of biology, Englishwoman - teacher of English, hysterical - teacher of history, algebroid etc.) or by the type of professional activity (for example, head teacher - head of education).

Separate consideration deserves such a specific part of school slang as the slang names of teachers and other school workers according to their specific characteristics. This group is quite extensive, but its constituent lexemes, even in the case of an abstract name for teachers of different subjects (for example, Kolba is a chemistry teacher, Brush is a drawing teacher, Pencil is a drawing teacher, Molecule is a physics teacher, Printer is a computer science teacher, etc. ) have a pronounced "local" character and are realized in the speech of students only in the school (or even within several classes of the school) where they were developed. Most of the units in this group nominate quite definite, specific people and already, therefore, it cannot be relevant for all schoolchildren as a whole. Otherwise, these lexemes fully correspond to the concept of jargon - they are expressive, reduced-familiar, implemented only during intra-group communication of schoolchildren. The words of the evaluation sphere can be divided into two groups: vocatives and evaluative vocabulary proper. Vocatives are referred to the sphere of evaluation because jargon is always expressive and expresses an attitude towards the one who is called. The appeal as Lojidze is curious - the face of Caucasian nationality, it is also black, black -haired. In the youth environment, the appeal is popular - nike , by the name of the company that produces sportswear with patches of this word in English: nike. Appeals, such as: kents, peppers, dude, stick, brother, brother - are used by schoolchildren when communicating with each other and therefore are used most often.

The development of slang names for specific people is a specific feature of school slang, which is not typical for other slang formations. For example: in appearance (Exclamation Mark (tall), Torpedo Boat (lush bust), Two-story building (high hairstyle), Glass (slender figure), etc., as well as numerous names according to their resemblance to the heroes of books, movies, cartoons , telecasts - Boniface, Pani Zosya, Kolobok, Leopold, Niels the Hedgehog, Commissioner Cattani, Postman Pechkin, etc.), features of gait (Ballerina (graceful gait), Broom (as if covering up traces), Paralytic (twitching gait ), Goose (slow, waddling gait), etc.), temperament (Cavalier (stormy temperament), Pliers ("pinches" everyone), Wolfhound (evil disposition), etc.), manner of speaking (Gut (pulls words), Gnus (nasty voice), Camel (splashes saliva in conversation), etc.), habits, behaviors (Pike (likes to talk about his hikes), Brick (physical education teacher, comes to school on a bicycle, with a backpack , in which bricks lie), Jumper (physical education teacher, loves beautifully belching through the "horse" in the presence of girls), etc.), various funny cases, episodes (Vatrushka (took away the cheesecakes that the students ate in class), Mary the Artificer (wrote "artificial" instead of "skillful"), etc. e) and other signs; morphonological deformation of personal names (Michael Makaronovich (Mikhail Mironovich), Lyaks Lyaksych (Alexander Alekseevich), Orekh Varenevich (Oleg Valerievich), Zhaba (Zhanna), Arkan (Arkady), Drozd (Andrey), etc.), abbreviations, addition basics, abbreviation (Beef (Boris Fedorovich), Eses (Svetlana Stepanovna), Myu (Marina Yuryevna), Tazikha (according to the initials T. A. Z.), Uazik (according to the initials U. A. Z.), Vasgav (Vasily Gavrilovich ), etc.), a combination of several techniques at once (Microphone (tall, thin, stooped + name "Mitrofan"), Kagorych (patronymic name "Egorovich" + likes to drink), Meridiashka (geography teacher + wears longitudinal striped dresses) , Lzhedmitrievna (patronymic "Dmitrievna" + history teacher), etc.), etc.)

As for the actual evaluative vocabulary, it is characterized by the presence of lexemes with a pronounced positive or negative assessment.

Expressive vocabulary is represented in the jargon of schoolchildren mainly by adverbs, words of the category of state and, to a lesser extent, by adjectives. For example: chic, shine, awesome, cool, super, crown, brutal, cool, monstrous, awesome, nishtyak - a positive assessment; primato, sucks, pazarno, left, dregs, mura - a negative assessment.

