Explanatory dictionaries occupy a central place in modern lexicography. The explanatory dictionary is intended for a wide range of readers, it is not only a reference tool, but also a means of teaching people, expanding the range of their language understanding. It is no coincidence that, historically, explanatory dictionaries began to be compiled first of all.
Thus, the lexical wealth of the Russian language was first presented in the Dictionary of the Russian Academy, published in 1783-1794. The collection of materials for the dictionary was carried out DI. Fon-visine , G.R. Derzhavin , I.F. Bogdanovich, Musin-Pushkin A.I. and other famous figures of Russian literature. This dictionary was subsequently revised and published in 1806-1822.
The next explanatory dictionary of the Russian language was compiled by P. Sokolov and published in 1834 under the title "General Slavic Russian Dictionary". The author of the dictionary participated in the compilation of the first two academic dictionaries, so he transferred many articles from there. Interpretations of words are given more successfully, the grammatical characteristics of the word are described in more detail.
In 1847, the Russian Academy of Sciences published a new explanatory dictionary, which was republished without changes in 1867.
1. A special page in the history of Russian lexicography is occupied by the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by V.I.
Dictionary V.I. Dalia is a unique phenomenon in Russian lexicography. Its author changed a number of professions in his long life: after studying in the Naval Corps, he served as a sailor, then, after graduating from the medical faculty of Derpt University, he worked as a doctor in the army, then held responsible positions in the public service, acted as a novelist. Above the dictionary V.I. Dahl worked almost all his life (the first words he wrote down when he was 19 years old, the last - a week before his death) and composed it alone. About his work on the dictionary of V.I. Dahl said this in his “Saying Word”, prefaced by the dictionary: “... it was not written by a teacher, not by a mentor, not by one who knows the matter better than others, but who worked on it more than many; a student who has been collecting all his life bit by bit what he heard from his teacher, the living Russian language.
Dahl’s “Explanatory Dictionary” differs from previous dictionaries in that it most fully represents the vocabulary that characterizes the life of the Russian people - crafts, customs, objects of material and spiritual culture. The position of the author in relation to the vernacular language is formulated quite clearly in the “Password”: “... one cannot dispute the self-truth that the living vernacular language, which has preserved the spirit in its freshness of life, which gives the language stamina, strength, clarity, integrity and beauty, should serve source and treasury for the development of educated Russian speech instead of our current language ... ".
In the dictionary of V.I. Dahl found a place for the words of the literary language and dialect, common and professional, native Russian and borrowed. Wed words that appeared as capitals on one page of the dictionary: hymn, hymn(zool. thermal.), gini(marine term.), hyperbole, hippopotamus, hypothesis, gypsum, girvas(dial.), gurgle(dial.), weight(dial.), girlo(dial.), garland, garland(biol.), kettlebell, guitar etc.
This is the largest dictionary in terms of volume: it contains 200 thousand words. The dictionary reflects the lexical composition of the Russian language of the second half of the 19th century.
The author of the "Explanatory Dictionary ..." refused the alphabetical arrangement of words. In the "Password" he wrote: "... this method is extremely stupid and dry. The closest and akin utterances ... are carried far apart and languish here and there in solitude; every living connection of speech is severed and lost. The second method, the root word method, is very difficult in practice, because the knowledge of the roots already forms a whole science in itself and requires the study of all native languages.
In the article “On the Russian Dictionary”, he proposed to place words in nests: “... all single nests are put in a heap, and one word is easily explained by another ... walking, walking, walking, and so on are, as it were, in one general article, ... in which they are placed for convenience. In other words, words of the same root that begin with the same letter are combined in one dictionary entry. Most often, verbs act as headwords, but there may also be nouns, adjectives ... Therefore, in a dictionary entry with a headword stand derivatives are included: stand, stand, stand, stand, stand, stand, stand, stand, stand, stand, stand, stand, stand and many others.
