The civil war, in my opinion, is the most cruel and bloody war, because sometimes close people fight in it, who once lived in one whole, united country, who believed in one God and adhered to the same ideals. How does it happen that relatives stand on opposite sides of the barricades and how such wars end, we can trace on the pages of the novel - the epic of M. A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don".
In his novel, the author tells us how the Cossacks lived freely on the Don: they worked on the land, were a reliable support for the Russian tsars, fought for them and for the state. Their families lived by their own labor, in prosperity and respect. Cheerful, joyful, full of work and pleasant worries, the life of the Cossacks is interrupted by the revolution. And before the people there was a hitherto unfamiliar problem of choice: whose side to take, whom to believe - red, promising equality in everything, but denying faith in the Lord God; or white, those whom their grandfathers and great-grandfathers served faithfully. But does the people need this revolution and war? Knowing what sacrifices would have to be made, what difficulties would have to be overcome, the people would probably answer in the negative. It seems to me that no revolutionary necessity justifies all the victims, broken lives, destroyed families. And so, as Sholokhov writes, “in a mortal fight, brother goes against brother, son against father.” Even Grigory Melekhov, the protagonist of the novel, who previously opposed bloodshed, easily decides the fate of others himself. Of course, the first murder of a man
deeply and painfully strikes him, makes him spend many sleepless nights, but the war makes him cruel. “I became terrible to myself ... Look into my soul, and there is blackness, like in an empty well,” Grigory admits. Everyone became cruel, even women. Recall at least the scene when Daria Melekhova without hesitation kills Kotlyarov, considering him the murderer of her husband Peter. However, not everyone thinks about what blood is shed for, what is the meaning of war. Is it possible that “the rich are driven to death for the needs”? Or to defend the rights common to all, the meaning of which is not very clear to the people. A simple Cossack can only see that this war is becoming meaningless, because you can’t fight for those who rob and kill, rape women and set fire to houses. And such cases were both on the part of the whites and on the part of the reds. "They are all the same ... they are all a yoke around the neck of the Cossacks," says the main character.
In my opinion, the main reason for the tragedy of the Russian people, which affected literally everyone in those days, Sholokhov sees in the drama of the transition from the old way of life that has been formed for centuries to a new way of life. Two worlds are colliding: everything that used to be an integral part of people's lives, the basis of their existence, suddenly collapses, and the new one still needs to be accepted and used to it.

M.A. Sholokhov is rightly called the chronicler of the Soviet era. "Quiet Don" - a novel about the Cossacks. The central image of the novel is Grigory Melekhov, an ordinary Cossack guy. True, maybe too hot. In the family of Gregory, large and friendly, the Cossacks are sacred ...

If we step aside for a while from historical events, then we can note that the basis of the novel by M. A. Sholokhov "The Quiet Flows the Don" is a traditional love triangle. Natalya Melekhova and Aksinya Astakhova love the same Cossack - Grigory Melekhov. He is married...

Many works have been written about forced collectivization and the massacre of the peasantry. We were told about the tragedy of the Russian peasant by the books of S. Zalygin "On the Irtysh", "Men and Women" by B. Mozhaev, "A Pair of Bays" by V. Tendryakov, "The Raid" by V. Bykov...

P.V. Palievsky: “Almost all of us know that in our literature there is a writer of world significance - M.A. Sholokhov. But we are somehow poorly aware of this report, despite the achievements of criticism. You can’t see the new that Sholokhov introduced into literature, perhaps ...

Mikhail Sholokhov's novel "Quiet Flows the Don" tells about one of the most intense and eventful periods in the history of our country - the time of the First World War, the October Revolution and the Civil War. The plot is based on the fate of the Don Cossacks,...

