1939-1940

For a special period, a plan of action of the Red Army was provided.

In the conditions of the war of the USSR only against Finland, for the convenience of control and material support of the troops, two fronts are created:

• Northern front - for operations on the coast of the Barents Sea and in the directions of Rovaniemi, Kemi and Uleaborg;
• Northwestern Front for action on the directions of Kuopio, Mikeenli and Helsingfors. Command Northwestern Front assigned to the Command and Staff of the Leningrad Military District.

I order to start developing a plan for the operational deployment of troops Northwestern Front, guided by the following guidelines:

• I. Taking into account the composition and deployment of the Finnish army at the present time, as well as the preparation of the theater for war by Finland, build a plan for the deployment of our troops based on the following assumptions:
  • 1. In the event of war in the coming years, Finland will be able to field 16-18 infantry divisions using all of them against the USSR.
  • 2. The indicated divisions are expected to be deployed:
    • In the Petsamo area - up to one infantry division.
    • In the area of ​​Kemijärvi, Kuusamo, to cover the direction to Kemi - up to two infantry divisions.
    • In the Uleaborg direction - up to two infantry divisions.
    • In the directions of Kuopio, Savonminna, Nurmes - up to five infantry divisions.
    • In the region of Savonminna, Lappeenranta, the coast of the Gulf of Finland, Lahti - up to six infantry divisions.
    • In the area of ​​Helsingfors, Abo - one - two infantry divisions.
  • 3. The final deployment of all divisions is expected on the 15-20th day of mobilization.
  • 4. The possibility of strengthening the armed forces of Finland with the troops of its possible allies (Sweden, Norway, Germany) is not ruled out.
  • 5. With the general probable plan of defensive actions of the Finnish army, the possibility of its active actions in the first days of the war with the aim of creating a threat to Leningrad by accessing Lake Ladoga and capturing Vyborg is not ruled out.
• II. Main tasks Northwestern Front I put: The defeat of the armed forces of Finland, the capture of its territory within the boundaries and access to the Gulf of Bothnia on the 45th day of the operation, for which:
  • 1. During the period of concentration of troops, firmly cover the Vyborg and Kexholm directions, under all circumstances keep Vyborg behind you and prevent the enemy from reaching Lake Ladoga.
  • 2. After concentrating troops, be ready on the 35th day of mobilization on special instructions to go on the general offensive, deliver the main blow in the general direction to Lappeenranta, Heinola, Hämeenlinna and auxiliary blows in the directions of Korniselkä, Kuopio and Savonminna, Mikkeli, defeat the main forces of the Finnish army in the area of ​​Mikkeli, Heinola, Hamina, on the 25th day of the operation, capture Helsingfors and reach the front of Kuopio, Jyväskylä, Hämeenlinna, Helsingfors.
• III. On the right, the Northern Front (Kandalaksha headquarters) on the 40th day of mobilization goes on the offensive and on the 30th day of the operation captures the Kemi, Uleaborg area.

His left-flank 20th division. the rifle corps advances in the direction of Suomusalmi, Puolanka and on the day of the operation takes possession of the Puolankayu Shtakor-Ukhta area.

Border with him: Art. Maselskaya, Pieliisjärvi, Insalmi, Pyhäjärvi. Everything for Northwestern Front exclusively.

• IV. To perform these tasks in the composition of the troops Northwestern Front turn on:
  • four directorates of field armies;
  • nine departments of rifle corps;
  • one control mech. corps;
  • twenty-nine rifle divisions;
  • two armored divisions;
  • one motorized rifle division;
  • five tank brigades;
  • four motorized brigades;
  • twelve artillery regiments of the RGK;
  • six pontoon battalions;
  • seven engineer battalions;
  • fifty-five regiments.

In the reserve of the main command in the Tikhvin area: Volkhovstroy, Chudovo have three rifle divisions.

Specified troops Northwestern Front expand.

Front headquarters - Leningrad.

• 7th Army consisting of:
  • six rifle divisions;
  • one ski team;
  • two pontoon battalions;
  • one tank brigade;
  • a network of air regiments;
  • two artillery regiments of the RGK;
  • two engineering battalions.
  • Army Headquarters - Suojärvi.

Dealing the main blow with the forces of at least four rifle divisions in the direction of Korniselkä, Kuopio, defeat the opposing units of the Finnish army and capture: on the 15th day of the operation - the Ioensu region; on the 30th day of the operation - the Kuopio area, covering the main enemy grouping from the north.

In the future, keep in mind the attack on Jyväskylä.

Border left: Art. Kuokkantsemi, Savonranta, ref. Virtasalmi, claim. Leyvonmäki.

• 22 army (from URVO) consisting of:
  • one control of the rifle corps;
  • five rifle divisions;
  • one tank brigade;
  • one motorized brigade;
  • three artillery regiments of the RGK;
  • one pontoon battalion;
  • two engineer battalions;
  • seven air regiments.
  • Army Headquarters - Kexholm.

During the period of cover, firmly covering the state border, to prevent the enemy from reaching Lake Ladoga.

After concentrating, delivering the main blow with the forces of four rifle divisions in the direction of Virmuntioki, Yuva, surround and destroy the opposing enemy and on the 15th day of the operation reach the front: Savonranta, Yuva, Kampila.

In the future, depending on the circumstances, keep in mind actions either jointly with the 23rd Army on Heinoll, or in cooperation with the 7th Army on Jyväskylä and further on Talter. On the 30th day of the operation, go to the front: Kangamiemi, Leyvonmyaki, Lake. Iloma, Kalkkinen.

Border on the left: Vuoksela, Antrea, Imatra, claim. Ristiina, claim. Kalkkinen.

• 23 Army (allocated from the LVO Directorate) consisting of:
  • two directorates of rifle corps;
  • six rifle divisions;
  • two tank brigades;
  • one motorized brigade;
  • six artillery regiments of the RGK;
  • two artillery divisions of the RGK;
  • two pontoon battalions;
  • three engineering battalions;
  • eleven air regiments.
  • Army Headquarters - Karisalmi.

Dealing the main blow with at least four rifle divisions in the direction of Lappeenranta, Lahti, Riihimiyaki, destroy the opposing enemy and on the 15th day of the operation reach the Savitaipela, Valkolaimyaki front, st. Taavetti.

In the future, bypassing the most developed fortifications from the north in cooperation with the 20th Army, destroy the enemy in the Helsing direction and, on the 30th day of the operation, reach the front of Kalkkinen, Karkelya, Mäntsälä, meaning by reaching the Savitaipela front, st. Taavetti, bring the mechanized corps into the breach.

Border on the left: Perkervi, st. Tali, Luumaki, Kouvola, suit. Myantsya.

• 20 army (from ORVO) consisting of:
  • two directorates of rifle corps;
  • six rifle divisions;
  • two tank brigades;
  • one motorized brigade;
  • five artillery regiments of the RGK;
  • two pontoon battalions;
  • two engineer battalions;
  • nine air regiments.
  • Army Headquarters - Vyborg.

Objective: Break through the fortified front of the enemy, destroy its opposing units and take possession: on the 15th day of the operation, reach the front of st. Taavetti, Khaliena, on the 30th day of the operation - Mäntsälä, Parvar. In the future, in cooperation with the 23rd army and 1 MK. on the 35th day of the operation by the Helsingfors region.

In addition to the above forces, at the disposal of the command Northwestern Front have:

• • 1) On the northwestern coast of the Estonian SSR in the region of Tallinn, Baltiysky Port, one management. sk (65sk), two rifle divisions (11p 126 sd from PriBOVO), of which one should be assigned for transportation to the Hanko (Gange) peninsula for action on Helsingfors and the second - either for transportation also to the Khanko peninsula, or for landing on the Aland Islands , and one separate shooting brigade.
  • 2) Front reserve: three rifle divisions in the area of ​​st. Petijärvi, st. Heinioki, Valk-Jarvi; one rifle division - in the Leningrad region.
  • 3) mechanized corps in the area of ​​Vyborg, Heinioki, st. Antrea.
• 4) the second air defense corps (Leningrad);
  • 5) twenty-one air regiments;
  • 6) one airborne brigade.
• V. Army and Front Air Forces to set the following tasks:
  • 1. Assist ground troops by acting against enemy ground troops in his battle formations and large groupings.
  • 2. Destroy enemy aircraft.
  • 3. Prohibit military transportation on land and at sea.
  • 4. Together with naval aviation and fleet, destroy the enemy's naval fleet.
  • 5. Together with the fleet, interrupt the sea supply to Finland through the Gulf of Bothnia and from the Baltic Sea.
  • 6. Cover the transfer and landing of troops on the Hanko Peninsula with the involvement of PriBOVO aviation for this purpose.
• VI. Red Banner Baltic Fleet, operationally subordinate to the Military Council Northwestern Front set the following tasks:
  • 1. Together with aviation, destroy the combat fleet of Finland and Sweden (in the event of the latter's intervention).
  • 2. Assist the ground forces operating on the coast of the Gulf of Finland and from the Hanko Peninsula, providing their flanks and destroying the coastal defenses of the Finns.
  • 3. To ensure the transfer of two rifle divisions in the very first days of the war from the northern coast of the Estonian SSR to the Hanko Peninsula, as well as the transfer and landing of a large landing force on the Aland Islands.
  • 4. By cruising operations of submarines and aviation, interrupt the maritime communications of Finland and Sweden (in the event of her opposing the USSR) in the Gulf of Bothnia and the Baltic Sea.
• VII. Develop a cover for mobilization, concentration and deployment along the entire border with Finland within the LVO, ensuring the fulfillment of the following tasks:
  • 1. Cover the mobilization, concentration and deployment of our troops from the ground and air enemy, preventing the enemy from invading our territory and flying over the state border with his aircraft.
  • 2. Prevent enemy raids on Leningrad and other industrial centers.
  • 3. Prevent the enemy from breaking through to Lake Ladoga and keep Vyborg behind him.
  • 4. To prevent disruption of the work of railways on the territory of the front.
  • 5. Air and ground reconnaissance to determine the concentration, deployment, forces and grouping of enemy troops. The first crossing and flight of the state border is allowed only with the permission of the main command.
• VIII. General instructions:
  • 1. Give this deployment plan the code name “S. 3-20". The plan is put into effect upon receipt of an encrypted telegram for mine and the Chief of the General Staff K. A. with the following signatures: "Proceed to the implementation of" S. 3-20 ".
  • 2. By February 15, 1941, the Military Council and the headquarters of the Leningrad Military District should develop in the General Staff of the Red Army:
• a) Plan for the concentration and deployment of front troops.
• b) Cover plan.
• c) Plan for the execution of the first operation.
• d) Air Action Plan.
• e) A plan for organizing the rear and material support, sanitary and veterinary evacuation for the first month of the war.
• f) Plan for the restoration and construction of railways and dirt roads.
• g) Plan for the communication device for the period of cover, concentration and deployment and for the period of the first operation.
• h) Engineering plan.
• i) Air defense plan.
  • 3. The following are allowed to develop the plan:
• a) In full: the commander of the troops, a member of the Military Council, the chief of staff and the head of the operational department of the district.
• b) In terms of developing an action plan for the Air Force - the commander of the Air Force of the LVO.
• c) In terms of developing a plan for organizing the rear - the deputy head of the district for rear.
• d) In terms of developing a plan for military communications - the head of the Military Communications of the LVO.

It was assumed that the Germans would start the invasion with part of the forces, but this did not happen.

With a favorable development of events for the troops of the Baltic, the action plan of the Red Army was quite ambitious.

• 8th Army - deployed on the Polangen, Yurburg front, consisting of:
  • 10 shooters. divisions, including 2 of the Latvian SSR;
  • 1 motorized division;
  • mechanized corps from LVO
• 11th Army - deployed on the front Yurburg (suit.), Druskininkai, consisting of:
  • 11 rifle divisions, of which 2 of the Lithuanian SSR;
  • 2 tank divisions;
  • 1 motorized division;
  • 1 tank brigade.

The Front Command has at its disposal:

• on the territory of the Latvian SSR - 1 division on the protection of the coast in the Libava region and 2 divisions from the Estonian SSR in reserve in the Mitava region;
• in the area of ​​​​Shavli, Ponevezh - 6 lines of divisions, from among the divisions with a readiness period of 15 - 30 days.

Total in the composition Northwestern Front have:

• 31 division lines, of which 4 national and 6 with terms of readiness for 15 - 30 days;
• 2 motorized divisions;
• 4 tank divisions;
• 3 sec. tank brigades;
• 20 aviation regiments, and a total of about 1,200 aircraft.

  V. Fundamentals of strategic deployment, Note of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR and the National Guard of the Red Army in the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks I.V. Stalin and V.M. Molotov on the fundamentals of the strategic deployment of the USSR Armed Forces in the West and in the East in 1940 and 1941, TsAMO of Russia, F. 16, Op. 2951, D. 239, Ll. 1 - 37

Front Composition

Representatives of the Headquarters

Troop commanders

fighting

To the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR Top secret 26.6.41 20.35

I report the position of the troops Northwestern Front. 1. The enemy continues to encircle Libau.

2. 8th Army - 12th Mechanized Corps and 5th Panzer Division behind enemy lines without fuel. The commander of the 3rd mechanized corps reported openly on 25.6.41: "Help, surrounded." Rifle formations on the front Plateliai, Krazhai, Kelme, Siaulienai, Sheduva. On the night of June 27, the withdrawal of the river will begin. Lielupe and further to the northern coast of the West. Dvina to Jekabpils. The formations of the army suffered losses and need their immediate replenishment, which began to arrive upon mobilization, but cannot be dressed, since the uniforms of two rifle divisions remained in the former deployment points.

The formations lost part of their weapons, which is being specified.

11th Army - the headquarters and the Military Council of the army, according to a number of data, was captured or died. The Germans captured the cipher document. The 5th, 33rd, 188th, 128th rifle divisions are unknown in what condition and where they are. Many stragglers and runaways were detained in the direction of Dvinsk. Many weapons were thrown. The 11th Army is not an organized combat force.

In the Vilnius direction, it is necessary to deploy a new army group immediately. Due to the replenishment of apparently dead divisions, I ask you to allow the formation of four new rifle divisions.

I ask you to reinforce the front with ten artillery regiments to count the dead. The 11th Rifle Division is fresh, but its howitzer artillery regiment has been defeated by aircraft.

The air forces of the front suffered heavy losses of a small number of airfields. This time is not capable of effectively supporting, covering ground troops and attacking the enemy.

Crews saved 75%. Loss of the material part of 80%.

I ask you to strengthen the front with three mixed air divisions. To replenish the units of the air forces of the front with materiel in the first place and flight crews.

I ask for the release of 200 thousand sets of uniforms and equipment to provide weapons for the mobilized and for the new four rifle divisions. The 22nd and 24th Rifle Corps are being mobilized in winter quarters. The 29th Rifle Corps withdrew east of Vilnius. I am clarifying the position. Dvin direction. Dvinsk was occupied by enemy tanks. He demanded to restore the situation. In view of the bombing of communications centers by the enemy and their destruction by elements hostile to us, communications are poor.

On June 26, 1941, I ask you to put at my disposal three bomber and two fighter divisions to reinforce the air force.

I ask you to include six new rifle divisions in the front instead of the former territorial ones, which are being redeployed for retraining.

F. Kuznetsov Dibrova P. Klenov

Report of the commander of the troops of the North-Western Front dated June 26, 1941 to the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR on the situation at the front by 20:35 on June 26, 1941, F. 221, op. 2467ss, d. 39, ll. 346-348.

In September, the troops of the North-Western Front carried the defense in the Demyansk direction against the troops of the Army Group "North".

The idea of ​​a counter-offensive of the North-Western Front near Demyansk appeared even before the start of the battle for Moscow. On September 22, 1941, the commander of the troops of the North-Western Front, Kurochkin, submitted a plan for the encirclement of enemy troops between the lakes Ilmen and Seliger for consideration by the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. Then the plan provided for the defeat of only two German infantry divisions - the 30th and 32nd. The plan was approved by the directive of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command No. 002265. The start of the offensive was scheduled for September 24th. Before the Typhoon began, the North-Western Front managed to go on the offensive, to face the first difficulties. However, the aggravation of the situation in the Moscow direction made it necessary to remove formations from the troops of the front for the defense of the capital. In particular, the 8th Tank Brigade of P. A. Rotmistrov, which took part in the battles for Kalinin, was withdrawn from the 11th Army. The 312th Staraya Russa on the eastern bank of the Lovat River ended in complete failure. In August 1943, the front once again unsuccessfully tried to liberate Staraya Russa. On November 20, 1943, the North-Western Front was disbanded, and its administration was transferred to the reserve of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command. Demyansk operations of the North-Western Front:

Demyansk offensive operation January 7 - March 19, 1942 (the first offensive began on January 7, 1942, the second offensive on January 29, 1942; on February 20, 1942, the enemy was surrounded).

Demyansk defensive operation March 20 - the end of April 1942 (April 21, 1942, the encircled group was released).

Demyansk offensive operation in late May early June 1942

Demyansk offensive operation December 23-30, 1942 (or December 23, 1942 - January 13, 1943)

From February to December 1942, the enemy lost more than 90 thousand people in the Demyansk operations.

After the withdrawal of German troops from Demyansk, the North-Western Front carried out an unsuccessful Staraya Russian operation on March 4–18, 1943. In August 1943, it carried out another unsuccessful Staraya Russian operation. (Another Starorusskaya operation is mentioned in connection with the offensive near Demyansk on January 7 - May 20, 1942, but no dates are indicated).

I specifically decided to wait until the annual parade dust around May 9 settles a little. Below you can see several dozen pictures taken in May of this year in one of the bloodiest "squares" of the "Demyansky Cauldron". I have been going there for far from the first year, I try to communicate as much as possible with the few participants in the events there and eyewitnesses, since there are still such people. I didn’t write about my impressions, it’s too violently there you can feel everything described. But I’ll say one thing - now a kind of animal fear sometimes rolls over there, especially when you try to imagine what exactly those who fought there experienced.

From January 7 to May 20, 1942, the troops of the North-Western Front (P.A. Kurochkin) carried out the Demyansk offensive operation. During it, by the end of February, Soviet troops separated the old Russian and Demyansk enemy groups, and surrounded the latter, consisting of six divisions of the 16th Army. However, the liquidation of the encircled group was delayed, and by April 23 the enemy managed to unite with the encircled troops, forming the so-called Ramushevsky corridor 4 km wide. Further offensive actions of the Soviet troops in order to eliminate the Demyansk group were not successful. The struggle of the parties unfolded in the zone of the formed corridor, which by the end of April was expanded by the enemy to 6-8 km.