IN AND. Dahl had a negative attitude towards explaining the meaning of a word through the disclosure of a concept. He wrote in the “Password”: “General definitions of words and the objects and concepts themselves are almost impossible and, moreover, useless. It is the wiser, the simpler, more everyday the subject ... The transfer and explanation of one word to others, and even more so to a dozen others, of course, is more intelligible than any definition, and examples explain the matter even more. Therefore, the dictionary makes extensive use of explanations of the meaning of a word through synonyms; a lot of information about the objects of national life, crafts, customs, for example:
CAFTAN, m. Tatarsk. an upper, long-skirted men's dress of various cuts: zapashnoe, with a slanting collar, chapan, sermyaga, cloth, coat; usually caftan sewn not from homespun, but from blue cloth; he happens round, with burrs, coachman, German or split at the back, short or semi-caftan, Siberian, straight or caftan, Cossack, Cossack; french jacket, wide-brimmed, round tailcoat, which was worn in the last century; uniform caftan, frock coat with an embroidered standing collar. Stanovoi caftan, old oblique, with wide. sleeves.
Illustrative material in the "Explanatory Dictionary ..." V.I. Dalia is mostly proverbs, sayings. More than 30,000 of them are scattered in four volumes. This is a storehouse of folk wisdom. So, for example, in the article old there are 45 of them:
Old love is remembered for a long time; Whoever remembers the old - that eye out; Fetinya is old, but Fedot is sweet; Seek new happiness, but do not lose the old; The old raven will not croak in vain: either there was something, or there will be something; The drake is old, but the ear is sweet; The old horse does not spoil the furrow; And you can't exchange an old cuckoo for a hawk; Young for battle, and old for thought; To teach the old to heal the dead; The belly of the old friendship does not remember, etc.
In the dictionary of V.I. Dahl has a very limited system of stylistic marks. The author wrote about this in the “Wayward Word”: “The dictionary is compiled for Russians, why I hardly make notes about how much the word is in use, whether it has become vulgar, in what stratum of society he lives, and so on. In this, let everyone judge and judge according to his own taste: with the precariousness of our unsteady language, it is impossible to draw a strict line or line here.
Grammatical marks are also very modest: for nouns - an indication of gender, for verbs - control and some. others
Despite the fact that the dictionary of V.I. Dalya cannot serve as a reference on the culture of speech for a modern native speaker of the Russian language, despite outdated explanations of words, errors in the arrangement of words in nests (for example, in the article bandage included as single root parcel, bando, bandaler), it has not lost its value so far.
"Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language" V.I. Dalia was highly appreciated both during the author's lifetime and in Soviet times.
"Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" ed. D. N. Ushakov (in 4 volumes) - was created by a group of scientists (V. V. Vinogradov, G. O. Vinokur, Larin B. A., S. I. Ozhegov, B. V. Tomashevsky, D. N. Ushakov). It was published in 1935-1940.
The volume of the dictionary is 85,289 words. The normativity of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" is achieved both by the selection of vocabulary, and by the system of labels, and by illustrative material.
“The bulk of it is the words of our classical literature from Pushkin to Gorky and the generally accepted scientific, business and book language that developed during the 19th century,” the compilers of the dictionary write in the introductory article to the dictionary. “But it also includes new words , which have come into general use, in particular compound words like: collective farm, salary, words from different fields of technology. as well as words from the field of socio-political terminology.
The arrangement of words in this dictionary is strictly alphabetical. Explanations of the meanings of the word are short, clear.
Illustrative material occupies a large place in the dictionary. These are either quotations from fiction, journalistic and other literature, or phrases compiled by the authors of the dictionary.
So, for example, the word swell in the first meaning (“small disturbance without wind on the water surface of the sea, rivers, lakes”) is illustrated by the following examples: The lake rippled. Dead swell.
The second meaning is "waves, predominantly of the sea": You are a great swell, you are a sea swell!(Tyutchev). The humble sail of the fishermen glides bravely among the swells(Pushkin).
The dictionary contains examples not only for the main meanings of the word, but also for shades of meanings, for phraseological units. For example, the word star ambiguous.
The interpretation of each meaning is accompanied by texts that show the compatibility of the word, its use:
1. A celestial body that glows with its own light, which appears to the human eye as a luminous point on the vault of heaven. 3. sixth magnitude(aster.). A sky dotted with stars. The sky is transparent, the stars are shining(Pushkin). Who, under the stars and under the moon, rides a horse so late?(Pushkin).
2.
trans. Celebrity, outstanding in his talents and public
meritorious person (book rhetoric.). Z. of our literature. Z. screen.
