"Society as a dynamic system".
Option 1.
BUT. 1. Highlighting the main elements of society, their relationship and interaction, scientists characterize society as
1)system
2) part of nature
3) material world
4) civilization
2. Society in the understanding of scientists is:
2) ways of interaction and forms of bringing people together
3) part of wildlife, subject to its laws
4) the material world as a whole
3. Are the following judgments about society correct?
A. Society is a system consisting of interrelated and interacting elements.
B. Society is a dynamic system in which new elements and connections between them constantly arise and old elements die off.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
4. Unlike nature, society
1) is a system 3) acts as a creator of culture
2) is in development 4) develops according to its own laws
5. The emergence of private ownership of the means of production has led to increased stratification of society. The connection of what aspects of the life of society was manifested in this phenomenon?
1)production, distribution, consumption and spiritual sphere
2)economics and politics
3) economics and social relations
4) economy and culture
6. Which of the following refers to the global problems of our time?
1) the formation of a socially oriented economy
2) the revival of cultural and moral values
3) the gap in the level of development between the regions of the planet
4) development of international cooperation
7. Are the following judgments about society true?
A. Among the subsystems and elements of society are social institutions.
B. Not all elements of social life are subject to change.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
8. Which of the above features characterizes an industrial society?
1) the leading role of agriculture 3) a weak level of division of labor
2) the predominance of industry 4) the decisive importance of the service sector in the economy
9. Which of the features is inherent in a traditional society?
1) intensive development of infrastructure 3) the predominance of the patriarchal type of family
2) computerization of industry 4) the secular nature of culture
10. The transition to a post-industrial society is characterized by
1) the formation of a market economy 3) the development of mass media
2) restriction of social mobility 4) organization of factory production
11. A characteristic feature of Western civilization is:
1) low social mobility
2) long-term preservation of traditional legal norms
3) active introduction of new technologies
4) weakness and underdevelopment of democratic values
12. Are the following judgments about the process of globalization correct?
A. All global processes are the result of increased international contacts.
B. The development of mass communication makes the modern world whole.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong
13. Country A. with a population of 25 million people is located in the Northern Hemisphere. What additional information will make it possible to judge whether A. belongs to post-industrial societies?
1) The country has a multi-confessional composition of the population.
2) The country has an extensive network of rail transport.
3) Society is managed by means of computer networks.
4) Traditional family values are promoted in the media.
14. A characteristic feature of evolution as a form of social development is:
1) the revolutionary nature of change 3) violent methods
2) spasmodic 4) gradual
Q. 1 Read the text below with a number of words missing.
Western civilization is called ____(1). The production that has developed in the European region _____ (2) required the utmost exertion of the physical and intellectual forces of society, the constant improvement of tools and methods of influencing nature. In this regard, a new system of values has been formed: active creative, ______ (3) human activity is coming to the fore.
Unconditional value has acquired _______ (4) knowledge that expands the intellectual powers of a person, his inventive capabilities. Western civilization has put forward _____(5) individuals and ______(6) property as the most important values. The main regulator of social relations are _____ (7).
Choose from the proposed list of words to be inserted in place of spaces.
a) private
b) collective
c) legal norms
d) industrial
e) adaptable
g) scientific
h) transforming
i) freedom
j) religious
2. Find in the list the features of society as a dynamic system and circle the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) isolation from nature
2) lack of interconnection of subsystems and public institutions
3) the ability for self-organization and self-development
4) isolation from the material world
5) constant change
6) the possibility of degradation of individual elements
C1. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "civilization"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about civilization.
C2. Use three examples to describe the advantages of the formational approach.
C3. Read the text and do the tasks for it.
Gaining more and more strength, civilization often showed a clear tendency to impose ideas with the help of missionary activities or direct violence coming from religious, in particular Christian, traditions ... So civilization steadily spread across the planet, using all possible ways and means for this - migration, colonization, conquest, trade, industrial development, financial control and cultural influence. Little by little, all countries and peoples began to live according to its laws or created them according to the model established by it ...