Map of military operations

Map of military operations

Not far from the mouth of the corridor, in the winter of 1941-1942, truly tragic events unfolded. Attempts to advance the Red Army only on a small sector of the front turned into bloody losses: about 18,000 soldiers and officers and more than 80 tanks. Soldiers of the SS division "Totenkopf" and the Danish SS corps also fought against the Red Army. The Germans staunchly defended themselves, turning the forests adjacent to settlements into deeply echeloned fortified areas. Blockages, barbed wire and continuous minefields awaited the attackers in addition to cold, non-freezing swamps, machine-gun and artillery fire.

There are a lot of such funnels filled with water in the forest. Quite often they are found dropped after the battle killed.

There are a lot of such funnels filled with water in the forest. Quite often they are found dropped after the battle killed.

Scattered everywhere helmets with the most intricate holes are collected in heaps, and those of them that are not too rusty and mutilated are used to build simple home-made monuments

Scattered everywhere helmets with the most intricate holes are collected in heaps, and those of them that are not too rusty and mutilated are used to build simple home-made monuments

The forest in our offensive zone is crammed with rusty, mutilated iron. And of course people...

The forest in our offensive zone is crammed with rusty, mutilated iron. And of course people...

British smoke mine

British smoke mine

german newspaper

german newspaper

Asterisks from fraternal mogi, where their comrades were buried namelessly in 1941-1942

Asterisks from fraternal mogi, where their comrades were buried namelessly in 1941-1942

About unknown soldiers

Several units of medallions for several hundred found Red Army soldiers are a common thing. As a rule, the dead lie quite shallow, right under the turf. They do not have weapons with them or it was damaged in battle. Well, if a person is wearing a helmet, there is a chance to find him with a metal detector. We just found such a "mounted" fighter.

Of his personal belongings, he had only two coins of 20 kopecks, a bottle of cologne and a spoon with the brand of the city of Kirov. The spoon lay in a felt boot. There were no inscriptions or signs that could help identify the deceased ...

Sailors in the "cauldron"

Sailors also fought in the Demyansk "cauldron". As part of the naval infantry brigades. Naval rifle brigades began to be formed according to GKO Decree No. 810 of 10/18/41 on the formation of 25 rifle brigades and Order of the NPO of the USSR No. 00110 of 10/18/41 on the same (from number 61 to number 85). The recently adopted state of cadet rifle brigades was taken as a basis, in which there was one rifle regiment until the end of October. From the beginning of November, the brigades were transferred to the state of a separate rifle brigade with three rifle battalions. The name "marine rifle brigades" was given by the Order of NPO No. 0512 dated 12/27/41. Nothing other than the presence of 20 to 80% of sailors in l / s and the assignment of a different number of undergraduate cadets of military schools and district courses to them did not differ from ordinary rifle brigades. After the "October" brigades, according to the Decree of the State Defense Committee No. 935 of 11/22/41, 116, 138, 142 Omorsbr brigade were also formed according to the state of separate rifle brigades. In December 1941 - January 1942, the 154th Omorsbr brigade was formed (according to a separate NPO Directive).

It was formed on January 2, 1942 in Moscow as a result of the renaming of the 166th Marine Brigade, which, in turn, was renamed on December 28, 1941 from the 1st Moscow separate detachment of sailors withdrawn from the front to the capital. On January 19, the brigade was sent to the 3rd Shock Army of the Northwestern Front. Not a single brigade retained the word "cadet" in its name. Omorsbr of the formation of 1942 also did not have "cadet" in the name. The expression "cadet marine brigades" appeared, as it seems, by mixing heterogeneous facts into one. During the formation and in everyday life, the fighters of the omorsbr could call themselves the marines, the command too, but "marine rifle brigades" remained in history. As in the Order of the NPO.

The Order of Alexander Nevsky was awarded to commanders of the Red Army who showed personal courage, courage and courage in the battles for the Motherland and ensured the successful actions of their units with skillful command, for the initiative shown in choosing the right moment for a sudden bold and successful attack on the enemy and inflicting a major defeat on him with small losses for their troops.

The order was awarded to the commanders of regiments, battalions, companies, platoons. According to the Decree of the PVS of the USSR of November 10, 1942, the award of the order was extended to the commanders of divisions and brigades.

The first awarding of the order took place by the Decree of the PVS of the USSR of November 5, 1942. Badge No. 1 was received by the commander of the marine battalion of the 154th marine rifle brigade, senior lieutenant (later - lieutenant colonel) I.N. Ruban. .

The sailors really fought famously. Suddenly, boldly and courageously. In black pea coats, to the hoarse "Polunra!" they threw the Germans out of the small village and prepared for the next attack. And the Germans were also preparing. Reconnaissance, especially aerial reconnaissance, was excellent. And therefore, when the sailors fearlessly attacked again, the Germans met them with dagger fire from machine guns and self-propelled guns. They killed or wounded almost all the attackers, several dozen sailors were captured. Later, the Germans gathered all the dead and threw them into a deep adit in a sand pit. And bombarded with an explosion. Demyansk search engines have been looking for this adit for many years. Found.

Every day, a careful accounting of the found fighters is carried out. In total, over 300 fighters of the Red Army were found during the entire spring Watch

Every day, a careful accounting of the found fighters is carried out. In total, over 300 fighters of the Red Army were found during the entire spring Watch

About monuments

The Demyansk detachment has a commander. His will and hands created the vast majority of monuments and burials in those places. His detachment found and buried almost 9,000 dead soldiers - more than a DIVISION!

About beavers

Beavers have become the scourge of this year. The beavers skillfully dammed a small stream through which our troops advanced in the autumn and winter of 1941-1942.

Undermined

Undermined

Previously, it was possible to jump over the rivulet, but now we had to seriously overcome it by boat.

Previously, it was possible to jump over the rivulet, but now we had to seriously overcome it by boat.

About life

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NECDH LFYNY RHOLFBNY, RTYNETOP RPUTEDYOE, CH GENERAL UFPTPOH CHDBCHBMUS VPMSHYPK CHSHCHUFHR, CH GEOFTE LPFPTPZP VSCHM ZPTPD denSOUL. FFPF ChSHUFHR OBSCCHCHBMUS DENSOULYK LPFEM. h LPOGE 1941 ZPDB UADB HZPDYMP YEUFSH OENEGLYI DYCHYYK. OP ABOUT UBNPN DEME LPFMPN, FP EUFSH PLTKHTSEOEN, PO VSCHM FPMSHLP CH OBYUBME 1942 ZPDB. 'BFEN ZYFMETPCHGBN HDBMPUSh RTPTCHBFSH LPTYDPT, PO OBSHCHCHBMUS tBNKHYECHULYN, RP OBCHBOYA UEMB tBNKHYECHB, LPFPTPPE 'DEUSH VSHMP. yYTYOB LPTYDPTB VSCHMB CH UTEDOEN 6–8 LYMPNEFTCH, OP MYLCHYDYTPCHBFSH FFPF CHSHCHUFHR ChPKULB uchetp-yBRBDOPZP ZhTPOFB FBL YOE UNPZMY.

CHEUSH 1942 ZPD Y OBUBMP 1943-ZP OBYY ChPKULB RPUFPSOOP BFBLPCHBMY RTPFICHOYLB, B PO HTS RTYURPUPVYMUS LFYN BFBLBN, HLTERYM UCHPY RPYGYY, Y NSC OE UNPZMY RTPDCHYOHFSHUS OH OB YBZ. chREYUBFMEOYE FBLPE, UFP LFP VSCHMB NSUTXVLB, LPFPTBS ETSEDOECHOP RETENBMSCHCHBMB OBYY DYCHYYY. FEIOILKH Y CH RETCHHA PUETEDSH OBBY FBOLY RTYNEOSFSH VSHMP OEMSHJS. NSCH HDYCHMSMYUSH Y DBCE RTP UEVS CHPNKHEBMYUSH FEN, UFP BFBLY CHEMYUSH RTSNPMYOYEKOP Y RTBLFYUEULY CH PDOPN NEUFE. й ФПМШЛП РПУМЕ ЧПКОЩ С ХСУОЙМ, ЮФП ЬФП ВЩМЙ БФБЛЙ ЧЩОХЦДЕООЩЕ, ЮФПВЩ РТПФЙЧОЙЛ ОЕ УНПЗ УОСФШ У ОБЫЕЗП ОБРТБЧМЕОЙС ИПФС ВЩ ЮБУФШ УЧПЙИ ЧПКУЛ ДМС РЕТЕВТПУЛЙ ЙИ ОБ УФБМЙОЗТБДУЛПЕ ОБРТБЧМЕОЙЕ ЙМЙ ОБ лБЧЛБЪ, ЗДЕ ФБЛЦЕ ЫМЙ ПЦЕУФПЮЕООЩЕ ВПЙ.

GEOPC PZTPNOSCHI RPFETSh ZHTPOFKh HDBMPUSh LFH OBDBYUH CHSHCHRPMOYFSH. rPNYNP PVSCHUOSHI RPMECHSCHI CHPKUL ЪDEUSH UTTBTSBMYUSH NPTULYE VTYZBDSC U dBMSHOEZP chPUFPLB. RPNOA LPMPOOSCH NBFTPUCH CH YETOSCHI VHYMBFBI Y YOYOMSI, OENGSHCH OBSHCHCHBMY YI "YUETOBS UNETFSH". rTPIPDYMP YUEFSHCHTE-RSFSH DOEK, Y PF RPMOPLTPCHOPK VTYZBDSH PUFBCHBMPUSH OEULPMSHLP Yuempchel, LPFPTSHCHE ABOUT DCHHI-FTEI UBOSI HEJTSBMY CH FSHM. DYCHYYY YB PDOKH-DCHE OEDEMY FETSMY DP 80 RTPGEOPFC UCHPEZP UPUFBCHB.

иПТПЫП ЙЪЧЕУФОП, ЮФП ЪЙНПК ОЕНГЩ ЙЪ ФТХРПЧ ОБЫЙИ УПМДБФ ДЕМБМЙ ВТХУФЧЕТЩ ДМС УЧПЕЗП РЕТЕДОЕЗП ЛТБС, УЛМБДЩЧБС ЙИ Й ПВМЙЧБС ЧПДПК, ФБЛ ЛБЛ ЛПРБФШ, ЛБЛ РТБЧЙМП, ВЩМП ОЕМШЪС — ОЕ ДБЧБМБ ЧПДБ, ЛПФПТБС ЧП НОПЗЙИ НЕУФБИ ВЩМБ Ч 20–30 УБОФЙНЕФТБИ ПФ РПЧЕТИОПУФЙ.

lPZDB PVTBPCHBMUS DENSOULYK CHSHCHUFHR, ZYFMETPCHGSCH RTPMPTSYMY FKHDB HЪLPLPMEKLH, RP LPFPTPK RPDCHPYMY VPERTYRBUSCH, RTPDCHPMSHUFCHYE, FEIOILKH Y F.D. NSCH OBSCCHBMY LFH DPTPZH "LHLHILB". lPZDB RTYIPDYM PUETEDOPK UPUFBCH, FP MPLPNPFICH YIDDBCHBM ЪCHHL, OBRPNYOBAEIK LTYL LHLHYLY.

x OBU FBLPK DPTPZY OE VSCHMP, RPDCHP PUKHEEUFCHMSMUS BCHFPFTBOURPTFPN. DPTPZY, DBTSE CH UHIPE CHTENS ZPDB, VSCHMY FTHDOPRTPIPDYNSCHNY, PUPVEOOP CH BLVPMPYEOOSCHI NEUFBI. b CH CHUEOOAAA TBURHFYGH NEUFOPUFSH UFBOPCHYMBUSH URMPYOSCHN VPMPFPN, RP LPFPTPNKH FTBOURPTF DCHYZBFSHUS RTBLFYUEULY OE Refinery. h U U FYN L ZHTPOFH VSCHMB RPUFTPEOB "METSOECHLB". CHOBYUBME RPRETEL RHFY LMBMY URMPYOPK OBUFYM YЪ VTECHEO, B OB OII ACCORDING TO LTERYMYUSH RTPDPMSHOSCHE VTECHOB, CHETIOSS YUBUFSH LPFPTSCHI UFEUSCHCHBMBUSH. YuETE PTEDEMEOOOSCH TBUUFPSOYS VSCHMY UDEMBOSH TBYAEDESHCH. RP LPNBODE LPNEODBOFB DPTPZY PYUETEDOBS LPMPOOB NBYYO DCHYZBMBUSH RP LPMEE, CHUFTEYOSCHE TS NBYYOSCH PTSYDBMY ABOUT TBYAEDE. bFEN FTPZBMBUSH CHUFTEYUOBS LPMPOOB. eUMMY BCHFPNBYOB RP LBLPC-MYVP RTYUOYOE PUFBOBCHMYCHBMBUSH YOE NPZMB UBNPUFPSFEMSHOP DCHYZBFSHUS CHRETED, POB VETSBMPUFOP UVTBUSCHCHBMBUSH ABOUT PVPYYOKH, PVSCHYUOP H VPMPFP.

h Uchsky U FTHDOPUFSNY RPDCHPYB ZHTPOF RPUFPSOOP YURSCHFSCHCHBM OEDPUFBFPL VPERTYRBUCH Y RTPDCHPMSHUFCHYS. b CHEUOPK RPDCHP ChPPVEE PUKHEEUFCHMSMUS U VPMSHYYN FTHDPN Y ABOUT ZHTPOFE VSCHMB UBNBS OBUFPSEBS ZPMPDCHLB. pFLBRSHCHCHBMY YJ-RPD UOEZB HVYFSHCHI OYNPK MPYBDEK Y CHBTYMY YFP NSUP CH LPFMBI ABOUT LPUFTBI. oP Y fp VShchmp Tedlpk hdbuek. uPMDBFSCH RHIMY PF ZPMPDB. chbtymy lbykh y vetejpchpk LPTSCH. h PVEEN, LFP LBL NPZ CHSHCHIPDYM Y RPMPTSEOIS.

yFBL, CH OBUBME DEBLVTS 1942 ZPDB S RTYVSHCHM ABOUT RETEDPCHHA. h OPYUOPE CHTENS HER OEFTHDOP VSCHMP PRTEDEMIFSH. oENGSCH ABOUT OPYUSH CHSHCHUFBCHMSMY VPECHPE PITBOEOYE PF LBTsDPK TPFSCH, PUFBMSHOSHCHE CH FFP CHTENS URBMY. vPECHPE PITBOOYE CHUA OPYUSH RHULBMP PUCHEFYFEMSHOSHCHE TBLEFSHCH. fBL UFP OBD RETEDPPK CHUE CHTENS VSCHMB "YMMANYOBGYS". x OBU LFPZP OE VSHMP. VSHCHMY MYYSH TBLEFSC FPMSHLP DMS RPDBYU UIZOBMPCH.

l CHEYUETH WITH THE VOLUME FSHMPCHSHCHE RPDTBDEMEOYS RPMLB, LHDB VSCHM OBOBBYUEO. SING TBURPMBZBMYUSH CH UPUOPCHPN MEUKH, CHRTPYUEN, MEU FBN VSHCHM RPYUFY URMPYSH. yOPZDB VSCHMY OEVPMSHYYE RPMS, ZDE-FP VSCHMY CHILDREN AND FISH. pF DETECHEOSH, LBL RTBCHYMP, HCE RPYUFY OYUEZP OE PUFBMPUSH. fschmpchsche RPDTBDEMEOYS TBURPMBZBMYUSH ABOUT VPMEE CHSHCHUPLPN NEUFE Y DEUSH VSCHMY PVPTKHDPCHBOSH VMYODBTSY.

h FENOPFE YULBFSH YFBV RPMLB FTHDOP, RPFPNKh S, OBKDS OEVPMSHYPK RHUFPK VMYODBTS U UHIPC FTBCHPK, BLTSCHMUS CH OEE Y URBM DP HFTB. hFTPN SCHIMUS CH YFBV RPMLB. NEOS VSHCHUFTP PZHPTNYMY Y OBOBYUMY ABOUT DPMTSOPUFSH LPNBOYTB CHCHPDB UCH YFBVOPK VBFBTEY 37-ZP ZCHBTDEKULPZP BTFYMMETYKULPZP RPMLB tzl. rPML VSCHM RTYDBO 1-K hDBTOPK BTNY Y CH FPF RETYPD RPDDETSYCHBM VPECHCHE DECUFCHYS 14-ZP UFTEMLPCHPZP LPTRHUB, LPFPTSCHK CHEM FTSEMSHCHE VPI.

chPKOB EUFSH ChPKOB, OELPZDB, DB Y OELPNKh VSCHMP TBBYTBFSHUS CH FPN, UFP S BLPOYUYM BTFYMMETYKULPE HYUYMYEE, B OE HUYMYEE UCHSY. NOE LPTPFLP PYASUOYMY BDBYUH: PVEUREYUCHBFSH LPNBODYTB RPMLB, CHETOEE, EZP OBVMADBFEMSHOSHCHK RHOLF (or) YYFBV RPMLB FEMEZHPOOPK UCHSHA U DYCHYYPOBNY.

x OBU YNEMYUSH Y TBDYPUFBOGYY, OP ZMBCHOSCHN CHYDPN UCHSH VSCHM FEMEZHPO. chChPD, LPFPTSCHN NOE RTEDUFPSMP LPNBODPCHBFSH, OBIPDYMUS H DECUFCHYY, FP EUFSH H VPECPN RPTSDLE. eUFEUFCHEOOP, YuFP ЪOBLPNYFSHUS U OIN RTYYMPUSH CH IPDE VPECH.