3. trans. Happiness predetermined by fate, auspicious destiny, luck ... Went up glory. Believe in your star. To be born under a lucky, unfortunate star. 3. mine rolled up. The third meaning has a shade: a person (predominantly a woman) as the embodiment of happiness predetermined by fate (poet, obsolete). You look at the stars, my clear(V. Solovyov). 3. my happiness. But where is Zarema, the star of love, the beauty of the harem?(Pushkin).
4.
A thing, an object, like, in the shape of a star. Five-pointed z. Cut out
paper star. Draw a star. Flashes, winds the first snow, stars falling on the shore(Pushkin).
5.
An integral part of the names of animals and plants that look like stars
(bot., zool.). Marine(animal). Frog h.(plant). There are not enough stars from the sky(colloquial, ironic) - about a mentally handicapped person. falling star(obsolete) - meteor. Ah, my youth quickly flashed like a falling star(Pushkin).
In the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, a system of marks has been developed in sufficient detail to help the reader use the word correctly from the point of view of style, the scope of the use of the word is defined, and borrowed words have indications from which language the word came to Russian. All words are provided with a sufficient number of grammatical marks.
DISHARMONY, and, pl. No., and.[from Latin. prefixes dis- - times- and words harmony]. 1. Violation of harmony, discordant combination of sounds (music). 2. trans. Lack of agreement, discrepancy in something (book).
This small dictionary entry contains a lot of information about the word:
a) in terms of grammar, the word disharmony- this is a feminine noun, in the genitive singular has the ending -and, used only in the singular;
b) in the first sense, the word is a musical term;
c) in the second, figurative meaning of the word disharmony stylistically colored: it is used in book speech.
Publication of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by D.N. Ushakov. was regarded in the press as a great cultural achievement, because in the process of working on the dictionary, the vocabulary of the Russian literary language was studied, including the 30s. our century. The work on the dictionary had a huge impact on subsequent Russian lexicography, as well as on the practice of creating dictionaries of the national languages of the USSR.
In 1947-1948. "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D.N. Ushakov was republished without changes, since there was a noticeable shortage of such reference literature.
However, it was clear that by this time the dictionary was already somewhat outdated: there were no new words that were actively included in the vocabulary of the literary language in the war and post-war years; explanations of some words have become obsolete. For example, minister, general, soldier are interpreted in the dictionary as historicisms, i.e. words denoting realities that were only in the past; meanwhile, since the Great Patriotic War, these words have been actively used.
In addition, the norms of pronunciation of a number of words and their stylistic characteristics have changed.
Clearly aware of all the shortcomings of the dictionary edited by D.N. Ushakov, one of its compilers, S.I. Ozhegov, took up the creation of a more modern and more compact dictionary of the Russian language.
1. One-volume "Dictionary of the Russian language" S.I. Ozhegov - the most common explanatory dictionary of the modern Russian language. “Initially, on the very eve of the Great Patriotic War, this dictionary was conceived as an abbreviated dictionary of Ushakov,” wrote S. I. Ozhegov in the preface to the fourth edition of the dictionary, “but already the first edition of 1949 was not a simple abbreviation of Ushakov’s dictionary : observations on the development of the modern language allowed me to clarify the definitions of the meaning of words, their stylistic characteristics, normative recommendations, questions of the selection of words ”(Ozhegov S. I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1960. - P. 3).
The first editions of the Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegov reflected the norms of the literary language of the middle of the 20th century, which were clearly defined; it has become a popular vocabulary.
Normativity of S.I. Ozhegova manifested itself, firstly, in the selection of vocabulary. The author wrote: “A medium, and even more so, a short dictionary includes only vocabulary that is relevant to modernity, practically possible in certain styles of modern use, necessary for linguistic service of the diverse needs of the modern public” (Ozhegov S. I. About three types of explanatory dictionaries of the modern Russian language "/ Ozhegov S.I. Lexicology. Lexicography. Culture of speech. - M., 1974.- P. 170).
In subsequent editions, the composition of the dictionary was updated, and clarifications were made to the interpretation of words and illustrative material. After the death of the author in 1965, this dictionary, starting from 1972, was published under the editorship of Professor N. Yu. Shvedova.
