The Sakhalin-2 project is a gigantic project on an island with a very vulnerable ecosystem. Therefore, the problem of a significant negative impact of the project on the environment and bioresources of the island was raised by environmentalists long before the start of construction.
The conflict between Sakhalin Energy and the country's environmental organizations in 2006 acquired the status of a scandal. Rosprirodnadzor revealed a number of violations of environmental legislation in the work of the operator of the Sakhalin-2 project, Sakhalin Energy, during the construction of pipelines under the project and issued instructions to eliminate them.
The Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia was forced to cancel its Order No. 600 dated July 15, 2003 "On Approving the Conclusion of the Expert Commission of the State Ecological Expert Review of Materials for the Feasibility Study of the Comprehensive Development of the Piltun-Astokhskoye and Lunskoye License Areas."
Sakhalin Energy presented a plan-schedule for the elimination of violations, agreed with OAO Gazprom and approved by the Ministry.
In 2006, the Sakhalin Environment Watch public organization prepared a review of identified violations of environmental legislation by Sakhalin Energy. These included illegal logging during unauthorized pipeline rerouting; illegal placement of treatment facilities in the water protection zone of the Val River; importation to the island of several thousand tons of a dangerous pesticide - ethylene glycol without the permission of the authorities for its use, including in water protection zones; smuggling into Russia (Sakhalin) devices with a high level of radiation; planned discharge of more than 500,000 m3 of wastewater along salmon migration routes to Aniva Bay; numerous violations of medical, sanitary and hygienic norms and requirements, labor protection, revealed by a comprehensive audit of federal and regional state supervisory authorities.
According to ecologists, the development of oil and gas fields on the shelf of northeastern Sakhalin, primarily the Sakhalin-1 and Sakhalin-2 projects, poses a threat to the existence of the Okhotsk-Korean population of gray whales. The population is classified as category 1 of the Red Book of the Russian Federation, it has been assigned the status of endangered.
Since 2004, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Russia has been conducting research on the impact of offshore oil and gas projects on gray whales. Experts note that for several years whales have been exposed to noise during platform installation, underwater pipeline laying, seismic surveys and other types of work. Anxiety from the noise produced by oil workers can disrupt the normal feeding rhythm of whales and lead to underfeeding, weakening and, ultimately, death of animals (primarily females and young animals).
Since the death of even one breeding female can push her to extinction at the current population size, collisions with ships serving oil and gas projects are also very dangerous. In addition, accidental oil spills pose a very serious danger.
In February 2009, the Report of the International Advisory Group on the Conservation of the Okhotsk-Korean Gray Whale Population proposed a moratorium on activities off Sakhalin that could result in impacts on the western population.
In April 2009, the operator of the Sakhalin-2 project, Sakhalin Energy, decided to postpone the seismic survey in the gray whale habitat for a year.
In April 2008, Rosprirodnadzor inspectors revealed violations of the requirements of the forest legislation of the Russian Federation during the construction of the pipeline system as part of the Sakhalin-2 project. Rosprirodnadzor applied to the Arbitration Court of the Sakhalin Region with a claim against the operator of the project, Sakhalin Energy, for compensation for environmental damage in the amount of 390 million 198,646 thousand rubles. In the pre-trial order, the defendant voluntarily did not compensate for the damage.
The Sakhalin Arbitration Court held several meetings where the arguments of the parties were heard. At these meetings, Sakhalin Energy presented papers on the progress of the implementation of the wide-ranging environmental action plan. According to them, the company spent 647 million rubles on the activities included in the plan.
In July 2009, Sakhalin Energy and Rosprirodnadzor entered into a settlement agreement to settle the claim. The parties decided to recognize the work carried out by the company and attribute the costs incurred to compensation for damage on the claim of Rosprirodnadzor, and this decision was approved on July 1 by the Arbitration Court of the Sakhalin Region.
In October 2009, the Sakhalin Environment Watch, a regional public organization, sent an appeal to the Rostekhnadzor Administration and the Rosprirodnadzor Administration for the Sakhalin Region with a request not to take into operation the main pipelines under the Sakhalin-2 project due to numerous violations along the pipeline route associated with the risk oil spills.
From May to September, employees of Ecological Watch and experts from the Far Eastern Geological Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences repeatedly examined the pipeline route of Sakhalin Energy and identified cases of activation of dangerous geological processes caused by disturbed bank protection.
Studies of the seismic regime conducted by Sakhalin scientists in the northern part of Sakhalin Island and the adjacent shelf for 1930-2009 showed that a sharp change in the regime was discovered near the Piltun-Astokhskoye oil and gas condensate field, expressed in the activation of seismicity since 2005. According to the director of the Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics (IMGiG) FEB RAS Boris Levin, "the collected facts, apparently, indicate the occurrence of the effect of induced seismicity, apparently due to the development of the field."
The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources
Average temperature in the city by months:
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk through the eyes of a resident. About climate, ecology, areas, real estate prices and work in the city. Pros and cons of living in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Reviews of residents and those who moved to the city.
General information and a brief history of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
Far to the east of our vast Russia, in the southeastern part of Sakhalin Island, is the administrative center of the Sakhalin Region - the city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk or Yuzhny, as Sakhalin residents affectionately call it.
During its short history, the city changed its name and even the country several times. It all started in 1882, when convicts were brought to the south of Sakhalin to create a settlement. This place was quickly nicknamed Vladimirovka, after one of the guards.
Panoramic view of the city. Photo by ufedor (http://ufedor.livejournal.com/)
In the period from 1905 to 1945, southern Sakhalin was transferred to Japan, and the village of Vladimirovka was renamed Toyohara. For 40 years, Toyohara has grown from a small village to the size of the administrative center of the entire Japanese Sakhalin. Under the Japanese, a clear rectangular street planning system appeared, a railway was being built, and a city park was being laid. After the liberation of Sakhalin at the end of August 1945, the city, which had been badly damaged in the war, began to rebuild.
In June 1946, the city received its last name - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Today, almost nothing reminds of Japanese domination - all the houses of the Soviet era: "Stalin", "Brezhnevka" and "Khrushchev", as well as new buildings.
Climate and ecology of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk stands on a plain, surrounded by hills, so the climate is rather continental: hot in summer and cold in winter. All this is accompanied by high humidity. Although there are years when the temperature in summer barely reaches +20 degrees, and in winter it does not fall below minus 5. Winters are often snowy. It's not uncommon for snowdrifts to reach the ground floor windows.
The environment in the city is very bad. In 2013, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk ranked sixth on the list of the most polluted cities in the country. Despite the fact that there is practically no industrial production in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk! If you go from the suburbs to the center, you can clearly observe the smog hanging over the city. This can be seen especially well in winter, when gas contamination dissipates worse.
Such a deplorable state of ecology arose due to the huge number of cars. According to statistics, for every inhabitant of the city, including babies and very old people, there is 1 car.
A considerable amount of harmful substances is emitted into the air by CHPP-1. But in 2013 it was switched to gas, and the residents of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk are very hopeful that the environmental situation will change for the better.
Population of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
Yuzhny is the sixth largest city in the Far East. As of January 1, 2019, the population of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk was 200.9 thousand people (one third of the population of the Sakhalin Region). The population density of the city is quite high - 201 people per 1 sq. km. km. Basically, this is the able-bodied population (65%), pensioners and children are almost equally divided (18.5% and 16.5%, respectively). The average age of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk residents is 35 years.
South Sakhalin people are quite educated people. According to statistics, 42% of respondents have higher education, 24% have secondary vocational education. Over the past two years, though small, but positive dynamics of birth rate over mortality has been maintained. People get married twice as often as they get divorced. In general, according to statistics, a fairly favorable environment.