NEOS RTCHPDYMY OB OR LPNBOYTB RPMLB, LPFPTSCHK OBIPDYMUS OERPDBMELH PF RETEDOEZP LTBS OBYI CHPKUL. RETEDOIK LTBC CH FFPN NEUFE RTPIPDYM CH MEUOPN NBUYCHE, RP LTBA VPMPFB, Y, YUFPVSC CHYDEFSH RTPFICHOYLB, IPFS VSC EZP RETEDOIK LTBC, OBDP VSCHMP MEEFSH ABOUT CHSHCHUPLPE DETECHP. rPVMYYPUFY PF LFPZP DETECHB - NPEOPC TBNBYUFPK UPUOSCH - OBIPDYMUS OEPPMSHYPK VMYODBTSYL NPEPZP CHCHPDB. ON VSHCHM CHSHCHTSCHF ABOUT OEVPMSHYPN VKhZPTLE. ZMHVPLP LPRBFSH OEMSHЪS - CHPDB OE DBCHBMB, RPFPNKh H VMYODBTSE NPTsOP VSCHMP FPMSHLP UIDEFSH. uFPSFSH NPTsOP VSCHMP UPZOKHCHYUSH. ENMSOSCHE GENERAL VSCHMY RTILTSCHFSCH EMPCHSCHN MBROILPN, B CHIPD BLTSCHCHBMUS UPMDBFULPK RMBE-RBMBFLPK. OYLBLPZP PLOB OE VSHMP. eUMY OBDP VSHMP YuFP-FP DEMBFSH RTY UCHEFE, FP RPDTSYZBMUS LHUPL LBVEMS, BLTERMEOOOSCHK RPD RPFPMLPN. LBVEMSH OEEBDOP LPRFIM Y CHPOSM ZPTEMPK TEJOPK, OP LPE-LBLPK UCHEF VShM. ACCOUNT OF VMYODBTS VSHCHM OBLTSCHF TSETDSNY Y ICHPKOSHCHN MBROYLPN. OPYUSHA URBMY CHRPCHBMLH, DBCE RPCHETOHFSHUS NPTsOP VSHMP FPMSHLP U FTHDPN.

'DEUSH ABOUT OR OBIPDYMPUSH DCHB PFDEMEOYS. pDOIN PFDEMEOYEN LPNBODPCHBM UETTSBOF lPMSHYUEOLP - RTYCHBOOSCHK Yb BRBUB LPNVBKOET Yb LPMIPB ZDE-FP H UBTBFPCHULPK PVMBUFY. x OEZP CHETIOSS ZHVB VShMB TBUUEYUEOB ZMHVPLYN YTBNPN. oEULPMSHLP NEUSGECH OBBD ON RPRBM H RMEO L OENGBN, DEUSH CE, OB Uzh, Y TBUULBSCCHBM, LBL LPOCHPYTSCH PFCHEMY ZTHRRH RMEOOSHI ABOUT OEULPMSHLP UPF NEFTCH CH UFPTPOH Y PE CHENS DCHENS. lPMSHYUEOLP RKHMS RPRBMB Ch ЪBFSCHMPL, ЪBFEN, CHSHVYCH TSD ЪKhVPCh, ChSCHYMB YuETE CHETIAA ZKhVKh. rPFETSCH UBOBOYE, PO KHRBM CH LACHEF, LHDB KHRBMY Y PUFBMSHOSHCHE TBUUFTEMSOOSCHE. pYUOKHMUS OPYUSHA. ENH HDBMPUSH CHSCHKFI L UCHPYN. chshchmeyyushh h ZPURYFBME, BY VSCHM ANNOUNCED PE CHCHPD LPNBODYTPN PFDEMEOYS. FP VSHCHM PVUFPSFEMSHOSCHK NHTSYL ZDE-FP PLPMP UTPPLB MEF. with VSHCHM VPMEE YUEN CH DCHB TBB NPMPTS EZP, Y PONOE PUPVEOOP ABOUT RETCHSHI RPTBI NOPZPE RPDULSCHCHBM Y RPNPZBM.

chFPTSCHN PFDEMEOYEN LPNBODPCHBM UETTSBOF, LPFPTPZP CHUE PE CHCHPDE OBSCCHCHBMY JOPK. with FPCE FBL EZP OBSHCHCHBM, UYUYFBS, UFP LFP EZP ZHBNYMYS. op CHULPTE, LPZDB NShch PFNEYUBMY OPCHSHCHK, 1943 ZPD, S HOBM, UFP IFP VSCHMB LMYULB. ABOUT ZHTPOFE CHUEN CHSHCHDBCHBMY RP 100 ZTBNNPC CHPDLY CH DEOSH. OE CHUEZDB EE DPUFBCHMSMY, DB YOE CHUEZDB VSCHMP CHTENS Y HUMPCHYS CHSHCHRYFSH EE, L FPNKh TSE LPNBODYT RPMLB TBURPTSDYMUS, YUFPVSCH FEN, LFP OBIPDYMUS ABOUT RETEDPCHPK, CHShCHDBCHBFSH RP 150 ZTBNMUCH l oChPNKh ZPDKh X OBU OBVTBMPUSH RP ZHMSTSLE ABOUT LBTsDPZP.

rPDOP CHEYUETPN H VMYODBTSE RPD UCHEF LBVEMS UPPTHDYMY "RTBDOYUOSCHK UFPM". ZDE-FP CHSMY RBTH SEYLPCH YJ-RPD UOBTSDPCH, OBLTSHMY YI RMBE-RBMBFLPK, PFLTSCHMY VBOLY U LPOUECHBNY. fPZDB VPMSHYPK RPRHMSTOPUFSHHA RPMShЪPCHBMBUSH BNETYLBOULBS FKHYEOLB, LPFPTKHA UPMDBFSCH CH YKHFLH OBSCCHCHBMY "CHFPTSCHN ZHTPOFPN".

uPVTBMYUSH H VMYODBTSE CHUE UCHPVVPDOSHCHE PF DETSKHTUFCHB ABOUT FEMEGEL SUPPORT FPYULBI. CHUEZP VSCHMP YEFSCHTE-RSFSH YUEMPCEL Y S. S. EEE, RP RTBCHDE ZPCHPTS, OE RYM, FPMSHLP ZMPFOHM TBB DCHB Y LEAV UMHYBM UPMDBFULYE VBKLY. nPY RPDYOEOOOSCHE RPUME CHSHCHRYCHLY ICHBMYMYUSH DTHZ RETED DTHZPN P CHPTCHULYI DEMBI. pDYO TBUULBJSCHCHBM, LBL PZTBVYM HOYCHETNBZ, DTHZPK — UVETLBUUKH Y F. D. UETTSBOF yOB UMHYBM, UMHYBM, RPFPN, HDBTYCH MPTSLPK P SAIL, BSCHYM, YUFP PO VSCHM BFBNBOPN iBTEPShCH. fBN EUFSH FBLPK TBKPO Y UEKYUBU. with LEAVING H HZMH Y DKHNBM: LKhDB S RPRBM - OE CHCHPD, B VBODYFULBS NBMYOB.

hZPNPOICHYUSH, CHUE HMEZMYUSH URBFSH, CHNEUFE U OYNY YS, DKHNBS, UFP NOPZPE YЪ FPZP, YuFP S UMSCHYBM, POY UPYOYOMY. oP Ch RPUMEDHAEEN H LPNBODYTB VBFBTEY (YN VSCHM UFBTYK MEKFEOBOP LPTEKYB) S HOBM, UFP YFP VSCHMP RTBCDPK. rPML MEFPN RPMHYUYM RPRPMOOEOYE, RTYVSCCHIE BTEUFBOFULYN LYEMMPOPN Y NEUF BLMAYUEOYS. CHUE SING VSHCHMY HZPMPCHOYLBNY YOY OH PDOPZP RPMYFYUEULPZP. UBVEZBS CHRETED, OBDP ULBBFSH, UFP CHPECHBMY POI IPTPYP. PYUECHYDOP, YI TEBLFICHOBS OBFHTB Y VBODYFULYE RTYCHSHCHYULY OBIPDYMY CHSHHIPD H UPMDBFULPK CHPMSHOYGE.

pDOBTDSCH S ЪBNEFYM, UFP PDYO YЪ UPMDBF RTSUEF PF NEOS MYGP, LPFPTPE VSCHMP RPTSDLPN TBYFP, RPYUETOEMP Y PRHIMP. rPRSHCHFLY CHSCHSUOYFSH, CH YUEN DEMP, BLBOYUYCHBMYUSH BLCHETEOYSNNY UPMDBFB CH FPN, YuFP ChP CHTENS PVUFTEMB PO KHRBM Y HDBTYMUS MYGPN. fBLPE CHRPMOE NPZMP RTPYEKFY. oP, RPDPJTECHBS, UFP FHF UFP-FP OE FBL, S OBJBM DPRSCFFCHBFSHUS H YOYOSCH: “ch YUEN DEMP?” according to UOBYUBMB ЪBNSMUS, OP RPFPN TBUULBBM, YuFP LFPF UPMDBF - VSHCHCHYK ChPT-LBTNBOIL. sing, VSHCHYE OBUFPSEIE CHPTSH Y VBODIFSCH, RTEYTBMY FBLYI. oP DEMP VSHMP OE CH LFPN. ON VSCHM HMYYUEO CH CHPTCHUFCHE RBKLY IMEVB, BY UFP Y VSCHM YЪVYF.

at RTPDHLFBNY VSHMP FTHDOP. IMEV DEMMY RPTPCHOH ABOUT CHUEI, Y LFP-MYVP PYO, PFCHETOKHCHYUSH, ZPCHPTYM, LBLPK LHUPL LPNH. b FBL LBL VPMSHYYOUFCHP UPMDBF RPUFPSOOP VSCHMY ABOUT DETSKHTUFCHE RP FEMEZHPOOSCHN FPYULBN YMY OBOYNBMYUSH TENPOFPN FEMEZHPOOPK MYOYY, FP RBEL IMEVB METSBM CH VMYODBTSE DP YI RTYIPDB. ChPF FFPF CHPTYYLB Y RPCHBDYMUS FBULBFSH IMEV. uPMDBF RTBLFYUEULY CHEUSH DEOSH PUFBCHBMUS ZPMPDOSCHN, MYYCHYUSH RBKLY IMEVB.

RJFBOYE ABOUT RETEDPPK VSCHMP, LBL RTBCHYMP, DCHB TBBB CH UHFLY: HFTPN DP TBUUCHEFB, LPZDB FENOPO Y RTPFYCHOYL OE CHYDYF, Y CHEYUETPN, LPZDB OBUFHRBEF FENOPFB. CHPPVEE, RPCHUEDOECHOSHCHK VSCHF ABOUT ZHTPOFE VSCHM UBNSCHN RTYNYFYCHOSCHN. CHEUSH DEOSH YDEF PTSEUFPYOOOSCHK VPK, Y FPMSHLP KHURECHBK DEMBFSH UCHPE DEMP, P LPFPTPN S TBUULBTSKH OYCE. CHEYUETPN PVSHCHUOP VPK ЪBFYIBEF, OBDP ZDE-FP PVUKHYYFSHUS Y PFDPIOHFSH.

OBY VMYODBCYL OILBLPC REYULY OE YNEM. уХЫЙМЙУШ Х ЛПУФТБ, Б ЮФПВЩ РТПФЙЧОЙЛ ОЕ ЪБНЕФЙМ, ХУФТБЙЧБМЙ ЕЗП ЗДЕ-ОЙВХДШ ЧПЪМЕ ЛПТОЕК ЧЩЧПТПЮЕООПЗП ДЕТЕЧБ ЙМЙ Ч ЧПТПОЛЕ, ЕУМЙ ФБН ОЕФ ЧПДЩ, Б ЙОПЗДБ ДЕМБМЙ ЙЪ ЕМПЧПЗП МБРОЙЛБ ЮФП-ФП ОБРПДПВЙЕ ЫБМБЫБ Й ФБН Х ОЕВПМШЫПЗП ЛПУФТБ УХЫЙМЙУШ. YDEUSH TSE YЪVBCHMSMYUSH Y PF CHYEK, LPFPTSCHI VSCHMP OENBMP, BKH OELPFPTSCHI POY VHLCHBMSHOP LYYEMY.

UOYNBMY OBFEMSHOHA THVBYLKH YMY LBMSHUPOSC Y DETTSBMY OBD LPUFTPN, RPLB CHY LBL UMEDHEF OE "RTPCBTSFUS". uFH CE RTPGEDKHTH RTPDEMSHCHCHBMY Y U CHETIOYN PVNHODYTPCHBOYEN. pDOBLP YOYEMSH YMY RPMHYHVPL OBD LPUFTPN O OBFSOEYSH, Y CHY FBN PUFBCHBMYUSH. DOEN, RPLB VEZBEYSH, OE YUKHCHUFCHKHEYSH, B OPYUSHA POI DPOINBMY.

h WBOA IPDYMY OE JUBEE LPOPZP TBB CH NUSG. vBOS RTEDUFBCHMSMB UPVPK PZPTPTTSOOOKHA CHEFLBNY OEPPMSHYHA RMPEBDLH, ABOUT ENMA LMBMY MBROYL. CHUA PDETSDH, LTPNE TENOS Y UBRPZ, UDBCHBMY ABOUT RTPTsBTLKH, LPFPTPK UMKHTSYMB PVSCHLOPCHEOOBS CEMEOBS VYULB. ABOUT DOP VYULY OBMYCHBMY OENOPSCHCHPDSHCH, LMBMY YUHTLY Y TEYEFLH YЪ RTHFSHECH, ABOUT OEE MPTSYMPUSH PVNHODYTPCHBOYE. vPYULB TBNEEBMBUSH OBD LPUFTPN. ChPDB Ch VYULE LYREMB, Y ZPTSUYN RBTPN RTPRBTYCHBMBUSH PDETSDB. LFB RTPGEDHTB DMYMBUSH PYO YUBU. ABOUT LFP CHTENS LBTsDPNKh DBCHBMY CHEDTP ZPTSUEK CHPDSH DMS NSCHFShS. eUFEUFCHEOOP, VPMSHYHA YUBUFSH READING RTYIPDYMPUSH OBZYYPN FBOGECHBFSH ABOUT IPMPDE, PUPVEOOP JNPK.

h UPMDBFULPN Y PZHYGETULPN PVYIPDE OE VSCHMP OILBLYI RPUFEMSHOSCHI RTYOBDMETSOPUFEK. yYOYEMSH YMY RPMHYKHVPL, RMBE-RBMBFLB, CHEENEYPL - CHPF Y CHUE "RTIDBOPE".

eUMY HDBCHBMPUSH CHFYUOHFSHUS CH VMYODBTSYL, FP URBMY CHRPCHBMLH, RTYTSBCHYUSH DTHZ L DTHZH, YUFPVSCH VSCHMP FERMEK. yOPZDB, EUMY RPCHPMSMMB PVUFBOPCHLB, U CHEYUETB TBULMBDSCCHBMY LPUFET, FETOEEE, DP OBUFHRMEOYS FENOPFSHCH. lPZDB ENMS RPD LPUFTPN OBZTECHBMBUSH, HZMY TBZTEVBMY, LMBMY MBROIL Y MPTSYMYUSH, HLTSCHYUSH RMBE-RBMBFLPK. fBL VSCHMP FERMEEE, YUEN CH OEFPRMEOPN VMYODBCE. FHBMEFOSHCHI RTYOBDMETSOPUFEK FPCE, LBL RTBCHYMP, OE VSHMP. iPTPYP, EUMY HDBCHBMPUSH HFTPN URPMPUOHFSH YЪ MHTSY YMY VPMPFB MYGP, HFETYUSH RPMPK YOYEMY. vPMSHYOUFCHP VSCHMY YUKHNBSHCHE PF LPRPFY LPUFTCH. h PVEEN, VSHCHF VSCHM UBNSCHN RTYNYFYCHOSCHN.

FERETSH OEULPMSHLP UMCH P ZHTPOFE, CHETOEE, RETEDPPCHPK. fBL OBSCCHCHBMY RETEDOIK LTBC Y VMYTSBKYYK FSHM, RTPUFTEMYCHBENSCHK TKHTSEKOP-RHMENEFOSHCHN PZOEN.

h RETCHSHCHK TSE DEOSH NPY RTEDUFBCHMEOYS P ZHTPOFE RPMOPUFSHHA RPDFCHETDYMYUSH. at TBUUCHEFPN OBYUBMUS PTSEUFPYUEOOSCHK VPK. OBY CHPKULB RSHCHFBMYUSH BFBLPCHBFSH RTPFYCHOYLB. FPF, EUFEUFCHEOOP, CHUENY PZOECHCHNY UTEDUFCHBNY PFTBTSBM GENERAL OBRDEOIE. зТПИПФ ЛБОПОБДЩ ОБЫЕК БТФЙММЕТЙЙ Й НЙОПНЕФПЧ УМЙЧБМУС У ЗТПИПФПН ТБЪТЩЧПЧ ЧТБЦЕУЛЙИ УОБТСДПЧ Й НЙО, ФТЕУЛ РХМЕНЕФОЩИ, БЧФПНБФОЩИ Й ТХЦЕКОЩИ ЧЩУФТЕМПЧ, ЛТЙЛЙ «ХТБ!», ТХЗБОШ, ЛТЙЛЙ Й УФПОЩ ТБОЕОЩИ — ЧУЕ ЬФП УМЙЧБМПУШ Ч УРМПЫОПК ФСЦЕМЩК ЗТПИПФ ВПС. yFH "NKhSHCHLH" DPRPMOSMY CHPDHYOSCHE VY CH OEVE, STPUFOSHCH VPNVETSLY Y YFHTNPCHSHCHE HDBTSCH CHTBTSUEULPK BCHYBGYY. CHVMY RETEDOEZP LTBS MEU VSCHM PYUEOSH UYMSHOP YЪVYF UOBTSDBNY Y VPNVBNY. vPMSHYOUFCHP DETECHSHECH UMPNBOP YMY UTEEBOP PULPMLBNY ABOUT TBOPK CHSHCHUPFE.