Dictionary S.I. Ozhegova is an example of a normative explanatory dictionary. Its normativity is manifested primarily in the selection of vocabulary: the most commonly used words of the modern Russian literary language are included in the vocabulary. It is characteristic that during reprints, the author (and then the editor) included new words like gazik, handball, potassium permanganate, mime, parameter, mormysh-ka etc., while clearly obsolete or highly specialized words and meanings were excluded (for example, Asiatic, hallelujah, buvar, cut-machine, diabase, hemophilia and etc.).
The arrangement of words in the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov alphabetically nested, which saves space in the dictionary. For example, in the dictionary entry PYATAK the following words are given: piglet, piglet, piglet, and in the article SQUARE - derivatives of it: to quarter, to quarter, to quarter, to quarter.
Illustrative material in the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov is mostly short sentences or phrases composed by the author. They complement the brief interpretation, show the typical connections of a given word with other words, pointing out shades, the meaning of phraseological units with a given word. For example:
BLUE, -ya, -her; blue, blue, blue.
1. Having the color of one of the primary colors of the spectrum - the middle between purple and green. FROM. color. Blue paint. Blue sky. Blue cornflowers.
2. About the skin: very pale, acquiring a shade of this color. Hands blue with cold. Blue face.♦ blue stocking(disapproved) - a dry pedant, devoid of femininity and immersed in bookish, abstract interests. reducelittle blue, th, th.
The normativity of S.I. Ozhegov's dictionary also lies in a branched system of labels that characterize the word from different angles: stress in the headword and its forms, grammatical, stylistic, and other labels. For example:
CLEAN,- take, - you take; -ál, -ala, -álo; tidy, owls, that(colloquial). 1. Lightly clean up, tidy up. //. room or in the room. P. on the table.2. Take away, put somewhere. P. books in the cupboard.♦ Get your hands on someone- completely subjugate someone. or take possession of something, take possession of something. || nesov.clean up, -ay, -ayesh \\ n.tidying up, -and, well.(to 1 value). P. decks.
Dictionary of the Russian language S.I. Ozhegov is the first, very successful experience of Soviet lexicography in creating a public one-volume dictionary.
4. The achievements of Russian Soviet lexicography include the publication by the Institute of the Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences of the Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language in 17 volumes and the Dictionary of the Russian Language in 4 volumes.
The Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language (abbreviated name: Bolshoi Academic) was compiled over 20 years, published from 1950 to 1965; in 1970 he was awarded the Lenin Prize.
This is the largest, most complete explanatory dictionary of the Soviet era: its dictionary covers more than 120,000 words (unlike V.I. literary language).
The arrangement of words in the Great Academic Dictionary: in the first three volumes - nested, in the remaining fourteen volumes - alphabetic.
The "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR is also normative: dictionary entries contain a large illustrative material indicating the authors, titles of works (volumes, chapters, etc.). Each interpreted word or its separate meaning is accompanied by grammatical, etymological, etc. marks; indicated when the word was recorded for the first time in Russian dictionaries.
For example:
MINISTER(1793, in the dictionary of the Russian Academy).
THERMAL INSULATION(1949, in a dictionary of foreign words).
5. "Dictionary of the Russian language" (in 4 volumes) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, abbreviated but Small Academic, went out of print in 1957-1961, and at the present time (1981-1984) the second, corrected and supplemented, has been carried out his edition.
In the preface to the second edition, the authors note: “The dictionary covers the vocabulary of the Russian literary language from Pushkin to the present day. Its task remains the same as in the first edition - to present with the necessary completeness the vocabulary of the modern literary language, as well as that part of the widely used vocabulary of the Russian language of the 19th century, knowledge of which is necessary when reading works of classical fiction, advanced journalism and advanced science of the 19th century, which have become an integral part of modern socialist culture. The first edition presented the state of the vocabulary of literary Russian in the 40-50s, the second edition should show the state of the vocabulary of the 60-70s of the XX century.
In the Small Academic Dictionary, brief clear interpretations are accompanied by a variety of marks, as well as illustrative examples (phrases and quotations indicating the author and title of the work), for example:
Liberty, - and, and.