Formally, all the inhabitants of our city can be divided into two groups: Russians and Koreans. Russians - mostly those who came to resettle in the middle of the 20th century, their children and grandchildren. Koreans are Russified.
Surprisingly, after their deportation from Korea, about 80 years have passed, and the culture, customs and traditions of their historical homeland have been preserved by their descendants unchanged. The nation is hardworking, able to earn money. For the most part, Russians and Koreans live together, although they prefer to marry people of their own nationality.
There are also Armenian and Tatar diasporas in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. But they are few. There are practically no indigenous peoples of the north in the city.
Districts and real estate of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
The urban district "City of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk" includes the city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk with the planning areas of Lugovoe, Novo-Aleksandrovsk, Khomutovo and a suburb with settlements: with. Sinegorsk, with. Further, p. Bereznyaki, s. Starorusskoe, residential quarter Vestochka, with. larch, s. Sanatorium, with. Keys, p. New Village, p. Christmas trees.
The total area of the city is 90 thousand hectares or 900 sq. km (1 percent of the territory of the Sakhalin Region), including 164.9 sq. km within the city limits.
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk itself is divided into 22 microdistricts and 25 districts. All these quarters and districts are different in size, cleanliness and remoteness from the city center, which is considered to be Lenin Square.
Lenin Square. Photo by yapet1 (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/yapet1/)
The dirtiest districts of the city are considered to be such quarters as: 41 km, Shanghai, Vladimirovka, Brewery district, Poultry farm district. Shanghai and 41 km. are located in close proximity to railway enterprises, and since. trains on Sakhalin are heated with coal, all the soot and cinders settle on these areas. Shanghai, like Vladimirovka, is also a private sector, which is also heated by coal, fuel oil and firewood. The Brewery and Poultry Farm are located in the lowlands of the city, and all the smog most often settles there.
Those areas that lie to the north of CHPP-1 (Lugovoe, Novo-Aleksandrovsk, Dalnee) and which are located near the hills on a hill (the area of the Aralia sanatorium, Gorky Street, "Winter-1", "Winter-2") are considered environmentally friendly.
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is a city of five-story buildings. There are few high rises. There are only 108 built houses over 8 floors in the whole city. The highest built residential building is a 13-storey building on Pobedy Avenue. The reason for such low-rise buildings is simple - the high seismic activity of the region. It shakes often, and an earthquake of 4-5 points is no longer considered something extraordinary for the residents of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.
It is impossible to choose the best area for living in Yuzhny - each has its pros and cons. For example, the most environmentally friendly areas are located some distance from the city center and it will be more difficult to get to them by public transport. So, only 2 routes go to Dalnee, every half an hour. And sometimes they don't go. By bus during the morning and evening rush hours, it is quite difficult to get from the suburbs. There are few buses and they are all overcrowded. Taxis to Lugovoye, Novo-Aleksandrovsk, Khomutovo will cost 2-3 times higher than in the city, although it is not so long to go there.
If we consider the central microdistricts, then they are all similar - there is all the necessary infrastructure: schools, kindergartens, shops, a sufficient number of public transport routes, “walking distance” to shopping centers and city attractions, and quite dirty air. As for the courtyard areas, they are the same in every microdistrict - they all require repair.
Things are worse with the private sector (Shanghai, Vladimirovka) and cottage settlements (Oktyabrsky, a cottage settlement on Lenin Street behind the Poultry Farm). Public transport runs only along the border streets with these areas. Minibuses do not go inside the districts, and the roads leave much to be desired. Therefore, if the family does not have a car, then you can walk to the nearest bus stop for up to half an hour.
Infrastructure in these areas is also almost non-existent. If there is one school in "Shanghai", then in other areas there is nothing at all. Shops are mostly grocery, with a poor assortment, and there are not enough of them. Therefore, the inhabitants of these villages usually buy in the city on their way home. Typically, a family living in the private sector has a car for each adult family member.
Shanghai. Photo by Dmitry Fedorov
Another disadvantage of the private sector is autonomy from the city. Heating stove or boiler, water from own well, in bad weather, frequent power outages, in a blizzard - a belated clearing of the streets. But for many citizens, living in their own house outside the city is a huge plus, so there are a lot of people who want to build a house in these areas.
The price market in the regional center is formed according to its own, distinctive from other regions, rules. Recently, the outflow of the population from the region is insignificant. And, consequently, Sakhalin residents solve housing issues within the region, mainly Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.
The cost of an apartment depends on many factors: area, location in the area, number of floors, physical condition, availability of repairs and terms of sale. Depending on the number of pricing factors, the price of an apartment can vary between 2-10%. One-room apartments are always in demand, and the cost of this type of housing increases first of all.
Prices for one-room apartments in the secondary market range from 2400 to 3600 thousand rubles, individual planning in "new buildings" from 3200 thousand rubles.
For two-room apartments, you will have to fork out from 3,200 to 5,200 thousand rubles, depending on the year the housing was built. A kopeck piece in a new building will cost from 3,600 thousand rubles.
Three-room "Khrushchev" and "Brezhnevka" are sold in the range of 3900 - 6150 thousand rubles. Prices for three-room apartments of a new layout - from 5900 to 14700 thousand rubles.
Four-room "apartments" are sold in the range of 4100 - 14000 thousand rubles, depending on the repair, the multi-level apartment and the elite housing.
The cost of real estate in the planning areas of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is somewhat lower. Thus, the market price of a one-room apartment in the Novo-Aleksandrovsk settlement ranges from 1350 to 2550 thousand rubles, the range of two-room apartments ind. planning is from 2500 to 3300 thousand rubles; for "three rubles" they ask, starting from 3100 thousand rubles.
There are few Stalinist-built houses in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but the price of an apartment in Stalinist style will usually be 10-15% higher than a similar Khrushchev or Brezhnevka apartment, even despite the age of such a house. It is believed that "Stalinka" is warmer and better built.
The most interesting thing about real estate pricing in the Sakhalin capital is that the cost of an apartment does not depend on its size. For example, a two-room apartment with an area of 47 square meters and a two-room apartment of 65 square meters in the same area can cost the same. This is because often owners who want to sell their housing simply focus on the average cost of a similar apartment, not paying much attention to such things as square footage and area (of course, if it is not quite a suburb).
By the way, prices for new buildings are usually higher than for secondary housing. This can be explained, firstly, by the high cost of building materials, which are usually imported from the mainland. Secondly, the area of newly built housing is higher than that of the secondary, and here the price depends on the number of square meters. And thirdly, a favorable mortgage interest rate is often offered for new buildings. People buy an apartment on credit, and when they sell it, they also try to at least somehow recoup the interest paid to the bank. That, too, cannot but affect the increase in prices for primary housing.
In the Sakhalin Region, the programs "Housing for the Young", "Seismic Strengthening Program" and "Resettlement from dilapidated and dilapidated housing" are actively operating. Entire neighborhoods of new houses are being built under these programs: Aralia, Dalnee-1, Dalnee-2, Dalnee-3, a microdistrict on the street. Dolinskaya. But despite the financial support and control of the authorities, the quality of the houses leaves much to be desired. Yes, and the rest of the new buildings of the South, and now a large number of housing is being built, many are dissatisfied. Therefore, when choosing between a new housing stock and a secondary one, many property buyers choose a secondary one.