A civil war is a fierce armed struggle for power between different social groups. A civil war is always a tragedy, turmoil, the disintegration of a social organism that did not find the strength to cope with the disease that struck it, the collapse of statehood, a social catastrophe. The beginning of the war by the spring-summer of 1917, considering the July events in Petrograd and the "Kornilovshchina" as its first acts; others tend to associate it with the October Revolution and the coming to power of the Bolsheviks. There are four stages of the war: summer-autumn 1918 (escalation stage: the rebellion of the White Czechs, the Entente landings in the North and in Japan, England, the USA - in the Far East, the formation of anti-Soviet centers in the Volga region, in the Urals, in Siberia, in the North Caucasus, Don, the execution of the family of the last Russian tsar, the announcement of the Soviet Republic as a single military camp); autumn 1918 - spring 1919 (the stage of strengthening foreign military intervention: the annulment of the Brest Treaty, the intensification of the red and white terror); spring 1919 - spring 1920 (the stage of military confrontation between the regular Red and White armies: the campaigns of the troops of A. V. Kolchak, A. I. Denikin, N. N. Yudenich and their reflection, from the second half of 1919 - the decisive successes of the Red Army); summer-autumn 1920 (the stage of the military defeat of the whites: the war with Poland, the defeat of P. Wrangel). Causes of the Civil War. Representatives of the white movement laid the blame on the Bolsheviks, who tried to destroy centuries-old institutions of private property by force, overcome the natural inequality of people, and impose a dangerous utopia on society. The Bolsheviks and their supporters considered the overthrown exploiting classes to be guilty of the Civil War, which, in order to preserve their privileges and wealth, unleashed a bloody massacre against the working people. There are two main camps - red and white. In the latter, a very peculiar place was occupied by the so-called third force - "counter-revolutionary democracy", or "democratic revolution", which from the end of 1918 declared the need to fight both against the Bolsheviks and the general dictatorship. The Red movement relied on the support of the main part of the working class and the poorest peasantry. The social basis of the white movement was the officers, bureaucracy, the nobility, the bourgeoisie, individual representatives of the workers and peasants. The party that expressed the position of the Reds was the Bolsheviks. The party composition of the white movement is heterogeneous: Black Hundred-monarchist, liberal, socialist parties. The program goals of the red movement are: the preservation and establishment of Soviet power throughout Russia, the suppression of anti-Soviet forces, the strengthening of the dictatorship of the proletariat as a condition for building a socialist society. The program goals of the white movement were not so clearly formulated. There was a sharp struggle over questions about the future state structure (republic or monarchy), about land (restoration of landownership or recognition of the results of land redistribution). In general, the white movement advocated the overthrow of Soviet power, the power of the Bolsheviks, the restoration of a united and indivisible Russia, the convening of a people's assembly on the basis of universal suffrage to determine the future of the country, the recognition of the right to private property, land reform, and the guarantee of fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. Why did the Bolsheviks win the Civil War! On the one hand, serious mistakes made by the leaders of the white movement played a role. On the other hand, the Bolsheviks were able to use the dissatisfaction with the old order that had accumulated for centuries, mobilize the masses, subordinate them to a single will and control, offer attractive slogans for the redistribution of land, nationalization of industry, self-determination of nations, create combat-ready armed forces, to rely on the economic and human potential of the central regions of Russia. Results of the civil war:

The civil war and foreign intervention that caused the red and white terror were the greatest tragedy for the people.

Consequences of the civil war:

First, the human losses were palpable. From 1917 to 1922 the population of Russia decreased by 13-16 million hours, while most of the population died from hunger and epidemics. The loss of population amounted to 25 million hours, taking into account the decline in population.

Secondly, given that out of 1.5-2 million emigrants, a significant part was the intelligentsia, => the civil war caused a deterioration in the country's gene pool.

Thirdly, the most profound social consequence was the liquidation of entire classes of Russian society—the landowners, the big and middle bourgeoisie, and wealthy peasants.

Fourthly, the economic disruption led to an acute shortage of food products.

Fifth, the card supply of food, as well as essential industrial goods, consolidated the egalitarian justice generated by communal traditions. The slowdown in the development of the country was caused by equalizing efficiency.

The victory of the Bolsheviks in the civil war led to the curtailment of democracy, the dominance of a one-party system, when the party ruled on behalf of the people, on behalf of the party the Central Committee, the Politburo and, in fact, the General Secretary or his entourage.

