Every science has its own an object and your subject of study. In biology, the object of study is LIFE. The carriers of life are living bodies. Everything related to their existence is studied by biology. The subject of science is always somewhat narrower, more limited than the object. So, for example, one of the scientists is interested in metabolism organisms. Then the object of study will be life, and the subject of study will be metabolism. On the other hand, metabolism can also be an object of study, but then the subject of study will be one of its characteristics, for example, the metabolism of proteins, or fats, or carbohydrates. This is important to understand, because questions about what is the object of study of a particular science are found in exam questions. In addition, it is important for those who will be engaged in science in the future.
EXAMPLES OF TASKS
Part A
A1. Biology as a science studies
1) general signs of the structure of plants and animals
2) the relationship of animate and inanimate nature
3) processes occurring in living systems
4) the origin of life on Earth
A2. I.P. Pavlov in his works on digestion used the research method:
1) historical 3) experimental
2) descriptive 4) biochemical
A3. Ch. Darwin's assumption that each modern species or group of species had common ancestors is:
1) theory 3) fact
2) hypothesis 4) proof
A4. Embryology studies
1) the development of the organism from the zygote to birth
2) the structure and functions of the egg
3) postpartum human development
4) development of the organism from birth to death
A5. The number and shape of chromosomes in a cell is determined by research
1) biochemical 3) centrifugation
2) cytological 4) comparative
A6. Selection as a science solves problems
1) creation of new varieties of plants and animal breeds
2) conservation of the biosphere
3) creation of agrocenoses
4) creating new fertilizers
A7. Patterns of inheritance of traits in humans are established by the method
1) experimental 3) genealogical
2) hybridological 4) observations
A8. The specialty of a scientist who studies the fine structures of chromosomes is called:
1) breeder 3) morphologist
2) cytogeneticist 4) embryologist
A9. Systematics is the science that deals with
1) the study of the external structure of organisms
2) the study of body functions
3) identifying relationships between organisms
4) classification of organisms
Part B
IN 1. Indicate three functions that modern cell theory performs
1) Experimentally confirms scientific data on the structure of organisms
2) Predicts the emergence of new facts, phenomena
3) Describes the cellular structure of different organisms
4) Systematizes, analyzes and explains new facts about the cellular structure of organisms
5) Puts forward hypotheses about the cellular structure of all organisms
6) Creates new methods of cell research
Part With
C1. The French scientist Louis Pasteur became famous as the "savior of mankind", thanks to the creation of vaccines against infectious diseases, including such as rabies, anthrax, etc. Suggest hypotheses that he could put forward. Which of the research methods did he prove his case?
1.2. Signs and properties of living things: cellular structure, chemical composition, metabolism and energy conversion, homeostasis, irritability, reproduction, development
The main terms and concepts tested in the examination paper: homeostasis, unity of animate and inanimate nature, variability, heredity, metabolism.
Signs and properties of living. Living systems have common features:
– cellular structure . All organisms on earth are made up of cells. An exception are viruses that exhibit the properties of a living thing only in other organisms.
Metabolism - a set of biochemical transformations occurring in the body and other biosystems.
Self-regulation - maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the body (homeostasis). Persistent disturbance of homeostasis leads to the death of the organism.
Irritability - the ability of the body to respond to external and internal stimuli (reflexes in animals and tropisms, taxises and nastia in plants).
Variability - the ability of organisms to acquire new features and properties as a result of the influence of the external environment and changes in the hereditary apparatus - DNA molecules.