As for the prices for houses in the private sector and cottages, it all depends on the size of the house, the prestige of the area and the availability of land in the property. If the land is owned, then the price of the cottage is increased by half. The most expensive houses in the village of Oktyabrsky (part of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk). The price of real estate in this area starts from 5200 thousand rubles. for a house built on leased land, and from 10,600 thousand rubles, if the site is registered as a property.
City infrastructure
housing and communal services
It's a paradox, but the region, which is famous for its oil and gas deposits, is itself not gasified. In Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, gas is supplied only to certain suburban areas. There is a gasification program, and it is being implemented, but so slowly that residents no longer hope to ever see blue flames in their apartments. To the great joy of the townspeople, CHPP-1 was finally switched to gas, but the amount for utilities in the receipts of the residents remained the same.
On average, for a two-room apartment in the heating season, you will have to pay from 5 to 7 thousand. In the summer - 3-4 thousand. This does not include payment for electricity and other related costs (telephone, Internet, etc.). As for the general state of affairs in the housing and communal services of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, they are getting better. Of course, there are breakthroughs, leaks, breakdowns (many communications require major repairs), but all problems are quickly resolved.
In recent years, there has been an active replacement of worn-out communications. In 2013, the replacement of the Sports Collector began, from which a third of the city takes heat and hot water.
By the way, about hot water. Many visitors to Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk are surprised to see water heaters, commonly referred to as "titans". The thing is that hot water in the homes of South Sakhalin residents, with the exception of a few areas, is available only during the heating season. Therefore, such titans are very popular among the population.
Kindergartens and schools
There is a catastrophic shortage of kindergartens in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk! There is a huge queue of children of two or three years old. This queue arises because of the children of previous years who could not get a ticket to the garden in their year (this is especially true for "summer" children).
There are many private kindergartens in the city, but only a few have a license for this type of activity. Groups in such gardens are small, from 4 to 8 people. In good, recommended kindergartens, the queue is scheduled for a year in advance, and in unverified gardens it’s just scary to give your child away. And the cost of a private garden today is from 15 thousand rubles, which not every parent can afford.
But we must pay tribute, the Sakhalin region is trying to help small residents. The region has a program “Ensuring the availability of preschool education”, and in 2013, 2 kindergartens were built according to it.
There are 39 schools in the island capital. There are places in them, at least, it has never been said that the future first-grader did not go to school due to lack of places. But there are still queues. It all depends on the prestige of the school and the quality of knowledge. Some of the best educational institutions are: Gymnasium No. 1 named after Pushkin, Gymnasium No. 2, Lyceum No. 1, Lyceum No. 2. Parents who want to send their children to these educational institutions defend huge lines, guard at night, keep secret lists, if only get into the desired school.
Roads and road transport
The roads are terrible. No, over the past two years, the overhaul of the roadway has been actively carried out, and this is very pleasing. But there are so many problem areas in the city that all the mayor's positive statements about completed sections simply drown in the mass of dissatisfaction among motorists. It is unlikely that anyone remembers the road builders with a kind word when every year they change the racks of their car.
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is full of cars. According to the traffic police, in 2013 there were more than 200 thousand cars in the city, while the population in the city was 190 thousand. Because of this, there is always a problem with parking. This issue is especially acute near schools, kindergartens and shopping centers. In the yards, too, there is an eternal struggle for a place.
The cars are overwhelmingly made in Japan. Basically, they are all used, and absolutely all are right-hand drive. In Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, not unreasonably, they believe that it is better to take a used Japanese one than a new one, Russian-made. Japanese quality speaks for itself.
The medicine
There are not enough doctors in the city. The city, and the region as a whole, needs highly specialized specialists in almost all areas of medicine. For example, the staffing of obstetricians-gynecologists is 59%, pediatricians 67%. The regional government is trying to solve this problem - Sakhalin has a program for staffing health care in the Sakhalin region for 2013-2017. According to it, young doctors with higher education who come to the region to work are paid a lift in the amount of 650,000 to 950,000 rubles from the regional budget. The amount depends on the selected area of Sakhalin. Young specialists with a secondary medical education are also paid a lift in the amount of 250,000.
Businesses and work in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
Jobs
According to the employment service of the population of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, the city needs such workers as: welders, builders, plasterers, painters, locksmiths, etc., i.е. those who work with their hands. The average salary offered for these vacancies is 30-45 thousand rubles. Also, on job search sites, sellers, various kinds of managers, drivers, engineers are required in large numbers.
But the city is full of lawyers and economists, and it is difficult to find a well-paid job in these areas.
Enterprises
The most prestigious enterprises in terms of work and salary are companies with foreign authorized capital. These are Exxon Neftegas Limited, Sakhalin Energy and their contractors. In these companies, the average salary is about 120 thousand, and, of course, getting a job in such conditions is quite difficult. Gazprom is also highly rated.
In Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, the predominant industries are energy and oil and gas. The largest industrial enterprises are CHPP-1 and Sakhalinenergo, Sakhalinmorneftegaz, Sakhalin Oil Company.
Also, the enterprises of the Sakhalin region of the Far Eastern Railway can be attributed to the largest enterprises of the city. In these enterprises, vacancies for working specialties (locksmiths, machinists, electricians, track fitters) are always open.
Services sector
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk has a huge number of shopping centers, catering outlets, and business centers. For every taste and wealth. The largest shopping and entertainment complex, not only in Sakhalin, but throughout the Far East, is City Mall, where you can find everything from souvenir shops to ateliers, not to mention countless shops.
City-Mall shopping center is the largest in Eastern Siberia and the Far East
Many chain stores have recently appeared in Yuzhny: Sportmaster, Sportlandia, Svyaznoy, Snow Queen, Gloria Jeans, and so on. I am glad that the prices in the chain stores of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk do not differ from the prices in other cities of Russia.
Movie lovers can choose from 3 cinemas (October, Komsomolets, The Best Cinema), theatergoers will certainly appreciate the Chekhov Center and the Puppet Theater, connoisseurs of beauty and just curious citizens will like the museums of the city. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk has one of the best recreation parks in the entire Far East, with many carousels for children and adults, a children's railway, and even a zoo. The people of South Sakhalin also love their park for the beautiful Lake Superior, and for the many shady alleys that run through the park.
Also in the South there is a huge number of hotels of different comfort, 7 different banks with a bunch of branches throughout the city. There are 3 local TV companies, several radio channels and many printed publications.
In Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, attention to sports has increased in recent years. In 2013, the Kristall ice palace was opened in the city, where small figure skaters and hockey players train, in 2012 the Arena City ice complex was opened, as part of the Sports Against the Gateway program, many sports grounds were created in the courtyards of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk and around the region .
Prices
Prices for food, household goods and clothing are high. The main reason for this is the isolation of the island from the mainland. Products made on the island are 10-20% more expensive than imported ones. Local producers claim that the products are environmentally friendly, although in the light of recent scandals in one of the island's state farms, these assurances are being called into question. Fresh fish in the South market costs the same as in the supermarkets of the capital. The same can be said about caviar and shrimp. Paradox, but it is the place to be.
In general, all fruits and vegetables brought to the island, in the overwhelming majority, are imported from China. The quality of such products leaves much to be desired than the Chinese stuff them there, only they themselves know, but there is no alternative, and therefore they have to buy what they have.
Clothing and footwear for 70% of Chinese production. Despite the large number of stores, the choice in them is monotonous, so the townspeople try to buy things either outside the region or in online stores, which are becoming increasingly popular with the population.
Another problem is the high cost of plane tickets. If you buy on the day of departure, the cost can reach up to 80 thousand. Agree that not everyone can afford such pleasure. No, of course, airlines hold promotions and discounts, and tickets are cheaper in winter. Yes, and there is a federal program, according to which young people under 23 years old and the elderly - after 65 years old, can count on a 50% discount. But what about the rest who do not fit these criteria? Save money, there's nothing left.