1. Obsolete Freedom, independence. We are waiting with that laziness of hope Minutes of the liberty of the saint. Pushkin, To Chaadaev. And if the people of Pskov won't come to our aid, we'll have to really become our prince's patrimony Or, for our freedom without a trace, all lay down with bones! A. K. Tolstoy, Posadnik.
2. Intemperance, familiarity in behavior; cheekiness, indiscretion. Excessive liberties in circulation. But God save you to flirt with him or allow yourself some liberties! A. Ostrovsky, Les. Asya considers herself ugly, eschews men, does not like any liberties. Perventsev, Honor from a young age.
3. Departure from the general rules, from the norm in smth. Poetic license. The officers were not in the ranks— liberty, which the higher authorities looked through their fingers in the campaign. Kuprin, overnight. Spivak and Petrenko, when they were alone, allowed themselves the liberty to call each other not by rank, but by name. Ovechkin, With front-line greetings.
4. Obsolete Privilege, advantage, benefit. Decree on the Liberty of the Nobility of 1762.
The volume of the vocabulary in the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 4 volumes is more than 82 thousand words.
Characteristics of explanatory dictionaries
A special place among the explanatory dictionaries is occupied by V.I. So richly Russian vocabulary is not presented in any dictionary until today. The peculiarity of the dictionary is that it is non-normative: it includes not only the vocabulary of the literary language, but also dialect, vernacular, professional words. Interpretations of words are mainly given through synonymous rows, illustrations are mostly proverbs, sayings, riddles and other works of oral folk art.
In 1935-1940, the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language was published under the editorship of D. N. Ushakov in 4 volumes. This is a normative dictionary with a carefully designed labeling system. The term new is often found in it, since the dictionary recorded numerous language innovations of the 20-30s of the XX century. The arrangement of words is alphabetical, the interpretations are short and precise, the illustrations are taken mainly from fiction and journalistic literature. Phraseological units with the given word are given and interpreted at the end of the dictionary entries.
In 1949, S. I. Ozhegov's Dictionary of the Russian Language was published. In the first edition, 50,100 words were included. Since the dictionary is one-volume, the interpretation of meanings in it is short, the illustrative material is small in volume and consists of small sentences or sayings, mostly invented by the author. This is perhaps the most popular and accessible dictionary of the Russian language; by 1990 it had gone through 22 editions. In 1989, the 21st, substantially revised and supplemented, modernized reprint of the dictionary was made. All editions starting from the 9th, published in 1972, were prepared by the editor of the dictionary, N. Yu. Shvedova. Since 1992, the dictionary, significantly improved, has been published under the title "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" and under the authorship of S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova. In 2002, its 4th edition appeared.
In 1957-1961, the Dictionary of the Russian Language was published in 4 volumes of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Small Academic - MAS). The volume of the MAC vocabulary is more than 80 thousand words. In 1981-1984, the 2nd edition of the dictionary was published, corrected and supplemented, in 1988 - the 3rd, stereotyped edition of the MAC.
From 1950 to 1965, the 17-volume Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language (Bolshoi Academic - BAS) was published - the most complete of the normative explanatory dictionaries (almost all the vocabulary found in the works of Russian classical literature is recorded in it). His vocabulary is more than 120 thousand words, detailed interpretations are given, a system of labels is carefully developed, numerous examples of word usage (illustrations) from works of different genres are given, most fully representing the semantic and syntactic possibilities of the word.
In the 90s of the XX century, an attempt was made to 2nd edition of BAS, revised and supplemented, already in 20 volumes. The re-edition involved not only updating the vocabulary, but also revising the interpretation of some words from the point of view of modern achievements in lexicology and lexicography. From 1991 to 1994, six volumes of this dictionary were published (up to the letter "Z"), since then no new volumes have been published.
Structure and content of independent work of students
Forms and methods of teaching
List of sources and literature
1. Mokienko V.M. Slavic phraseology. M., 1989.
2. Podyukov I.A. Folk phraseology in the mirror of folk culture. Perm, 1990.
3. Sidorenko M. I. Paradigmatic relations of phraseological units in modern Russian. L., 1982.
4. Linguistic appearance of the Ural city. Sverdlovsk, 1990.
5. Dibrova E.I., Kasatkin L.L., Shcheboleva I.I. Modern Russian
language. - Rostov n / D, 1997. - S.281 - 304, 321 - 358.