Topic: Methods for studying organic nature, biological sciences
1. Breeding as a science solves the following problems: 1) conservation of the biosphere, 2) creation of agrocenoses, 3) creation of new fertilizers, 4) breeding of new breeds and varieties
2. The specialty of a scientist who studies the fine structures of chromosomes is called: 1) a breeder, 2) cytogeneticist, 3) embryologist, 4) anatomist
3. Systematics is a science that studies: 1) the external structure of the body, 2) the functions of the body, 3) the way of life of the body, 4) family ties of the organism
4. The functions of the human body are studied by science: 1) anatomy, 2) physiology, 3) psychology, 4) hygiene
5. Ornithology is the science of: 1) fish, 2) reptiles, 3) mammals, 4) birds
6. Seasonal changes in the life of plants and animals are studied by science: 1) mycology, 2) ichthyology, 3) phenology 4) paleontology
7. What is the name of the doctrine of the origin and development of man: 1) embryogenesis, 2) anthropogenesis, 3) phylogenesis, 4) gametogenesis
8. What science studies the diversity of organisms and their distribution into groups: 1) genetics, 2) zoology, 3) systematics, 4) paleontology
9. Breeding of new breeds and varieties is carried out by: 1) an agronomist, 2) a microbiologist, 3) breeder, 4) agricultural technician
10. What science studies the relationship of organisms and their environment: 1) genetics, 2) ecology, 3) hygiene, 4) physiology
11. A variety of animal species, combining them into taxonomic categories is studied by science:
1) paleontology, 2) ecology, 3) taxonomy 4) anatomy
12. The study of the transmission of hereditary traits of an organism is carried out by: 1) botany, 2) zoology, 3) genet ika, 4) ecology
13. What is the name of Pavlov's method, which made it possible to establish the reflex nature of the secretion of the stomach. juice: 1) observation, 2) description, 3) modeling, 4) experiment
14. A scientist wants to find out the patterns of inheritance of eye color in children in several generations of the same family. What method will he use: 1) experimental, 2) hybridological, 3) genealogical, 4) observation
15. What method is used to study the movement of an amoeba with a microscope: 1) modeling, 2) experiment, 3) comparison, 4) observations
16. An organism first discovered by a scientist in nature is studied using the method: 1) modeling, 2) observation, 3) experiment, 4) comparison
17. Which of the following methods refers to anatomy: 1) blood test for hemoglobin,2) electrocardiogram, 3) radiography, 4) pressure measurement
18. What method is used to study seasonal changes in wildlife: 1) experiment, 2 ) observation, 3) experience, 4) paleontological
19. What method is used in breeding to obtain traits in offspring: 1) crosses, 2) self-pollination, 3) observation, 4) comparison
20. The main method of research in the earliest period of development of biology was: 1) experiment, 2) microscopy, 3) comparative historical, 4 ) observation and description
21. The system of the most general knowledge in the field of science is: 1) theory, 2) experiment, 3) fact, 4) hypothesis
22. The cell theory was formulated by: 1) Muller and Haeckel, 2) Hooke and Brown, 3) Virchow and Pasteur, 4) T. Schwann and M. Schleiden
23. The laws of inheritance of traits studied: 1) Mechnikov, 2) Pavlov, 3) Darwin, 4) Mendel
24. What substances do living organisms consist of: 1) only organic, 2) only inorganic, 3) from organic and inorganic, 4) mainly from organic
25. How does living differ from non-living: 1) the ability to change, 2) cellular structure, 3) movement, 4) atomic structure
26. In living bodies, unlike inanimate ones, there are: 1) water, 2) carbon, 3) nitrogen, 4) protein
27. Metabolism and energy conversion is a sign by which one can distinguish: 1) lower plants from higher ones, 2 ) living from non-living, 3) unicellular from multicellular, 4) animals from humans
28. The processes of oxidation and synthesis of new molecules of organic substances are manifested at the level of organization of living nature: 1) species, 2) biospheric, 3 ) cellular, 4) organismic
29. The minimum level of life organization is: 1) biospheric, 2) molecular, 3) organismic, 4) cellular
30. The highest level of organization of life is: 1) biosphere, 2) molecular, 3) organismic, 4) cellular
31. The relationship of human organ systems is considered at the level of organization: 1) cellular, 2) molecular, 3) organismic, 4) specific
32. The chemical composition of organisms is studied at the level of organization: 1) species, 2) biospheric, 3) molecular, 4) ecosystem
33. The first superorganismal level of life is: 1) biospheric, 2) biogeocenotic, 3) population-species, 4) cellular
35. Biological natural - scientific knowledge allows you to solve problems: a) the origin and evolution of life, b) the nature of electromagnetic interactions, c) the features of the course of redox reactions, d) the occurrence of useful minerals and rocks.
36. Thanks to biology, the modern natural-scientific picture of the world includes the provision on: a) the population as a unit of evolution, b) the structure of inorganic compounds, c) nature as a complex multilevel system d) the immutability of animate and inanimate nature.
37. It is possible to accurately establish the effect of fertilizers on the growth and development of plants by the method of: a) observation, b) description, c) comparisons, d) experimental.
38. Biology does not serve as a theoretical basis for: a) medicine, b) environmental management, c) crop production, animal husbandry, d ) computer technology.
39. An examination in biology is mandatory for admission to: a) law school, b) medical, c) construction, d) financial.
40. When breeding plants in a personal plot, knowledge is required in: a) physics, b) agricultural technology, c) medicine, d) molecular biology
41. The experiment allows: a) test the hypothesis, b) observe the phenomenon, c) verify the observation, d) describe the phenomenon.