ENMS VSCHMB YЪTSCHFB PLPRBNY, RPYUFY URMPYSH KHUESOB CHPTPOLBNY PF VPNV Y UOBTSDCH. h CHPDHIE RPUFPSOOP CHYUEM UNTBD PF TBTSCHCHCH UOBTSDPCH, NYO, VPNV, RPTsBTCH.

tboeoshche, LBL RTBCHYMP, UBNY DPVYTBMYUSH DP VMYTSBKYI NEDRHOLFCH, B FP RPMFPTB-DCHB LYMPNEFTB, - ZDE RPMLPN, ZDE ABOUT RPRKHFOPK RPCHPLE. UBOYFBTSHCH VSHMY BOSFSHCH FPMSHLP FTSEMSHCHNY TBOEOSCHNY, FENY, LFP OE REFINERY UBNPUFPSFEMSHOP DPRPMYFY. rPNOA NBMSHUYYLKH NMBDYEZP MEKFEOBOFB, FBLPZP CE, LBL YS, LPFPTSCHK U RTPUFTEMEOOPK OBULCHPSH ZTHDSHA, BTSYNBS THLPK TBOH, VTEM CH RPMHVEUUPOBFEMSHOPN UPUFPSOY OB NEDRHOLF. RPNPYUSH ENH SOE NPZ, Kh NEOS VSCHMB OEPFMPTSOBS VPCHBS TBVPFB, P LPFPTPK TEYUSHOYTSE.

hVYFSHCHI, B YI VSHCHMP NOPZP, IPTPOYMY FHF TSE. ChRTPYUEN, IPTPOYMY - UMYYLPN ZTPNLP ULBBOP. h MHYuYEN UMHYUBE, OBLTSCCH RMBE-RBMBFLPK RP OEULPMSHLP YuEMPCHEL, BUSCHRBMY CH PLPRE YMY VPMSHYPK CHPTPOLE, CH LPFPTSCHI YUBUFP ABOUT DOE UFPSMB ChPDB. oETEDLP BLBRSHCHBMY VE CHUSLPK RMBE-RBMBFLY, MYGPN CHOI. oETEDLP HVYFSHCHE RP OEULPMSHLP DOEK METSBMY OEEBTSCHFSCHNY, VSHMP OE DP OII.

rPNOA, Ch PDOPN NEUFE VSCHM TPDOIL, NEFTPH 300–400 PF RETEDPPCHPK. DETECHS FBN RPYUFY CHUE VSCHMY UMPNBOSH UOBTSDBNY Y VPNVBNY. fP VShchMP JNPK. UPMDBFSCH VMYTSBKYI RPDTBDEMEOYK RTPVYTBMYUSH FHDB, YuFPVSCH OBVTBFSH LPFEMPL CHPDSHCH. chTBTSEULYK UOBKRET, HLTSCHIYUSH ZDE-FP, PYUECHIDOP ABOUT OEKFTBMSHOPK FETTYFPTYY, DEMBM UCHPE UETOPE DEMP. lPZDB WITH RPDPYEM FHDB, CHPME TPDOILB METSBMP HCE YEFSCHTE YMY RSFSH FTHHRCH. with UOBYUBMB OE RPOSM, CH YUEN DEMP, ZMPFOHM OENPZP Y RPYEM DBMSHYE. pFPKDS YBZPCH 20–30, S HUMSHCHYBM EEMYUPL RHMY Y PVETOHMUS. rHMS DPUFBMB PYUETEDOHA CETFCHH, RPUME NEO RPPDYYHA L TPDOYLH.

нПС ЪБДБЮБ Ч ЬФПФ РЕТЙПД УПУФПСМБ Ч ФПН, ЮФПВЩ ПВЕУРЕЮЙФШ РТПЧПДОПК МЙОЙЕК ФЕМЕЖПООПК УЧСЪЙ ОБВМАДБФЕМШОЩК РХОЛФ РПМЛБ У ОБВМАДБФЕМШОЩНЙ РХОЛФБНЙ ЛПНБОДЙТПЧ ДЙЧЙЪЙПОПЧ, ЛПФПТЩЕ ОБИПДЙМЙУШ ОЕРПУТЕДУФЧЕООП ОБ РЕТЕДОЕН ЛТБЕ Ч ВБФБМШПОБИ РЕТЧПК МЙОЙЙ.

or LPNBOYTB RPMLB OBIPDYMUS ABOUT NPEOPC UPUOE NEFTPH 600–800 PF RETEDOEZP LTBS. L UPUOE VSCHMB RTYUFBCHMEOB UBNPDEMSHOBS MEUFOYGB, B NETsDH CHEFCHEK UDEMBOB OEVPMSHYBS RMPEBDLB YJ TSETDEK. fBN VSHCHMY HLTERMEOSCH OEULPMSHLP MYUFPC CEMEEB DMS BEIFSHCH PF RHMSH Y PULPMLPC. CHEUSH DEOSH FBN OBIPDYMUS YMY LPNBOYT RPMLB, YMY EZP ЪBNEUFYFEMSH, THLPCHPDYCHYE PZOEN DYCHYYPOCH.

h RPMLH VSCHMP YEFSCHTE DYCHYYPOB, OB OR LBTsDPZP YJ OYI YMB FEMEZHPOOBS MYOYS, LPFPTBS RTPLMBDSCHCHBMBUSH RP ENME. RPDCHEYCHBFSH HER ABOUT DETECHSHS VSCHMP OELPZDB, LTPNE FPZP, RPDCHEYOOOBS MYOYS YUBUFP OBTHYBMBUSH RPRBDBOYEN PULPMLCH, B YOPZDB Y RHMSh. RP ENME CHP NOPZYI NEUFBI YMP VPMSHYPE LPMYUEUFCHP FEMEZHPOOSCHI MYOYK TBMYUOSCHI YUBUFEK Y RPDTBDEMEOYK. LBVEMSH H CHUI VSHCHM PDYOBLPCHSHCHK, Y EUMY UOBTSD YMY NYOB TCHBMY PULPMLBNY OEULPMSHLP MYOYK, FP OERTPUFP VSCHMP TBBPVTBFSH, ZDE YUSHS MYOYS, PUPVEOOP OPYUSHA. b LPNBOYT FTEVPCHBM RPUFPSOOKHA UCHSHSH. LTHFIFSHUS RTYIPDYMPUSH CHEUSH DEOSH, B YUBUFP Y OPYUSHA.

chchpd Vshchm HLPNRMELFPCHBO OE RPMOPUFSHHA. ABOUT LBTsDPK FPULE CHNEUFP DCHHI-FTEI FEMEZHPOYUFCH OBIPDYMUS, LBL RTBCHYMP, PYO, RPUFPSOOP DOYEN Y OPYUSHA, OEDEMSNY, NEUSGBNY, DETTSB FEMEZHPOOKHA FTHVLH X HIB. uPMDBFSCH RTYURPUBVMYCHBMYUSH Y L LFPNH. L FEMEZHPOOPK FTHVLE RTYCHSCHCHBMY OEVPMSHYHA REFMA YY YRBZBFB YMY LHULB LBVEMS Y OBDECHBMY FFH REFMA ABOUT ZPMCHKH, FBL YuFP X NOZZYI DBTSE CHSCHFETMYUSH CHPMPUSCH CH FFPNDECH VYUFEB

FEMEZHPO OEMSHЪS VSHMP VTPUYFSHOY ABOUT NYOHFH — DOYEN CHUE CHTENS RETEDBCHBMYUSH LPNBODSCH Y RTYLBBOYS, B OPYUSHA YUETE LBTsDShCHE 10–15 NYOHF RTPCHETSMBUSH YURTBCHOPUFSH UCHSY. th EUMY FEMEZHPOYUF OB CHSHCHCH OE PFCHEYUBM, OB MOYA RPUSCHMBMUS MYOEKOSHCHK UCHSYUF.

rPNOA, LBL-FP OPYUSHA OE PFCHEFIM FEMEZHPOYUF PDOPK Y FPYUEL, EZP RPSHCHCHOPK VSHCHM "lBBOSH". DETSKHTIME FBN PYO UPMDBF, FBFBTYO RP OBGIPOBMSHOPUFY, ZPCHPTYCHYYK U DPCHPMSHOP BLNEFOSHCHN BLGEOFPN. with OEULPMSHLP TB CHSHCHCHCHBM EZP, OP PFCHEFB OE VSCHMP. CHUE FEMEZHPOYUFSHCH OBIPDYMYUSH ABOUT DTHZYI MOYOSI, RTYYMPUSH VETSBFSH UBNPNKh. VETH CH THLY MYOYA Y VEZH RP OEK CH RPYULBI RPTSCHCHB. oPYUSH, PHENOP, OYUEZP RPYUFY OE CHIDOP.

rTPVETSBM PLPMP LYMPNEFTB — MYOYS GEMB, Y YMB POB CH OEVPMSHYPK VMYODBTSYL, HERE WE GO FEMEZHPOYUF. vMYODBTS YNEM OEVPMSHYPE RETELTSCHFIYE YЪ VTECHEO, CHIPD CH OEZP VSCHM Yuete Pfchetufye Ch RPFPMLE. ZMHVYOB VMYODBTsB VSCHMB OENOPZYN VPMSHIE NEFTTB. bBUHOHM ZPMPCHH H DSHCHTH Y RPCHBM: "lBBOSH". CHYTSH, NPK FEMEZHPOYUF URYF UYDS X FEMEZHPOB, RTYUMPOYCHYUSH URYOPK L UFEOE VMYODBTsB, CH LPFPTPN NETGBM PZPOEL LHULB ZPTECHYEZP LBVEMS. rPCHFPTSA UYMSHOEE: "LBBOSH!"; FEMEZHPOYUF PFCHEYUBEF BCHFPNBFYUEULY: "LBBOSH UMAYBA". OP DMS FPZP YuFPVSH HUMSHCHYBFSH PFCHEF RP FEMEZHPOKH, OBDP OBTSBFSH TBZPCHPTOSHCHK LMBRBO CH NYLTPFFEMEZHPOOPK FTHVLE, B FBL LBL UPMDBF URBM, FP, EUFEUFCHEOOP, PO FFPZP OE CHUPCH PPCH, IPFS CHYDS FFP, S LTYLOHM UIMSHOEEE: "LBBOSH!" UPMDBF CHODTPZOHM, RTPUOHMUS, OBTSBM LMBRBO Y PFCHEFYM. pVTHZBCH EZP LBL UMEDHEF, PFRTBCHYMUS OBBD.

pVSCHUOP H VMYODBTSE OBIPDYMPUSH DCHE-FTY FEMEZHPOOSCHI FPYULY - BTFYMMETYUFSHCH, NYOPNEFYUYLY, REIPFB; Y EUMMY UMHYUBMUS RPTSCHCH ABOUT MYOYY, FEMEZHPOYUF PUFBCHMSM FEMEZHPO ABOUT RPREUEOYE UPUEDB Y VETSBM ABOUT MYOYA. LTPNE FPZP, OBDP CE VSHMP TEYBFSH Y UCHPY MYUOSCHE TSYFEKULIE OKHTSDSCH, RPFPNKh OETEDLP UPMDBFSCH CHSHCHTHYUBMY DTHZ DTHZB. GERMSM PYO RP DCHE FTHVLY ABOUT ZPMPCHH, DBCBS DTHZPNH CHPNPTSOPUFSH PFMHYuYFSHUS OB 5–10 NYOHF. fTHDOEE VSCHMP, LPZDB FEMEZHPOYUF PUFBCHBMUS PYO. bB UBNPCHPMSHOPE, VE TBTEYOYES, PUFBCHMEOYE UCHPEZP NEUFB TBURTBCHB NPZMB VShFSH UBNPK TSEUFPLPK, CHRMPFSH DP TBUUFTEMB ABOUT NEUFE. ZhTPOF EUFSH ZhTPOF, FBN OELPZDB TBVYTBFSHUS, RTBCH YMY OE RTBC, ZMBCHOPE - VPEChBS TBVPFB, VPEChBS bbdbyub.

LTPNE FEMEZHPOOSCHI MYOYK Y PLPROSCHI FEMEZHPOOSCHI UFBOGIK ABOUT RETEDOEN LTBE CHCHPD PVUMHTSYCHBM Y MYOYA CH FSHM, CH YFBV RPMLB. its RTPFSTSEOOPUFSH UPUFBCHMSMB RPTSDLB RSFY LYMPNEFTCH. хЮЙФЩЧБС, ЮФП ФЕМЕЖПОЩ Х ОБУ ВЩМЙ УМБВПЧБФЩЕ (хоб-ж, ФП ЕУФШ ХОЙЖЙГЙТПЧБООЩК ОПУЙНЩК БРРБТБФ ЖПОЙЮЕУЛЙК), НОПЗП УЙМ РТЙИПДЙМПУШ ЪБФТБЮЙЧБФШ ДМС ФПЗП, ЮФПВЩ Й УМЩЫЙНПУФШ ВЩМБ ИПТПЫЕК, Й МЙОЙС ВЩМБ ЙУРТБЧОПК. b Yuen DMYOOEE MYOYS, FEN LFY RBTNEFTSC HIKHDYBMYUSH. pUPVEOOP DPOINBMY RPTSCHCHSHCH, CH PUOPCHOPN YЪ-ЪB BTFPVUFTEMPCH.

rPUPCHEFPCHBCHYUSH UP UCHPYNY LPNBODYTBNY PFDEMEOYK, NSC TEYYMY FEMEZHPOOKHA MOYA ABOUT IFBV RTPMPTSYFSH bOPCHP. rTETSOSS MYOYS YMB CHDPMSH DPTPZY, ZDE LTPNE OBYEK MYOYY VSHMP VPMSHYPE LPMYUEUFCHP DTHZYI. DBCE CH HUMPCHYSI, LPZDB MYOYS VSCHMB GEMB, RTPUMKHIYCHBMYUSH RP YODHLGYY RETEZPCHPTSHCH YUKHTSYI UFBOHYK. nBTYTHF OPCHPK MYOYY CHSHCHVTBMY CH PUOPCHOPN RP VPMPFBN, B ZDE OEMSHЪS, BLBRSHCHCHBMY CH ENMA. lPOEYUOP, RTYYMPUSH RPFTHDYFSHUUS Y RPNPLOHFSH H VVPMPFBI. ъBFP RPFPN, LPZDB CHSCHRBM UOEZ Y HLTSCM GENERAL MOYA, POB TBVPFBMB DP UBNPK CHEUOSCH VEEPFLBOP. tBTSCHCHSHCH UOBTSDPCH Y NYO, DBCE CHVMYY PF MYOYY, CHTEDB EK OE RTYUYOSMY. uOBTSD YMY NYOB HIPDYMY CH VPMPFP, CHSCVTBUSCHCHBS ZHPOFBO ZTSY. PUOPCHOBS NBUUB PULPMLPC PUFBCHBMBUSH CH VPMPFE.

CHEUOPK, LPZDB BLFICHYYTPCHBMYUSH VECHSHCHE DECUFCHYS, OBYB MYOYS DECUFCHCHBMB VEHRTEYUOP. oETEDLP YЪ DTHZYI YUBUFEK RTYIPDYMY L OBN, YUFPVSCH RP OBBYEK MYOYY Y YUETEЪ OBY YFBV RPMLB RETEDBFSH LBLPE-FP UTPYUOPE TBURPTSEOYE CH UCHPA YUBUFSH.

pDOBTsDCH ZDE-FP CH ZHECHTBME 1943 ZPDB LPNBOYT RPMLB RTYLBBM DBFSH UCHSHSH ABOUT RETEDPPCHPK OBVMADBFEMSHOSHCHK RHOLF. fBN VSCHMB UDEMBOB OEVPMSHYBS YЪVKHYLB YЪ FPMUFSHCHI VTECHEO. ACCOUNT OF POB YNEMB DCHB OBLBFB, LTPNE FPZP, UOBTHTSY UFEOSCH VSCHMY HLTERMEOSCH CHETFYLBMSHOSHCHNY UFPMVBNY. uFP CH LBLPC-FP UFEROOY ЪBEYEBMP PF PULPMLPC Y RHMSh. rTBCHDB, RTSNPE RPRBDBOYE UOBTSDB LFP UPPTKhTSEOYE CHTSD MY VSHCH CHSHCHDETSBMP.

lPZDB RTPFSOHMY FEMEZHPOOKHA MYOYA, NOE UFBMP Y'CHEUFOP, UFP LPNBODYT RPMLB HRTBCHMSM PZOEN RP TBDYP. oENGSCH BUELMY TBDYPUFBOGYA Y VBVTPUBMY VMYODBTS UOBTSDBNY Y NYOBNY. CHUS ENMS CHPLTKhZ VMYODBTsB VSCHMB YЪTSCHFB CHPTPOBNY, VHLCHBMSHOP RETERBIBOB. hDYCHYFEMSHOP, LBL HGEMEM UBN VMYODBC CH FFPN BDH. LBL FPMSHLP RPUFBCHYMY FEMEZHPO Y HUFBOPCHYMY UCHSHSH, UTBYH CE LPNBODYT RPMLB OBYUBM HRTBCHMSFSH PZOEN RP FEMEZHPOH.

PUETEDOPK BTFOBMEF CHTBZB. ENMS TSDPN U VMYODBTsPN UFBOCHYFUS DSHVPN PF TBTSCHCHCHCH. h PUOPCHOPN POY TCHFUS CH FSHMKH OBYEZP VMYODBTsB, NEFTCH 50–70 RPBDY. UCHSH, LPOEYUOP, CHSHYMB Y UFTPS. LPNBOYT RPMLB FTEVHEF VSHCHUFTP ChPUUFBOCHYFSH UCHSHSH, YUFPVSH RETEDBFSH LPNBODH ABOUT RPDBCHMEOYE CHTBTSUEULPK VBFBTEY. lBL RPUSCHMBFSH CH FBLPE RELMP UPMDBFB? b YI X NEOS CHUEZP DCHPE. CHSHCHULPYUYM PYO YOYI Y, NBOECHTYTHS NETSDH TBTSCHCHBNY, RPVETSBM RP MOYYY, DETTSB EE CH THLE. CHULPTE UCHSHSH CHPUUFBOCHYMBUSH, OP VHLCHBMSHOP ABOUT UYUYFBOSHCH UELHODSCH, — Y CHOPCHSH PVPTCHBMBUSH. with RPOSM, YUFP UCHSYUF HVYF YMY TBOEO FSTCEMP, EUMY OE NPTSEF CHPUUFBOCHYFSH MYOYA.

rPUSCHMBA CHFPTPZP. OBVMADBEN ULCHPSH DCHETOPK RTPEN U OBYUBMSHOILPN UCH RPMLB OB EZP YZTPK UP UNETFSHHA. PUETEDOPK TBTSCHCHCH, CHETOEE, UETYS TBTSCHCHCHCH, Y NPK UCHSJUF LBL RPDLPIEOOOSCHK RBDBEF ABOUT ENMA - HVYF.