The development of civilization, however, was accompanied by the flowering of bright hopes and illusions that could not come true ... At the heart of her philosophy and her actions was always elitism. And the Earth, no matter how generous it is, is still not able to accommodate an ever-growing population and satisfy its more and more new needs, desires and whims. That is why a new, deeper split has now emerged - between super-developed and underdeveloped countries. But even this rebellion of the world proletariat, which seeks to join the wealth of its more prosperous brethren, takes place within the framework of the same dominant civilization ... It is unlikely that it will be able to withstand this new test, especially now, when its own organism is torn apart by numerous ailments. NTR, on the other hand, is becoming more and more obstinate, and it is becoming more and more difficult to pacify it. Having endowed us with unprecedented strength and instilled a taste for a level of life that we did not even think about, NTR sometimes does not give us the wisdom to keep our abilities and demands under control. And it's time for our generation to finally understand that now it depends only on us ... the fate of not individual countries and regions, but of all mankind as a whole.
A. Peccei
1) What global problems of modern society does the author highlight? List two or three issues.
2) What does the author mean when he says: “Having endowed us with unprecedented strength and instilled a taste for a level of life that we did not even think about, the scientific and technological revolution does not sometimes give us the wisdom to keep our abilities and demands under control”? Make two guesses.
3) Illustrate with examples (at least three) the author's statement: "The development of civilization ... was accompanied by the flowering of bright hopes and illusions that could not be realized."
4) Is it possible, in your opinion, to overcome the contrast between rich and poor countries in the foreseeable future. Justify the answer.
C4 * Society is a set of stones that would collapse if one did not support the other ”(Seneca)
Society is a system .
What is a system? “System” is a Greek word, from other Greek. σύστημα - whole, composed of parts, connection.
So, if it is about society as a system, it means that society consists of separate, but interconnected, complementary and developing parts, elements. Such elements are spheres of public life (subsystems), which, in turn, are a system for their constituent elements.
EXPLANATION:
Finding an answer to a question about society as a system, it is necessary to find an answer that contains elements of society: spheres, subsystems, social institutions, that is, parts of this system.
Society is a dynamic system
Recall the meaning of the word "dynamic". It is derived from the word "dynamics", denoting movement, the course of development of a phenomenon, something. This development can go both forward and backward, the main thing is that it happens.
Society - dynamic system. It does not stand still, it is in constant motion. Not all areas develop in the same way. Some change faster, some slower. But everything is moving. Even a period of stagnation, that is, a suspension in movement, is not an absolute stop. Today is not like yesterday. “Everything flows, everything changes,” said the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus.
EXPLANATION:
The correct answer to the question about society as a dynamic system there will be one in which we are talking about any kind of movement, interaction, mutual influence of any elements in society.
Spheres of public life (subsystems)
| Spheres of public life | Definition | Elements of the sphere of public life |
| Economic | the creation of material wealth, the production activity of society and the relations that arise in the production process. | economic benefitseconomic resourceseconomic facilities |
| Political | includes relations of power and subordination, management of society, the activities of state, public, political organizations. | political institutionspolitical organizationspolitical ideologypolitical culture |
| Social | the internal structure of society, social groups in it, their interaction. | social groupssocial institutionssocial interactionsocial norms |
| Spiritual | includes the creation and development of spiritual goods, the development of public consciousness, science, education, religion, art. | spiritual needsspiritual productionsubjects of spiritual activity, that is, who creates spiritual valuesspiritual values |
EXPLANATION
The exam will be presented two types of tasks on this topic.
1. It is necessary to find out by signs what area we are talking about (remember this table).
- More difficult is the second type of task, when it is necessary, after analyzing the situation, to determine the connection and interaction of which spheres of public life are represented here.
Example: The State Duma adopted the law "On Competition".
In this case, we are talking about the relationship between the political sphere (the State Duma) and the economic (the law concerns competition).
Material prepared: Melnikova Vera Aleksandrovna
To help the graduate: "Preparation for the exam in social studies."
Social science is one of the most chosen subjects by school graduates, because. he is profiling in many Russian universities. In order to successfully pass the exam in social studies, not only knowledge is required, but also the ability to apply them in practice (solution of test tasks).
Without the completed part C, there can be no high score. Complete correct performance of the tasks of part 3 (C) is estimated from 2 to 5 points, C1, C2, C5 - 2 points each, tasks C3, C4, C6, C7, C8 - 3 points each, tasks C9 - 5 points, in total for the part C - 26 points.
To help those guys who decided to take social studies this year, the same type of tasks of part C were selected.
Task C5 - task of an increased level to enumerate signs, phenomena or to use a concept in a given context. There are two models of this task:
The first model assumes the enumeration of a certain number of given elements (properties, manifestations, etc.);
The second model involves the definition of a concept and the compilation of two informative sentences with it, reflecting certain theoretical or actual social science data.