42. Organisms discovered in nature for the first time are studied using: a) observations and descriptions, b) modeling, c) comparisons and generalizations, d) setting up an experiment.
43. To study the similarities and differences between humans and primates allows: a) the method of observation, b) the experimental method, c) the method of description, d ) comparative method.
44. What method is used to study seasonal changes in wildlife: a) experimental, b) method of observation and description i, c) comparison method, d) measurement method.
45. What actions can be considered a biological experiment: a) electrical stimulation of the brain obtaining data on his work, b) studying the size and shape of the leaves of one plant, c) collecting data on ancient animals, d) creating a cell theory.
46. To find out if light is necessary for the formation of starch in leaves, you can use: a) experiment on photosynthesis, b) observations of plant growth, c) comparisons of plants from different natural zones, d) descriptions of plant organs.
47. Determine the correct judgment: a) collect bouquets of wild plants, b) clean up after yourself the garbage after a halt, c) cut spruce branches for overnight accommodation in the forest, d) use any convenient place to make a fire.
48. You can’t shout loudly in the forest, because it : a) disturbs birds and other wild animals, b) attracts predators, c) causes disease of the vocal cords, d) slows down plant growth.
49. The science of "cytology" got its name due to the creation of: a) evolutionary doctrine, b) gene theory, c ) cell theory d) atomic-molecular theory.
50. A scientist wants to find out the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis in a new variety of wheat. To do this, first of all, he must: a) set up an experiment b) conduct an observation, c) read an article about photosynthesis, d) compare data from different literary sources.
51. The subject of study of virology are: a) plants, b) viruses, c) mushrooms, d) phages.
52. Mycology is a science that studies: a) plants, b) viruses, c) mushrooms, d) phages.
53. The science that studies the imprints and fossils of extinct organisms: a) physiology, b) ecology, c) paleontologists i, d) selection.
54. The development of an animal organism from the moment of formation of a zygote to birth is studied by science: a) genetics, b) physiology, c) morphology, d) embryology.
55. The method of biology, which consists in the collection of scientific facts and their study: a) modeling, b) historical, c) descriptive d) experimental.
56. The ability of an organism to respond to environmental influences: a) reproduction, b) evolution, c) irritability d) reaction rate.
57. What science studies the causative agents of influenza, AIDS: a) bacteriology, b) botany, c) virology d) mycology.
58. A method based on the study of the course of development of the object under study: a) the method of observation and description, b) comparative, c) historical, d) experimental.
59. Science studying causative agents of tetanus, tuberculosis: a) bacteriology, b) botany, c) virology, d) mycology.
61. What is the name of the system of microscope magnifying glasses in the upper part of the telescope: a) mirror, b) lens, c) microscrew, d) eyepiece.
62. Part of the microscope, with the help of which the sharpness is adjusted: a) a mirror, b) a lens, c) microscrew, d) eyepiece.
63. Founder of plant taxonomy: a) Zh.B. Lamarck, b) C. Darwin, c) L. Pasteur, d ) K. Linnaeus.
64. What will be the magnification of the microscope if the magnification of the eyepiece is x7, and the magnification of the objective is x8: a) 15, b) 56, c) 28, d) 30..
Multiple choice tasks (three correct answers out of six offered)
1. A biological experiment includes: a) examining protozoa under a microscope, b) tracking the migration of birds, c) study of the nature of the pulse after various physical exertion, d) study of the action of saliva for food, e) a description of the external signs of amphibians, f) development of a conditioned food reflex.
2. Each person must observe the following rules of behavior in nature: a) take out the trash, b) collect early flowering plants, c) use rugs for the night, not spruce branches. D) be careful with the collection of dubious mushrooms, e) speak loudly and sing in the forest, f) drink water from reservoirs.
Tasks to establish the correct sequence of biological processes and phenomena.
1. Set the sequence for studying living organisms:
A) description, b) observation, c) experiment, d) hypothesis, e) formulating a pattern.
b, a, d, c, e
2. Establish a sequence of actions when growing plants.
A) soak the seeds, b) select the best seeds, c) plant the plants in open ground, d) plant the hatched seeds in a peat pot, e) plant the young plants.
b, a, d, e, c
Tasks for establishing the correspondence of objects, processes, natural phenomena
Establish a correspondence between the position and the qualification to which it relates.