CHULPTE BTFOBMEF RTELTTBFIYMUS, OP S KOBA, UFP LFP OEOBDPMZP. CHSHCHULBLYCHBA YЪ VMYODBTSB, UFP EUFSH UYMSCH VEZH RP MYOYY, RETERTSCHZYCHBS CHPTPOLY. EUFSH RPTSCHCH, VSHCHUFTP ЪBYUEBA Y UPEDYOSA LPOGSCH, RPDLMAYUYM BRRBTBF, UCHSH CH UFPTPOH OR EUFSH, B CH DTKhZHA - OEF. VEZH DBMSHYE, EEE RPTSCHCH. th FHF OBYUBMUS PUETEDOPK PZOECHPK OBMEF. with PLBBMUS CH GEOPTE LFPZP LMPLPYUKHEEZP CHKHMLBOB. DCHE-FTY UELHODSCH NETSDH TBTSCHCHBNY, Y S VTPULPN CHRETED RBDBA CH CHPTPOLKH. VOLUME CHFPTPK LPOEG MOYY, METSB CH ZTSY CH CHPTPOLE. 'HVBNY UTSCHCHBA PRMEFLH LBWEMS Y UTBEYCHBA LPOGSHCH. UOBTSDSC U DILYN CHPEN TCHFUS CHPLTHZ, UCHYUFSF YYMERBAFUS CHPLTHZ PULPMLY, LPNSHS ZTSY MKHRSF RP URYOE. hFLOHMUS ZPMPPCHPK CH CHPTPOKH. LPOEYUOP, PYUEOSH UFTBYOP, FTHDOP CHSHDETSBFSH LFH VEYEOHA RMSULH UNETFY. nBMEOSHLIK RTPNETSHFPL, Y S VTPUBAUSH CH UCHETSKHA CHPTPOKH, JOBS, UFP RP FEPTYY CHETPSFOPUFY DCHB UOBTSDB CH PDOH CHPTPOLKH OE RPRBDBAF. OP CHEDSH FFP FEPTYS, B POB DBMELP OE CHUEZDB UPCHRBDBEF U RTBLFILPK.

NYOHF DEUSFSH DMYMUS PZOECHPK OBMEF, OP BY RPLBMBMUS CHEYUOPUFSHHA. oEVPMSHYPE ЪBFYYSHE. с МЙИПТБДПЮОП ЙЭХ ПВПТЧБООЩЕ ЛПОГЩ РТПЧПДБ, УТБЭЙЧБА ЙИ, ЧЙЦХ, ЛБЛ ОБЮБМШОЙЛ УЧСЪЙ РПМЛБ (ПО ОБИПДЙМУС ЧНЕУФЕ У ЛПНБОДЙТПН РПМЛБ Й ФЕРЕТШ ЧЩРПМОСМ ПВСЪБООПУФЙ ДЕЦХТОПЗП ФЕМЕЖПОЙУФБ) РПДБЕФ НОЕ ЪОБЛЙ ТХЛБНЙ, ЮФП УЧСЪШ ЕУФШ.

RPF ЪBMYCHBEF MYGP Y URYOKH, IPFS ABOUT HMYGE ЪYNB. oEULPMSHLP NYOHF METSH, PFDSCHYBMUS. OBA, UFP ULPTP VKhDEF OPCHSCHK PZOECHPK OBMEF. oENGSHCH REDBOFYUOSCHK OBTPD - TBI OBYUBMY PVUFTEM, FP VHDHF RTPDPMTSBFSH EZP, RPLB OE RPFTEVHEFUS RETEOYUFY PZPOSH ABOUT DTHZHA GEMSH. x OENGECH HLPLMEKLB, Y, UHDS RP CHUENKH, OEDPUFBFLB CH UOBTSBI POY OE PEHEBAF, BH OBU TSEUFLIK MYNYF. BYUBUFHA ABOUT PDOP PTHDYE CH UHFLY PFRHULBAF PYO UOBTSD.

reTEDPIOHCH, PFPYEM OBBD NEFTCH UFP, HLTSHMUS RPD CHCHCHPTPUEOOSCHN DETECHPN, CHA. CHULPTE CHOPCHSH OBYUBMUS PZOECHPK OBMEF, DYLBS RMSULB UNETFY. MYOYS, LPOEYUOP, PRSFSH VSCHMB RETEVIFB, Y CHOPCHSH MYIPTBDPYUOP YEKH LPOGSCH RTCHPDCH. obmef LPOYUYMUS CHOEBROP, FBL CE LBL Y OBYUBMUS. NETsDH PZOECHCHNY OBMEFBNY ​​RTPFYCHOYL CHTENS DETSYF LFPF HYBUFPL RPD PVUFTEMPN, NEFPDYUEULY RPUSCHMBS UOBTSD OB UOBTSDPN Yuete LBTSDSHCHE 20–30 UELHOD.

CHUS MYOYS CH HIMBI, Y UMSCHYNPUFSH, LPOEYUOP, IHCE. x NEOS U UPVPK, LTPNE FEMEZHPOOPZP BRRBTBFB, LBFHYLB LBVEMS, NEFTCH RSFSHUPF. RPOSCH, YuFP Oengshhh PFUFHREMYUSH PF BFPZP Hubuflb, Chefy Pvuftem DBMSHYYA, with PDOPN YH HMPCHEYYYAYYYA PVUFTMIB RPDPHPD PVPHILPK PVPPPK BCPPP. oEULPMSHLP TB RTYIPDYMPUSH VTPUBFSHUS CH CHPTPOLY, LPZDB UOBTSD HZTPTSBAEE MEPHEM ABOUT NEO. h CHPTPOLBI CHPDB, CHSHCHNPL CHEUSH OBULCHPSH, OP MOYA RPDFSOHM.

LPNBOYT RPMLB UFHYUIF RYUFPMEFPN RP RPDPVYA UFPMB YJ TSETDEK, FTEVHEF UCHSHSH. PUETEDOPK PZOECHPK OBMEF CHOPCHSH REVEYM MYOYA. th FHF RPSCHMSAUSH S U RPUMEDONY NEFTTBNY LBVEMS ABOUT LBFHYLE. OBYUBMSHOIL UCHSIY ICHBFBEF HER, MYIPTBDPYUOP RPDUPEDYOSEF RTCHPD L FEMEZHPOKH - EUFSH UCHSHSH! LPNBOYT RPMLB NETSDH LPNBODBNY RPDVBDTYCHBEF NEOS PDPVTSAEIN CHZMSDPN, UCHSH TBVPFBEF HUFPKYUCHP. b UCHSHSH ABOUT ZHTPOFE - FFP OETCH BTNYY, DB Y CH NYTOPE CHTENS FPTS.

UOYNBA UBRPZY, CHSHCHMYCHBA CHPDKH, CHSHTSYNBA RPTFSOLY Y UOPCHB b TBVPPFH, RPLB b FEMEZHPOYUFB. eee OE RPDPYEM UPMDBF-FEMEZHPOYUF, CHSHCHCHBOOSCHK U GEOPTBMSHOPK UFBOGYY.

CHEUSH SOCHBTSH Y ZHECHTTBMSh RTPDPMTSBMYUSH FTSEMSHCHE VPI, ZYVMY FSHCHUSYuY MADEK, OP TEHMSHFBFB RTBLFYUEULY OILBLPZP.

h OBYUBME NBTFB 1943 ZPDB S RPMKHYUYM RTYLBBOYE ABOUT PTZBOYBGYA RTCHPDOPK UCHSHCHSHCHK TBKPO. MYOYA OBDP VSCHMP FSOHFSH NOPZPLYMPNEFTCHHA, B YUEN DMYOOEE MYOYS, FEN NEOSHY OBDETSOPUFY. at DCHKHNS FEMEZHPOYUFBNY RPFSOHMY MYOYA. x LBTsDPZP RP 5–6 LBFHYEL LBVEMS, LBTsDBS 7–8 LYMPZTBNNPC Y RP FEMEZHPOOPNKh BRRBTBFH. with FPCE OBZTHYIMUS OBTBCHOE UP CHUENY. OBNOE VEMSHCHK NBULYTPCHPYUOSCHK IBMBF - RETEDPCHBS TSDPN.

CHEUSH DEOSH FSOKHMY MYOYA. HUFBM DP OECHPЪNPTSOPUFY. eME DPVTEM DP RTPNETSHFPYuOPK UFBOGIY - FBN FEMEZHPOYUF UPPTHDYM YЪ CHEFCHEK EMY Y UPUOSCH YBMBY. h YBMBYE ZPTYF OEVPMSHYPK LPUFET, UEM TSDPN U LPUFTPN, OE IBNEFYM, LBL HUOHM. rTPUOKHMUS, LPZDB OBNOE OBZPTEMUS NBULIBMBF Y PVPTSZMP MYGP. rTYYMPUSH BCHBMYFSHUS CH UOEZ, UFPVSCH RPFHYYFSH FMEAEIK NBULIBMBF.

h NBTFE 1943 ZPDB OBYUBMPUSH OBUFHRMEOYE CHPKUL UCHETP-yBRBDOPZP ZhTPOFB, CH FPN YUYUME Y ABOUT Hyubufle 1-K hDBTOPK BTNYY, LPFPTK LPNBODPCHBM ZEOETBM lHJOEGPCH. tBOP HFTPN CHUEN DEKUFCHPCHBCHYYN CH RETCHPN LYEMPOE OBUFHRMEOYS CHSHCHDBMY RPZPOSHCH.

rPNOA, LBL RETED BFBLPK UPMDBFSCH UOYNBMY YOYEMY, PUFBCHBSUSh FPMSHLP CH CHBFOILBI, UFPVSCH MEZUE VSCHMP BFBLPCBFSH. h RETCHSHCHK CE DEOSH HDBMPUSH RTPTCHBFSH PVTPPOH RTPFYCHOYLB. 1-S HDBTOBS BTNYS DECUFCHPCHBMB ATSOEEE DENSOULPZP LPFMB, OBOPUS HDBT H TBKOE UEM bMHYUSHE, zPDYMPCHP, nBFBUCHP, H UBNPZP PUOPCHBOYS ZPTMPCHYOSCH PLTHCEOOPC ZTHRRYTPCHLY. chTBZ HRPTOP UPRTPFICHMSMUS. bB NOPZYE NEUSGSHCH PVPTPOSCH BY RTYUFTEMSM LBTsDShKK LHUFYL Y FERETSCH THAN PTSEUFPYEOOSCHK RTYGEMSHOSHCHK PZPOSH y CHUEI CHIDPCH PTHTSYS.

h OEVE FPCE YEM STPUFOSHCHK BCHYBGIPOOSCHK VPK. pFFHDB USCHRBMYUSH ABOUT ENMA PULPMLY PF UBNPMEFPCH, B YOPZDB Y UBNPMEFSCH RBDBMY ABOUT ENMA.

oBUFHRMEOYE YMP FSCEMP, VPMSHYE RPFETY OEUMMY OBBY CHPKULB, OP OBUFPKYUYCHP, HRPTOP "RTPZTSCHBMY" CHTBTSEULKHA PVPTPOH. hsfshch UEMB bmhyushe, zPDYMPCHP, nBFBUCHP. FF HCE KHUREI. rTPFICHOIL, YUHCHUFCHHS, UFP OBTECHBEF OPCHSHCHK LPFEM, OBYUBM RPUFEREOOP PFIPDYFSH, CHSHCHTBCHOYCHBS ZHTPOF. CHULPTE DENSOULYK LPFEM RETEUFBM UHEEUFCHPCHBFSH, OP PLTHTSYFSH CHTBTSEULYE CHPKULB OE HDBMPUSH. YuBUFY 1-K hDBTOPK BTNY CHCHYMY ABOUT THVETS TEL TEDS Y DEUSH RETEYMY L PVPTPOE.

VPECHSHCHE RPTSDLY OBYEZP 37-ZP ZCHBTDEKULPZP BTFRPMLB TBURPMBZBMYUSH H TBKPE UEMB rPDDPTSHE. rPML RPDDETSYCHBM 14-K ZCHBTDEKULYK UFTEMLPCHSHCHK LPTRHU, LPFPTSCHK CHIPDYM CH UPUFBCH 1-K hDBTOPK BTNYY.

CHEUOB RPMOPUFSHHA CHUFKHRYMB CH UCHPY RTBCHB, CHUE CHPLTHZ RPLTSCHMPUSH FBMPK CHPDK, DPTPZY UFBMY OERTPIPDYNSCH. rPDCHP RTPPDCHPMSHUFCHYS RTELTBFYMUS. yOPZDB x-2 UVTBUSCHCHBM OEULPMSHLP NEYLPCH UHIBTEK, LPFPTSCHE RTECHTBEBMYUSH CH LTPYECHP, DB Y DPUFBCHBMYUSH FPMSHLP FEN, LFP KHUREM OBKFY. b FBL LBL LFP RTPYUIPDYMP CH FENOPE CHTENS, FP YOPZDB NEYLY RPRBDBMY L RTPFICHOYLH. l FPNKh TSE MEFUYL CHUEZDB CHSHVYTBM RPMSOH H MEUKH Y ABOUT OEE UVTBUSCHCHBM UCHPK ZTKh. OP CH FFK VPMPFYUFPK NEUFOPUFY RPMSOB CHUEZDB VSCHMB VPMPFPN, RTYUEN YUBUFP ZMHVPLYN, U FTSUYOPK, Y HCE OE PYO UPMDBF HYEM CH FFH FTSUYOH CH RPRSHFLE DPUFBFSH TSEMBOOSHCHK NEYPL.

rTPPDCHPMSHUFCHYS CHPPVEE OILBLPZP OE CHSHCHDBCHBMY, Y ZPMPD NHYUYM PUOPCHBFEMSHOP. yOPZDB HDBCHBMPUSH OBVTBFSH ABOUT VPMPFE LMACHSHCH, ZTSCHMY VETEEPCHHA LPTH. pDOBCDSCH LPNBODYT PFDEMEOYS UETZBOF flBYuHL RPDUFTEMYM LBLHA-FP RFYGH, OE FP UPTPLH, OE FP CHPTPOH. UCHBTYMY UHR, UYAEMY EZP NYZPN. xDBYUK UYUYFBMPUSH, EUMY HDBCHBMPUSH OBKFY HVYFHA MPYBDSH. her OENEDMEOOP TBDEMSCHCHBMY VHLCHBMSHOP DP ICHPUFB, CHUE YMP CH RYEKH. CHBTYMY HER YUBUB FTY YMY YUEFSHCHTE. bb ffp chtens u oee chshchipdymp nopzp reoshch: bjubufha lpoyob vschmb xtse h zpdbi y, lpoeyuop, tseuflbs. OP ZPMPD DEMBM UCHPE DEMP. oETEDLP CHEUOPK YJ-RPD UOEZB RPSCHMSMBUSH FHYB, HVYFBS EEE PUEOSHA. POB FPCE YMB CH IPD, IPFS, LBL RTBCHYMP, VSHMB U DHYLPN. h PVEEN RIFBOYE, PUPVEOOP ABOUT RETEDPPK, VSHMP ULKHDOSCHN Y OETEZHMSTOSHCHN. ZPMPDBFSH RTYIPDYMPUSH YUBUFP.

bB VPI H SOCHBTE - NBTFE NEOS OBZTBDYMY PTDEOPN lTBUOPK YCHEDSHCH. rTYLB RPDRYUBM LPNBODYT 14-ZP ZCHBTDEKULPZP UFTEMLPCHPZP LPTRHUB. ChRTPYUEN, OBZTBDOPK MYUF SOE CHYDEM YOE OYOBA, UFP FBN VSCHMP OBRJUBOP. s, LPOEYUOP, VSCHM ZPTD LFPK OBZTBDPK, NOE CHEDSH VSCHMP FPMSHLP 19 MEF.

FFPF RYJPD ZHTPOFPCHPK TSOYOY FEI MEF S PRYYH VPME RPDTPVOP.

CHEUOB 1943 ZPDB ABOUT UCHETP-BRBDOPN ZHTPOFE OBUFKHRIMB OEPTSYDBOOP TBOP. xCE CH NBTFE STLPE UPMOGE TBUFPRYMP UOEZ, FBMBS CHPDB ЪBMYMB CHUE CHPLTHZ ABOUT DEUSFLY, B NPTCEF, Y UPFOY LYMPNEFTCH. MEUB, RPMS, NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE VPMPFB - CHUE VSCHMP ЪBMYFP CHPDK, FPMSHLP OEVPMSHYYE VKhZPTLY CHPCHSCHYBMYUSH OBD OEK. TBULYUMY DPTPZY, BMYFSHCH CHPDPK PLPRSHCH, FTBOYEY, VMYODBTSY. URMPYOPE NPTE CHPDSH, OBULPMSHLP ICHBFBEF CHYDYNPUFY.

PTHDYS OBYEK VBFBTEY TBNEUFIMYUSH ABOUT RMPFBI Y FPMUFSCHI VTECHEO, VMBZP LTHZPN MEU. with U RBTPK TBCHEDYuILPCH Y FEMEZHPOYUFCH RPUFPSOOP OBIPDYMUS ABOUT ROR (RETEDPCHPN OBVMADBFEMSHOPN RHOLFE) H VBFBMShPOE, LPFPTPNH VSCHMB RTYDBOB OBYB VBFBTES. OBN RPCHEMP - OBY VMYODBTSYL CHSHTSCHF ABOUT OEEPMSHYPN LPUPPZPTE Y ChPDB UADB OE DPUFBEF.

bLFYCHOSCHE VEChSCHE DECUFCHYS RTELTBFIMYUSH - OEF RPDCHPB VPERTYRBUCH; CH FBLPK UYFKHBGYY OE RPCHPAEYSH. fPMSHLP YЪTEDLB, FP CH PDOPC, FP CH DTHZPK UFPTPOE, UMSCHYOSCH PFDEMSHOSHCHE CHCHUFTEMSHCH, FP MY VPECHPE PITBOOYE LFP-FP RPFTECHPTSYM, FP MY LBLPK ЪCHETSH YMY RFIGB RPRBMY OB NHYLH.