Crime
The criminal situation is generally quite calm. It is very rare to hear about street robberies and burglaries. In the local heading "Reference Point" they often talk about murders while intoxicated, drug addicts. Recently, more and more often began to burn in the yards of the car.
In February 2014, the townspeople were excited by the news - a 24-year-old employee of one of the security companies, drunk, entered the Cathedral and began to shoot everyone. 2 people died, 6 were injured. The people of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk hope that this was the first and last case of this kind.
Sights of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
The hallmark of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is the Regional Museum of Local Lore, which is located along Communist Avenue in a classic Japanese building built in 1937. It should be noted that the museum is the only well-preserved heritage site of Japanese culture.
Regional Museum. Photo by int5-55 (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/int5-55/)
In Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, there is a wonderful tourist complex "Mountain Air", where almost half of the city's residents disappear in winter. There are 7 slopes of various lengths and complexity on the mountain, a cable car with comfortable closed cabins and a drag lift on the western and eastern routes. The entire infrastructure has been created on the "Mountain Air" - several cafes of different levels, a first-aid post, equipment rental, instructors, a ski school. In general, even the most unprepared person will be able to get on skis or snowboard and take their first steps in these sports.
Evening South, view from Mountain Air. Photo by uritsk (http://uritsk.livejournal.com/)
The Resurrection Cathedral, which was opened and consecrated quite recently - in 1995, has become a wonderful decoration of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk and the spiritual center of Orthodoxy. The temple was built in the Old Russian style and resembles the old Novgorod churches. On the territory of the cathedral there is a belfry, on top of which stands a bell weighing one ton. Finding the cathedral is not difficult - it is located at the intersection of Communist Avenue and st. Komsomolskaya.
Resurrection Cathedral. Photo by Elena (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/linalenok/)
Another gem of the city is the Literary and Art Museum of A.P. Chekhov "Sakhalin Island". Chekhov was on Sakhalin in 1890, was engaged in a census for 2 months, communicated with convicts. He described his observations in the book Sakhalin Island, which is the most complete "encyclopedia" about Sakhalin in the 19th century. In 2013, the museum moved to a new modern building on Mira Avenue.
It is impossible not to tell about the international film festival "Edge of the World", which in 2013 was held for the third time. Eminent directors and actors, both Russian and foreign, come to the film festival. Films are shown, master classes are held. Undoubtedly, this is one of the main cultural events of the city. The film festival is held at three venues in the city - the Oktyabr Concert Hall, the Komsomolets Concert Hall and the Chekhov Center.
And of course, the biggest attraction not only in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but also in the region as a whole is the sea. Since our city is located in the southern tip of Sakhalin, getting to the sea is not difficult. And in different directions - on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, to the Tatar Strait or Aniva Bay. At the same time, it will take a maximum of 2 hours to go to the sea. The sea is cool, in summer it rarely reaches 25 degrees, but Sakhalin people are hardened people, so there are a lot of people on the beaches in summer.
Another water activity is fishing. In winter, everyone goes for smelt and saffron cod, in summer - for salmon, flounder, crucian carp. Also in high esteem among our residents is the gathering of scallop, sea urchin, trumpeter. It is rare when a trip to the sea is complete without freshly caught delicacies.
Average annual surface concentrations in the atmospheric air of cities exceeding the MPC:
Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky- soot - 1.2 MPC;
Korsakov- suspended solids - 3.1 MPC; soot - 2.3 MPC;
Novoaleksandrovsk- suspended solids - 1.5 MPC; soot - 2.0 MPC; nitrogen dioxide - 2.6 MPC;
Okha- nitrogen dioxide -1.4 MPC;
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk- soot -3.5 MPC; nitrogen dioxide - 2.7 MPC; nitric oxide - 1.3 MPC; suspended solids - 1.3 MPC; benzo(a)pyrene - 3.8 MPC. formaldehyde - 6 MPC
For a number of years, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk has been included in the Priority List of cities with the highest level of air pollution.
The volume of emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air from stationary sources in 2007 amounted to 99.5 thousand tons. 83.7% of the amount of pollutants emitted from stationary sources of emission, including solid substances - 92.1%, was captured and neutralized.
The contribution of vehicles to the total air pollution exceeds 42.2%.
One of the most polluted rivers of Sakhalin remains the river. Okhinka, the sources of pollution of which are oil-producing enterprises located along the entire length of the river. The causes of pollution are the lack of necessary treatment facilities and the unsatisfactory work of the existing ones, as well as an open oil gathering system, oil losses during transportation.
R. Ohinka: oil products - 178 MPC; zinc - 1.4 MPC; copper - 13.9 MPC; iron - 12.6 MPC; manganese - 9.9 MPC.
The main sources of pollution of sea coastal waters are enterprises of the oil production and food industry, housing and communal services, which discharge wastewater into the sea without treatment due to the unsatisfactory condition of treatment facilities or their absence. The Sea of Okhotsk is exposed to the greatest pollution (discharge increased by 8.1 million m 3 in 2007) due to the increase in the development capacity of offshore projects for the production of hydrocarbons.
A high level of pollution of water bodies is recorded in Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsk, Korsakovsky, Nogliksky, Dolinsky, Makarovsky, Poronaisky, Smirnykhovsky, Tymovsky districts, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.
The volume of wastewater discharge into surface water bodies in 2007 amounted to 275.95 million m 3 , including 44.71 million m 3 (16%) of polluted wastewater, less than 0.5% of standard treated wastewater.
The largest sources of polluted wastewater discharge into surface water bodies: Sakhalin Vodokanal LLC, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - 19.32 million m 3; OAO Sakhalinskenergo OP Sakhalinskaya GRES - 8.65 million m 3 .
In the Sakhalin Region, the problems of water supply to settlements and entire regions have not been resolved. The most acute issue is the water supply of the western coast (Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, Tomarinsky, Uglegorsky, Kholmsky districts) and individual cities and towns in the Dolinsky, Makarovsky and Korsakov regions on the eastern coast of Sakhalin. In recent years, problems have arisen with domestic and drinking water supply in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.
At the beginning of 2007, there were 10.26 million tons of production and consumption waste on the balance sheet of the region's enterprises; 34.59 million tons of waste was generated during the year, of which 90.4% was used and neutralized. At the end of 2007, the amount of waste on the balance sheets of enterprises corresponded to the beginning of the year.
The number of organized waste disposal sites in the region is 61, including 14 that do not meet current standards.
The total area of waste disposal facilities already exceeds 1,000 hectares.
The following enterprises are characterized by the largest volumes of waste generation (million tons): OOO Sakhalinugol-2 (9.2); OOO Sakhalinugol-7 (8.6); OJSC Boshnyakovsky Coal Mine (6.5); OOO Sakhalinugol-4 (4.0); branch of Starstroy LLC, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (2.6); OOO Sakhalinugol-3 (2.1).
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/
Introduction
The modern world is distinguished by extraordinary complexity and contradictory events, it is permeated with opposing tendencies, full of the most complex alternatives, anxieties and hopes. The end of the 20th century was characterized by a powerful breakthrough in the development of scientific and technological progress, the growth of social contradictions, a sharp demographic explosion, and the deterioration of the human environment. Our planet has never been subjected to such physical and political overload as it is experiencing during the 20th-21st centuries.
The rapid development of all industries, energy, transport, population growth and urbanization, chemicalization of all spheres of human activity have led to certain changes in the environment, including unfavorable ones. The impact of harmful substances of anthropogenic origin on the natural environment is becoming global.
