Danilov D.D. etc. General history. Grade 5 History of the Ancient World § 35
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DEFINING THE PROBLEM
The Romans conquered Italy, and that Carthage is just a city, though on the other side of the sea, but with such an army, the Romans easily coped with this enemy
Not everything is so simple ... Carthage was much stronger and richer than Rome and Italy combined
- Compare the opinion of Antoshka and scientists. What is the contradiction?
- What is the question? Compare it with the author's
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- WHY ROME DECIDED CARTHAGE?
- YOUR FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM MAY NOT COME WITH THE AUTHOR'S. PLEASE CHOOSE IN THE CLASS THE WAY YOU ARE MOST INTERESTED IN THE CLASS!
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REMEMBER WHAT WE KNOW
Required level. Write in the box the concept according to the signs.
State form of government
The highest authorities are elected by the citizens
Program level. Write down the name of the civilization to which this concept corresponds.
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Required level. Insert missing words.
_____________________________________
Closely closed formation of infantry in several lines is called ________
The basic unit of the Roman army, divided into centuries, is called _______________________________________
Program level. Make up two sentences on the topics studied with the words that were entered at the required level.
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Required level. Formulate and write down the main reasons for the Roman victories of the 5th-4th centuries. BC.
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DISCOVERING NEW KNOWLEDGE
1. VALOR VS GOLD
2. TALENT VS RESISTANCE
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VALOR VS GOLD
Required level. Why did the Romans after the conquest of Italy turned their eyes to the island of Sicily? Why was it so important for the Romans to conquer Sicily?
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Program level. Write down what allowed the Romans to win the 1st Punic War.
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Program level. Formulate in your own words the definition of the concept of "province" and check yourself in the dictionary.
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TALENT VS RESISTANCE
Program level. Using the text of the textbook (§ 35, item 2), make a list of the reasons for the victory of the Romans in the 2nd Punic War and write it down in a table.
Program level. Support each reason with an argument and write them down in a table.
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VALOR VS GOLD
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TALENT VS RESISTANCE
Program level. What qualities of the Roman character seem to you, a citizen of modern Russia, worthy of imitation, and which are not?
Carthage
From the side of the mainland, the city was protected by three rows of two-tiered stone walls with four-tiered towers.
Carthage had two well-defended harbors - merchant and military, which were connected by a channel up to 22 m wide. Massive chains blocked the entrance to the harbor
A fertile valley adjoined Carthage. After the conquest of the Libyan tribes, agriculture began to develop in this valley. Large possessions of the Carthaginian rich prevailed, whose fields were cultivated by slaves.
The struggle between landowners and merchants was one of the main contradictions within the ruling class. This struggle influenced the foreign policy of Carthage.
Intermediary trade was the economic basis of the Carthaginian slave state. From South Africa, the Carthaginians brought gold and ivory, silver from the Iberian Peninsula, tin from Britain, and agricultural products from agricultural peoples. The slave trade had a large share. In order to obtain slaves, the Carthaginians waged numerous wars.
State structure
The highest body is the council of elders, headed by 10 (later 30) people (in charge of finances, foreign policy, declaring war and peace, and also carrying out the general conduct of the war. He also elected the commander-in-chief - for an indefinite period and with the widest powers
The National Assembly formally also played a significant role, but in fact it was rarely addressed.
In 450 BC e. in order to counterbalance the desire of some clans (especially the Magon clan) to gain full control over the council, a council of judges was created. Appointed by special commissions - pentarchies, which themselves were replenished on the basis of belonging to one or another aristocratic family
The executive power (and the highest judiciary) was performed by two Suffets, they, like the council of elders, were elected annually by open vote buying.
The whole system was highly corrupt, but the colossal state revenues allowed the country to develop quite successfully.
social system
The entire population was divided into several groups according to their rights.
Sicules - Sicilian Greeks constituted another part of the population, their rights in the field of political administration were limited by the "Sidon law" (its content is unknown), but they enjoyed freedom of trade
Natives of the Phoenician cities annexed to Carthage enjoyed full civil rights, and the rest of the population (freedmen, settlers - not Phoenicians ...) is similar to the Siculs - "Sidon law".
The Libyans were in the most difficult situation. The territory of Libya was divided into regions subordinate to the strategists, taxes were very high, their collection was accompanied by all sorts of abuses. This led to frequent uprisings, which were brutally suppressed. Libyans were forcibly recruited into the army - the reliability of such units, of course, was very low
Army
The army of Carthage was mostly mercenary.
The Carthaginian army consisted of infantry, cavalry, war chariots and war elephants.
The core of the Carthaginian army was a sacred squad on foot, in which the Carthaginian nobility served, preparing for military activity. Some wealthy citizens served in the heavy cavalry, making up a separate detachment
The second component of the Carthaginian army were detachments, exhibited by dependent African tribes and allies.
The Iberian tribes provided heavy infantry and heavy cavalry; the Iberians were armed with large swords that could stab and chop
In the Balearic Islands, excellent slingers were recruited, throwing stones and small lead balls.