Part C5 assignments
C5. one. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "scientific knowledge"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about scientific knowledge.
C5.2. List any three features that characterize a society as an open dynamic system.
C5.3. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "school education"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about school education.
C5.4. What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "economic resources"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about economic resources.
C5.5. Name three features of a presidential republic that distinguish it from a parliamentary republic.
C5.6. Name any three functions of politics in a state.
C5.7. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "political behavior"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about political behavior.
C5.8. Give three reasons for grouping people together.
C5.9. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "socialization of the individual"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the socialization of the individual.
C5.10. What meaning do lawyers invest in the concept of "civil marriage"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about civil marriage.
C5.11. Scientists have determined that the voter's choice during voting is determined by a significant number of factors. List any three factors that influence a voter's decision.
C5.12. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "labor market"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the labor market.
C5.13. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social group"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about social groups in society.
C5.14. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "world religions"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about world religions.
C5.15. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "political elite"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the political elite.
C5.16. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "citizenship"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about citizenship.
C5. 17. It is known that many democratic countries are faced with the problem of low voter turnout. Some countries impose special sanctions (such as fines) on such voters, others consider turnout to be a right of the voter, which he may not enjoy. Suggest what could be the reasons for low voter turnout? Name three reasons.
C5.18. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social control"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about social control.
C5.19. Form four judgments that reveal the various functions of political parties in modern society.
C5.20. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "education"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about education.
C5.21. Name three functions of modern science.
C5.22. What is the limitation of economic resources? Give at least three sentences.
C5. 23. Name three historical types of society.
C5. 24. Name any three human needs.
C5. 25. Name any three global problems of our time.
C5.26. Name three public institutions that contribute to the socialization of the individual.
C5. 27. What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "dialogue of cultures"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the dialogue of cultures
C5. 28. List any three reasons why people join groups.
C5. 29 . Name three property rights of spouses.
C5. thirty. List any three conditions that promote economic freedom in a market economy.
C5. 31. Name any three factors of socialization of the individual.
C5. 32 . List any three features that characterize education as a social institution
C5.33. List any three functions of government that are characteristic of a democratic state.
C5.34. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "political party"? Drawing on knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about a political party.
C5.35. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social group"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about social groups in society.
C5.36. What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "world religions"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about world religions.
C5.37. Name two reasons for the emergence of global problems of our time.
C5.38. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "civilization"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about civilization.
C5.39. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "international division of labor"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the international division of labor.
C5.40. Name any three types of worldview.
C5.41.What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "personality"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the personality of a person.
C5.42. Name three subjects of the economic system that benefit from unexpected inflation.
C5.43. Name any three factors that increase the supply of goods.
C5.44..What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "counterculture"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make up two sentences containing information about the counterculture.
C5.45. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social relations"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about social relations.
C5.46. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "cognition". Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about cognition.
C5.47. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "producer"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the manufacturer.
C5.48. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "revolution"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the revolution.
C5.49. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "unemployment"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make up two sentences containing information about unemployment.
C5.50. What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "political ideology"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about political ideology.
ANSWERS to tasks С5.
one). “Scientific knowledge is knowledge acquired through special methods in science.”
Offers:
Scientific knowledge includes a hypothesis.
One of the methods of revealing scientific knowledge is an experiment.
Communication of society with nature;
The presence of subsystems;
The relationship of parts and elements of the social structure;
Constant changes in society.
C5.3."School education is a stage of the educational system of the state, covering children and adolescents aged 7-17 years"
Offers:
School education is the most important stage in the socialization of the individual.
One of the tasks of school education is to prepare the younger generation for labor activity(admission to higher educational institutions).
C5.4.“Economic resources are those factors by which services and goods are created in the process of production.”
Offers:
Most economic resources are limited.
One of the most important economic resources is labor.
C5.5.- strict separation of the legislative power from the executive;
Exclusion of combinations of government posts and seats of deputies in parliament;
The president is elected in elections, separate from the parliamentary ones;
Executive power is less dependent on the will of the deputies of parliament.
C5.6.- ensuring the stability of the state;
Mobilization;
managerial;
Humanitarian.
C5.7."Political behavior is the actions of a person that characterize his interaction with political institutions."
Offers:
The political behavior of the individual is explained by his value attitudes.
One form of political behavior is participation in demonstrations and rallies.
C5.8.- groups satisfy the needs of a person in social belonging;
In a group, a person satisfies one or another interest;
In a group, a person performs those activities that he cannot carry out alone;
A person belongs to one or another interest group;
A person belongs to a certain group by age, gender, social status.