уПМДБФЩ, ЛБЛ ЪБКГЩ Х ДЕДБ нБЪБС, ХУФТБЙЧБАФУС ЗДЕ-ОЙВХДШ ОБ РПЧБМЕООПН ДЕТЕЧЕ, ВМБЗП ЛТХЗПН ИЧПКОЩК МЕУ, УХЫБФ ОБ УПМОГЕ ЧЩНПЛЫЙЕ ЪБ ОПЮШ ЫЙОЕМЙ, РПТФСОЛЙ, РМБЭ-РБМБФЛЙ, ВЕЪЪМПВОП РПТХЗЙЧБСУШ ОБ ЛБРТЙЪЩ РПЗПДЩ. CHUE TBZPCHPTSHCH LTHFSFUS CHPLTHZ PDOK FENSCH: RTYCHEHF UEZPDOS PVED YMY OEF? xCE NOPZP DOK UYDYN ABOUT ZPMPDOPN RBKLE, IPTPYP, EUMY DBDHF RP PDOPNH UHIBTA DB RP LTHTSLE LYRSFLB ABOUT CHEUSH DEOSH. b OBN, BTFYMMETYUFBN, EEE FTHDOEE: OBYB DYCHYYPOOBS LHIOS ZDE-FP LYMPNEFTBI CH RSFY UBDY, CH FSHMKH, RPRTPVHK FHDB DPVETYUSH RP URMPYOPK CHPDE! l FPNKH CE Y FBN CH LPFMBI PYO LYRSFPL. NS VETEN UHIYN RBKLPN ABOUT OEULPMSHLP UHFPL Y RPFPN UBNY CHBTYN CH LPFEMLBI. oP HCE OEDEMY DCHE OE DBAF RPYUFY OYUEZP, TBCHE UFP OEULPMSHLP RPDNPYEOOSCHI UHIBTEK. CHUE NSCHUMY UCHPDSFUS L PDOPC: UFP VSC RPEUFSH?

yOPZDB ABOUT VPMPFBI RPRBDBMBUSH LMALCB. UPVYTBMY HER OETEDLP RP RPSU H CHPDE, B FP Y RTCHBMYCHBMYUSH YUHFSH MY OE U ZPMCHPK CH MEDSOHA VPMPFOHA LKHREMSH. CHBTYMY UFP-FP CHTPDE LYUEMS, DPVBCHMSS L SZPDBN LPTH PUYOSCH. rYEB CHSHCHIPDYMB LYUMBS, ZPTSHLPCHBFBS, OP CHUE CE ZPTSYUBS Y LBL-FP HDBCHBMPUSH PVNBOHFSH CEMKHDPL, RPUFPSOOP FTEVHAEK EDSCH. oP HCE VPMSHIE OEDEMY RPIPDSCH b LMALCHPK VSCHMY VEETEKHMSHFBFOSHCHNY - CHUE CHPLTKhZ UPVTBOP.

x NEOS VSCHMB CHETIPCHBS MPYBDLB, LPFPTBS UPPSMB ЪDEUSH CE, CHVMYY VMYODBTSB, CH UREGIBMSHOP CHSHCHTSCHFPN CH LPUPZPTE ЪBZPOYUYLE. VEDOPE TSYCHPFOPE, POP LBTsDSHK TB CHUFTEYUBMP NEOS FPULMYCHSHCHN, ZPMPDOSHCHN CHZMSDPN. eUMMY OBN YOPZDB RETERBDBMP RP UHIBTA, FP DMS MPYBDY OE DBCHBMY OYUEZP. edYOUFCHEOOOSCHN LPTNPN VSCHMY VETEEPCHSHCHE DB PUYOPCHSCHE CHEFLY, YOPZDB LMPYUPL RPTSHIMPK, RTPYMPZPDOEK FTBCHSHCH.

NSC VETEZMY OF GENERAL MPYBDLH LBL ЪOYGH PLB. NPYN UPMDBFBN, PVEUUYMECHYN PF RPUFPSOOPZP OEDPEDBOIS, VSCHMP HCE OE RPD UIMH UPCHETYBFSH CHPSTSY ABOUT GENERAL LHIOA, RSFSH LIMPNEFTCH FKHDB Y UFPMSHLP CE PVTBFOP, IPFS CHUE VSCHMY DEUSMPB. mPYBDLB OBU ChSCHTHYUBMB. OB OEK NPY UPMDBFSCH RP PYUETEDY LBCDSHE FTPE UHFPL EDYMY L UFBTYOE VBFBTEY OB RTPCHYEK.

LBL-FP HFTPN DETSKHTOSHCHK FEMEZHPOYUF DPMPTSYM, UFP NEOS CHSHCHCHCHBAF CH YFBV RPMLB. FETSAUSH CH DPZBDLBI: BYUEN VSC NEOS, LPNBOYTB CHCHPDB, CHSCCHCHBMY CH YFBV RPMLB, ZDE S OH TBH OE VSCHCHBM? RPRTPUYM FEMEZHPOYUFB RP "UPMDBFULPNKH FEMEZTBZHKH" HOBFSH, CH YUEN DEMP. CHULPTE FPF DPMPTSYM, YUFP NEOS Chshchshchchbaf b RPMhyueoyen OZTBDShch, PTDEOB lTBUOPK 'CHEDSHCH', LPFPTSCHN S Vshchm OBZTBTSDEO Ch LPOGE RTPYMPZP, 1942 ZPDB. rTYLB EUFSH RTYLB, Y IPFS OBZTBTSDBAF OE LBTsDSCHK DEOSH Y RPCHPD, LPOEYUOP, RTYSFOSHK, OP DEUSFSH LYMPNEFTCH DP YFBVB Y UFPMSHLP TSE PVTBFOP RP URMPYOPK CHPDE — HDPCHPMSHUFCHYE NBEMPCHYE.

TEYIM EIBFSH ABOUT UCHPEK MPIBDLE. rPYEM DPMPTSYFSH LPNBOYTH VBFBMSHPOB P RPMHYUEOOPN RTYLBBOYY. FPF UPPVEIM NOE, UFP EZP FPTSE CHSHCHCHCHBAF Y RP FPK CE RTYUOYOE. rPJDTBCHYMY DTHZ DTHZB. LPNVBF RTEMPTSYM EIBFSH CHNEUFE, OBIY YFBVSCH TBURPMBZBMYUSH OEDBMELP DTHZ PF DTHZB. oEDBMELP PF OBYEZP ror RTPIPDYMB ZTEKDYTPCHBOOBS DPTPZB, TPCHOPK UFTEMPK RTPTEEBCHYBS MEU: CH PDOH UFPTPOH - TBKGEOFT rPDDPTSHE oCHZPTPDULPK PVMBUFY, FBN RTPFICHOYL, CH DTHZHA UFPPOH - CH. EDEN RP PVPYOYOE DPTPZY, URTBCHB ZMHVPLYK LACEF, DPCHETIH IBRPMOEOOSCHK FBMPK ChPDPK. NOPZYE HYBUFLY DPTPZY FPCE ЪBMYFSHCH CHPDPK. CHRETEDY EDEF LPNVBF, BY OIN EZP LPOCHPD, RPBDY S ABOUT UCHPEK MPYBDLE.

FYYOB, RTYZTECHBEF STLPE UPMOGE, TPVLP PTSYCHBEF RTYTPDB, LPE-ZDE CHSCHZMSDSCHCHBEF EMEOBS FTBCHLB. EDEN YBZPN, GENERAL MPYBDY CHTSD MY CH UPUFPSOY RETEKFI ABOUT SHCHUSH. dB Y OBDP CHOYNBFEMSHOP UNPFTEFSH CHRETED RPD OPZY, CHEDSH NSCH CHVMYY RETEDPPCHPK, Y NIOOSCHE RPMS ЪDEUSH OE TEDLPUFSH, FEN VPMEE ABOUT DPTPZE. dPTPZB RHUFSHHOOB, OILBLPZP DCHYTSEOIS. EDEN, LBL ZPCHPTYFUS, LPRSHFP CH LPRSHFP, YOPZDB RETEVTBUSCHCHBENUS UMPCHBNY.

rTPEIBMY LYMPNEFTB FTY. CHDTKhZ CHRETEDY ZHPOFBO CHPDSH, ZTSY, DSHNB. with OE HUREM PUPOBFSH, YuFP RTPYYPYMP, LBL PLBBMUS CH ZMHVPLPN LACEFE U ZPMCHPK CH MEDSOPK CHPDE. TSDPN VSHEFUS NPS MPYBDLB, RSHCHFBSUSH CHUFBFSH ABOUT OPZY. iPTPYP, UFP WITH EEE KHUREM CHSHCHDETOHFSH OPZH Y U UFTENOY, B FP OBZMPFBMUS VSHCH CHPDSHCH, RPLB CHSHCHME YY-RPD MPYBDY. MEDSOBS CHPDB KHUREMB RPRBUFSH RPD PDETSDH, CH UBRPZY.

CHRETEDY H LACEFE RSHCHFBEFUS CHSHVTBFSHUS J-RPD MPYBDY PTDYOBTEG LPNVBFB. rPNPZ ENH CUFBFSH ABOUT OPZY. fBN TSE, ZDE EIBM LPNVBF, UFTBYOBS LBTFYOB: MPYBDSH EZP TBBPTCBOB OB YBUFY, VSHEFUS CH LPOCHKHMSHUYSI, Y DEUSH TSE, CH CHPTPOLE, VSHCHUFTP ЪBRPMOSAEEKUS ZTSOPK FBMPK CHPDFPK, TBUFEMB FEMB. tBCHPTPUEOOBS CHTSCHCHPN OYTSOSS YUBUFSH EZP FEMB RETENEYBMBUSH U PLTCHBCHMEOOOSCHNY LHULBNY MPYBDY ...

uFTBYOBS, FSCEMBS LBTFYOB. BRELYYEUS ZKHVSH EME YERYUHF RPUMEDOYE UMPCHB: "...yCHBO... BUFTEMY... BUFTEMY". ZPTMP UTSBM LPNPL. TSDPN RMBYUEF LPOCHPD, OE OBEF, UFP DEMBFSh. with RTEMBZBA ENH YЪHTPDPCHBOOSCHE PUFBOLY FEMB LPNVBFB ЪBCHETOHFSH CH RMBE-RBMBFLH, PFCHEEFY CH YFBV RPMLB Y DPMPTSYFSH, YuFP LPNVBF RTYVSHCHM ЪB OBZTBDPK.

NPMYUB EDEN RP DPTPZE. FERETSH WITH CHRETEDY, SB NOPC MPYBDSH LPOCHPDB, LPFPTHA PO CHEDEF CH RPCHPDH, OB OEK CH DCHHI RMBE-RBMBFLBI PUFBOLY LPNVBFB... REYUBMSHOBS RTPGEUUIS.

CHULPTE GENERAL DPTPZY TBUIPDSFUS. yPUUE PUFBMPUSH H UFPTPOE. eDH RP OYLPTPUMPNKH EMSHOYLH, UFBTK CHSHCHTHVLE MEUB. about OEVPMSHYPN RTYZPTLE NPS MPYBDSH PUFBOBCHMYCHBEFUS Y MPTSYFUS ON IDP, EME KHUREM CHSHCHULPYUYFSH YЪ UEDMB. CHSCHVIMBUSH YUYM. DP YFBVB RPMLB EEE LYMPNEFTB DCHB. mpybdsh nps rSCHFBAUSH HER RPZMBDYFSH Y HURPLPIFS: PON CHUE EEE CHODTBZYCHBEF PF RETETSYFPZP.

uFP DEMBFS? vTPUYFSH MPYBDSH OEMSHЪS, OP Y RPDOSFSH HER ABOUT OPZY OECHPЪNPTSOP, VEDOPE TSYCHPFOPE UPCHUEN CHSHCHVYMPUSH YЪ UYM.

rPUNPFTEM CHPLTHZ, RPVMYЪPUFY OH DHYY. uOSM UEDMP, RPCHPD HDEYULY RTYCHSBM L VMYTSBKYENH DETECGH, CHCHBMYM UEDMP ABOUT RMEYU Y RPVTEM H UFPTPOH YFBVB. rHUFSH MPYBDSH PFDPIOEF, RPLB S VHDH IPDIFSH.

at FTHDPN DPVTBMUS DP YFBVB. ON TBNEEBMUS H PDOPN YJ DPNCH OEPPMSHYPK DETECHYLY. x DPNB UFPSMB RPTSBTOBS LBYUBMLB (OBUPU), Y UPMDBFSCH RPYUFY YUETE LBTsDSCHK YUBU LBYUBMY CHPDH Yj-RPD DPNB - RPMCHPDSH RPDOYNBMP RPM.

h YFBVE NOE CHTHYUYMY NPK RETCHSHCHK PTDEO LTBUOPK 'CHEDSHCH 'B RTPYMSHE VPY, RPDTBCHYMY, OBMYMY RPMLTHTSLY CHPDLY, RPMLPFEMLB OBUFPSEEZP ZPTPICHPZP UHRB, DBMY LHUPL OBUFPSEBBE. fBLPZP CHLHUOPZP UHRB WITH O EEM OH DP, OH RPUME LFPZP, B NPTCEF VSHFSH, NOE FBL RPLBMBMPUSH U ZPMPDHIY.

pFDPIOHCH U YUBU, WITH RPYEM PVTBFOP, L UCHPEK MPIBDLE. h LBTNBOE YOYOYEMY VSCHMP DCHB VTYLEFB ZPTPICHPZP UHRB, DCHB VTYLEFB RYEOOPK LBY DB OEULPMSHLP RPMOPCHEUOSCHI UHIBTEK, UVPLH ABOUT TENOOY PE ZHMSTSLE RPVKhMSHLYCHBMB CHPDLB - GEMPE UPUFPSOYE!

CHULPTE RPDPYEM L FPNKh NEUFKH, ZDE PUFBCHYM UCHPA MPYBDSH, VEZBA PF LHUFB L LHUFKH, OP HER OYZDE OE CHYDOP. pYYVYFSHUS WITH OE REFINERIES. oblpoeg HCHYDEM RHUFHA HDEYULH, RTYCHSBOOHA L DETECCHGH, B RPVMY'PUFY ICHPUF - CHUE, UFP PUFBMPUSH PF NPEK MPYBDY. ChDBMY, LIMPNEFTBI CH RPMKHFPTB, CHYDOSH VSHMY PTHDYS VBFBTEK OBYEZP RPMLB...

ChЪCHBMYCH ABOUT RMEYUY UEDMP Y HDEYULKH, RPVTEM S ABOUT UCHPK ror. DEOSH HCE LMPOYMUS L blbfh. vBZTPCHSCK LTHZ UPMOGB LPUOHMUS CHETIOEK LTPNLY DBMSHOEZP MEUB...

NPY UPMDBFShch VSHCHUFTP UCHBTYMY DCHB LPFEMLB ZPTPICHPZP UHRB, TBMYMY RP LTHTSLBN CHPDLH, UFPS Y NPMYUB RPNSOKHMY LPNVBFB, B BYBFEN NOE EEE TB RTYYMPUSH VTPUBFSH UCHPK LTsDLKH. zhTPOFPCHBS TsYOSH RTPDPMTSBMBUSH.

FP VSHCHM NPK RETCHSHCHK PTDEO, NOYEM DCHBDGBFSHKK ZPD, Y CHUE PUOPCHOSHE UTBTSEOIS VSHCHMY EEE CHRETEDY.

PDOP PFDEMEOYE NPEZP CHCHPDB TBURPMBZBMPUSH CHNEUFE UP NOPA CHVMYY RETEDCHPK. NSCH BOINBMY IPTPYK VMYODBTS, CHCHTSCHFSHCHK H NPMPDPN EMSHOYLE ABOUT CHPCHSHCHIEOOPUFY; ZPCHPTYMY, UFP FFP VSHCHCHYK RBTFYBOULYK MBZETSH.

'DEUSH X NEOS RTPY'PYMB OERTYSFOPUFSH. OPYUSHA YUYUE PYO NPK UPMDBF. ON PITBOSM OBY Y UPUEDOYK VMYODBC. obkhftp RPSCHIMYUSH TBVPFOILY LPOFTTB'CHEDLY "UNETY". dPRTBYCHBMY NEOS Y NPYI UPMDBF, CHSCSUOSS, UFP UPVPK RTEDUFBCHMSM RTPRBCHYK UPMDBF. sing PUNPFTEMY NEUFOPUFSH CHPLTHZ Y RTYYMY L CHSHCHCHPDH, UFP UPMDBFB CHSMB OPYUSHA CHTBTSEULBS TBCHEDZTHRRB. ABOUT ENME VSHCHMY CHIDOSCH UMEDSCH OENEGLYI UBRPZ. IPTPYP, UFP OE ЪBVTPUBMY OBY VMYODBC ZTBOBFBNY. h PVEEN, KhTPL VSCHM UETSHEOSCHK. rTYYMPUSH HUYMYFSH PITBOKH, PUPVEOOP OPYUSHA.

CHULPTE OBY RPML VSM CHSHCHCHEDEO H VMYTSBKYYK FSM, OERPDBMELKh PF UEMB nBMFPCHYGB, ZDE RPML RPMKHYUYM RPRPMOOEOYE Y RETEZHPTNYTPCHBMUS, VSCHM HLPNRMELFPCHBO OPCHPK FEIOILPK. oERPDBMELH OBIPDYMUS RETEDOYK LTBC VSCCHYEK OENEGLPK PVTPPOSC, Y NSC YOPZDB IPDYMY FHDB, UOYNBMY FBN FEMEZHPOOSCHK LBVEMSH Y DTHZPE YNHEEUFCHP. oETEDLP LFP-FP RPDTSCHCHBMUS ABOUT CHTBTSEOULYI NYOBI. hDYCHMSMYUSH NSCH OENEGLPK PVUFPFSFEMSHOPUFY, U LBLPK POI PVCUFTPYMY UCHPA PVPTPOKH. vMYODBTSY VSCHMY PVIFSCH CHOKHFTY DPUBLBNY, YNEMYUSH DPEBFSCHE DCHHILFTSOSCHE OBTSCH, DBTSE FHBMEF VSCHM PVPTKHDPCHBO RP CHUEN RTBCHYMBN. ftboyey ABOUT CHSHCHUPLPN NEUFE VSCHMY H RPMOSHK TPUF, Y UFEOSCH FBLCE VSCHMY HLTERMEOSCH CETDSNY YMY DPULBNY. h RPMHFPTB LYMPNEFTBI PF RETEDOEZP LTBS OBIPDYMUS UBNSCHK OBUFPSEYK DPN PFDSCHIB DMS UPMDBF Y CHEDE ZPTSCH VHFSHCHMPL. yOPZDB CHUFTEYUBMYUSH VMYODBTSY, PDOB Y UFEO LPFPTSHCHI VSCHMB CHSHMPTSEOB YЪ RHUFSHCHI VHFSHCHMPL. about RPDUFKHRBI LOENEGLPK PVPTPOE CH FTBCHE OETEDLP CHUFTEYUBMYUSH FTHRSCH OBYI UPMDBF, RPZYVYI CH VPSI. OYLFP YI OE IPTPOYM.

tBVPFBS LPNBODYTPN CHCHPDB UCHSY, WITH CHUE CHTENS RTPUYMUS ABOUT BTFYMMETYKULHA DPMTSOPUFSH. CHULPTE NPS RTPUSHVB VSCHMB HDPCHMEFCHPTEOB. CHEUOPK 1943 ZPDB NEOS OBOBYUMY LPNBODYTPN 2-ZP PZOECHPZP CHCHPDB VBFBTEY. about ChPPTKhTSEOY VBFBTEY OBIPDYMYUSH 76-NN RHYLY PVTBGB 1939 ZPDB. rTPCHPDYMY ЪBOSFYS RP PZOECHPK RPDZPPFPCHLE Y RP FBLFILE. zPFCHYMYUSH L OPCHSHCHN VPSN.