The Gauls supplied foot soldiers armed with swords that could only be cut
The African tribes fielded well-trained light cavalry (the Numidian cavalry) armed with javelins and swords.
Army
The battle order of the Carthaginian army usually consisted of three parts: the right and left wings (the Numidian cavalry) and the main forces that made up the center (all other troops). The Balearic slingers spread out ahead, covering the entire line of battle.
An important role was also played by elephants, which were kept in the amount of about 300 pieces.
The “technical” equipment of the army was high (catapults, ballistas, etc.)
Representatives of the oligarchy headed the fleet and the army. There was no single command.
In general, the Carthaginian army is characterized by its heterogeneous composition, this was its weakness. But, according to Polybius, the Carthaginians considered the presence of heterogeneous mercenaries a positive thing. In their opinion, warriors who spoke a language incomprehensible to each other cannot organize a conspiracy, rebellion or treason. However, the command of such an army was not an easy task.
"HANNIBAL'S Oath"
"Reach out your hand over the altar," his father said to Hannibal, "and swear that you will never be a friend of the Romans."
"I swear!" Hannibal said.
II PUNIC WAR 218-201 BC.
BATTLE AT LAKE TRASIMENE 217 BC.
SCIPION AFRICAN 236-184 BC BC
The most talented Roman commander of the Punic Wars. He took part in the Battle of Cannae, he managed to escape, after which he rallied all the survivors. Invaded Africa in 204 BC, which hastened the return of Hannibal. At the battle of Zama in 202 BC. defeated Hannibal. For his services he received the nickname "African".
Results of the II Punic War
III-th PUNIC WAR 149-146 GG BC.
The transformation of Rome into a world power. Road construction. Peninsula. Groan fatal. Geese saved Rome. Roman. Mediterranean Sea. Punic War. Shield. Crossing the Alps. Causes of wars. Inner lake. Sicily. Cannes. Crossword. Battle tower. Ram. Scipio. Conquest of Italy. Punic Wars. Battle of Cannes. Roman army. City siege. Pyrrhic victory.
"War of Rome with Carthage" - Battle of Lake Trasimene. Armament of the Romans. Battle of Cannes. Army organization. Siege machines. African Scipio. Battle of Zama. 1st Punic War. Results of the Second Punic War. Battle tactics. Results of wars. III Punic War. Punic Wars. Hannibal crossing the Alps. "Hannibal's Oath" Three times a month, the army made forced marches of 30 km. Content. Quinquerema (Pentera) - a warship of the Carthaginians and Romans.
"History of the Revolt of Spartacus" - Lucullus from Macedonia. Origins of Slavery in Ancient Rome. Image of Spartacus. Sale of a slave. Gladiator fights. Armor of the gladiator. Statue of Mark Crassus. The use of slave labor. Roman army. Ancient Roman mosaics. The camp of the rebels on Mount Vesuvius. The size of the army of Spartacus. Spartacus in the school of gladiators. The descent of the rebellious slaves from Vesuvius. Capture of prisoners in wars. Fortifications of the Roman troops. Spartacus died in the last battle.
"Period of the Roman Republic" - Select the signs that reveal the concept of "civilization". Read an excerpt from the Gospel of Matthew. What states was able to subjugate Rome. Where is Italy. Christianity and Modernity. What were the sources of slavery in the ancient world. Chronology of Ancient Rome. Rome. What state system can be called democratic. What meaning did the slaves put into the concept of "freedom". Think back to the Roman Republic.
"The Rise of Spartacus in Ancient Rome" - "The Rise of Spartacus". Reasons for the uprising. The course of the uprising. Composition of the rebels. Modern drawing. Reasons for defeat. Quotes. goals of the uprising. Slave collar. Biography. Slave labor. Spartacus was one of the greatest generals of his time. Wounded Spartacus. The revolt of Spartacus echoed throughout the ancient world. Chronology. Execution of rebellious slaves. Rise of Spartacus. Spartacus (120 BC - 71 BC), leader of the largest slave revolt in ancient Rome.
"Land Law of the Gracchi" - In what year was Gaius Gracchus elected tribune of the people. The struggle for the Land Law and the death of Tiberius Gracchus. Why the senators resisted the adoption and implementation of the land law. Causes of the ruin of the peasants. Why the land reform of the Gracchus brothers was doomed to failure. Why Guy Krakh is called the successor of his brother's work. Land law. Assassination of Tiberius Gracchus. Write an essay on behalf of Tiberius or Gaius Gracchus.
The power of Carthage at the beginning of the 3rd century BC Carthage (Phoenician Kartadasht, literally - a new city) is a city-state in North Africa, which subjugated in the 7th-4th centuries. BC. a significant part of the coast of North Africa, southern Spain and a number of islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The city of Carthage was the largest and richest city in the ancient world, its population reached 600 thousand people. The main source of income for the Carthaginians was trade.