C5.9."The socialization of the individual is the assimilation of the basic knowledge accumulated by society and the norms of social life."
Offers:
The family is the primary socialization institution.
The socialization of the individual helps her to adapt to the conditions of social life.
C5.10.« A civil marriage is a marriage legally registered with the registry office.
Offers:
Only civil marriage generates legal relations between spouses.
Along with civil marriage, fictitious, church marriages are distinguished.
C5.11.- the level of income and education of the voter;
Influence of the social sphere;
Media position;
National, religious factors.
C5.12.“The labor market is a set of economic and legal procedures that allow people to exchange their labor services for money and other material goods.
Offers:
- The labor market is characterized by mobility.
The labor market reflects the structure and general state of the economy of the region and the country as a whole.
C5.13.“A social group is a set of people who have some common significant social attribute” or “A social group is any set of people identified according to socially significant criteria.”
Offers:
Social groups are subdivided by number, character, age, sex.
In social groups, a person can realize himself as a person.
In social groups, a person realizes his interests.
C5.14. concept: "World religions are a group of religions that are widespread in all regions of the Earth, addressed to all people, regardless of ethnicity and political affiliation, by the largest number of believers."
Two suggestions:
Islam is the youngest of the world religions.
- "World religions include Buddhism, Christianity, Islam."
- "One of the very first world religions was Buddhism, which arose in ancient India."
C5.15."The political elite is a group of people occupying the highest positions in the political hierarchy" or "The political elite is a relatively small social group that concentrates a significant amount of political power in their hands."
Offers:
The political elite is a minority of society, with the qualities of leadership.
The political elite is updated in the process of the election campaign.
C5. 16."Citizenship is a stable legal relationship of a person with the state" or "Citizenship is a person's belonging to any state."
Offers:
Citizenship can be acquired by a person from birth.
Citizenship is not only belonging to the state, but also the mutual obligations of a person and the state to which he belongs.
Low activity may be associated with political stability in society;
Voters do not trust the authorities;
People are busy with their lives, there is no interest in politics;
Crisis phenomena in society, the inability of the authorities to find a way out.
1.1 Society as a dynamic system. Approaches to the definition of the concept of "society"; the concepts of "system" and "dynamic system"; signs of society as a dynamic system. The concept of society. In the definition of the concept of "society" in the scientific literature, there is a variety of approaches, which emphasizes the abstract nature of this category, and, defining it in each specific case, it is necessary to proceed from the context in which this concept is used. In a narrow sense: * primitive, slave-owning society (a historical stage in the development of mankind); * French society, English society (country, state); * noble society, high society (a circle of people united by a common position, origin, interests); * sports society, society for the protection of nature (association of people for any purpose). In a broad sense, society is called humanity as a whole, in its historical and future development. This is the entire population of the Earth, the totality of all peoples; society is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes the ways of interaction between people and the forms of their unification. Thus, in this definition, two main aspects are distinguished: the connection between society and nature, as well as the connection between people. Further, these two aspects are concretized and deepened. Society as a complex dynamic system. The second aspect of the concept of "society" (methods of interaction between people and forms of their association) can be understood using such a philosophical category as a dynamic system. The word "system" of Greek origin, means a whole, made up of parts, a set. It is customary to call a system a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, forming a certain integrity, unity. Each system includes interacting parts: subsystems and elements. Society is one of the complex systems (there are a lot of elements that form it and there are a lot of connections between them), open (interacting with the external environment), material (really existing), dynamic (changing, developing as a result of internal causes and mechanisms). Of all these characteristics, the examination tasks specifically consider the position of society as a complex dynamic system. Society as a complex system consists of many elements, which, in turn, can be combined into subsystems. Subsystems (spheres) of social life are: * economic (production, distribution and consumption of material goods, as well as relevant relations); * social (relations between classes, estates, nations, professional and age groups, activities to ensure social guarantees); * political (relations between society and the state, between the state and political parties); * spiritual (relationships that arise in the process of creating spiritual values, their preservation, distribution, consumption). Each sphere of public life, in turn, is a complex formation, its elements give ideas about society as a whole. The most important element of society is social institutions (family, state, school), which are a stable set of people, groups, institutions whose activities are aimed at performing specific social functions and are built on the basis of certain ideal norms, rules, standards of behavior. Institutions exist in politics, economics, culture. Their presence makes people's behavior more predictable, and society as a whole more stable. Thus, having concretized the second aspect of the concept of "society", we can say that social relations are the diverse connections that arise between social groups, classes, nations (as well as within them) in the process of economic, social, political, cultural life and activities of society. The dynamism of the social system implies the possibility of its change and development. A change in the social system is the transition of society from one state to another. The change in the course of which an irreversible complication of society takes place is called social or social development. There are two factors of social development: 1) Natural (the influence of geographical and climatic conditions on the development of society). 