Every year, natural resources are used more and more intensively for the needs of mankind. This also affected Sakhalin Island. The problem of rational use and protection of natural resources from pollution and depletion requires a set of environmental measures and, above all, observations, assessment and forecasting of their condition.
Sakhalin is an island off the east coast of Asia with a very vulnerable ecosystem. The largest island in Russia. It is washed by the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. It is separated from mainland Asia by the Tatar Strait, from the Japanese island of Hokkaido by the La Perouse Strait. The length of the island is 948 km, the width is 26-160 km, the area is 76.4 thousand km².
There are 44 species of mammals on the island, the most well-known of which are the bear, sable, otter, American mink, reindeer, wolverine, musk deer, represented here by a special Sakhalin subspecies, raccoon dog, sea lion and others.
378 species of birds have been recorded on Sakhalin; 201 of them (53.1%) breed on the island.
The main industries are oil and natural gas extraction and fish processing.
Oil and gas production on the continental shelves has created a problem of negative impact on the environment and bioresources of the island. To stabilize the ecosystem, it is necessary either to improve the quality of production, or to find an alternative, safer way to develop Sakhalin's infrastructure.
Two predictive options are calculated.
1 . Negative impact on the ecology of the island.Sakhalin project- 2?
The first, inertial option, will mainly carry the trends of three directions (raw material conservative, raw material liberal, paternalistic). That is, its parameters will be weighted according to their expected share in the GRP of the Sakhalin Region and will experience the maximum influence of foreign companies (Sakhalin-1, Sakhalin-2), which have already invested tens of billions of dollars. USA in the development of the oil and gas complex of the region.
Project Sakhalin-2? - a giant project on an island with a very vulnerable ecosystem.
In 2006, Sakhalin Environment Watch prepared a review of identified violations of environmental legislation by Sakhalin Energy. These included illegal logging during unauthorized pipeline rerouting; illegal placement of treatment facilities in the water protection zone of the Val River; importation to the island of several thousand tons of a dangerous pesticide - ethylene glycol without the permission of the authorities for its use, including in water protection zones; smuggling into Russia (Sakhalin) devices with a high level of radiation; planned discharge of more than 500,000 m 3 of wastewater along the migration routes of salmon fish to Aniva Bay; numerous violations of medical, sanitary and hygienic norms and requirements, labor protection, revealed by a comprehensive audit of federal and regional state supervisory authorities. According to environmentalists, the development of oil and gas fields on the shelf of northeastern Sakhalin, in the first place, the Sakhalin-1? and Sakhalin-2?, poses a threat to the existence of the Okhotsk-Korean population of gray whales.
The population is classified as category 1 of the Red Book of the Russian Federation, it has been assigned the status of endangered. Seismic regime studies conducted by Sakhalin scientists in the northern part of Sakhalin Island and the adjacent shelf for 1930-2009 showed that a sharp change in the regime was discovered near the Piltun-Astokhskoye oil and gas condensate field, expressed in the activation of seismicity since 2005. According to the director of the Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics (IMGiG) FEB RAS Boris Levin, "the collected facts, apparently, indicate the occurrence of the effect of induced seismicity, apparently due to the development of the field."
Understanding the need to develop oil production on Sakhalin, which leads to the creation of the island's infrastructure, jobs, economic development, and an increase in budget revenues, it must be taken into account that developing one industry can destroy another. Fish, crab and other seafood are what most Sakhalin residents and the inhabitants of the entire coast of the Sea of Okhotsk live now, and the impact on marine bioresources and the marine environment will affect people too. We should also not forget that fish is a renewable resource, we have it now, and will have it in 100 and 200 years, while oil and gas will run out in a few decades.
The normal coexistence of the fishing and oil industries is possible only with a reasonable approach, in compliance with strict environmental regulations and rules in the extraction and development of oil, and all our efforts are aimed only at ensuring that these rules and regulations are applied by oil companies in reality.
2 . Alternative development path
The need to develop an effective industrial policy has become urgent especially in recent years. Favorable market conditions, a state budget surplus, and a surplus in foreign trade are taking shape against the backdrop of increased specialization of the Russian economy in raw materials. Therefore, an industrial policy is needed that ensures progressive changes in the structure of the economy: the development of the processing sector, increasing the innovativeness and competitiveness of the national economy.
The Far East is the most problematic area in terms of the combination of available potential, real opportunities and strategic goals. Therefore, industrial policy is especially necessary here.
A prerequisite for the emergence of strategic planning for territorial development was program-target management (PCU). The generalization of foreign practice of its development in the USA, Canada, France, Germany, Japan led to the conclusion that the use of this method was an effective tool for stimulating the development of problem areas. The result was a system of "plans" of different levels, allowing to cover the entire territory of the country. The stages of development of the OCU are characterized by a movement vector from simple (single) territorial objects (city, province) to complex diversified and interregional systems (region, country). In Russia, program-target management is used in the development of federal target, departmental development programs, and sectoral strategies.
But the use of the program-target approach does not fully correspond to the modern concept of managing socioeconomic systems. Under these conditions, strategic plans for the long-term development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities find their application. Most of them are methodologically "tuned" to solving local problems, using local social resources, taking into account their economic interests and administrative resources. In this case, the integrity of the economy of the local socio-economic system is strengthened. But there are also disadvantages.
The economy of any socio-economic system is greatly influenced by the needs, factors and conditions of the external order in relation to it. In this regard, its strategy cannot be built on the basis of only its own conditions and development factors. This requires bringing (coordinating) the strategy for the development of the economy of the city, region to the same denominator with the strategy for developing the economy of the subject of the Russian Federation, the region, its industry complexes. It is even more important to develop strategies for the development of a specific socio-economic system, taking into account the country's geostrategic interests.
The conservative version of the raw material scenario for the development of the Sakhalin Region may have real prospects if world energy prices remain high. Self-reliance does not preclude attracting foreign investment while holding back the opening of the domestic market. Therefore, domestic capital will prevail. The model of export-raw material specialization will be preserved with increasing differentiation in the development of municipalities. This also determines the development trajectory of Sakhalin.
The second calculated option is an optimistic one, which is a model of the desired development of the Sakhalin Region. It was formed on the basis of the hypothesis that the implementation of the innovation scenario will begin in 2010 and the subsequent increase in the role of the innovation sector of the economy from 10 to 30% in 2020. However, this scenario will be strongly influenced by the inertial one. In 2010, at least 90.0% of employees will work in the inertial development mode, in 2015 - 80.0%, in 2020 - 70.0% of employees. These values are the basis for calculating the main indicators of the optimistic variant.
Conclusion
industrial ecology surrounding island
In terms of the wealth and diversity of natural resources, Sakhalin Island undoubtedly occupies one of the leading places among the Russian regions. The main natural resources of the island are commercial aquatic organisms, hydrocarbons, coal and timber. The share of other natural resources (peat, agricultural land, metals, building materials, etc.) is an insignificant part in the raw material balance of the Sakhalin Region.
In the current socio-economic situation, the reserves of natural resources located directly on the territory of the Sakhalin Region (coal, oil, gas, timber) cannot ensure the dynamic development of the island's economy. Onshore oil and gas fields are at the final stage of exploitation. The extraction and processing of coal is economically inefficient and can only serve to meet the local needs of individual regions. The increase in cutting area will lead to irreversible loss of forest land.