. student slang

The opinion that student slang is a general education and "absorbs" the slang of schoolchildren is not confirmed. Only two jargons - a spur (cheat sheet) and a bomb (a kind of cheat sheet containing the full text of the answer) - are presented (in the same meaning) simultaneously in both jargons, while the remaining units of these subsystems are quite clearly delimited from each other. In literature, youth, especially student, slang is often identified with the slang of the city. Indeed, the speech-creative activity of students, youth, various youth associations is a kind of core of urban slang. The overwhelming majority of samples of student slang are borrowed either from other languages through professional slang, or taken from "criminal music". Youth, in particular student jargon, does not have a more or less stable composition.

More stable argotisms: equator - time after the winter session in the third year, stipuha, step, stipa - scholarship, automatic - automatic offset, techie - technical school. Sometimes school and children's jargons are traced, often used by students as a kind of primitive game, in childhood (then the university becomes a school, teachers become teachers, couples become lessons, etc.)

7. Synonymy in youth slang

Synonymy in youth slang is represented quite widely (316 synonymic rows). The number of jargons included in the synonymic rows is over 1300 units, which significantly exceeds the number of jargons that do not enter into synonymous relations. It seems that the active creation of synonyms by youth jargon speakers is dictated by the need for a variety of expressive means: the increased frequency of individual jargon units in speech reduces their expressiveness, while a significant quantitative stock of synonyms helps to avoid too frequent use of the same units. Thus, it can be assumed that there is a direct relationship between the number of synonyms that implement any meaning and the relevance of this meaning for jargon carriers (activity, frequency of implementation in speech). Based on this, we consider synonymous series.

The longest synonymic chain is a number of adjectives of a positive assessment: cool, baldezhny, high, pull, etc. (23 units in total). This is followed by adjectives of emotional evaluation (atomic, freaky, cool, etc. - a total of 19 units) and adjectives of a negative assessment (gloomy, rotten, dumb, etc. - a total of 18 units). Then there are rows containing 16 units each - these are positive emotional exclamations (nishtyak, shocked, kle, etc.), verbs with the meaning "annoy, tire" (zamukat, get it, finish it, etc.) and nouns with the meaning "human face" (face, signboard, tambourine, etc.). A number of 15 units are synonyms for the general name of money (babki, bashli, cabbage, etc.). There are two rows of 14 units each: verbs with the meaning "get tired, tired" (to hesitate, wave, gore, etc.) and nouns with the meaning "fool, crazy" (fofan, dolbak, dodik, etc.). Further, in accordance with the number of units, the synonymic rows are arranged as follows: containing 13 units. - “leave, run away” (fall down, boil, wash off, etc.), “die” (hoof, grunt, inflate flippers, etc.), “child, baby” (motley, kinder, baby, etc.), “well , excellent" (cool, clear, zykansko, etc.), containing 12 units. - "fight" (makhach, makhla, mochilovka, etc.), "something bad" - negative evaluative units (bullshit, fuffle, crap, etc.), "failure, bad luck" (jamb, bummer, flight, etc.), "marijuana" (plan, grass, ganj, etc.), containing 11 units. - "feeling of depression, oppression" (crowbar, down, depressive, etc.), "funny, funny incident" (joke, joke, ukatayka, etc.), containing 10 units. - “girl, woman” (dude, girl, woman, etc.), “get drunk drunk” (swell, drive off, go to the pampas, etc.), “madness, abnormality” (krez, shiz, push, etc.). Next come rows containing less than 10 units in their composition.

The concepts nominated by more than ten synonyms cover a significant number of the most relevant topics of communication for most young people, which explains such a developed synonymy. Let's pay attention to three more important points. First of all, the given rows clearly indicate the predominantly “male” nature of youth jargon, the content of the attitude towards the realization of meanings that are relevant, first of all, for the male part of the carriers (in this sense, the rows “girl” and “have sex” (about male), falling into the category of the largest). Secondly, it should be noted that the synonymous series of jargons with the meaning ""child, baby"" fell into the group of rows with the maximum number of units, in general, by accident: 11 units of this series are word-forming or phonetic variants of baby's jargon (baby, baby, baby, baby, etc.). Thirdly, attention is drawn to a significant number of synonyms for the designation of the drug "marijuana" (12 units). The prevalence of this drug in the youth environment (not only in groups of drug addicts) determines the use of these words and, in this regard, the plurality of jargon synonyms with this meaning (note that the designations of other drugs do not have such a developed synonymy)