CHULPTE RPML RETEIEM ABOUT OPCHSCHA YFBFSCH. TSD PZHYGETPCH, CH FPN YUYUME Y S, CHCHYMY OB YFBF. nSCH PFLPNBODYTPCHCHCHBMYUSH H TEJETCH ZHTPOFB. obYUBMSHOIL IFBVB RPMLB, RPDRYUSCHCHBS LPNBODYTPCHPYUOPE RTEDRYUBOYE, KHCHYDEM NPA ZHBNYMYA, CHCHCHBM Y URTPUIM, RPYUENKh S OE ULBBM ENKH, YUFP CHSHCHEDEO IB YFBF. PO BSCHYM, UFP S IPTPYP RPLBBM UEVS H VPSI Y NEOS OBDP VSCHMP PUFBCHYFSH H RPMLH. OP RTYLB HCE RPDRYUBO. CHNEUFE U DTHZYNY PZHYGETBNY NSC OBRTBCHYMYUSH H EDTPCHP, ZDE RP-RTETSOENH OBIPDYMUS 69-K BRBUOPK BTFRPML. fBL S ChFPTPK TBI RPRBM UADB.

DYCHYYPO TEJETCHB PZHYGETULPZP UPUFBCHB TBNEEBMUS H OBBLPNPN NOE MEUKH H VPMSHYI ENMSOLBI. sing RTEDUFBCHMSMY UPVPK VPMSHYHA LCHBDTBFOHA SNH: URTBCHB Y UMECHB ENMSOSCHE OBTSCH, RPLTSCHFSHCHE EMPCCHN MBROYLPN, CHYDBCHYNY CHYDSCH UPMDBFULYNY NBFTBUBNY Y RPDHYLBNY, OBVYFNPKNY UP. LTSCHYB VSCHMB DCHHIULBFOBS, RPUTEDYOE FPMUFPE VTECHOP, ABOUT LPFPTPE MPTSYMYUSH TSETDY, RPLTSCHFSCHE EMPCHSHCHN MBROYLPN Y BUSCHRBOOSCHE ACCORDING TO ENMEK. CHPF Y CHUE HDPVUFCHB, CHUE PUFBMSHOPE CH UPUEDOYI LHUFBI. xNSCHCHBMYUSH X VMYTSBKYYEZP VPMPFB, ZDE VSCHMB CHSCHTSCHFB SNB Y CHUEZDB UFPSMB CHPDB.

LPTNYMYUSH NSC YЪ PVSCHYuOPK RPIDPDOK LHIOY. RYEB VSCHMB UBNBS OERTYIPFMYCHBS: UHR YMY HEY Y LBYB ABOUT CHFPTP DB SUBK. OYLBLPK UFPMPCHPK, LPOEYUOP, OE VSHMP. RPD DETECHSHSN YY CETDEK VSCHMY UPPTKhTSEOSH RTYNYFYCHOSHE UFPMSCH Y FBLIE CE UIDEOSHS. LTPNE PVSCHYuOPK RYEY, PZHYGETBN CHShCHDBCHBMY PYO TB B H NEUSG DPRPMOIFEMSHOSCHK RBEL: VBOKH LPOUECHPCH (PVSCHYuOP CH FPNBFOPN UPHUE), RBYLKH REYUEOSHS, LHUPL NBUMB YMY UBMB, ZTBNPCH 0.40–40–40

CHSCHDBCHBMY CHUEN FBVBL. rPNOA, ChSCHDBMY BTPNBFOSHK FBVBL "ATSOSHK". with OE LHTYM Y PFDBCHBM EZP DTHZYN. sFPF FBVBL USCHZTBM ЪМХА YХФЛХ. RBYULY FBVBLB VSCHMY RPIPTSY ABOUT RBYULY UBS. RPCHBT X LPZP-FP URTPUYM PDOH YMY DCHE RBYULY YUBS Y RPMPTSYM YI CH VMYODBTSE ABOUT RPMLH, ZDE ITBOIMUS SUBK. tBOP HFTPN CH PDYO YЪ DOEK, VBCHBTYCHBS SUBK, PO CHNEUFP YUBS VTPUYM CH LPFEM RBYULH FBVBLB. NSCH RYMYY SUBK NPMYUB, RPFPN LFP-FP ULBBM, UFP SUBK ZPTSHLYK. CHUE BYKHNEMY, UPVTBMYUSH CHPME LPFMB. rPCHBT, YuKhS OEMBDOPE, DMYOOSHCHN UETRBLPN RPDDEM UP DOB BCHBTLH. POB TBURBTYMBUSH Y OBRPNYOBMB LHYUH FTBCHSHCH. uFBMP SUOP, UFP LFP FBVBL. rPTKHZBCHYYUSH Y RPUNESCHIYUSH, TB'PYMYUSH. l CHEYUETH HOBMY, UFP RPCHBTB BTEUFPCHBMB CHPEOOBS LPOFTTBBUCHEDLB "UNETY". ENH RTYRYUBMY RPRSHCHFLH PFTBCHYFSH PZHYGETCH. OEMERSHCHK UMHYUBK, OP UHDSHVB LFPZP OECHIOOPZP YuEMPCHELB VSCHMB TEIEOB.

h OBYEK YENMSOLE, CHRTPUEN LBL Y CH DTHZYI, VSHMP OEUNEFOPE YUYUMP LTSHU. dPRRBEL NSC LMBMY ABOUT GEOPHTMBMSHOHA VBMLH RPD RPFPMLPN. LTSCHUSCH VSHCHUFTP TBURTBCHMSMYUSH UP CHUEN, UFP VSCHMP YN RP ЪHVBN. pVSCHUOBS LBTFYOB: RTYIPDYN U PVEDB, MPTSYNUS CHDTENOHFSH. LBL FPMSHLP CHUYE HMEZMYUSH, LTSCHUSCH CH PYUETEDSh DTKhZ bb DTKhZPN OB BRPMBAF ABOUT VBMLH, Y RPYMB TBVPFB. th FHF RP EME ЪBNEFOPNKh CHNBIKH THLY TBBDBEFUS UTBYKH OEULPMSHLP CHSHCHUFTEMPCH YЪ RYUFPMEFPCH Y OBZBOCH. UFELMSOOSCHE VBOLY CHDTEVEZY, LTSCHUSCH LHVBTEN RBDBAF ABOUT RPM Y TBBEZBAFUS. ъBFP YuETE OEULPMSHLP NYOHF RTYVEZBEF DETSKHTOSHCHK RP RPMLKh ChSCHSUOSFSH, UFP IB UFTEMSHVB. op NSC HCE DEMBEN CHYD, UFP LTERLP URYN. dPRRBKLH DPUFBCHBMPUSH Y PF LTSHCHU, Y PF OBYEK UFTEMSHVSHCH, OP LTSCHUSCH, RP-NPENKH, UETSHEPZP KHEETVB OE OEUMY.

h ЪBRBUOPN RPMLH CHUFTEFYMUS UP UCHPYNY RTETSOYNY UPUMHTSYCHGBNY RP 69-NH abbr. sing RPYUFY CHUE VSHCHMY ABOUT UCHPYI NEUFBI. DEUSH CHUE TSE OE RETEDCHBS.

h DYCHYYPOE TEJETCHB WITH RTPVSHM NEUSG Y RPMHYUYM OBOBYUEOYE H 1-A ZCHBTDEKULHA CHPDHYOP-DEUBOFOHA DYCHYYA.

DYCHYYS OBIPDYMBUSH ABOUT UCHETP-BRBDOPN ZhTPOFE H TBKPE uFBTK THUSCH. FFPNH ZPTPDLH H oCHZPTPDULPK PVMBUFY DPUFBMPUSH LTERLP. EZP DMYFEMSHOPE CHTENS YFHTNPCHBMY GENERAL CHPKULB, ON OBIPDYMUS CH POOE DPUSZBENPUFY OE FPMSHLP NYOPNEFOPZP Y BTFYMMETYKULPZP, OP Y RHMENEFOPZP PZOS. chPLTKhZ ufbtk tkhuushch rpyufy urmpyoshche VPMPFB Y MEUB. l NPNEOFKH NPEZP RTYVSHCHFIYS CH DYCHYYA, MEU CHPLTHZ ZPTPDB RTBLFYUEULY VSCHM HOYUFPTSEO BTFYMMETYKULYN Y NYOPNEFOSHCHN PZOEN.

with RTYVSHCHM CH 4-K ZCHBTDEKULYK CHPDHYOP-DEUBOFOSHCHK RPML CH UETEDYOE BCHZHUFB 1943 ZPDB. PUETEDOPE OBUFHRMEOYE ABOUT uFBTHA THUKH OBYUBMPUSH 10 BCHZHUFB. OB FFPF TB UADB VSCHMY VTPYEOSC OEULPMSHLP CHPDHYOP-DEUBOFOSCHI DYCHYYK, CH FPN YUYUME Y OBYB DYCHYYS.

vPY YMY PTSEUFPYEOOSCHE. DEUBOFOILBN HDBMPUSH RTPTCBFSH PVPTPOH RTPFYCHOYLB, RTEPDPMEFSH OEULPMSHLP (RSFSH YMYY YEUFSH) THVECEK PVPTPOSCH, ZDE CHUE RTPUFTEMYCHBMPUSH RETELTEUFOSHCHN PZOEN, B NEUFOPUFSH VSCHMB ZHOBUFP. rPDUFHRSC L ufbtpk thhuue VSCHMY HLTERMEOSCH UYMSHOEE, YUEN NPTsOP VSCHMP RTEDRPMBZBFSH. DEUSH RPMEZMY NOPZYE DEUSFLY FSHCHUS OBYI UPMDBF Y PZHYGETPCH, CH FPN YUYUME Y DEUBOFOILPC.

rTETSDE YUEN PRYUSCHCHBFSH UCHPE RTYVSHCHFIE CH RPML, LPTPFLP ULBTSH PV YUFPTYY DYCHYYY, ZDE NOE RTEDUFPSMP UMHTSYFSH Y CHPECHBFSH. h FPF RETYPD CHPDHYOP-DEUBOFOSHCHE UPEDYOEOYS DEKUFCHPCHBMY LBL PVSCHUOSCHE UFTEMLPCHSHCHE DYCHYYY.

chPDHYOP-DEUBOFOSHCHE ChPKULB VETHF UCHPE OBYUBMP U RTECHPEOOSHCHI NBOECTPCH LECHULPZP CHPEOOPZP PLTHZB CH 1939 ZPDKh. fPZDB VSHCHM CHSHVTPYEO OEVPMSHYPK DEUBOF U UBNPMEFPCH. ABOUT NBOECHTBI RTYUHFUFCHPCHBMY YOPUFTBOOSCHE CHPEOOSH BFFBYE, Y DMS OII, CHRTPYUEN, LBL Y DMS NOPZYI Y OBYI LPNBODYTPCH, FFP VSHMP RPMOPK OEPTSYDBOOPUFSHHA. l Ochubmkh chailpk pfeuyufcheopk Chpchshchi bnca hcethmp uchpnytpchbop oeulpmshlp chpdhyop-deum-dechoshchi lptrchupch, LBCDSHK Yu LPFPSM Yu RBTBIFP-DEUBOFSH, b-fi-fi-fi on

rTEDYUFCHEOOILPN 1-K ZCHBTDEKULPK CHPDHYOP-DEUBOPOPK DYCHYYY VSHM 4-K CHPDHYOP-DEUBOFOSHCHK LPTRHU. BY DYUMPGYTPCHBMUS CH VEMPTHUULPN CHPEOOPN PLTHZE. lPNBODPCHBM LPTRKHUPN ZOEETBM-NBKPT b. well. mechbych. u OBYUBMB CHPKOSHCH LPTRHU THAN FTSEMSHCHE VPY U OENEGLP-ZHBYUFULYNY BICHBFYuYLBNY H UPUFBCHE 'BRBDOPZP ZhTPOFB, LPFPTSHCHN LPNBODPCHBM ZOETBM rBCHMPCH, zetpk UPCHEFULPZP UPAB. ON CHULPTE VSHCHM UOSF U DPMTSOPUFY TBUUFTEMSO b RPFETA HRTBCHMEOYS ZHTPOFPN, IPFS EZP CHYOSCH CH FFPN OE VSHMP.

CHULPTE LPTRHU VSCHM CHSHCHEDEO Y VPS, UPUTEDPFPYUEO H TBKPOE ZPTPDB FEKLPCHP zPTSHLPCHULPK PVMBUFY, ZDE RTCHPDYM DPHLPNRMELFPCHBOYE Y BOYNBMUS VPECHPK RPDZPFCHLPK.

l PUEOY 1941 ZPDB PVUFBOPCHLB ABOUT ZHTPOFBI VSCHMB YULMAYUYFEMSHOP FSTsEMPK. ZYFMETPCHULYE CHPKULB VMPLYTPCHBMY MEOIOZTBD, PLTHTSYCH EZP UP CHUI UFPTPO. fPMSHLP YuETE mBDPTSULPE PETTP RPDDETSYCHBMBUSH UCHSHSH ZPTPDB UP UFTBOPC. YNPK MEDCHBS DPTPZB RPMKHYUYMB OBCHBOYE dPTPZB TSOYOY. chTBZ RPDPYEM CHRMPFOKHA L UFPMYGE OBYEK TPDYOSCH.

h RETCHSHI YUYUMBI DElbVTS 1941 ZPDB OBYUBMPUSH OBUFHRMEOYE RPD nPULCHPK. h OEN HYUBUFCHPCHBMP OEULPMSHLP ZhTPOFCH, CH FPN YUYUME lBMYOYOULYK Y bBRBDOSHK. rTPFICHOYLH VSHCHM OBOEUEO NPEOSHCHK (RP FEN CHTENEOBN) HDBT, Y ON OBYUBM PFIPDYFSH PF nPULCHSCH OB BRBD.

uFPVSHCH URPUPVUFCHPCHBFSH CHPKULBN ъBRBDOPZP ZHTPOFB CH TBCHYFYY OBUFHRMEOYS, VSCHMP RTYOSFP TEEYOYE ABOUT CHSCVTPULH CHPDHHYOPZP DEUBOBFB CH FSHM RTPFYCHOYLB CH TBKPO ZPTPDB chSShNB. CHPDHYOSCHK DEUBOF VSHCHM CHSHVTPYEO CH TBKPO NETsDH chShNPK Y dPTPZPVKhTSEN unNPMEOUULPK PVMBUFY. DEUBOFYTPCHBOYE RTPIPDYMP CH FTHDOSCHI OYNOYI HUMPCHYSI 27–28 SOCHBTS 1942 ZPDB. ChPDHYOP-DEUBOFOSHCHE ChPKULB OE YNEMY UREGYBMSHOSHCHCHPEOOP-FTBOURPTFOSHCHI UBNPMEFPCH, Y DEUBOFYTPCHBOYE RTCHPDYMPUSH Y VPNVBTDYTPCHEYLPCH. ChPPTKhTSEO DEUBOVF VSHCHM FPMSHLP MEZLYN UFTEMLPCHSHCHN PTHTSYEN. pFPTCCHBOOPUFSH PF ZHTPOFB, FTHDOPUFY PVEUREYUEOYS VPERTYRBUBNY Y RTPDCHPMSHUFCHYEN FTSEMP ULBSCCHBMYUSH ABOUT DECUFCHYSI OBYI YUBUFEK.

4-K ChPDHYOP-DEUBOFOSHK LPTRKHU ZOETBM-NBKPTB mechbypchb Ch UPUFBCHE 8, 9 Y 214-K ChPDKHYOP-DEUBOPOSCHI VTYZBD FBLTS VSCHM CHSHVTPYEO CH HLBBOOSCHK TBKPO. DEUBOFYTPCHBOYE RTPIPDYMP DTBNBFYUOP. LPNBOYT LPTRHUB VSCHM HVYF EEE H UBNPMEFE DP DEUBOFYTPCHBOYS. LPNBODPCHBOYE LPTRHUPN RTYOSM OBYUBMSHOIL YFBVB RPMLPCHOIL b. well. lBBOLYO. CHRPUMEDUFCHYY DEUBOFOILY TBUULBJSCHCHBMY P FEI YULMAYUYFEMSHOP FTHDOSCHI Y LTPCHPRTPMYFOSHCHI VPSI CH FSHMKH CHTBZB. FEN OE NEOEE DEUBOF CHSHCHRPMOYM UCHPA OBDBYUH. h FEYUEOYE RPMHZPDB, DP YAMS 1942 ZPDB PO ULPCHSHCHBM LTHROHA ZTHRRYTPCHLH CHTBTSEOULYI CHPKUL CH FFPN TBKPOE.

h YAOE — YAME, RP RTYLBH ZHTPOFB, PUFBFLY LPTRHUB NEMLYNY ZTHRRRBNY CHSHYMY Y PLTHTSEOIS H TBKPOE ZPTPDB LYTPCHB lBMHTSULPK PVMBUFY. CHSHCHYEDYK Yb VPS LPTRHU VSCHM RTEPVTBBPCHBO CH 1-A ZCHBTDEKULHA CHPDHYOP-DEUBOPOKHA DYCHYYA. rPUME RETEZHPTNYTPCHBOYS DYCHYYS VSHMB CH 1943 ZPDKh OBRTBCHMEOB ABOUT UCHETP-BRBDOSHK ZHTPOF.

h YAME - BCHZHUFE 1943 ZPDB DYCHYYS RTYOSMB HYBUFYE CH VPSI RPD uFBTK TKHUUPK oCHZPTPDULPK PVMBUFY. YDEUSH OBYUBMPUSH PYUETEDOPE OBUFHRMEOYE. CHPF UADB S Y VSHCHM ABOBBYUEO ABOUT DPMTSOPUFSH LPNBOYTB CHCHPDB HRTTBCHMEOYS 4-K VBFBTEY 2-ZP DYCHYYPOB 4-ZP ZCHBTDEKULPZP CHPDHYOP-DEUBOFOPZP BTFRPMLB.

h DYCHYYA OBU VSHMP OBRTBCHMEOOP OEULPMSHLP YUEMPCHEL, CH FPN YUYUME Y MEKFEOBOP lHMBLPCH yCHBO SLPCHMECHYU, OSHOE RPMLPCHOYL CH PFUFBCHLE. NSC RPDTHTSYMYUSH FPZDB Y UPITBOYMY DTHTSVH DP OBUFPSEEZP READ. LTPNE NEOS, CHUE PUFBMSHOSHCHE, LBL ZPCHPTSF, RPTPIB OE OAIMBMY, CHRECHESCHE RPRBMY ABOUT ZHTPOF, YS, LBL NPZ, PYASUOSM YN, YUFP Y LBL VSCHCHBEF ABOUT CHPKOOE.