The port of Carthage had two well-defended harbors - commercial and military, connected by a channel up to 22 m wide. It was a vast round pool surrounded by a huge ring-shaped building, the columns of which rose from the water. Massive chains blocked the entrance to the port. The triremes sailed between the columns inside the arsenal and climbed the inclined plane to the dry docks, designed for 220 ships. Panorama of Carthage (reconstruction)
In Carthage itself, wheat and barley were grown, and wine was produced. All other goods Carthage imported from other states and their colonies. From central Africa came caravans with gold, ivory, animal skins and slaves. Bread, silver, salt were brought from Sardinia, tin and iron from Spain; from the shores of the Baltic Sea - highly valued then amber. Carthaginian merchant ship
Goods arriving in Carthage were loaded onto ships and transported to other Mediterranean countries. Being a strong and rich state, Carthage could not tolerate rivals in the Mediterranean. The rise of the Roman Republic led to open conflict. Between Rome and Carthage began wars, called the Punic. Fruit (antique fresco)
The Punic War BC. 1st Punic War BC. The First Punic War began in 264 BC. The Romans built a navy and successfully fought against Carthage, a powerful maritime power. Despite the long resistance of the Carthaginians under the leadership of the commander Hamilcar Barca (248 - 241 BC), the Romans achieved a final victory. The Carthaginians made an unfavorable peace for them, abandoning Sicily and the adjacent islands. Hamilcar Barca. Image on a Carthaginian coin
2nd Punic War BC e. The 25-year-old son of Hamilcar Barca, Hannibal, soon became the commander-in-chief of the Carthaginian army. In the spring of 218 BC. at the head of an army numbering more than 100 thousand people. he crossed the Alps and broke through the impenetrable swamps into Central Italy. In 216 BC one of the most famous battles in history took place - the battle of Cannes. Hannibal defeated the Roman army, twice the size of the Carthaginian forces. Hannibal's army crosses the Alps
Hannibal did not strike the final blow - to take Rome. Meanwhile, the best Roman troops weakened the Carthaginians. In 212 BC Hannibal again approached Rome. But he failed to take the city, and in 202 he suffered a crushing defeat in the battle of Zama. In 201 BC. e. peace was signed between Rome and Carthage. According to its terms, the Carthaginians lost a significant part of their possessions, destroyed the fleet. But even weak Carthage caused fear. This was the cause of the Third Punic War. Carthaginian warrior in full armor
The Romans declared war on Carthage for a minor reason. It was not a fair fight, but the destruction of a weak opponent by a strong one. The Carthaginians courageously defended their native city. Thanks to their perseverance, the war lasted 3 years. In 146 BC. Carthage was destroyed. On the site of the Carthaginian possessions, the Roman province of Africa was formed. 3rd Punic War (149-146 BC) The death of Carthage
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Lesson plan. 1. The beginning of the Roman-Carthaginian rivalry. 2.Vtoraya war of Rome with Carthage. 3. Battle of Cannes.
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Lesson assignment. ? What do you think, thanks to which Rome was able to win in the fight against such a strong enemy as Carthage?
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1. The beginning of the Roman-Carthaginian rivalry While Rome became the most powerful state in Italy, the Western Mediterranean was under the rule of Carthage. While the economic interests of the states coincided, Rome and Carthage maintained peaceful relations with each other. But in 264 BC. e. between them began a struggle called the Punic Wars. Having subjugated Italy, the Romans turned their attention to the island of Sicily. But in 264 BC, Carthage took possession of the southwestern coast of the island. Worried, the Romans did not send their troops to Sicily.
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1. The beginning of the Roman-Carthaginian rivalry. The war went on for 20 years. The Romans twice built or huge fleets, and, although they had no experience in naval battles, they defeated the Carthaginians. But after the victories, their ships perished in storms and storms. The third fleet finally defeated the enemy. The Romans used KORVUS to attack enemy ships. He was transferred to an enemy ship and the soldiers attacked the enemy. According to the agreement, Nomu concluded in 241 BC. Rome received Sicily, which became the first overseas territory. Carthage had to pay Rome within 10 years as compensation for military expenses a huge amount of money. Soon Rome captured Corsica and Sardinia.
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2.Vtoraya war of Rome with Carthage. Having restored their strength, the Carthaginians in 218 BC. Under the leadership of Hannibal, the 2nd war began. It lasted 16 years. Rome suffered one defeat after another.
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In 216 BC, Rome gathered a new army, led by 2 consuls-Varro and Aemilius Paul. The Roman army overtook Hannibal near the village of Canna, where he captured the Roman food depot. The Romans had a 2-fold superiority and, hoping to win an easy victory, decided to give battle to Varro, who was thirsty for battle, built the legions very tightly, almost square, hoping to deliver a crushing blow. On the flanks was the cavalry, commanded by both consuls. Hannibal, guessing about the tactics of the Romans, built the main forces under his command in a convex semicircle. Lightly armed infantry stood in front, but the ends of the sickle were very strong - heavily armed infantry and cavalry. BATTLE OF CANNES (261 BC)
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The battle began with a Roman attack on the center of the Carthaginian position. At the same time, Hannibal's brother, Hasdrubal, struck with his cavalry on the right flank of the Roman army. BATTLE OF CANNES (261 BC)
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Hasdrubal defeated the cavalry on the right flank of the Romans and attacked their left flank. BATTLE OF CANNES (261 BC)