Often, phonetic or derivational variants of a slang unit are used as synonyms, for example: fan / fan - a fan, an adherent of something, someone; hangover / budun - hangover; urged / urged - a nickname; academician / academician - academic leave at the university; zapodly / zapodlyak / zapodlyanka / podlyanka / podlyak - intentional meanness, etc. And one more important point: a significant part of slang synonyms are absolute synonyms, that is, they do not differ in their meanings, for example: mouth - mitten, beak, breadmaker, havalnik; to go - to saw, to go, to row, to rope, to heal, to chop; food, food - zhora, zhrachka, hawk, tochivo. In total, 284 synonymic chains were identified, consisting of absolute synonyms (the number of the latter is about 800 units). With the presence of such a large number of synonymous series, consisting of absolute synonyms, youth slang differs significantly from the literary language, in which different synonyms, "denoting one concept, characterize it from different sides" and the number of absolute synonyms in which is extremely small.

A certain part of synonymic pairs and series of jargons arose due to intra-slang social stratification, the heterogeneity of the composition of youth jargon carriers. We are talking about those cases when for the same concept in different groups of young people, different designations were developed in parallel, which can also be considered as a special case of synonymy. Examples of this kind are the rows: hip / hippan (common language) - people (self-name) - hippie guy; junkie (general) - junkie (self-named) - drug addict; depressive (common mol.) - down (hip.) - a feeling of oppression, depression, depression; ancestors, rodaks (common mol.) - olds, prints (hip.) - skulls (punk.) - laces (school) - parents, etc.

Another interesting feature of jargon synonymy manifests itself when considering the synonymic rows of jargon in the temporal aspect. As observations show, some rows of synonyms are characterized by the fact that their constituent units came into use at approximately the same moment in time, while the other part of the synonyms demonstrates the sequence in the appearance of their units. In this regard, it seems to us legitimate to use, in relation to the indicated categories of synonyms, the definitions "synchronous synonyms" (i.e., synonyms that came into use at about the same time) and "diachronic synonyms" (i.e., those that appeared alternately, at different time periods). An example of synchronic synonyms is a series of jargons vidic / vidak / vidyushnik (video recorder, video player), all units of which arose simultaneously. An exponential diachronic series is formed by synonyms with the meaning "" a thousand rubles "" (piece, piece, ton, oblique / mower), which appeared in youth jargon one after another in the order of enumeration.

With the growing popularity of bodybuilding (bodybuilding), jargon appears almost simultaneously in the youth environment, meaning "a person with a powerful, muscular figure" muscles), the latter is derived from the word "bodybuilder") - their synchronism is not in doubt. And in the synonymous series of ancestors - parents / parens / prints - olds - rodaks - boats - skulls - shoelaces (parents), the most "old" is obviously the jargon "ancestors" (1964), while "skulls" and "laces" appeared already in the 90s. This is a case of diachronic synonymy.

Youth argot should be considered in the context of youth culture. Researchers of youth culture are increasingly inclined to think that it is a significant factor in the cultural process. For example, I. Kon writes that "youth is not an object of education, but a subject of social action."

Youth culture and youth slang is not something complete and monolithic, it is not advisable to consider it as something isolated, specific, the topic itself is not relevant here, the kiniko-youth complex is relevant - one of the strongest "fermentation enzymes" in culture and language.

Speaking of slang, I would like to superficially touch on the problem of swearing.

Cursing the last words is now considered almost a "good" tone. Many people can no longer explain their thoughts without resorting to swear words, but a swear word is an unvarnished, petty muck, a sign of a wild, most primitive culture.

With the use of profanity, not only language, but also consciousness becomes more primitive. From bad thoughts to bad deeds. After all, everything starts with words… And when you can’t stand even a minute at bus stops without hearing a rotten word, when swear words and jargon burst from TV screens, it’s hard to understand what is “good and what is bad”. But the fact is that even an innocent passion for jargon bears fruit. And they taste bitter. Firstly, the jargon is simply impenetrably stupid and brings everything to the point of absurdity. Have you heard Rozovsky's parody of the tale of "Little Red Riding Hood"? Here she is. "All the way, walking with terrible force through the forest, the Gray Wolf stuck to the colossal dude - Little Red Riding Hood. She immediately caught on that the Gray Wolf was a weakling and suffocated, and began to push him about a sick grandmother." And here is how the description of the Dnieper from Gogol's work "Terrible Revenge" looks like in jargon: "Cool Dnieper in sticky weather, when, roaming and showing off, it saws its cool waters through forests and mountains. you don't know if he's sawing or not sawing a mitten. A rare bird with a schnobel will comb to the middle. This is just nonsense, devoid of not only poetry, but, alas, of any meaning, which causes only fair laughter. And if the author of the immortal lines had ventured to write this, his name would never have been known. Sometimes it is almost impossible to understand what is said in jargon.