The most promising non-renewable resources (oil and gas) for development are located on the shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk, adjacent to the northeastern coast of Sakhalin Island. Explored oil and gas reserves on the Sakhalin shelf tend to grow sharply (many times). A relative increase in the development of reserves of offshore commercial objects concentrated in this area is possible in a much smaller volume.
Analyzing the situation in the oil industry of Sakhalin, we can draw the following conclusions:
a catastrophic oil spill can happen even because of a relatively minor mistake;
large spills are very difficult to handle;
oil cannot be completely collected from the shores and the surface of the water;
environmental damage can be colossal and long-term.
In connection with this, it is worth considering alternative options and choosing from them everything necessary for the full and ecological development of the largest island in Russia - Sakhalin
Hosted on Allbest.ru
...Similar Documents
General characteristics of the ecological situation in Volgograd, the negative impact on it of the industries of the region. Types of emissions from JSC "VgAZ", their impact on the state of the environment and public health. Prospects for the development of environmental services.
term paper, added 09/02/2009
Determining the impact of the environment on human health. Generalization of anthropogenic factors affecting the ecology of the environment. The main environmental problems of the study area. Impact on the health of people of the railway and highway, transport.
control work, added 12/16/2012
The negative impact of urban development on ecology and the environment. Urban ecology as an applied science that studies the environmental problems of cities and forms the best ways to solve them. Noise pollution and its negative impact on public health.
abstract, added 06/06/2012
What is ecology. Why is the ecological state of the environment deteriorating. The main environmental problems of our time. The main environmental problems of the region. How to solve environmental problems and prevent environmental pollution.
term paper, added 09/28/2014
Negative impact of fishing industry enterprises on environmental objects. Requirements for the territory of fish processing enterprises. Problems of industrial waste disposal in the Kamchatka Territory and measures to eliminate them.
term paper, added 02/17/2015
Environmentally hazardous industries that have an intense impact on the natural environment. Ecological problems of the region. The content of the state program for the preservation of the environment, ensuring the environmental safety of the population.
test, added 06/27/2013
Environmental pollution, its main sources and assessment of negative consequences, the concept and criteria for determining the maximum allowable concentration. Population growth on the planet as a global problem. Prospects for the further development of civilization.
term paper, added 02/25/2013
Economic recovery, development of transport and industrial infrastructure in the Omsk region and urgent tasks of environmental protection. Features of the territory, natural and climatic conditions, environmental problems of the region's rivers and ways to solve them.
abstract, added 12/05/2010
Characteristics of enterprises in the tourism sector of the city. The impact of the port and port plant on the environment. Measures to reduce environmental risks associated with ammonia emissions. Strategies for managing the ecological safety of the region.
test, added 10/04/2014
Ecological aspects of the combined effect of negative and positive environmental factors on people. Assessment of medical and ecological risk and medical and ecological capacity of landscapes. Analysis of global changes in some environmentally dependent diseases.
Media publications; video materials; illustrations.
Terms and conceptsEcological catastrophe, ecological crisis.
Forms of the lesson Lecture, conversation, students' messages, discussion "The problem is waiting for your solution."Environmental problems of Sakhalin
one). Problems associated with the impact on rare species of animals, primarily gray whales of the Western Pacific (Okhotsk-Korean) population, listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. Already now, scientists have noted the shift of whales, including females that feed calves, to the north of their feeding area. In the southern part of the feeding area, whales are disturbed by constant helicopter flights and ship traffic - the Molikpaq oil platform operates nearby. Under the Sakhalin-2 project, it is planned to build another platform within the feeding area of lactating female whales. Work on the construction of an underwater pipeline is carried out near the feeding whales and directly through the southern part of the pasture. According to experts, the noise impact associated with construction is unprecedented in its magnitude and impact on whales.
2). Problems associated with the construction of an onshore pipeline. The most important element of the Sakhalin-2 project is the construction of the pipeline. The pipeline, about 850 km long, is being built in a seismically active zone and will cross 1,103 rivers and streams, most of which are salmon spawning grounds. In 1995, the city of Neftegorsk, located 40 km from the planned pipeline route, was completely destroyed by an earthquake
3). Problems associated with the construction of a liquefied natural gas plant and an export terminal in Prigorodnoye. During the construction process, it is planned to dump one million tons of soil removed during dredging into Aniva Bay. Sakhalin Energy has effectively refused to consider dumping dredging waste outside the bay and has already started dumping. The discharge of soil into the Aniva Bay, which is the most important fishery reservoir, will lead to unpredictable consequences for its ecosystem (increase in water turbidity, oxygen deficiency in the water, which will be caused by the oxidation of soil organic matter), and the construction and operation of the shipping terminal will inevitably disrupt salmon migration routes, fishing which form the basis of the island's economy.
4). Problems of accidents and oil spills during production and transportation.
Estimates by independent experts show that it will not be possible to quickly eliminate the consequences of a large oil spill in the area of oil platforms. The spill will destroy the unique feeding biotope of gray whales and lagoon biocenoses, which are considered as wetlands of world importance. Ensuring the safety of year-round tanker transportation of oil from the terminal in Prigorodnoye is a significant problem. The accident of a large tanker will be a catastrophe, comparable to the loss of the Prestige tanker off the coast of Spain in 2003. No insurance will cover the damage to nature and the inhabitants of the island, and the entire burden of the consequences will fall on the regional and federal budgets.
5). The problem of ammunition disposal.
Decommissioned in the 90s, after the reduction of the military units of the Sakhalin region, the ammunition was flooded in the Aniva Bay, and not in a specially designated place (in the 132nd square of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk), which is safe from the point of view of navigation and fishing. The hazardous cargo was launched from the self-propelled barge "Krasnogorets-11" on the night of June 28-29, 1995. All the authorities involved in this issue knew that the ammunition was flooded in violation of the established rules. What to do? It is not difficult to answer this question: it is urgent to examine the bottom of the Aniva Bay, first of all, in the Prigorodny area. Moreover, the leadership of the Pacific Fleet offers assistance in this, and Sakhalin also has equipment and specialists capable of doing this work. In the same branch of the Krasnoarmeisky Research Institute of Mechanization of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Russian Ammunition Agency, search technology with a parametric locator has long been introduced. This device is able to detect and recognize any foreign objects at depths up to 200 m, even those that are covered with a layer of sand or silt up to 6 m high. For shooting 1 sq. km, it takes only 4-5 light days, but the guarantee of detection is one hundred percent. Survey 1 sq. km will cost about 1 million rubles. - the amount is small compared to the possible consequences of a man-made disaster. Unfortunately, I have not been able to get a clear explanation from the leaders of Sakhalin Energy, which is in full swing preparing for the construction of an LNG plant, whether they are aware of the problem of flooded munitions and what they are doing to ensure the safety of work. Nevertheless, we learned that the contract for the survey and demining of the Prigorodny water area was received by ... the security company Armor Group, and four dozen divers brought from Moscow should be engaged in this work. But with their help, 1 sq. km will have to explore for half a year! In addition, divers cannot see what is covered with silt, therefore, they will not give guarantees that all shells have been found. And, finally, the cost of diving operations is ten times higher than that of a parametric radar survey. However, it seems that Sakhalin Energy does not care about the amount of costs in this case either - after all, under the PSA agreement, any costs are compensated by hydrocarbons produced on the shelf.
6). Problem radioactive contamination.
In 1987 and 1997, helicopters of the Far Eastern Civil Aviation Administration, fulfilling a complex technical task of the Ministry of Defense, delivered radioisotope power plants to the lighthouses, and in fact two real nuclear power plants, albeit very compact ones, operating on strontium-90. During the flight, due to emergency situations, the helicopter pilots were forced to dump dangerous cargo into the Sea of Okhotsk.