ABOUT RPRHFOSCHI NBYOBI L CHEYUETH DPVTBMYUSH DP TBKPOB TBURPMPTSEOIS DYCHYYY. CHEYUETPN H MEUKH YULBFSH UCHPK RPML DEMP FTHDOPE, RPFPNH S RTEMPTSYM RETEOPYUECHBFSH, B HFTPN TBSHCHULBFSH RPML. OBN RPRBMUS RHUFPK VMYODBC ABOUT PRYLE MEUB. RPM EZP VSCHM BUFEMEO FTBCHPK. vMYODBC VSHCHM OILLYN, UFPSFSH NPTsOP VSHMP FPMSHLP ABOUT LPMEOSI. ZhTPOF TSYM UCHPEK TSYOSHA. ZDE-FP CHDBMY UMSCHYBMBUSH BTFYMMETYKULBS LBOPOBDB, RP DPTPZBN YMY NBYYOSCH, ZTHTSEOOSCHE VPERTYRBUBNY Y RTPDCHPMSHUFCHYEN. CHUE LFY ZHTPOFPCHCHE RTYNEFSHCH NOE VSCHMY IPTPYP Y'CHEUFOSHCH, RPFPNKh S, HMEZYYUSH ABOUT FTBCHH, HLTSHMUS RPMPK YOYEMY Y VSHCHUFTP HUOHM.

hFTPN NSCH DPCHPMSHOP VSHCHUFTP OBYMY YFBV OBYEZP RPMLB. pZHPTNYMY DPLKHNEOFSHCH, Y S HYYYULBFSH UCHPA 4-A VBFBTEA. FP VSHMP CH UETEDYOE BCHZHUFB 1943 ZPDB. l FFPNH NPNEOPHH OBUFHRMEOYE ABOUT ufbtha tkhuuh xtse CHSHCHDPIMPUSH. rTPTChBCH ZMHVPLP yEMPOITPCHBOOKHA PVPTPPOH RTPFICHOILB, RPMLY DYCHYYY RTPDCHYOKHMYUSH OB 8–10 rPFETY U OBYEK UFPTPOSCH VSCHMY PYUEOSH VPMSHYNY. lTHZPN VPMPFB, MEU CHEUSH KHOYUFPTSEO UOBTSDBNY Y NYOBNY, CHUADKH BLCHBMSCH PF RPCHBMEOOPZP MEUB. FEIOILKH, CH FPN YUYUME Y FBOLY, DEUSH RTYNEOSFSH VSCHMP OECHPNPTsOP. h LFPN VSCHMB PDOB Y RTYUYO OEHDBYU PYUETEDOPZP OBUFHRMEOYS. OP RTPTSCHCH PVPTPPOSC RTPFICHOYLB Y RTPPDCHYTSEOYE ABOUT OEULPMSHLP LYMPNEFTCH DMS UECHETP-yBRBDOPZP ZHTPOFB VSCHMP UPVSCHFYEN OBYUYFEMSHOSHCHN.

LPNBODYT 4-K VBFBTEY OBIPDYMUS ABOUT UCHPEN OR, LPFPTSHCHK TBURPMBZBMUS X VPMSHYPZP RPCHBMEOOPZP DETECHB, DEUSH TS VSHCHM Y LPNBODYT VBFBMSHPOB PDOPZP YCH RPMLCH, LPFPTSHCHK RPDDETTSY.

rPSCHYCHYUSH OB OR, S PUFBOCHYMUS CHPME LPNBOYTB VBFBTEY Y UFBM DPLMBDShCHBFSH P UCHPEN RTYVSHCHFIY ABOUT DPMTSOPUFSH. OP ON UTBYH TSE, DETOKHCH NEOS RB RPMH YOYEMY, LTYLOHM, YUFPVSCH S MEZ, FBL LBL ZDE-FP OEDBMELP UIDYF CHTBTSEOULYK UOBKRET Y NPTCEF BRTPPUFP HVYFSH. PRHUFYMUS ABOUT LPMEOY, DPMPTSYM. YUHCHUFCHHA RPD LPMEOPN LBLHA-FP HRTKhZPUFSH, LPCHSHCHTOKHM UBRPZPN, PLBMBPUSH, YuFP RPDP NPK FPOLYN UMPEN ЪENMY RTYUSCHRBO HVYFSHCHK. LPNVBF ULBBM, UFP ЪDEUSH CHUS NEUFOPUFSH URMPYSH KHUESOB FTHRBNY - Y OBYNY Y OENEGLYNY. IPTPOYFSH OELPZDB, DB Y Oezde, LTKhZPN VPMPFB. rPFPNKh RP CHPNPTSOPUFY RTYLBRSHCHCHBMY ENMEK, OBLTSCCHBMY EMPCHSHCHN YMY UPUOPCHSHCHN MBROYLPN, CHPF Y CHUE RPYUEUFY. h PVEEN, ABOUT ZHTPOFE TSYOSH YUEMPCHEYUEULBS YUBUFP PVEUGEOYCHBMBUSH. CHBTsOP VSHCHMP CHSHCHRPMOYFSH BDBYUH, B LBLPK GEOPK LFP DPUFBCHBMPUSH, NBMP LPZP UETSHEP VEURPLPIMP. b EUMY VEURPLPIMP, FP MYYSH CH FPN RMBOE, UFP RPRPMOOEOYE VKHDEF OE ULPTP, B BDBYUY OBDP TEYBFSH UEKYUBU.

vSCHUFTP RPOBLPNYMUS UP CHCHPDPN, CHETOEE, FENY, LFP VSCHM OB op. chCHPD HRTBCHMEOYS VBFBTEY, LPFPTSCHN NOE RTEDUFPSMP LPNBODPCHBFSH, UPUFPSM YЪ PFDEMEOYK TB'CHEDLY, FEMEZHPOOPK UCHSY, TBDYP Y CHSHCHYUYUMYFEMS. зМБЧОБС ЪБДБЮБ ЧЪЧПДБ — ТБЪЧЕДЛБ РТПФЙЧОЙЛБ, ПВОБТХЦЕОЙЕ ЕЗП ПЗОЕЧЩИ УТЕДУФЧ Й ПРТЕДЕМЕОЙЕ ЛППТДЙОБФ ГЕМЕК, Б ФБЛЦЕ ПВЕУРЕЮЕОЙЕ УЧСЪША ОБВМАДБФЕМШОПЗП РХОЛФБ ВБФБТЕЙ У ПЗОЕЧПК РПЪЙГЙЕК ВБФБТЕЙ, ЛПФПТБС ОБИПДЙМБУШ ПФ ор ПВЩЮОП ОБ ДЧБ-ФТЙ ЛЙМПНЕФТБ Ч ФЩМХ. LTPNE FPZP, RTY CHEDEOYY PZOS VBFBTEEK OBDP VSMP UMEDIFSH b TBTSCHCHBNY UOBTSDPCH Y LPPTDYOYTPCHBFSH PZPOSH VBFBTEY.

nOPZYE, LFP IPTPYP OEOBBLPN U CHPEOOSHCHN DEMPN, RPYUENKh-FP UYUYFBAF, YUFP ZMBCHOPE CH TBCHEDLE - DPVShCHFSH "SJSCHLB", FP EUFSH ChЪSFSH RMEOOPZP. h DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPUFY FFP DBMELP OE FBL. chЪSFYE "SJSHLB" - FP IPFS CH PRTEDEMEOOOPK UFEROOY TPNBOFYUOP, OP DBMELP OE ZMBCHOPE CH TBICHEDLE. "SJSHCHL", DBCE UBNSCHK TBIZPCHPTYUYCHSHCHK, NPZ ULBBFSH, ULPMSHLP PE CHCHPDE YMY TPFE RKHMENEFPCH Y DTHZPK VPECHPK FEIOYLY. OP, JOBS PTZBOYBGYA OENEGLPK BTNYY, OEFTHDOP VSCHMP Y UBNYN PRTEDEMYFSH YFP. b CHPF ZDE H DBOOSCHK NPNEOF OBIPDSFUS ABOUT NEUFOPUFY LFY PZOECHSHCHE UTEDUFCHB - FFP HCE BDBYUB TBCHEDLY. DEUSH OHTSOSCH VSCHMY LPPTDYOBFSCH GEMY. чПФ ЬФЙН-ФП, ФП ЕУФШ ПВОБТХЦЕОЙЕН ГЕМЕК, ОБОЕУЕОЙЕН ЙИ ОБ ЛБТФХ ЙМЙ РМБОЫЕФ, ПРТЕДЕМЕОЙЕН ЛППТДЙОБФ ГЕМЕК Й РПДЗПФПЧЛПК ЙУИПДОЩИ ДБООЩИ ДМС УФТЕМШВЩ, Й ЪБОЙНБМЙУШ ПФДЕМЕОЙС ТБЪЧЕДЛЙ Й ЧЩЮЙУМЙФЕМШ РПД ТХЛПЧПДУФЧПН ЛПНБОДЙТБ ЧЪЧПДБ ХРТБЧМЕОЙС (лчх).

4-S VBFBTES, LHDB S VSCHM OBOBYUEO, UPUFPSMB YЪ NPEZP CHCHPDB HRTTBCHMEOYS Y DCHHI PZOECHSCHI CHCHPDPH, CH LBTsDPN Y' LPFPTSCHI VSCHMP RP DCHE lBCDHA RHYLH RETECHPYMB YEUFETLB Mpybdek. vBFBTES UFPSMB ABOUT BLTSCHFSCHI RPIIGYSI, HDBMEOOOSCHI PF RETEDPPCHPK ABOUT FTY-YUEFSCHTE LIMPNEFTTB. rTPFICHOILB CHYDEMY FPMSHLP LPNBODYT VBFBTEY, lchh Y EZP TBCHEDUYLY. sing Y LPTTELFYTPCHBMY, B CHETOEE, HRTBCMSMY PZOEN VBFBTEY RTY UFTEMSHVE RP GEMSN.

NEUFOPUFSH CHPLTKhZ VSCHMB VPMPFYUFPK, BTPUYEK LHUFBTOYLPN, BEUMY Y RPRBDBMPUSH VPMEE UHIPE NEUFP, FP FBN TPUMY DETECHSHS, LPFPTSCHE CH PUOPCHOPN VSCHMY TBYFSHCH UOBTSDBNY Y NYOBNY.

at OEDEMA YMY VPY NEUFOPZP OBBYUEOYS, RTPFICHOYL KHRPTOP PVTPPOSMUS, ENH VPMPFB DMS PVPTPOSCH VSCHMY CHCHZPDOEE. NSHCHOE NPZMY RTYNEOYFSH FBOLY, PUOPCHOKHA HDBTOHA UIMH RTY RTPTSCHCHE PVPTPOSCH RTPFICHOYLB. ChPKULB ZHTPOFB, Ch FPN YUYUME Y OBYB DYCHYYS, OE NPZMY CHEUFY OBUFHRMEOYE - VPMSHYE RPFETY MYUOPZP UPUFBCHB Y PUFTSHCHK OEDPUBFPL VPERTYRBUCH, PUPVEOOP UOBTSDPCH.

Northwestern front. Distribution of forces.

The North-Western Front - the formation (operational association) of the Red Army (RKKA), during the Great Patriotic War (formed on June 22, 1941 on the basis of the troops of the Baltic Special Military District).

Front Command

1. Commander of the Front in 1941: F. I. Kuznetsov (June 22, 1941 - July 3, 1941), Colonel General.

Born on September 17 (29), 1898 in the village of Balbechino, Chaussky district, Mogilev province (now the Goretsky district of the Mogilev region of Belarus) in a peasant family. Member of the 1st World War (ensign) and the Civil War (regiment commander). In the Red Army since 1918. Graduated from the Military Academy. M. V. Frunze (1926) and advanced training courses for senior officers (1930). In 1935-1938 - head of the faculty and head of the department at the Military Academy. M. V. Frunze. Member of the CPSU (b) since 1938. Since July 1938 - Deputy Commander of the Belarusian Special District. Participated in the Soviet-Finnish war. From August 1940 - Commander of the North Caucasian, then the Baltic Special Military District. From June 22 to July 3, 1941, commander of the North-Western Front. Removed from his post for inept command and control of troops. Later he held various command positions. From everywhere expelled for prof. unsuitability.

2. Chief of Staff of the Front: P. S. Klenov (June 22, 1941 - July 1, 1941), Lieutenant General.

July 1, 1941 removed from office for inactivity. Arrested on July 11, 1941. On February 13, 1942, by the decision of the OSO, he was sentenced to capital punishment. Shot on February 23, 1942.

3. Front Air Force Commander: A.P. Ionov, Major General of Aviation.

Russian. Candidate member of the CPSU(b) since January 1932.

Born in February 1894 in the village of Zuevskaya, Poshekhonsky district, Yaroslavl province, into a peasant family

In September 1914, he voluntarily joined the army, enrolling in the Gatchina military aviation school. The last rank and position in the old army was ensign, commander of an aviation detachment.

In the Red Army on mobilization since October 1918 - pilot of the 1st detachment of the Yaroslavl air group. From November 1923 in the ranks of the Red Army. In 1923-1926. - Instructor pilot of the training squadron of the Red Army, pilot of a separate reconnaissance air squadron "Ultimatum", commander of the flight and detachment of the same squadron.

In 1928-1932. - commander of the training squadron, head of the training department, commander of the flight training squadron of the 2nd military school of pilots (Borisoglebsk).

Since May 1932 - assistant commander of a heavy bomber air brigade for combat training in the Leningrad Military District. Since January 1933 - commander of the 200th light bomber air brigade.

Since December 1933 - a student of the operational faculty of the Air Force Academy named after prof. N. E. Zhukovsky, after graduating from which in 1934 he was appointed commander of the air brigade of the same academy. Then (until August 1938) he commanded the 107th air brigade.

Since August 1938 - Chairman of the Central Commission for the Study and Prevention of Accidents of the Red Army Air Force. On the eve of the Great Patriotic War - Commander of the Air Force of the Baltic Special Military District. Since the beginning of the war - the commander of the Air Force of the North-Western Front.

Arrested on July 1, 1941. On February 13, 1942, by a special meeting of the NKVD of the USSR, he was sentenced to death by firing squad. The sentence was carried out on February 23, 1942.

	connections
	rifle	tank
	10 sc (10, 90 sd)	12 mk (23 td, 28 td, 202 md)
	11 sc (48, 125 sd)
	22 MSD NKVD
	16 sc (5, 33, 188 sd)	3 microns (2 td, 5 td, 84 ppm)
	29 sc (179, 184 sd)
	23 sd, 126 sd, 128 sd
	22 sc (180, 182 sd)
	24 sc (181, 183 sd)
	16 sd, 67 sd, 13 sbr
Total: armies 3	sc-6; sd-20; sbr-1	Mk-2; td-4; md-2

By June 22, 1941, there were 25 divisions in the district, including 4 tank and 2 motorized divisions (see table). Rifle formations were kept according to peacetime states, while tank and motorized units did not complete their formation. On June 1, 1941, the average staffing of PribOVO divisions was 8,710 people, while the number of infantry divisions of the Nazi troops was brought to wartime states (16,850 people).

On June 23, the 22nd motorized rifle division of the NKVD was formed from parts of the NKVD of the district, from July 1 it became part of the 8th Army.

The balance of forces and means of the Red Army and the Wehrmacht

Forces and means			balance of power
Personnel
Guns and mortars
Tanks (all types)
Aircraft (combat)

To deliver a surprise attack on the troops in the zone of the Baltic Special Military District, the Wehrmacht command concentrated large forces in East Prussia. Here, on a front stretching 230 km (from the Baltic Sea to Goldap), Army Group North was deployed (18th and 16th field armies and 4th tank group). Her actions were supported by the 1st Air Fleet. To the south, from Goldap to Suwalki, the 3rd Panzer Group and part of the forces of the 9th Army, which were part of Army Group Center, concentrated on the 70-km front.

In total, the Nazi group consisted of 41 divisions, including 7 tank and 6 motorized. The average operational density of the enemy was 7-8 km per division, while that of the Soviet troops was about 50 km, and only per division of the first line.

The Nazis concentrated the most powerful forces in two main directions: Tilsit - Siauliai and Suwalki - Vilnius.

Direction of impact - Tilsit-Siauliai

The composition of the troops of the 1st echelon

Wehrmacht troops - 1st, 6th, 8th tank, 269th and 290th field divisions,

offensive front - 50 km;

The composition of the Red Army troops in the offensive zone - 125 rifle division and regiment 90 rifle division

Direction of impact - Suwalki - Vilnius

The composition of the troops of the 1st echelon

Wehrmacht troops - 7th, 12th, 20th tank, 5th, 6th, 26th and 35th field divisions,

offensive front - 70 km;

The composition of the Red Army troops in the offensive zone - 11 battalions

The grouping of troops on the Northwestern Front that had taken shape by the beginning of the war did not ensure the repulsion of the massive attacks of the aggressor. The formations of the 8th Army were in the best position, occupying defensive zones in accordance with the cover plan. The main forces of the 11th army were only moving forward to their positions. Divisions of the 27th Army remained in camps or places of permanent deployment. The rifle divisions of the first echelon of the covering armies, stretched out on a wide front, could not resist for a long time.

The reserves advanced from the depths did not have time to support them, as they were late with their arrival in the designated areas by 3-5 days. Considering the conditions that had been created, it was inexpedient to pull up reserves to the state border, but they should have been concentrated on the borders of the Neman and the Western Dvina.