Imagine a person who walks up to a taxi driver and says, "Shake the scarecrow." "Shake" - bring you can still guess. What is a "scarecrow"? Turns out it's a local history museum.

How long can you decorate your speech by inserting into it these universal words that mean absolutely nothing? What, for example, is the meaning of the word "goofy"? Enjoy reading, taking a bath, watching TV…?

Bibliography

1. Elistratov V.S., Dictionary of Russian Argo: Materials, M., "Russian Dictionaries", 2000

2. Ermakova O.P., Zemskaya E.A., Rozina R.I., Words we met: Explanatory Dictionary of General Jargon, M., "Azbukovik", 1999

Mokienko V.M., Nikitina T.G., Big Dictionary of Russian Jargon, St. Petersburg, "Norint", 2000

Nikitina T.G., So the youth says, St. Petersburg, "Foliopress", 1998

Nikitina T.G., Explanatory dictionary of youth slang, M., "Astrel: AST: Transitbook", 2005

Russian language jargon youth slang

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1. Basics of speech culture

2. Basic understanding of slang

Let's touch our speech and find out how sick it is. The real misfortune of our society and our language is foul language.

3. Sources of replenishment of slang

Thus, a very active process of integrating common jargon with all areas of the profanity of the Russian language is currently taking place.

Jargon is constantly replenished as a result of semantic and word-formation processes.

4. Youth slang

5. Schoolchildren's slang as a component of youth slang

As for the actual evaluative vocabulary, it is characterized by the presence of lexemes with a pronounced positive or negative assessment.

. student slang

7. Synonymy in youth slang

Speaking of slang, I would like to superficially touch on the problem of swearing.

Imagine a person who walks up to a taxi driver and says, "Shake the scarecrow." "Shake" - bring you can still guess. What is a "scarecrow"? Turns out it's a local history museum.

Bibliography

1. Elistratov V.S., Dictionary of Russian Argo: Materials, M., "Russian Dictionaries", 2000

2. Ermakova O.P., Zemskaya E.A., Rozina R.I., Words we met: Explanatory Dictionary of General Jargon, M., "Azbukovik", 1999

Mokienko V.M., Nikitina T.G., Big Dictionary of Russian Jargon, St. Petersburg, "Norint", 2000

Nikitina T.G., So the youth says, St. Petersburg, "Foliopress", 1998

Nikitina T.G., Explanatory dictionary of youth slang, M., "Astrel: AST: Transitbook", 2005

Russian language jargon youth slang

Popova Vlada Vitalievna

The influence of jargon on the culture of speech. Types of jargon. Questionnaire results

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Jargonisms and the culture of speech Completed by: Vlada Popova, student of the 6th grade. Leader: Weber G.A. Kirikovo, 2013

Purpose: To study school statistics on the use of jargon.

Tasks: Find out what jargon is? Learn the classification of jargon. Reveal the features of school jargon. Find out which jargon is used most often in our school.

The history of jargon goes back thousands of years. From the explanatory dictionary of Vladimir Dal, it is known that the jargon originated from the language of the pedlars-ofen. Hence the other name for the jargon - fenya (to work on a hair dryer). Jargon is a conditional language, understandable only in a certain environment, it has a lot of artificial, sometimes conditional words and expressions. Jargon is opposed to the official, common language. Jargon and its history.

Jargon (French jargon) is a category of "passive" vocabulary, which includes words used by a separate group of people united on a social basis. The unifying feature can be the age category, profession, social class. The words of this category, usually not numerous, constitute a special "language" of a social group, by the use of which its members identify their equals (for example, youth slang plays such a role). Sometimes these words can coexist in the specific “language” of the group along with terms (for example, a certain ratio of jargon and terms is characteristic of professionalism) or constitute a “secret language” used to communicate in conditions of conspiracy (such are argotisms, a variety of which is “fenya” - the language of the thieves' community and declassed elements). In the literature, jargon is used to a limited extent when depicting the speech of representatives of such social groups. Scientific definition.