A) water quality control expert 1) ecologist
B) dentist 2) doctor
C) fish inspector 3) agricultural worker
D) agronomist
D) livestock specialist
E) therapist
| a | b | in | G | d | E |
| 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
2. Establish a correspondence between the prohibited activity and the type of prohibition to which it relates.
Prohibited activity Type of prohibition
A) spring bird hunting 1. For pollution
B) deforestation 2. For extermination
B) wastewater discharge into rivers
D) collection of early flowering plants
D) killing fish
E) burning coal at thermal power plants
| a | b | in | G | d | e |
| 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Complete the sentences
1. Theoretical knowledge of general biology, which serves as the basis for the creation of new potato varieties resistant to the Colorado potato beetle, is applied in the practical field ... (agriculture)
2. The causative agents of infectious diseases are studied by scientists - bacteriologists, and they are treated ... (doctors)
3. All biological research begins with ... (observation)
4. Observation of fish migration allows ... (compare) this process in different fish.
5. To make sure that air, heat, water are necessary for seed germination, it is necessary to carry out the appropriate ... (experiment)
6. The assumption that is verified as a result of the experiment is called ... (hypothesis)
7. Beautifully flowering plants are subject to protection, because their number ... (decreases)
Biology The science that studies the properties of living systems. However, it is rather difficult to define what a living system is. That is why scientists have established several criteria by which an organism can be classified as living. Chief among these criteria are metabolism or metabolism, self-reproduction and self-regulation.
The concept of science is defined as "the sphere of human activity to obtain, systematize objective knowledge about reality." In accordance with this definition, the object of science - biology is life in all its manifestations and forms, as well as at different levels.
Every science, including biology, uses certain research methods. Some of them are universal for all sciences, such as observation, proposing and testing hypotheses, and building theories. Other scientific methods can only be used by a particular science. For example, geneticists have a genealogical method for studying human pedigrees, breeders have a hybridization method, histologists have a tissue culture method, etc.
Biology is closely related to other sciences - chemistry, physics, ecology, geography. Biology itself is divided into many special sciences that study various biological objects: plant and animal biology, plant physiology, morphology, genetics, taxonomy, breeding, mycology, helminthology and many other sciences.
Method- this is the path of research that a scientist goes through, solving any scientific problem, problem.
The main methods of science include the following:
| Comparison | Well-written descriptions can be compared even if they were produced by different people in different countries and at different times. For example, one can compare the shell sizes of molluscs of the same biological species today and under Lamarck, the behavior of an elk in Siberia and Alaska, the growth of cell culture at low and high temperatures, the structure of the humerus in a tyrannosaurus rex and a modern crocodile. |
Hypothesis | Differences revealed by comparing descriptions can be interpreted using assumptions about the causes of differences - hypotheses. For example, it can be assumed by seeing the different rate of cell growth at different temperatures, it can be assumed that temperature affects the rate of cell growth. |
Experiment | Hypotheses are tested by artificially changing the conditions for the course of biological processes and by conducting repeated observations and descriptions. For example, it is possible to grow cells at different temperatures, revealing the optimum at which growth is fastest. |
Modeling - a method in which a certain image of an object is created, a model with which scientists obtain the necessary information about an object. So, for example, when establishing the structure of the DNA molecule, James Watson and Francis Crick created a model from plastic elements - a DNA double helix that corresponds to the data of X-ray and biochemical studies. This model fully met the requirements for DNA.
Observation- the method by which the researcher collects information about the object. You can observe visually, for example, the behavior of animals. It is possible to observe with the help of devices the changes occurring in living objects: for example, when taking a cardiogram during the day, when measuring the weight of a calf during a month. You can observe seasonal changes in nature, the molting of animals, etc. The conclusions drawn by the observer are verified either by repeated observations or experimentally.
Experiment(experiment) - a method by which the results of observations are checked, the assumptions made are hypotheses. Examples of experiments are crossing animals or plants in order to obtain a new variety or breed, testing a new drug, identifying the role of any cell organelle, etc. An experiment is always the acquisition of new knowledge with the help of a given experience.
Problem- a question, a problem that needs to be solved. Problem solving leads to new knowledge. A scientific problem always hides some contradiction between the known and the unknown. Solving the problem requires the scientist to collect facts, analyze them, and systematize them. An example of a problem is, for example, the following: “How does the adaptation of organisms to the environment arise?” or “How can I prepare for serious exams in the shortest possible time?”. It can be quite difficult to formulate a problem, but whenever there is a difficulty, a contradiction, a problem appears.