As you know, sea water is an aggressive environment, and experts believe that the protective housings of generators, which have lain on the seabed for 18 and 8 years, are about to collapse, and then a strong radioactive contamination will occur. The activity of the generators lying on the seabed is about 700,000 curies! The ingestion of one curie of strontium into the human body can lead to death. And 700,000 curies are more than enough for all the inhabitants of Sakhalin to receive a lethal share of radiation, which, by the way, knows no boundaries. It will destroy unique fish and biological resources and cause irreversible environmental consequences for the entire Asia-Pacific region. As search of generators of result did not give yet.
6) The problem of forest fires. Annually, localized forest fires occur on Sakhalin. Forests are burning in the Nogliksky, Smirnykhovsky, Poronaysky and Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsk regions of the region. The main cause of fire is most often careless handling of fire. In 2002 alone, 38 forest fires broke out on Sakhalin, covering over 4,220 hectares in total. Such large losses are largely due to the poor material and technical support of the civil defense and emergency departments of the Sakhalin region.
7) Problems of general industrial pollution of the environment. They are explained by the lack of funds from industrial enterprises for environmental protection measures.
Ejection of the ship "Christopher Columbus"
on the Kholmsky coast
An environmental problem is forest
fires shown in the satellite image.
According to Nikolai Smirnov, head of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation for the Sakhalin Region, the first plan in Russia, approved by the governor of the region, is already being examined by the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation. The creation of an oil spill response system will be coordinated with the federal and Far Eastern authorities, in particular, the parties intend to cooperate with the Russian Emergencies Ministry, the Russian Ministry of Transport and Communications and Natural Resources, as well as with the Governments of the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories. The Sakhalin authorities are ready to present to these authorities their results on the development of OSR (oil spill response) operations. For the next three years, Sakhalin will also adopt the regional target program "Creation and development of a territorial oil spill response system in the Sakhalin Region", which will also be developed on the basis of joint funding. Representatives of the Ministry of Emergency Situations highly appreciate the signing of this agreement. According to them, it will help to better and faster coordinate the work of emergency services. The problem is waiting for your solution
Group environmental projects to study problems that are socially significant for the Sakhalin Region.
It is carried out in three stages. Stage I - preparatory. The goal, objectives and method of research are formed, the area of study is determined, the area of study is determined. Groups of students are formed, each of which will solve specific problems. With the help of the teacher, questionnaires are compiled for questioning and interviewing the population. Stage II - study of the problem. Students conduct observations, or interview the population, get acquainted with documents, data on the studied problem, prepare photo materials. Stage III is the final one. The collected material is systematized and summarized. Each group prepares a report on the work done, draws up social maps, tables, diagrams, etc. Registration of research results. Familiarization with them by all students can take place in the form of: speeches at a conference, debate, examination, etc., in the form of defending projects, role-playing games, organizing an exhibition, the best works, etc. The topics of creative works are determined at the choice of students and teachers .
Section VI
Lessons 30-32
hometown economy
Kholmsk
Goals and objectives of the lesson Introduce children to the economy of their hometown; its role in the economy of the region; to form students' understanding of the most important problems - economic, social, environmental, and the causes of their occurrence; continue to develop students' ability to work with various sources of geographic information and make a geographic forecast. Educational visual complexVideo materials; media publications; Photo; illustrations.
Terms and conceptsCity-forming and city-service enterprises.
Forms of the lesson Lecture, conversation, students' messages.Materials for lessons
the largest enterprises in the city.
Kholmsk is the main sea gate of Sakhalin.
SZMP is undergoing a period of improvement. Modernization of the Sakhalin Western Seaport in Kholmsk
carried out jointly by Exxon Neftegaz Limited (ENL), operator of the Sakhalin-1 project, and Sakhalin Energy, operator of the Sakhalin-2 project. Taking into account the importance of uninterrupted and safe logistics support for offshore operations on Sakhalin, in July 2004 the companies created a joint committee that developed a draft agreement and terms of reference for the modernization of the existing port.
The final agreement outlines ways to modernize existing equipment (a 32-ton Sokol crane) and purchase new equipment (gantry cranes, forklifts, pipe carriers, a powerful 60-ton Condor gantry crane). In the shortest possible time, it is also planned to build modern warehouses for storing pipes and supplying floating drilling platforms, equipped with a modernized stacking system, as well as a well-maintained building of the port administration office with a canteen, a medical center, and showers on the territory of the port. In general, the planned modernization expands the port's ability to serve the entire sea traffic flow of Sakhalin, in addition to the vessels necessary to support offshore operations in the oil and gas field (such as the FESCO Sakhalin icebreaker, designed to provide year-round delivery of materials and equipment to the area mining).
The Sakhalin Western Seaport Modernization Project was funded by the Sakhalin-1 consortium members and Sakhalin Energy on a parity basis, with the latter taking over the management of the entire operation. A 5-year contract for the management of the port operation was signed with Sakhalin Shelf Service Company.
According to ENL Vice President Mark Hackney, the modernization of the Sakhalin Western Sea Port in Kholmsk is an important component of the successful implementation of the tasks of Stage 1 of the Sakhalin-1 project and will provide additional opportunities for both Sakhalin people and the Sakhalin economy. “This fundamental upgrade of an important commercial cargo hub will at the same time increase the usefulness of the port for everyone, not just offshore projects. This will be another aspect of the overall process of infrastructure improvement resulting from the development of the Sakhalin-1 and Sakhalin-2 projects and supporting the economy of the Sakhalin region.” This year, industrial site No. 3 was put into operation - a full-fledged container terminal equipped with seven systems. Here everything is ready for the concentration and temporary storage of heavy containers and other oversized cargo.
OJSC Sakhalin Shipping Company (SASCO) is the largest shipping company in the Far East. The fleet of the Sakhalin Shipping Company has ice-class vessels and can operate on almost all sea lines of the World Ocean. SASCO is the third largest shipping company in the country in terms of transshipment cargo transportation and the first in terms of growth in domestic passenger traffic. This company plays a city-forming role and influences the state of the region's economy.
Sakhmortek LLC - subsidiary of SMP. Freight forwarding company providing services and agency activities for the transportation of goods following in direct mixed railway-water traffic by ferries and transport ships on the Vanino-Kholmsk-Vanino line. Provides services for the shipment of goods to the countries of Southeast Asia.
Ferry Vanino-Kholmsk is one of the structural subdivisions of SASCO. It delivers up to 90% of all cargo arriving on Sakhalin. Reading the local press, I found material that this enterprise is about to undergo big changes. In recent years, it has become a brake on shippers and consignees. Back in 2002, an average of 39 wagons per day were transported from the mainland to Sakhalin, while at the same time, up to 300 wagons accumulated on the Far Eastern Railway. This was stated by Deputy Minister of Railways of the Russian Federation Vladimir Yakunin at a meeting with the management of the Sakhalin Shipping Company. It is not only the obligatory replacement of wagon wheel sets, taking into account the narrow gauge on Sakhalin, that hinders the transportation of goods. Only 4 ferries operate on the Vanino-Kholmsk line instead of the previous 10. But even they are not fully loaded with wagons, since the ferry takes another 6-8 vans on each trip. The leadership of the Ministry of Railways made a decision to reconstruct the Sakhalin railway and transfer it to a standard wide gauge.Kholmsky commercial seaport - sea gates of Sakhalin. It receives the main flow of cargo and passengers. The port is ice-free all year round and can accommodate any medium-tonnage vessels up to 5,500 tons with a draft of up to seven meters. The harbor protected from waves by two breakwaters with a depth of more than 9 meters allows receiving domestic and foreign ships with a displacement of up to 7 thousand tons. The port has three berths with a length of 360 meters for processing the transport fleet and two specialized berths with a length of 130 meters for receiving Sakhalin ferries. The port is a highly mechanized enterprise with 13 portal cranes from 5 to 40 tons, 35 forklifts from 1.5 to 10 tons and other handling equipment. Cargoes such as coal, metals, pipes, equipment, containers are handled here. Customs, quarantine, migration and passenger services are located in the seaport of the port. On its territory there is a parking lot and a gas station. The port receives medium-sized ships and ferries all year round. In 2005, the Kholmsk Commercial Sea Port received 79 million rubles in revenue, which is 23.8% more than in the previous year. 62 cargo ships and 380 ferries were processed. Cargo turnover amounted to 1146.9 thousand tons. The volume of loading and unloading operations in value terms increased by 42.3% compared to last year and amounted to 25.6 million rubles. The enterprise in the reporting period worked with a profit, in the corresponding period of last year had a negative financial result.
In 2000-2001, dredging was carried out and the port's ship handling capacity increased. The enterprise has started processing large-tonnage vessels for the Sakhalin-2 project.
CJSC Marine Company Sakhalin-Kuriles carries out regular sea transportation of goods and passengers on the Sakhalin - Otaru line by the ships "Marina Tsvetaeva" and "Igor Farkhutdinov".Fishery enterprises.
In the total volume of industrial production of the Kholmsky district, the fish industry occupies from 70 to 80%. According to the results of the 1st half of 2005, the largest share in the total volume of production by the main types of economic activity falls on fishing - this is 47.4%. The volume of production amounted to 114.4% compared to the level of 2004.
In the 1st half of 2005, enterprises of the fishing industry transferred tax payments to the local budget in the amount of 12.5 million rubles, which is more than 10% of the total amount of tax revenues. As of July 1, 2005, the arrears in tax payments amounted to 17.6 million rubles and doubled compared to the previous year, which explains the bankruptcy of two large enterprises in the industry (CJSC Sakhrybkom and OJSC Kholmsky Marine Resources RKZ-28) and the difficult financial situation of OAO Sakhalin Rybak.
In 2005, enterprises of the Kholmsky District RPK received quotas for catching and extracting aquatic biological resources for industrial purposes in the amount of 83.6 thousand tons and 14.9 thousand tons for coastal fishing, including 208.8 tons of pink salmon. In the first half of 2005, enterprises have already mastered 40% of the allocated limits, although the fishing situation in the fishing areas was rather difficult. All enterprises (except OAO "Sakhalin Rybak") issued permissive documents for fishing in a timely manner. The catch of fish in January-June 2005 amounted to 34.5 thousand tons, the growth against the level of 2004 is 39.1%. The output of food products has been significantly increased. The production of canned food in the reporting period decreased by 40.3% compared to the previous year. The reduction was allowed in connection with the bankruptcy of one of the large canning factories on Sakhalin LLC "Kholmskiye Sea Resources RKZ-28", downtime due to financial problems and the lack of raw materials of LLC "Laperouse". Now the crisis situation has been eliminated and the RKZ-28 plant has been working again since the summer of 2005 under the new name of Kholmskekoprodukt LLC (RKZ-35). Despite the difficulties with raw materials, the output of CJSC "Company" Sakura "is increased. The status of a port city is supported by JSC "Sakhalinremflot" - the only enterprise in the island region that carries out a comprehensive repair of ships with a warranty period. This enterprise now owns the Baikovsky shipyard. 120 ships in Kholmsky ship repairmen are ready to take on the stocks for a year. Poseidon LLC - one of the largest enterprises of the fish complex of the Sakhalin region. Created in 1991. The company has a fishing site in the south of Sakhalin, several units of a small fleet, a trawler-freezer "Cape Kurbatov", whose daily capacity is 50 tons of finished frozen products. The company's products have received recognition in the Russian market and abroad. The company has repeatedly been awarded the commemorative badge “The Best Exporter of the Russian Federation”. Fishing collective farm "Priboy" (p. Pravda) - the leading enterprise operating in the field of extraction and processing of raw fish and seafood in the region. The enterprise has a mining fleet, a coastal fish processing shop, and refrigerators. The collective farm produces about 60 types of products: frozen, salted, smoked, dried fish, preserves (from herring, cod, seafood); shredded frozen sea kale; cooking; minced fish ice cream; salted salmon caviar. The company employs 220 people. The collective farm has repeatedly presented its products at the international specialized exhibition-fair "Fish Industry", due to the high quality of its products. CJSC "Company" Sakura " (p. Pravda) - is engaged in the manufacture of canned fish and preserves, fish cooking, seafood processing. For the taste of the discerning consumer, 12 types of fish cooking are produced. The production is equipped with modern canning lines. Completely modernized production and management system. A variety of containers are used: tin, aluminum, plastic, corrugated packaging. Production capacity - 7,200 tons of fish and 800 tons of seaweed per year. The products are in great demand among buyers and have won prizes in the tasting councils of the program "Vprok", the magazine "Demand", exhibitions of the CSM and the Department of Fisheries of the Sakhalin Region Administration.
OJSC "Kholmskaya Tin Can Factory" is the only company on Sakhalin that produces bank containers for the fish processing and food industries of our region and other regions of Russia. The main type of product is jar No. 6 for canned food - salmon, saury. Additionally, it produces several types of cans. For example, No. 22 - caviar, traditional bank No. 25 - for herring.
The structure of the enterprise includes: a varnish printing section, a photographic section, a main production shop for the production of bank containers No. 6, No. 5, No. 28, No. 22, No. 25, a whole can, SKO covers, a mechanical, construction, energy, loading and unloading section and an instrumentation section .
As well as a laboratory for the quality of products, a garage and quality control department.
The technology of manufacturing products is also being improved. The company has three automatic lines for the production of cans with a welded seam. This production technology meets international standards and is safe for canned food storage. Now there was a transition to the production of stamped cans, intended mainly for storing caviar. The caviar jar was improved and supplied with a key. There are intentions to improve the consumer properties of other cans - also providing them with a key.
As you know, packaging is already half the success in selling a product. The plant has been using lithography in the production of containers for over 30 years.
First - schematic, and now - bright, clear and colorful. In recent years, new ways of making it have been developed. For the production of lacquered cans, modern technological equipment of the companies "Toyo-Sekan" (Janonia), "Continental" (USA), "Mavag AG", "Sudronic AG", "Fray AG" (Switzerland), "Krup", "Blema" is used , Karges-Hammer AG (Germany). The enterprise cooperates with large domestic and foreign firms for the supply of varnishes, tin and other materials. Among them are the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, the Novosibirsk Tin Plant, various Japanese and German companies. All products of the factory are certified.
Kholmskaya Tin Factory is one of the largest manufacturers of metal cans in Russia. For the achievement of the highest results and contribution to the development of the fish processing and food industry of the Sakhalin region, the company's staff was repeatedly awarded honorary diplomas. At the annual specialized exhibitions "Fish industry" in the Sakhalin region, the products of the factory are invariably awarded with high awards. Kholm Bank is valued not only in Russia, but also abroad. So, in 2001 in Frankfurt at the 29th ceremony of awarding international quality prizes JSC "Kholmskaya ZHBF" was awarded the European Prize in the nomination "For Quality" (an award of the new millennium).
Enterprises of the transport and communication system.
A developed infrastructure has been created in the Kholmsky district.