2) Social (the causes and starting points of social development are determined by society itself). The totality of these factors predetermines social development. There are various ways of development of society: * evolutionary (gradual accumulation of changes and their naturally conditioned nature); * revolutionary (characterized by relatively rapid changes subjectively directed on the basis of knowledge and action). USE tests on the topic: "Society as a dynamic system". Part A. A1. Unlike nature, society: 1) is a system; 2) is in development; 3) acts as a creator of culture; 4) develops according to its own laws. A2. Separated from nature, but closely connected with it, the part of the material world, which includes the ways of interaction between people and the forms of their association, is called: 1) the people; 2) culture; 3) society; 4) the state. A3. Society in the broad sense of the word is called: 1) the whole world around; 2) a set of forms of association of people; 3) groups in which communication takes place; 4) interactions of people in everyday life. A4. The concept of "society" includes: 1) natural habitat; 2) forms of association of people; 3) the principle of invariance of elements; 4) the world around. A5. The concepts of "development", "interaction of elements" characterize society as: 1) a dynamic system; 2) part of nature; 3) the entire material world surrounding a person; 4) a system that is not subject to change. A6. Are the following statements about society correct? A. Society, like nature, is a dynamic system, the individual elements of which interact with each other. B. Society, together with nature, forms the material world surrounding man. 1) Only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong. A7. Are the following statements about society correct? A. Society is an evolving system. B. Society as a dynamic system is characterized by the invariance of its parts and the connections between them. 1) Only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong. A8. Are the following statements about society correct? A. Society is in a state of constant development, which allows us to characterize it as a dynamic system. B. Society in a broad sense is the whole world surrounding a person. 1) Only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong. A9. Are the following statements about society correct? A. Society is part of the material world. B. Society includes the ways in which people interact. 1) Only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong. A10. Society in the narrow sense is: 1) part of the material world; 2) productive forces; 3) natural environment; 4) stage of historical development. A11. Which of the following characterizes society as a system? 1) isolation from nature; 2) continuous development; 3) maintaining connection with nature; 4) the presence of spheres and institutions. A12. Production costs, labor market, competition characterize the sphere of society: 1) economic; 2) social; 3) political; 4) spiritual. A13. What sphere of society is represented by religion, science, education: 1) economic; 2) social; 3) political; 4) spiritual. A14. Are the following statements about society correct? Society can be defined as... A. detached from nature, but closely connected with it, part of the material world, which includes the ways of interaction between people and the forms of their association. B. an integral social organism, including large and small groups of people, as well as connections and relationships between them. 1) Only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong. A15. Public relations do not include: 1) relations between large groups of people; 2) interethnic relations and interactions; 3) relationship between man and computer; 4) interpersonal relationships in a small group. A16. The sphere of politics is characterized by: 1) the production of material goods; 2) creation of works of art; 3) organization of management of the company; 4) opening of new scientific directions. A17. Are the following statements correct? A. Society is the population of the Earth, the totality of all peoples. B. Society is a certain group of people uniting for communication, joint activities, mutual assistance and support for each other. 1) Only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong. A18. Are the following statements correct? A. The main thing in society as a system is the connections and relationships between parts. B. Society as a stable dynamic system is characterized by the invariance of its parts and the connections between them. 1) Only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong. A19. The sphere of public life, reflecting the interaction of classes, social strata and groups: 1) economic; 2) social; 3) political; 4) spiritual. A20. The elements of society as a system include: 1) ethnic communities; 2) natural resources; 3) ecological zones; 4) the territory of the state. Part B. B1. What word is missing from the diagram? IN 2. Find social phenomena in the list below and circle the numbers under which they are indicated. 