Hypothesis- an assumption, a preliminary solution to the problem. Putting forward hypotheses, the researcher is looking for relationships between facts, phenomena, processes. That is why the hypothesis most often takes the form of an assumption: "if ... then." For example, “If plants emit oxygen in the light, then we can detect it with the help of a smoldering torch, because. oxygen must support combustion. The hypothesis is tested experimentally. (See Hypotheses for the Origin of Life on Earth.)
Theory - it is a generalization of the main ideas in any scientific field of knowledge. For example, the theory of evolution summarizes all the reliable scientific data obtained by researchers over many decades. Over time, theories are supplemented by new data, develop. Some theories may be refuted by new facts. True scientific theories are confirmed by practice. So, for example, the genetic theory of G. Mendel and the chromosome theory of T. Morgan were confirmed by many experimental studies in different countries of the world. The modern evolutionary theory, although it has found many scientifically proven confirmations, still meets opponents, because. not all of its provisions can be confirmed by facts at the present stage of development of science.
Private scientific methods in biology are:
genealogical method- used in the compilation of pedigrees of people, identifying the nature of inheritance of certain traits.
historical method- establishing relationships between facts, processes, phenomena that have occurred over a historically long time (several billion years). The evolutionary doctrine has developed largely due to this method. paleontological method- a method that allows you to find out the relationship between ancient organisms, the remains of which are in the earth's crust, in different geological layers. centrifugation– separation of mixtures into component parts under the action of centrifugal force. It is used in the separation of cell organelles, light and heavy fractions (components) of organic substances, etc.
Cytological, or cytogenetic, - the study of the structure of the cell, its structures using various microscopes.
Biochemical - the study of chemical processes occurring in the body. Each particular biological science (botany, zoology, anatomy and physiology, cytology, embryology, genetics, breeding, ecology, and others) uses its own more particular research methods. Each science has its own object, and its own subject of study. In biology, the object of study is LIFE. The carriers of life are living bodies. Everything related to their existence is studied by biology. The subject of science is always somewhat narrower, more limited than the object. So, for example, one of the scientists is interested in the metabolism of organisms. Then the object of study will be life, and the subject of study will be metabolism. On the other hand, metabolism can also be an object of study, but then the subject of study will be one of its characteristics, for example, the metabolism of proteins, or fats, or carbohydrates. This is important to understand, because questions about what is the object of study of a particular science are found in exam questions. In addition, it is important for those who will be engaged in science in the future.
EXAMPLES OF TASKS Part A A1. Biology as a science studies 1) general features of the structure of plants and animals 2) the relationship of animate and inanimate nature 3) the processes occurring in living systems 4) the origin of life on Earth A2. I.P. Pavlov in his works on digestion used the research method: 1) historical 3) experimental 2) descriptive 4) biochemical A3. Ch. Darwin's assumption that each modern species or group of species had common ancestors is: 1) theory 3) fact 2) hypothesis 4) proof A4. Embryology studies 1) the development of the organism from the zygote to birth 2) the structure and functions of the egg 3) the postnatal development of a person 4) the development of the organism from birth to death A5. The number and shape of chromosomes in a cell is established by the research method 1) biochemical 3) centrifugation 2) cytological 4) comparative A6. Breeding as a science solves the problems of 1) creating new varieties of plants and animal breeds 2) preserving the biosphere 3) creating agrocenoses 4) creating new fertilizers A7. The patterns of inheritance of traits in humans are established by the method 1) experimental 3) genealogical 2) hybridological 4) observation A8. The specialty of a scientist who studies the fine structures of chromosomes is called: 1) breeder 3) morphologist 2) cytogeneticist 4) embryologist A9. Systematics is a science that deals with 1) the study of the external structure of organisms 2) the study of the functions of an organism 3) the identification of relationships between organisms 4) the classification of organisms
Part B B1. Indicate the three functions that modern cellular theory performs 1) Experimentally confirms scientific data on the structure of organisms 2) Predicts the emergence of new facts, phenomena 3) Describes the cellular structure of different organisms 4) Systematizes, analyzes and explains new facts about the cellular structure of organisms 5) Puts forward hypotheses about the cellular structure of all organisms 6) Creates new methods for studying cells
Part C C1. The French scientist Louis Pasteur became famous as the "savior of mankind", thanks to the creation of vaccines against infectious diseases, including such as rabies, anthrax, etc. Suggest hypotheses that he could put forward. Which of the research methods did he prove his case?
Biology [A complete guide to preparing for the exam] Lerner Georgy Isaakovich
Section 1 Biology - the science of life
Biology is the science of life
1.1. Biology as a science, its achievements, research methods, connections with other sciences. The role of biology in the life and practical activities of man
Terms and concepts tested in the examination papers for this section: hypothesis, research method, science, scientific fact, object of research, problem, theory, experiment.
Biology The science that studies the properties of living systems. However, it is rather difficult to define what a living system is. That is why scientists have established several criteria by which an organism can be classified as living. Chief among these criteria are metabolism or metabolism, self-reproduction and self-regulation. A separate chapter will be devoted to the discussion of these and other criteria (or) properties of the living.
concept the science is defined as "the sphere of human activity to obtain, systematize objective knowledge about reality." In accordance with this definition, the object of science - biology is a life in all its manifestations and forms, as well as on different levels .
Every science, including biology, uses certain methods research. Some of them are universal for all sciences, such as observation, proposing and testing hypotheses, and building theories. Other scientific methods can only be used by a particular science. For example, geneticists have a genealogical method for studying human pedigrees, breeders have a hybridization method, histologists have a tissue culture method, etc.
Biology is closely related to other sciences - chemistry, physics, ecology, geography. Biology itself is divided into many special sciences that study various biological objects: plant and animal biology, plant physiology, morphology, genetics, taxonomy, breeding, mycology, helminthology and many other sciences.
Method- this is the path of research that a scientist goes through, solving any scientific problem, problem.
The main methods of science include the following:
Modeling- a method in which a certain image of an object is created, a model with which scientists obtain the necessary information about the object. So, for example, when establishing the structure of the DNA molecule, James Watson and Francis Crick created a model from plastic elements - a DNA double helix that corresponds to the data of X-ray and biochemical studies. This model fully met the requirements for DNA. ( See section Nucleic acids.)
Observation- the method by which the researcher collects information about the object. You can observe visually, for example, the behavior of animals. It is possible to observe with the help of devices the changes occurring in living objects: for example, when taking a cardiogram during the day, when measuring the weight of a calf during a month. You can observe seasonal changes in nature, the molting of animals, etc. The conclusions drawn by the observer are verified either by repeated observations or experimentally.
Experiment (Experience)- a method by which the results of observations, put forward assumptions are checked - hypotheses . Examples of experiments are crossing animals or plants in order to obtain a new variety or breed, testing a new drug, identifying the role of any cell organelle, etc. An experiment is always the acquisition of new knowledge with the help of a given experience.
Problem- a question, a problem that needs to be solved. Problem solving leads to new knowledge. A scientific problem always hides some contradiction between the known and the unknown. Solving the problem requires the scientist to collect facts, analyze them, and systematize them. An example of a problem is, for example, the following: “How does the adaptation of organisms to the environment arise?” or “How can I prepare for serious exams in the shortest possible time?”.
It can be quite difficult to formulate a problem, but whenever there is a difficulty, a contradiction, a problem appears.
Hypothesis- an assumption, a preliminary solution to the problem. Putting forward hypotheses, the researcher is looking for relationships between facts, phenomena, processes. That is why the hypothesis most often takes the form of an assumption: "if ... then." For example, “If plants emit oxygen in the light, then we can detect it with the help of a smoldering torch, because. oxygen must support combustion. The hypothesis is tested experimentally. (See Hypotheses for the Origin of Life on Earth.)
Theory is a generalization of the main ideas in any scientific field of knowledge. For example, the theory of evolution summarizes all the reliable scientific data obtained by researchers over many decades. Over time, theories are supplemented by new data, develop. Some theories may be refuted by new facts. True scientific theories are confirmed by practice. So, for example, the genetic theory of G. Mendel and the chromosome theory of T. Morgan were confirmed by many experimental studies in different countries of the world. The modern evolutionary theory, although it has found many scientifically proven confirmations, still meets opponents, because. not all of its provisions can be confirmed by facts at the present stage of development of science.
Private scientific methods in biology are:
genealogical method - used in the compilation of pedigrees of people, identifying the nature of inheritance of certain traits.
historical method - establishing relationships between facts, processes, phenomena that have occurred over a historically long time (several billion years). The evolutionary doctrine has developed largely due to this method.
paleontological method - a method that allows you to find out the relationship between ancient organisms, the remains of which are in the earth's crust, in different geological layers.
centrifugation – separation of mixtures into component parts under the action of centrifugal force. It is used in the separation of cell organelles, light and heavy fractions (components) of organic substances, etc.
Cytological or cytogenetic , - study of the structure of the cell, its structures using various microscopes.
Biochemical - the study of chemical processes occurring in the body.
Each particular biological science (botany, zoology, anatomy and physiology, cytology, embryology, genetics, breeding, ecology, and others) uses its own more particular research methods.
Every science has its own an object and your subject of study. In biology, the object of study is LIFE. The carriers of life are living bodies. Everything related to their existence is studied by biology. The subject of science is always somewhat narrower, more limited than the object. So, for example, one of the scientists is interested in metabolism organisms. Then the object of study will be life, and the subject of study will be metabolism. On the other hand, metabolism can also be an object of study, but then the subject of study will be one of its characteristics, for example, the metabolism of proteins, or fats, or carbohydrates. This is important to understand, because questions about what is the object of study of a particular science are found in exam questions. In addition, it is important for those who will be engaged in science in the future.
EXAMPLES OF TASKS
Part A
A1. Biology as a science studies
1) general signs of the structure of plants and animals
2) the relationship of animate and inanimate nature
3) processes occurring in living systems
4) the origin of life on Earth
A2. I.P. Pavlov in his works on digestion used the research method:
1) historical 3) experimental
2) descriptive 4) biochemical
A3. Ch. Darwin's assumption that each modern species or group of species had common ancestors is:
1) theory 3) fact
2) hypothesis 4) proof
A4. Embryology studies
1) the development of the organism from the zygote to birth
2) the structure and functions of the egg
3) postpartum human development
4) development of the organism from birth to death
A5. The number and shape of chromosomes in a cell is determined by research
1) biochemical 3) centrifugation
2) cytological 4) comparative
A6. Selection as a science solves problems
1) creation of new varieties of plants and animal breeds
2) conservation of the biosphere
3) creation of agrocenoses
4) creating new fertilizers
A7. Patterns of inheritance of traits in humans are established by the method
1) experimental 3) genealogical
2) hybridological 4) observations
A8. The specialty of a scientist who studies the fine structures of chromosomes is called:
1) breeder 3) morphologist
2) cytogeneticist 4) embryologist
A9. Systematics is the science that deals with
1) the study of the external structure of organisms
2) the study of body functions
3) identifying relationships between organisms
4) classification of organisms
Part B
IN 1. Indicate three functions that modern cell theory performs
1) Experimentally confirms scientific data on the structure of organisms
2) Predicts the emergence of new facts, phenomena
3) Describes the cellular structure of different organisms
4) Systematizes, analyzes and explains new facts about the cellular structure of organisms
5) Puts forward hypotheses about the cellular structure of all organisms
6) Creates new methods of cell research
Part With
C1. The French scientist Louis Pasteur became famous as the "savior of mankind", thanks to the creation of vaccines against infectious diseases, including such as rabies, anthrax, etc. Suggest hypotheses that he could put forward. Which of the research methods did he prove his case?
From the book Everything in Science. Aphorisms author Dushenko Konstantin VasilievichBIOLOGY Life is a mode of existence of protein bodies. Friedrich Engels Life is a way of the existence of some bodies at the expense of the survival of others. Boris Krutier The brain is a reliable biological system built from unreliable elements. John von Neumann What we think
From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BI) of the author TSB From the book Crossword Guide author Kolosova Svetlana From the book Encyclopedic Dictionary of winged words and expressions author Serov Vadim VasilievichSection VIII Biology
From the book 3333 tricky questions and answers authorSection XXIX Hippology (the science of horses)
From the book The Big Book of Entertaining Facts in Questions and Answers author Kondrashov Anatoly PavlovichScience shortens / We experience a fleeting life From the tragedy "Boris Godunov" (1825) by A. S. Pushkin (1799-1837), the words of Boris Godunov addressed to his son Fyodor, who draws a geographical map (the scene "Royal
From the book Biology [A complete guide to preparing for the exam] author Lerner Georgy IsaakovichBiology and Medicine How different is the human genome from the chimpanzee genome? A genome is a set of genes contained in a haploid (single) set of chromosomes of a given organism. The genome is not a characteristic of an individual, but of a species of organisms. February 2001
From the book Russian scientists and inventors author Artemov Vladislav Vladimirovich3. Biology and medicine 3.1. What is panspermia? The origin of life on Earth remains a mystery and a subject of controversy for more than one hundred years. The fact is that our planet arose approximately 4.5 billion years ago and during the first 500 million years its surface was subjected to
From the book Fundamentals of Life Safety. 7th grade author Petrov Sergey Viktorovich1.1. Biology as a science, its achievements, research methods, connections with other sciences. The role of biology in human life and practical activities Terms and concepts tested in the examination papers in this section: hypothesis, research method, science, scientific fact,
From the book Women's Health. Big Medical Encyclopedia author author unknown From the book The Newest Book of Facts. Volume 1. Astronomy and astrophysics. Geography and other earth sciences. Biology and medicine author Kondrashov Anatoly PavlovichSection II BASES OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTHY WAYS
From the book In the world of entertaining facts the author Zemlyanoy BSection X. Sex in a Woman's Life
From the book Universal Encyclopedic Reference author Isaeva E. L. From the book Farmer's Handbook [Livestock, poultry, beekeeping] the author Skrypnik IgorSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - FOR LIFE Scientists of the earth are now working on three mysteries of nature, each of which opens a window to a new world. The first of them is space, the second is the structure of the atomic nucleus, the third is the mystery of the essence of life. Not so long ago, people knew about three elementary
From the author's bookBiology Human Body Systems Excretory Hormonal Respiratory Immune Circulation Nervous Musculoskeletal (skeletal,
From the author's bookBiology of bees The composition of a bee colony A bee colony is a complex organism consisting of several thousand worker bees, several hundred drones and a queen, connected into a single whole by metabolism. Thanks to such a community, a bee colony can collect a large number of
Biology is like a science.
1. Biology as a science studies 1) general features of the structure of plants and animals; 2) the relationship of animate and inanimate nature; 3) processes occurring in living systems; 4) the origin of life on Earth.
2.I.P. Pavlov in his works on digestion used the research method: 1) historical; 2) descriptive; 3) experimental; 4) biochemical.
3. Ch. Darwin's assumption that each modern species or group of species had common ancestors is 1) a theory; 2) hypothesis; 3) fact; 4) proof.
4. Embryology studies 1) the development of an organism from a zygote to birth; 2) the structure and functions of the egg; 3) postnatal human development; 4) the development of the organism from birth to death.
5. The number and shape of chromosomes in a cell is established by the research method 1) biochemical; 2) cytological; 3) centrifugation; 4) comparative.
6. Breeding as a science solves problems 1) creation of new varieties of plants and animal breeds; 2) conservation of the biosphere; 3) creation of agrocenoses; 4) creation of new fertilizers.
7. Patterns of inheritance of traits in humans are established by the method 1) experimental; 2) hybridological; 3) genealogical; 4) observations.
8. The specialty of a scientist who studies the fine structures of chromosomes is called: 1) a breeder; 2) cytogeneticist; 3) morphologist; 4) embryologist.
9. Systematics is a science that deals with 1) the study of the external structure of organisms; 2) studying the functions of an organism; 3) identifying relationships between organisms; 4) classification of organisms.
10. The ability of an organism to respond to environmental influences is called: 1) reproduction; 2) evolution; 3) irritability; 4) reaction rate.
11. The metabolism and transformation of energy is a sign by which: 1) establish the similarity of bodies of animate and inanimate nature; 2) the living can be distinguished from the non-living; 3) unicellular organisms differ from multicellular ones; 4) Animals are different from humans.
12. For living objects of nature, unlike inanimate bodies, it is characteristic: 1) weight reduction; 2) movement in space; 3) breathing; 4) dissolution of substances in water.
13. The occurrence of mutations is associated with such property of an organism as: 1) heredity; 2) variability; 3) irritability; 4) self-reproduction.
14. Photosynthesis, protein biosynthesis are signs of: 1) plastic metabolism; 2) energy metabolism; 3) nutrition and respiration; 4) homeostasis.
15. At what level of organization of living things do gene mutations occur: 1) organismal; 2) cellular; 3) species; 4) molecular.
16. The structure and functions of protein molecules are studied at the level of organization of the living: 1) organismic; 2) fabric; 3) molecular; 4) population.
17. At what level of organization of living things is the cycle of substances carried out in nature?
1) cellular; 2) organismic; 3) population-species; 4) biospheric.
18. Living from non-living is distinguished by the ability to: 1) change the properties of an object under the influence of the environment; 2) participate in the circulation of substances; 3) reproduce their own kind; 4) change the size of the object under the influence of the environment.
19. Cellular structure is an important feature of the living, characteristic of: 1) bacteriophages; 2) viruses; 3) crystals; 4) bacteria.
20. Maintaining the relative constancy of the chemical composition of the body is called:
1) metabolism; 2) assimilation; 3) homeostasis; 4) adaptation.