6. Shansky N.M., Ivanov V.V. Modern Russian language: in 3 hours, Part 1.
- M., 1981. - S.78 - 91.
7. See the list of references for topic 12.
Not included in the program
Forms and methods of work:
Traditional - 80%;
Interactive - 20%:
A) presentation of definitions, classifications (at each lecture);
B) writing creative works or creating presentations with their subsequent display and discussion in a group (topics No. 11, 12);
C) final testing as admission to the exam.
In the process of performing independent work, the following important tasks are solved:
Educational (systematization and consolidation of knowledge),
Developing (development of memory, thinking, speech),
Educational (education of the skills of a culture of mental work, self-organization and self-control, etc.).
1) Note taking in workbook:
a) 4 topics were submitted for independent study: lectures are not given on the first two, but practical classes are held; on the third and fourth, lecture material is read, but practical classes are not conducted;
b) for distance learning, abstracts are compiled on almost all topics as self-study in the intersessional period.
Topic 1.Lexicology as a branch of the science of language
The subject and tasks of "Lexicology";
Approaches to the study of the vocabulary of the Russian language;
The place of vocabulary in the hierarchy of language levels;
Features of the lexical level of the language;
The connection of lexicology with other branches of the science of language and subjects of the linguistic cycle (phonetics, morphology, syntax, stylistics, culture of speech, dialectology, etc.).
Abstract volume- 2-3 pages.
Topic 2History and typology of dictionaries; Reflection of the lexical system in dictionaries
The abstract should include the following information:
The concept of lexicography;
Origins and traditions of Russian lexicography: the first dictionaries and lexicons;
Dictionary as a special genre of reference literature, encyclopedic and explanatory dictionary;
Typology of philological dictionaries;
Modern explanatory and aspect dictionaries of the Russian language;
Characteristics of explanatory dictionaries: Dictionary of V.I.
3. publisher, year of publication (first).
4. The tasks of the dictionary, the addressee (to whom it is intended).
5. Number of dictionary entries.
6. Principles of material selection.
7. The structure of the introductory part.
8. Order of submission of words.
9. The structure of the dictionary entry.
10. System of litters and symbols.
11. Ways of interpreting words.
12. The nature of the illustrative material.
13. Reflection of homonymy and polysemy.
14. Reflections of phraseology.
15. Additional information in the dictionary entry.
16. Conclusions about the similarities and differences between these dictionaries, identifying the features of each of them.
Abstract volume - 7-8 pages .
Topic 3. Reflection of the lexical system in dictionaries
The abstract should include the following information:
The structure of the dictionary entry;
The main ways of interpreting the meanings of words;
Reflection of epidigmatic, paradigmatic and syntagmatic connections of words in the explanatory dictionary, in aspect dictionaries.
Abstract volume- 2-3 pages.
Topic 4.Formation of the lexical system. Types of system relations. .
The abstract should include the following information:
The concept of the language system in general and the lexical system in particular, the discovery of the systemic nature of vocabulary;
The main types of systemic relations in vocabulary (epidigmatic, or derivational; paradigmatic; syntagmatic);
Lexical paradigmatics as one of the main types of system connections;
Verbal oppositions and classes of words as the minimum and maximum manifestation of lexical paradigmatics;
Basic law of lexical syntagmatics; contextual analysis of the meaning of a word as a technique to identify typical compatibility (syntagmatics) of meanings.
Abstract volume - 5-6 pages.
2) Working with a monograph(performed in the workbook).
Topic: The word and its lexical meaning. Typology of LZ.
Describe the main types of lexical meanings identified by VV Vinogradov. Designate the components of the lexical meaning of the word (Sternin)
Abstract volume- 4-5 pages.
When taking notes, be sure to indicate the number of pages of the monograph.
Monograph (article):
Vinogradov V.V. The main types of lexical meanings of words // Izbr.tr. Lexicology and lexicography (any edition).
Sternin I.A. The lexical meaning of a word in speech. Voronezh, 1985. S.40-43, 54-78.