1) The emergence of the state; 2) a person's genetic predisposition to a particular disease; 3) creation of a new medicinal product; 4) the formation of nations; 5) the ability of a person to sensory perception of the world. Write the circled numbers in ascending order. AT 3. Correlate the system elements of society and the objects that characterize them. Elements Objects 1) social institutions; A) customs, traditions, rituals; 2) social norms; B) evolution, progress, regress; 3) social processes; C) conflict, consensus, compromise; 4) social relations. D) education, health care, a family. AT 4. Indicate the positions that characterize society in the broadest sense of the word and circle the numbers under which they are indicated: 1) the population of the largest country in the world; 2) an association of chess lovers; 3) the form of joint life of people; 4) a part of the material world isolated from nature; 5) a certain stage in the history of mankind; 6) all mankind as a whole in the past, present and future. Write the circled numbers in ascending order. AT 5. Match the spheres of public life with their corresponding elements. Spheres of public life Elements of public life 1) the economic sphere of society; A) the activities of state bodies; 2) the social sphere of society; B) interethnic relations and conflicts; 3) the political sphere of society; C) the production of material wealth; 4) the spiritual sphere of society . D) scientific institutions. AT 6. Find in the list the features of society as a dynamic system and circle the numbers under which they are indicated. 1) isolation from nature; 2) lack of interconnection between subsystems and public institutions; 3) the ability for self-organization and self-development; 4) separation from the material world; 5) permanent changes; 6) the possibility of degradation of individual elements. Write the circled numbers in ascending order. Part C. C1. Expand on three examples the different meanings of the concept of "society". Answers to the exam tests
Section 1. Social science. Society. Man - 18 hours.
Topic 1. Social science as a body of knowledge about society - 2 hours.
General definition of the concept of society. The essence of society. Characteristics of social relations. Human society (man) and the animal world (animal): distinctive characteristics. The main social phenomena of human life: communication, knowledge, work. Society as a complex dynamic system.
General definition of the concept of society.
In a broad sense society - it is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which consists of individuals with will and consciousness, and includes ways of interacting people and forms of their unification.
In a narrow sense society can be understood as a certain group of people united for communication and joint performance of any activity, as well as a specific stage in the historical development of a people or country.
The Essence of Society is that in the course of his life, each person interacts with other people. Such diverse forms of interaction between people, as well as connections that arise between different social groups (or within them), are commonly called public relations.
Characteristics of social relations.
All social relations can be conditionally divided into three large groups:
1. interpersonal (socio-psychological), by which is understood relationships between individuals. At the same time, individuals, as a rule, belong to different social strata, have different cultural and educational levels, but they are united by common needs and interests in the sphere of leisure or everyday life. The well-known sociologist Pitirim Sorokin identified the following types interpersonal interaction:
a) between two individuals (husband and wife, teacher and student, two comrades);
b) between three individuals (father, mother, child);
c) between four, five or more people (the singer and his listeners);
d) between many and many people (members of an unorganized crowd).
Interpersonal relations arise and are realized in society and are social relations even if they are in the nature of purely individual communication. They act as a personified form of social relations.
2. material (socio-economic), which arise and take shape directly in the course of a person's practical activity, outside the consciousness of a person and independently of him. They are divided into production, environmental and office relations.
3. spiritual (or ideal), which are formed, preliminary “passing through the consciousness” of people, are determined by their values that are significant for them. They are divided into moral, political, legal, artistic, philosophical and religious social relations.
The main social phenomena of human life:
1. Communication (mostly emotions are involved, pleasant / unpleasant, I want);
2. Cognition (mostly intellect involved, true/false, I can);
3. Labor (mainly the will is involved, it is necessary / not necessary, must).
Human society (man) and the animal world (animal): distinctive characteristics.
1. Consciousness and self-consciousness. 2. Word (2nd signal system). 3. Religion.
Society as a complex dynamic system.
In philosophical science, society is characterized as a dynamic self-developing system, i.e., such a system that is capable of seriously changing, at the same time retaining its essence and qualitative certainty. The system is understood as a complex of interacting elements. In turn, an element is some further indecomposable component of the system that is directly involved in its creation.
To analyze complex systems, like the one that society represents, scientists have developed the concept of "subsystem". Subsystems are called "intermediate" complexes, more complex than the elements, but less complex than the system itself.
1) economic, the elements of which are material production and relations that arise between people in the process of production of material goods, their exchange and distribution;
2) socio-political, consisting of such structural formations as classes, social strata, nations, taken in their relationship and interaction with each other, manifested in such phenomena as politics, state, law, their correlation and functioning;
3) spiritual, covering various forms and levels of social consciousness, which, being embodied in the real process of the life of society, form what is commonly called spiritual culture.