Jargon is divided into several types (classifications) happens: School Youth Adult Thieves Army Chauffeur Etc. depends on age and occupation.

Peculiarities of school jargon. In the youth environment, jargon has existed for a long time (the jargon of seminarians, high school students). The main thing in this linguistic phenomenon is a departure from ordinary language, a game, irony, a mask. Uninhibited, laid-back youth jargon seeks to get away from the boring world of adults, parents and teachers. Young people are attracted to jargon by unusual sounding, emotionally expressive coloring. Youth jargon is similar to its native speakers - it is sharp, loud, impudent. It is the result of a peculiar desire to remake the world in a different manner, as well as the sign "I am mine." The language here reflects the inner aspirations of the young brighter and stronger than clothes, hairstyles, lifestyle. Available studies show that the carriers of school, youth jargon are now people from 6-7 (from the time they started school) to 35 (the age limit of representatives of the informal hippie association), i.e. students, working youth, young intelligentsia, conscript soldiers and sailors, as well as informal groupings (Skopanki, Goths and others). Generations of young people change in five to seven years, and with them the jargon changes. New or old, jargon remains with the youth as a condition of indispensable play, as an island of naturalness and freedom in the world of adults.

grandmas - money nerd - excellent student; too serious person to load - long, tedious to tell something; overload the interlocutor with your problems. to get - in the meaning of infuriate forget it! - drop or postpone this or that topic. troubles - troubles

cool, well, I personally like it. cool - very good goof - gullible person who is easy to deceive run into - attack with a word or action bummer - failure, failure, disappointment break away - good, fun time sucks - everything unfashionable, outdated, uninteresting joke - funny situation, maybe a prank

Observation results: I decided to make observations and find out what jargons are used in our school and how often? Observation results: Nouns: dude, deer, brake, teapot, money, vidak, telly, box, theme, outfit, joke, car, Mouzon, cabbage, fireworks, hammer, bazaar, bullshit, show off. Verbs: fuck off, don’t whistle, drive, hawal, sausage, bazaar, otvyan, hesitated, score, estimate, stir up, go nuts, stunned, go crazy, hurt, beguiled, hang out, break off, load, pin up. Adverbs: cool, cool, awesome, lafa, amazing, in figs, a hundred pounds, really, nishtyak, carbon monoxide, purple, broke. Set phrases and sentences: there is no market, I don’t know, there’s no speech, shoelaces in a glass, Christmas trees, don’t give a damn, I’m lying around, well, damn it, give it, filter the market, yes you are. These examples are used very often among schoolchildren.

Why do you use jargon in speech? (questionnaire) Make speech clearer for friends 13 Needed in speech to connect words 10 Fashionable, modern 9 Other 4

Summarize the data. In our school, quite often students use jargon in speech!

Conclusion: While working on the topic “Jargonisms and the culture of speech”, I came to the conclusion that it is impossible to treat this phenomenon unambiguously, it is senseless to prohibit the use of jargonisms, but it is also impossible not to see the dangerous trend of jargonization of the literary language. Therefore, schoolchildren, in my opinion, need to choose the right language means that are adequate to the specific situation of communication, while taking into account who the speech is intended for, for which it is necessary not only to know the norms of the literary language, but also to analyze live speech.

Literature Borisova E.G. About some patterns of modern youth jargon. // RYASH. - 1981.- No. 3. Vinogradov V.V. History of the Russian literary language. - M., 1978. Grachev M.A. Argotisms in youth jargon. // RYASH. - 1996.- No. 1. 4. Grachev M.A. New in youth jargon. RYASH. 2005. -№ 5. 5. Deshnova M.A. Literary norm and practice of colloquial speech.//РЯШ.-1996.-№1. Weekly newspaper "First of September". - 2003.-№20. Koporsky S.A. On the culture of language and speech of youth. // Russian speech.-1991.-№1. 8. Kopylenko M.M. On the semantic nature of jargons. Socio-linguistic research. - M., 1976. 9. Krysin L.P. Sociolinguistic aspects of the study of the modern Russian language. - M.: Nauka, 1989. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. Moscow, 3990. Likhachev D.S. Letters about the good and the beautiful. - M., 1989. Nikitina G.G. Dictionary. - M.: Astrel Publishing House LLC; LLC "Publishing house ACT", 2003. Rozina R.I. Status and trends in the development of common Russian slang 2000-2003.

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