Topic: Synonymy as a vivid reflection of lexical paradigmatics
Select and outline the problems of synonymy that interest you. Show the common and different between synonymy and antonymy, as well as compare synonyms with other phenomena of lexical paradigmatics. Reflect different points of view on some issues of synonymy and form your own idea of them.
Abstract volume- 4-5 pages.
Monograph:
1. Bragina A.A. Synonyms in the literary language. M., 1986.
2. Novikov L.A. Antonymy in Russian. M., 1973. p. 158-181.
Topic: Paronymy as a manifestation of paradigmatic connections in vocabulary
Pay attention to the typology of paronyms, to their signs. Explain the difference between paronymy and paronomasia. Highlight any problems of paronymy that interest you. Show different points of view on paronymy.
Abstract volume- 4-5 pages.
Monographs:
1. Vishnyakova O.V. "Paronyms of the modern Russian language". M. 1981 (any edition).
2. Kolesnikov N.P. Dictionary of paronyms. Tbilisi University Press, 1971 (any edition). Preface to the dictionary.
3) Performing verification work on lexicography and system relations in lexicon.
Verification work contains:
a) 4 theoretical questions on knowledge of the typology, characteristics and features of specific explanatory dictionaries;
b) 4 practical tasks for knowledge of phenomena that reflect epidigmatic and paradigmatic connections in vocabulary (polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy, paronymy, paronomasia, etc.) and the ability to determine the types of lexical oppositions.
Verification work is performed on a separate sheet.
Job evaluation:
a) Each correct answer is worth 5 points.
Sample questions:
1. What is the uniqueness of the SSRL in 17 volumes?
2. What is the difference in the litter system of the Dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov and BAS?
3. Name the types of interpretations of words.
4. What dictionaries reflect the systemic aspect of learning vocabulary?
b) each task contains 10 positions and is evaluated accordingly by 10 points (subject to a correct answer);
The maximum score for a job is 60.
Job evaluation
Sample tasks:
1. Define the types of portable values:
1) oily look;
2) the school went on strike, etc.
2. Determine the types of homonyms:
1) a simple story - easy to work with;
2) the fox went into the woods, etc.
3. Mark the No. of sentences containing contextual antonyms:
a) You cannot rejoice in health without illness (last).
b) This is not beauty, but prettiness, etc.
4. Determine the nature of the oppositions:
1) Deep - deep
2) Monogamy - monogamy
3) Courtier - feigned, etc.
4) Performance of control work throughout the course.
Test involves lexical analysis of the text and contains practical tasks throughout the course on the example of one fragment.
There are 10 tasks in the work, each of which is evaluated by 5 points; the maximum number of points is 50.
The work is done on sheets A-4 in printed form (a fragment of the text is attached).
Sample tasks:
1. Based on dictionary definitions, determine the macrocomponent and microcomponent structure of one of the text semes.
2. Highlight words in the text with a connotative meaning component, determine how to create a connotation.
3. Find words in the text that demonstrate different types of lexical meanings. Illustrate the LP not presented in the text with your own examples.
4. Give a description of the words of the text according to paradigmatic (genus-species, synonymic, antonymic, homonymous, paronymic) relationships based on the appropriate dictionaries. If such connections are not observed within the text, then show the possibility of the words of your text entering into these connections. Briefly describe the composed verbal oppositions. Note cases of contextual synonymy and antonymy.
5. Within the text, identify all possible LSGs and thematic groups. Combining words into lexico-semantic groups, supplement them with lexemes not presented in the text.
6. Indicate common vocabulary and vocabulary limited in its use; qualify your choice.
7. Highlight the vocabulary of the passive dictionary. Determine the types of obsolete or new words.
8. Find in the text words with pronounced signs of their origin (actually Russian, Old Slavic, other borrowings).
9. Set the presence of stable turns in the text. Highlight phraseological units and make a voluminous "portrait" of phraseological units. If phraseological units are absent in the text, then highlight the words that can be components of phraseological units.
10. Make a general conclusion about the nature and style of the text. Are unusual (occasional) word usages characteristic of the text? If yes, what is the reason for this phenomenon?
When performing work, it is necessary to rely on the corresponding types of dictionaries; references to them should be made during the analysis. At the end of the work, it is necessary to indicate all the used dictionaries, reference books and manuals with accurate bibliographic data.
Teaching materials:
