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Biography, life story of Nikitin Ivan Savvich
Childhood, youth, study at the seminaryIvan Savvich Nikitin was born on October 3 (September 21), 1824 in the city of Voronezh. His father, Savva Evstikhievich Nikitin, was a wealthy tradesman who sold candles and kept an inn. Ivan Nikitin studied at a religious school from the age of eight, then entered the seminary, but did not finish it. After the death of his father, he kept his father's inn, worked in a candle shop. Nikitin's childhood and youth were spent surrounded by pilgrims who bought candles in a shop. Nikitin, as the son of well-to-do parents, was a freelance seminary student and retained his independence and broad-mindedness. He dreamed of a university. While still in seminary, he began to write poetry. Nikitin closely communicated with the people, grew up in the atmosphere of folk dialects of different places in Russia, listened to the stories and tales of wanderers, the lives of saints and spiritual poems. In his youth, he was fond of other classics. From the church walls, he brought a reverent attitude to nature. Despite the fact that by that time there were no wonderful teachers in the seminary - A.V. Koltsov and A.P. Serebryansky, the seminarians fed on the memories of their circle. Nikitin wrote the first poems precisely in imitation of Koltsov.
Literary success
The first poems by Ivan Nikitin were published in 1853 in the Voronezh newspaper Gubernskiye Vedomosti. Patriotic pathos poems were reprinted in other newspapers and magazines, they were very handy, as the Crimean War was going on. Soon the first collection of poems was published (1856) and Nikitin began to be compared with Koltsov. The second collection appeared in 1859. Nikitin became the master of the Russian landscape and the successor of Koltsov, a hymnologist of hard peasant labor, the life of the urban poor and the injustice of the world order. Nikitin's name thundered, but life was still hard. Soon, in 1861, the prose Diary of a Seminary was published. He wrote the poem "The Fist", which was completed in 1857. He showed in the poem a type of person who strongly resembled his own father. The Voronezh tradesman Karp Lukich, the hero of the poem, lived by petty deceit, miscalculation and measurement. He is a dealer, himself a penniless and ruined merchant, he cannot get out of severe poverty. As a result of this life, he drank and tyrannized everyone in the house. The poem was received favorably by critics and the book quickly sold out. At this time, the inn began to generate income, the family came out of need. Father did not stop drinking, but relations in the family improved, work was no longer so burdensome for Nikitin.
CONTINUED BELOW
Circle of Vtorov, heritage
Nikitin received Dobrolyubov's excellent review of his poem. The poet was introduced to Count D.N. Tolstoy, who helped him publish. However, the rest of the criticism was negative. He spoke especially badly of him. In the summer of 1855, Nikitin fell ill after catching a cold while swimming. Faith saved him, many poems with religious themes appeared. Nikitin wrote more than 60 romances and songs, he remained an unsurpassed singer of Russian nature. Nikitin's panoramic vision embraced all aspects of Russian life. The Seminarian's Diary was written a year before his death. With royalties from books, Nikitin was able to buy a bookstore, which became a literary club for the townspeople. There were many plans, but strength and health were running out. Nikitin entered the circle of the local Voronezh intelligentsia, it was the circle of Nikolai Ivanovich Vtorov. But Vtorov soon left Voronezh. The second friend of Nikitin was Mikhail Fedorovich De-Poulet. It was he who, after the death of Nikitin, became his executor, he published his legacy, wrote a biography and edited Nikitin's writings.
Personal life
In 1856, Nikitin became interested in the governess of the landowners Plotnikovs. The girl's name was M.I. Junot. The feelings were mutual, the girl was of an ebullient nature, developed and sensitive to poetry. They did not advertise their feelings.
Death
Ivan Nikitin died of tuberculosis in 1861. In total, he wrote 200 poems. The name of Ivan Nikitin entered the musical culture of Russia, his name outlived many, larger, but forgotten poets. The cemetery where the poet was buried in Voronezh was liquidated, a circus was built in its place.
Nikitin Ivan Savvich (1824-1861), Russian poet and prose writer.
Born September 21 (October 3), 1824 in Voronezh. The son of the owner of a candle factory that went bankrupt by the 1830s, was educated at the Voronezh parish (1833) and district (1834-1839) theological schools and the theological seminary (1839-1843; expelled for poor progress), in whose literary life A. V. Koltsov. He was engaged in housekeeping (up to performing the duties of a janitor at an inn bought by the family), changing, accordingly, his recent appearance of a freedom-loving “Westerner” to the appearance of a simple Russian peasant (hair “in a circle”, boots with high tops, a sheepskin coat on a naked body, etc. .P.).
Joy has swift wings.
Nikitin Ivan Savvich
After the first publication (verse Rus - "Under the big tent / Blue skies ...", 1853), he became close to the circle of local historian N.I. Vtorov, who studied the history, ethnography and folklore of the Voronezh Territory, among the participants of which were the future executor, biographer and editor poet M.F. De-Poulet and the publisher of his works A.R. Mikhailov.
Influence of A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, F.I. Tyutchev (Slanderers, 1849; When sunset with farewell rays, 1850; When alone, in moments of reflection, 1851) and especially Koltsov (An old man's sadness, Duma, both 1849 ; Song, 1853), with its characteristic folklore vocabulary and rhythm, is replaced in Nikitin's lyrics by his own intonations, recognizable "ethnographic" themes, attention to everyday life, religious motives (Old friend friend, Winter Night in the Village, both 1853; Merchant at the mill, 1854).
In 1854, N.V. Kukolnik published in his Library for Reading two collections of Nikitin's poems; several poems were published in the magazine "Moskvityanin". Quick fame inspired Nikitin, he is stubbornly engaged in self-education (including the study of French and German, translations from Fr. Schiller and G. Heine), again dresses “in fashion” and becomes, according to his tireless trustee Vtorov, “secular man." At the same time, a sharp deterioration in health, a consequence of hard physical labor, contributed to the strengthening of the mournful tone of Nikitin's poetry.
In 1856, his first collection of Poems was published, which caused both approving and harsh (for "dependence" - N.G. Chernyshevsky in the Sovremennik magazine) reviews from critics.
In an effort to poeticize the “non-poetic” material of the real life of commoners, Nikitin begins to focus on the lyrics of N.A. Nekrasov with a pronounced narrative beginning, colloquial vocabulary, and the diversity of the characters of the village “bottom” - beavers, poor people, and the destitute (The story of a peasant woman, 1854; Burlak , both 1854; Street meeting, 1855; The story of my friend, 1856), focusing on the dramas of everyday life - betrayals, murders, selfish deceptions, etc. (often in the song genre - Quarrel, Treason, both 1854; Get rid of, melancholy ..., 1855).
According to the critic A.M. Skabichevsky, the autobiographical basis of many of Nikitin’s poems, who was in a difficult relationship with his father, a man of strong temper, was “the eternal Russian plot of family tyranny”, growing under Nikitin’s pen into the problem of the discrepancy between the high spiritual impulses of a creative person and her rough egoistic environment, into the problem of the inescapable loneliness of a talented loser, characteristic of romanticism and specifically refracted in Nikitin's "folk" lyrics.
Old Russian literature
Ivan Savvich Nikitin
Biography
Voronezh, in the family of a tradesman, a candle merchant. In 1839 Nikitin entered the Voronezh seminary. During Nikitin's stay in it, his father's trading business was shaken, and he began to drink and show his tough character. Under the influence of his drunkenness and despotism, Nikitin's mother also began to drink. An extremely difficult atmosphere was created in the house, and Nikitin completely abandoned classes. In 1843, he was dismissed "for lack of success, because of not attending the class." But, paying little attention to studies, Nikitin in the seminary passionately devoted himself to reading. Having fallen in love with literature, carried away by Belinsky, filled with high aspirations and poetic dreams, Nikitin had to immediately after leaving the seminary plunge into the most difficult everyday prose and sit down at the counter in his father's candle shop. At this time, he began to drink even more. His house, candle factory and shop were sold. With the proceeds, Nikitin's father started an inn. Nikitin began to manage there, performing all the duties of a janitor himself. Despite the difficult life situation, Nikitin did not sink spiritually. Surrounded by an environment that could not understand him, he withdrew into himself. In November 1853, Nikitin sent three poems to the Voronezh Gubernskie Vedomosti. One of them - the patriotic "Rus" - brought the poet popularity in Voronezh. N.I. Vtorov and K.O. Alexandrov-Dolnik, took an active part in Nikitin and introduced him to the circle of local intelligentsia that was grouped around them. Since 1854, Nikitin's poems began to appear in "Moskvityanin", "Notes of the Fatherland", "Library for Reading". The press treated the poet very sympathetically. Success, a mass of new impressions, the warm, friendly attitude of Vtorov and the members of his circle had an encouraging effect on Nikitin, alienation and unsociableness disappeared, he was in a cheerful mood, worked hard. But the cheerful mood was overshadowed by a disorder of health. In 1856, a collection of Nikitin's poems appeared, to which the critics reacted coldly or negatively. Chernyshevsky spoke most negatively about the collection in Sovremennik. Having entered the literary field, Nikitin did not change his life situation, continuing after 1853 to maintain an inn. His father continued to drink, but family relations in 1854-56 improved somewhat; the atmosphere of the inn was no longer so depressing for the poet, who revolved in a circle of intelligent people sincerely disposed towards him. In 1854-56, Nikitin seriously worked on his self-education, read a lot, took up the study of the French language. After Vtorov’s departure from Voronezh in 1857, who became Nikitin’s closest friend, and after the collapse of the Vtorov’s circle, the poet again felt with extreme acuteness the severity of his life and family situation, a pessimistic mood captured him with greater force, creative excitement was replaced by a sharp decline in creative forces, doubts about his talent. In 1858 Nikitin's long poem "The Fist" was published. Criticism met "Kulak" very sympathetically; among other things, Dobrolyubov treated the poem with great praise; The Fist had the same success with the public: less than a year after its release, it had already sold out, bringing Nikitin a fairly significant income. Despite his depressed mood and ill state, in 1857-58 Nikitin still continued to closely follow Russian literature, get acquainted with foreign literature, reading Cooper, Shakespeare, Hugo, Goethe, Chenier, began to study German, translating Schiller and Heine. In 1857 - 58, the poet collaborated in the Notes of the Fatherland and the Russian Conversation. With the assistance of V. A. Kokorev, who loaned Nikitin 3,000 rubles, in 1859 he opened a bookstore and a library for reading. In 1859, Nikitin published a new collection of poems, which was met with criticism much colder than The Fist. Throughout 1859, the poet fell ill; a slight improvement in health alternated with deterioration. At the beginning of 1860, his health began to improve, his mood became more cheerful, his literary productivity rose, and his interest in public life increased again. In the summer of 1860 the poet visited Moscow and Petrograd. Nikitin's book trade was quite successful. In the second half of 1860, Nikitin felt well, worked hard, wrote a large prose work, The Diary of a Seminary, published in the Voronezh Conversation for 1861. and evoked sympathetic reviews from critics. Nikitin's health, which had deteriorated by the end of 1861, improved again by the beginning of 1861, and his strength again began to rise. He takes an active part in the meetings of M.F. De Poulet circle, in local cultural work, in the organization in Voronezh of a society for the promotion of literacy and in the establishment of Sunday schools. In 1859 - 1861, Nikitin published his works in "Notes of the Fatherland", "People's Reading", "Russian Word" and "Voronezh Conversation". In May 1861, Nikitin caught a bad cold. This cold, exacerbating the tuberculous process, turned out to be fatal. For all the time of a long illness, the poet experienced the most severe physical suffering. Moral ones were added to them, the cause of which was the father, who continued, despite the serious illness of his son, to lead the same way of life. Nikitin died on October 16, 1861. The earliest surviving works of Nikitin date back to 1849. Separation and concentration, developed by difficult living conditions, left their mark on Nikitin's work of 1849-1853. His poetic scope was limited; he mainly revolved in the field of personal experiences, the surrounding life attracted little attention. Ignoring it, the poet sometimes painted what he had never seen, for example, the sea (“Night on the seashore”, “The sun is burning in the west”, “When the Neva, bound by granite ...”). In Nikitin's poetry during this period of time, the desire to comprehend life, a feeling of dissatisfaction with it, suffering from its inconsistency with dreams and aspirations were clearly manifested; nature and religion gave the poet reassurance, which reconciled him with life for a while (“Field”, “Evening”, “When sunset with farewell rays ...”, “When alone, in moments of reflection ...”, “New Testament”, etc.). But Nikitin, nevertheless, in 1849 - 1853 did not completely close himself in the sphere of personal feelings and experiences, in his work of that time the beginnings of interest in the life around him, the people are already noticeable, social motives are already sounding (“Silence of the night”, “Leave your sad story ”, “Singer”, “Vengeance”, “Need”). Nikitin had not yet figured out public issues at that time, he was patriotically minded (“Rus”), but he already saw evil in public life, was indignant at him, was indignant, already called on the poet to fight him (“Leave your sad story ...”, “ Singer"). In 1849 - 1853, Nikitin was entirely at the mercy of literary influences. Koltsov's influence was the strongest, especially with regard to form ("Spring on the Steppe", "Rus", "Life and Death", "Calm", "Song", "Inheritance", etc.). Nikitin perfectly mastered Koltsov's form and verse, and some of his poems in this respect are not inferior to Koltsov ("Spring on the Steppe", "Rus"). Along with the influence of Koltsov, Nikitin’s poetry of 1849-1853 reveals the influence of Lermontov (“Key”, “When the sunset is parting rays ...”, “South and North”, “Dried birch”, “I remember happy years ...”, “Bored with luxury brilliant fun ... ”, etc.), Pushkin (“Forest”, “War for Faith”, etc.) and other poets. The influence of literary sources is strongly manifested in the thoughts and ideas expressed by Nikitin in poems with a philosophical element, which occupied a rather prominent place in his poetry of 1849-1853. There is a lot of artificiality and rhetoric in these poems (“Duma”, “Ruins”, “Cemetery”, “Bored with the luxury of brilliant fun ...”, etc.). Personal experiences play a prominent role in Nikitin's work even after 1853, but along with them, the poet's great interest in the life around him, in folk and petty-bourgeois life and psychology, is revealed. After 1853, in Nikitin's poetry, to a certain extent, local color, an ethnographic element, and interest in the history of the local region began to appear. The state-owned patriotic mood that captured Nikitin even before 1854 manifests itself after (“The New Struggle”, “Dontsam”, “How well done ...”, “On the capture of Kars”), but by 1856 leaves the poet. The religious mood, found in the work of Nikitin in 1849 - 1953, was quite strongly manifested in 1854 ("Prayer for the Chalice", "The Sweetness of Prayer", "S.V. Chistyakova"), but then disappeared. In the poetry of Nikitin in 1854 - 1856, just as before, the influence of other poets is visible: Koltsov (“Treason”, “My yard is not wide ...”, “Bobyl”, “How well done ...”, “Get off , longing ... "," Who has no thought ... "), Lermontov ("Friend"), Pushkin ("Fist", "New Struggle"), etc., but to a much lesser extent than before, the desire to go his dear. A study of Nikitin's handwritten texts and materials that have been preserved about him undoubtedly establishes that the influence of Vtorov and members of his circle played an important role in his work in 1854-1856. By 1857, Nikitin had already made up his mind as a poet. In his poetry after this year, social motives occupied a prominent place, but did not exhaust its entire content, he still paid considerable attention to personal experiences and nature; the social element did not suppress the artistic element. By 1861, Nikitin's gradually developing poetic powers began to flourish magnificently, but death interrupted this flowering; they didn't show up completely. Nikitin did not reveal all the possibilities hidden in him. The most significant place in Nikitin's poetry is occupied by poems dedicated to the depiction of folk life. They clearly expressed the most sincere, deepest love for the people, ardent sympathy for their hard lot, a passionate desire to improve their situation. But at the same time, Nikitin soberly looked at the people, did not idealize them, painted them truthfully, without hushing up the dark sides, the negative traits of the people's character, for example, rudeness, family despotism (“Stubborn Father”, “Corruption”, “Delezh”, etc. ). Nikitin was in the full sense of the word a city dweller; although he visited the vicinity of Voronezh, he stayed on the estates of the landowners; in a real village, among the peasants, in the conditions of their life, he never lived. Nikitin was given material for depicting folk life and psychology, mainly by cab drivers who stopped at his inn, and in general by peasants who came to Voronezh. The limited field of observation of folk life was reflected in Nikitin's poetry, he did not draw a broad, comprehensive picture of the life of the people, did not reveal folk psychology in all its fullness and diversity, but gave a number of albeit scattered, fragmentary, but lively pictures in which the socio-economic the situation of the people, people's sorrows and sorrows, some aspects of people's life, the characteristic features of folk psychology and morals are correctly noticed (“Vengeance”, “Old man friend”, “Quarrel”, “Coachman's wife”, “Stubborn father”, “Merchant in the bee-keeper ”,“ Burlak ”,“ Corruption ”(“ Illness ”),“ The Story of a Peasant Woman ”,“ Division ”,“ Departure of the Coachman ”,“ Headman ”,“ Midnight ”,“ It’s Dark in the Gorenka ... ”,“ Beggar ”,“ Village poor man”, “Spinner”, “A merchant was driving from the fair ...”, “Dead body”, “Old servant”, “A woman is sitting behind a spinning wheel ...”). Along with the peasantry, Nikitin paid considerable attention to the philistinism, dedicating the poem "The Fist" to it. It is too stretched out, some types are outlined palely, but the hero of the poem - a philistine fist, is outlined perfectly, a true and vivid description of philistinism and its psychology is given. Nekrasov played a certain role in the development of the social element in Nikitin's work, but his influence was not the main force that gave direction to Nikitin's poetry, determined it, and in general was not very significant. Despite the similarity of motives and moods, it almost lacks such characteristic features of Nekrasov's muse as satire and irony. (The enthusiastic worship of Nekrasov, his passion for poetry in 1857 was replaced in Nikitin in 1960 by a sharply negative attitude towards him, expressed in the poem "The Poet-Revealer".) A social poet, Nikitin gave several poems that are highly valued for sincerity, the depth of social feelings, the strength of civic sorrow, creative upsurge (“Conversations”, “Familiar visions again! ..”, “Our time is shamefully perishing! ..”). In the depiction of subjective experiences, Nikitin managed to achieve great feeling, strength and beauty, as, for example, in the famous poem "A deep hole was dug with a spade ...", which is not only the poet's best creation, but also belongs to the most remarkable and touching works of Russian poetry. Nikitin fell in love with nature from childhood, knew how to merge with it, feel its soul, distinguish the shades of its colors and gave a number of beautiful and vivid paintings of it, in which he showed himself to be a talented landscape painter (“Evening after the rain”, “Storm”, “Morning”, “ October 19”, “The stars have crumbled, they tremble and burn…”, “The day is fading. It’s getting dark in the forest ...”, “In the dark thicket, the nightingale fell silent ...”, “Remember? - with scarlet edges ... ”, etc.). The diary of a seminarian, which remained Nikitin's only attempt to try his hand at fiction, shows that in this area he could take a prominent place among contemporary realist writers of everyday life. The diary of a seminarian, published earlier by Pomyalovsky's famous Essays on the Bursa, was of great social importance for its time: Nikitin illuminated an area that was then almost untouched. Nikitin's work is closely connected with his life and personality; there is a lot of autobiographical element in it. Heavy, gloomy, with only small and few gaps, Nikitin's life, often aggravated and tormented by his illness, left a deep imprint on his work: sad tones prevail in it, deep melancholy and sorrow run like a red thread ("Another extinct day ...", " I remember the happy years…”, “I made friends with a harsh share early…”, “In the forest”, “In the garden”, “Lampadka”, “Irreplaceable, priceless loss!..”, “Childhood is fun, children's dreams…”, “Poor youth, sad days…”, “A deep hole dug with a spade…”, etc.). The source of Nikitin's grief was not only personal living conditions, but the whole surrounding life with its irreconcilable social contrasts, with its evil, horror and human suffering. Along with sadness and grief, other characteristic features of Nikitin's poetry are: simplicity, sincerity, feeling, humanity and drama. In terms of their artistic merits, Nikitin's works are very unequal: among his poems, especially before 1854, there are quite a few weak ones, which are more prose expressed in verse than poetry, but, along with this, he has a number of poems clothed in elegant artistic expression. form, full of poetic feeling, written with beautiful musical verses. In general, Nikitin was not a very large figure in terms of his artistic talent, but his poetry stands high in terms of humanism penetrating it, in deep sincerity, feeling and height of spiritual disposition. This side of Nikitin's poetry attracted public sympathy for him, created wide popularity: his works went through many editions and were sold in a huge number of copies. - See: Complete Works and Letters of Nikitin, ed. A. G. Fomina (3 volumes, St. Petersburg, 1913 - 15; 4 volumes not yet released); ed. M. O. Gershenzon (M., 1912; 3rd ed., M., 1913); ed. S. M. Gorodetsky (2 volumes, St. Petersburg, 1912 - 13); BUT. V. Druzhinin "Works" (vol. VII, St. Petersburg, 1865); N. G. Chernyshevsky "Works" (vol. II, St. Petersburg, 1906); N. A. Dobrolyubov "Works" (under the editorship of M. K. Lemke, vol. II and IV, St. Petersburg, 1912); M.F. De Poulet "Biography of Nikitin", supplement to 1 - 13 ed. his writings (Voronezh - M., 1869 - 1910); F. E. Sivitsky "Nikitin, his life and literary activity" (St. Petersburg, 1893); N. K. Mikhailovsky "Works" (vol. IV, St. Petersburg, 1897; 4th ed., St. Petersburg, 1909); I. I. Ivanov "New cultural force" (St. Petersburg, 1901); Y. K. Grot "Proceedings" (vol. III, St. Petersburg, 1901); V. I. Pokrovsky "Nikitin, his life and works" (Collected articles, M., 1910); "History of Russian literature of the 19th century", ed. D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovskii (vol. III, Moscow, 1911; article by Vsev. E. Cheshikhin); A. M. Putintsev "Etudes on the life and work of Nikitin" (Voronezh, 1912). Literature about Nikitin is listed in "Materials for a bibliography about Nikitin and his writings" by A. M. Putintsev ("Scientific Notes of the Yuryev University", 1906, book II, and separately, Yuryev, 1906); article by A. G. Fomin in the Russian Biographical Dictionary, St. Petersburg, 1914, and the edition of Nikitin's Works edited by him.
Ivan Savvich Nikitin - Russian poet, was born on October 3, 1824 in Voronezh in the family of a candle merchant. In 1839, the future poet entered the Voronezh seminary. Despite the many knowledge received by the poet in the seminary, he despises the bureaucratic and boring education system. While studying at the seminary, Nikitin's father buys an inn, but his violent temper, coupled with drunkenness, bring the matter to bankruptcy. The young poet is forced to leave the seminary and become the owner of a devastated inn.
In 1853, the poet made his debut in the press, sending poems to the Voronezh Provincial Gazette, one of which - permeated with love for the Motherland "Rus" - brings him success.
The editor of the magazine, N. Vtorov, makes acquaintance with the author and introduces the local intelligentsia into his circle. In 1854, Nikitin published in such well-known magazines as Moskvityanin and Otechestvennye Zapiski. However, critics perceive the next collection of poems coldly, Chernyshevsky criticized the collection especially caustically in his article in the Sovremennik magazine.
Remaining the owner of the inn, the young poet continues to write poetry, is engaged in self-education, and studies foreign languages. In 1857, the author's largest work, the poem "The Fist", is published, which tells about the fate of a bankrupt merchant who is trying to exist due to fraud in the market. The poem as a whole is autobiographical, as the protagonist bears a resemblance to the author's father. Critics reacted favorably to this work.
In 1859, with the support of the famous philanthropist Kokorev, Nikitin opened a bookshop with a reading room in the center of Voronezh, which soon became the center of the city's cultural life. The main themes in Nikitin's poetry are native nature, the plight of serfs, protest against social injustice and human suffering. More than 50 songs and romances have been written to the words of the poet. Later, the poet's work is sustained in gloomy tones, deep longing, sorrow and pain run through his poems like a red thread.
In May 1861, Nikitin suffers a severe cold, which causes an exacerbation of the tuberculous process. Ivan Savvich Nikitin died on October 28, 1861 in Voronezh.
Ivan Savvich Nikitin(September 21 (October 3), 1824, Voronezh - October 16 (28), 1861, ibid) - Russian poet.
Biography
Born in the family of a candle merchant Savva Evtikhievich Nikitin (1793-1864).
He studied at the theological seminary. The seminary gave Nikitin a lot, but the young man did not like the bureaucratic and boring system of education, and he would later express his attitude to this way of life in The Diaries of a Seminarian (1861).
In 1844, Nikitin's father bought an inn on Kirochnaya Street and settled with his son here. However, the drunkenness and violent nature of his father led the family to ruin, forcing Nikitin to leave the seminary and become the owner of the inn.
After the first publications Nikitin entered the circle of local intelligentsia, formed around Nikolai Ivanovich Vtorov. Vtorov himself and another of the members of the circle, Mikhail Fedorovich De-Poulet (future executor, biographer and editor of editions of Nikitin's works), became close friends of Nikitin.
Remaining the owner of the inn, Nikitin he did a lot of self-education, studying French and German, as well as the works of Russian and foreign writers (Shakespeare, Schiller, Goethe, Hugo and others). In 1859, Nikitin took advantage of a loan of 3,000 rubles, obtained through the mediation of friends from the famous businessman and philanthropist Vasily Aleksandrovich Kokorev, and opened a bookstore with a reading room in the center of Voronezh, which quickly became one of the centers of the cultural life of the city.
Creation
The earliest surviving poems date from 1849, many of them imitative in nature. He made his debut in print with the poem "Rus", written in 1851, but published in the "Voronezh Gubernskiye Vedomosti" only on November 21, 1853, that is, after the start of the Crimean War. The patriotic pathos of the poem made it very topical. December 11, 1853 it was reprinted in the newspaper "S.-Petersburgskie Vedomosti" with the following comment:
Isn't it true that something familiar is heard in this poem, in the feeling with which it is imbued, in the methods, in the texture of the verse? Is Koltsov destined to resurrect in the city of Nikitin?
Later poems Nikitin were published in the magazines Moskvityanin, Otechestvennye Zapiski and other publications.
The first separate collection (1856) included poems on a variety of topics, from religious to social. The collection has received mixed reviews. The second collection of poems was published in 1859. The prose "Diary of a seminarian" was published in the "Voronezh Conversation for 1861" (1861).
Nikitin is considered the master of the Russian poetic landscape and Koltsov's successor. Major themes in poetry Nikitin- native nature, hard work and hopeless life of the peasants, the suffering of the urban poor, a protest against the unfair arrangement of life.
Basically, he, being courageously restrained and cautious, apparently, in the most secret, deeply hidden, hid his human suffering behind a sense of beauty in nature. The more poignantly nature sounded in him, and he in it, the deeper it all sank into the soul of the reader.
- Dmitry Kovalev
Died I. S. Nikitin from consumption on October 16, 1861 in Voronezh, where he was buried. Over time, the cemetery was liquidated, a circus was built in its place. The grave of I. S. Nikitin and several other graves, one of which is the burial of another famous poet A. V. Koltsov, were not touched. This place is fenced and is called "Literary Necropolis".
Poem "Fist"
Major Poetry Nikitin, the poem "The Fist", was begun in October 1854. The first edition was completed by September 1856. The second edition, to which the poet made significant corrections, was completed by the beginning of 1857. The first publication was a separate edition in 1858 (date censorship permission - August 25, 1857).
The word "kulak" at the time of Nikitin meant not a prosperous peasant, as was established later, but a completely different social type. According to Dahl, the kulak is “a dealer, a reseller ... in bazaars and marinas, he himself is penniless, he lives by deceit, calculation, measurement.” In the center of Nikitin's poem is the image of just such a fist, the Voronezh tradesman Karp Lukich. This ruined merchant struggles to earn a living by petty fraud in the market, cannot get out of severe poverty, drinks and tyrannizes his household. The poet shows us in different life situations the character of this person, the inner life of his house, the fate of his family (wife and daughter). The poem has strong autobiographical features: the main character and his wife in many ways resemble the poet's parents.
The poem evoked favorable reviews from Dobrolyubov and other critics. In an anonymous review of the Moscow Review, it was said:
Several dramatic scenes, in some places genuine comedy and always a warm feeling of universal love ... a lively transmission of reality, typically outlined characters and wonderful descriptions of nature complete the charm produced by this fresh and truly poetic creation of a young, but already very creatively deployed writer.
Nikitin's poetry and Russian musical culture
into words Nikitin more than 60 songs and romances were written, many of them by very famous composers (Napravnik, Kalinnikov, Rimsky-Korsakov). Some of Nikitin's poems, set to music, have become popular folk songs. The most famous is “Ukhar the Merchant” (“The Ukhar Merchant Went to the Fair ...”), which, however, underwent reduction and alteration in the folk version, which completely changed the moral meaning of the poem.
In 2009, composer Alexander Sharafutdinov recorded an album of songs "Joy and Kruchina" based on Nikitin's poems.
Memory
In Voronezh, in 1911, a monument to the poet was erected on Nikitinskaya Square according to the project of the sculptor I. A. Shuklin.
In Voronezh, in the house where the poet lived since 1846, since 1924, the Nikitin Literary Memorial House Museum (Voronezh Regional Literary Museum named after I. S. Nikitin) has been operating.
A street in the city of Voronezh is named after Ivan Savvich.
The Voronezh Regional Universal Scientific Library is named after the poet.
There is Nikitin street in Lipetsk.
There is Nikitin street in Novosibirsk. Many Novosibirsk residents mistakenly believe that the name of the street is dedicated to Afanasy Nikitin.
In Voronezh, there is a gymnasium named after I. S. Nikitin.
In 1949 and 1974, postage stamps with the image of I. S. Nikitin were issued in the USSR.
In 2011, for the 425th anniversary of Voronezh, the Russian Post issued a postcard depicting the monument to I. S. Nikitin (sculptor I. A. Shuklin).
Ivan Savvich Nikitin was born on September 21 (October 3), 1824 in Voronezh, in the family of a wealthy tradesman. His father sold candles.
The future writer learned to read and write early. This was facilitated by a close acquaintance with a shoemaker who lives next door.
When Ivan was 8 years old, he was sent to a religious school. After graduating, he entered the seminary. But the training there had to be interrupted. The reason was the rapid ruin of his father, who quickly became addicted to the “green snake”, as well as the death of his mother.
All worries about the family fell on the shoulders of the young man. Nikitin entered the service in a candle shop. She was later sold for debts. The proceeds were used to purchase an inn.
creative path
Nikitin was not enthusiastic about the "bureaucratic" that prevailed in the Voronezh seminary, where he studied. Memories of the difficult years of study were published in 1861 in the form of a diary.
Nikitin's first poems appeared in 1849. Many of them were imitative.
In 1851, the poem "Rus" was written. It was published 2 years later, in the Voronezh Gubernskiye Vedomosti newspaper.
A little later, it was reprinted in the St. Petersburg Vedomosti newspaper. Critics appreciated the patriotic pathos of the young poet and began to call him "the new A. Koltsov."
Later, Nikitin's poems began to be published in Otechestvennye Zapiski, as well as in the Moskvatyanin magazine.
After the first publications, Nikitin became a member of the local club, which included the entire Voronezh intelligentsia. The “heart” of the club was N. I. Vtorov. He soon became a close friend of Nikitin. The second good friend of the poet was M. F. De Poulet. He became the editor of almost all of his works.
The very first collection was published in 1856. There were collected poems on a variety of topics. Basically, the poet turned to social problems and to religion. Critics rated this collection ambiguously.
In 1859, the second collection of Nikitin's poems was published. In 1861, his Diary of a Seminarian was published. The work was published in the newspaper "Voronezh conversation".
Nikitin also wrote such poems for children as: “In the dark thicket, the nightingale fell silent”, “The evening is clear and quiet”, “Live speech, live sounds”. They are currently in 3rd grade. Since childhood, feeling close to nature, Nikitin became a real singer of his native land.
Features of creativity
A significant place in the poet's work is given to people's troubles and suffering. The life of a peasant is wonderfully described in such poems as: “Street Meeting”, “Beggar”, “Mother and Daughter”, “Plowman”, “Coachman's Wife”.
Nikitin ardently sympathized with the Russian people and sincerely desired an improvement in their unenviable position. At the same time, the poet was not engaged in the idealization of the peasantry. The Russian muzhik is often represented in his works as a rude, brutish domestic despot. According to some colleagues in the pen, Nikitin was not a truly folk poet. His worldview was that of an urban man who watched the life of the peasantry from the sidelines. For this reason, according to critics, there is no true depth in his work.
Influence on Russian musical culture
Studying a brief biography of Ivan Savich Nikitin, you should know that such composers as Rimsky-Korsakov and E. F. Napravnik paid attention to his work. More than sixty romances and songs were written to the words of the poet. Many pieces of music have become widely popular among the people.
In 2009, the composer A. Sharafutdinov wrote the song album “Joy and Sorrow” to the words of the poet.
Illness and death
Ivan Savvich's health has always been weak. He was often sick. In the last years of his life he suffered from consumption. The poet died on October 16, 1861, in Voronezh. Ivan Nikitin rests at the local cemetery, not far from the grave of the poet A. Koltsov. This place is now called a literary necropolis.
Other biography options
- In the summer of 1855, the weak and sickly Ivan Nikitin caught a bad cold after swimming in the river. The disease proceeded very hard, with complications. The poet could not get out of bed for a long time. Several times he thought he was dying. But faith came to his aid, in his own words. After that, Nikitin began to create in a slightly different way. Religious and mystical notes began to appear more and more often in his poems.
- According to some reports, the poet suffered from drug addiction. He used salojuanna, a substance known only to a very narrow circle.
- In 1911, a monument to I. Nikitin was erected in Voronezh. Its author was the sculptor I. A. Shuklin. In the house where the poet lived, his house-museum now functions. Between 1949 and 1974 postage stamps with the image of the poet came out.