Studying the history of my homeland, I paid special attention to the period of the civil war in our country: 1918-1922. At that time, some residents of our country fought for change, while others did not want these changes. Both were ready to kill, and if necessary - to give their lives for what they considered right. Many parties rushed to power.

I could not decide whether a civil war was necessary for the development of our country. On the one hand, if people had not taken up arms, the autocratic tsar would have ruled, and the majority of the country's population would have remained illiterate. All the same, they would have fought and died - in the First World War, into which Russia was drawn by the tsarist government.

On the other hand, Russia has paid a colossal price for the changes in the country. And this price seems disproportionate. How many people have been killed! And how many died at that time from hunger and exhaustion, from epidemics of typhoid and cholera. For several years, chaos reigned in the country.

When I think about the Civil War, I always remember the story "The Red Crown" by Mikhail Bulgakov. This work makes its way to horror, to a cold shiver. The two brothers love each other. But they fight for different sides and die: one is killed, and the other goes crazy. The death of one brother indirectly makes the efforts of the other.

The tragedy of the civil war, in my opinion, is fratricide. The destruction of their neighbors, their countrymen "for the idea", "for the father", "for the king." This is a real nightmare that can not be justified.

And another tragedy of the "Time of Troubles" is the collapse of the country. After the civil war, the Russian economy lay in ruins, there was no order in the state. Many wealthy people left the country, took valuables with them, transferred money abroad. But that doesn't even make me as sad as the so-called "brain drain".

Many talented, educated people: scientists, doctors, engineers left Russia during the civil war. Then they invented, worked, created for the benefit of another state. For example, France and the USA. Sometimes I watch old Hollywood movies on the Internet. In the credits there are many names of various technical workers, artists, clearly coming from Russia. They were pioneers, they created Hollywood, which Americans are now so proud of, and we have lost them.

Civil War. These are unforgettable pages of our past, when various political forces, social groups and individuals clashed. It was not about which of the opposing forces would be the winner, but which one would be defeated, but their very physical existence. Hence the special sharpness and cruelty of the struggle. The tragic consequences of this war were the split of society into "us" and "them", the depreciation of human life, the collapse of the national economy. Regardless of who won, the main victim of the Civil War was the people. A civil war, unlike ordinary interstate wars, does not have clear boundaries; it is impossible to draw a front line in it. In the Civil War, class relations come to the fore, pushing aside all the rest. Universal human values, such as mercy, tolerance, humanism, are relegated to the background, giving way to the principle “He who is not with us is against us”. During the period of the Civil War, the struggle takes on the most extreme forms, bringing with it mass terror, irreconcilable malice and bitterness of people. It is no coincidence that Russia lost 11.5 million of its citizens in it.

Lesson type: lesson of analysis and synthesis.

Lesson form: practical lesson.

Technology: pedagogical workshop.

Goals:

• to systematize the material on the topic “Characteristics of the social system of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century”;
• to summarize the material on the history of Russia in 1914-1917;
• determine the reasons for the split of Russian society into opposing factions in 1918;
• to continue the formation of skills in the analysis of historical documents;
• understand that the tragedy of the Civil War teaches the rejection of hatred, violence and arbitrariness as a method of state building, the entire organization of life.

Equipment:

• Zharova L.N. Mishina I.A. History of the Fatherland. 1900–1940: M., Education, 1992.
• Part 1, 2 of the multimedia textbook “History of Russia. XX century”: M., Clio Soft, 2000.
• Babel I. Cavalry. Odessa stories. Plays. Articles. Letters. Irkutsk: East Siberian book. Publishing house, 1991.

Preliminary work:

The class is divided into six groups of 4 people. The division into groups was carried out taking into account the psychological and pedagogical characteristics of each student. The division into groups involves the joint implementation of problematic tasks, the development of collective solutions, the cultivation of self-respect for each other. Prepared packages with documents, multimedia presentation.

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Inductor. In order for the participants of the workshop to get used to the historical situation and deeply feel the tragedy of the civil war, the word “fate” was chosen as an inductor. Students are offered cards on which the main social groups of the population of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century are identified ( Attachment 1 ). So, at the beginning of the workshop, participants randomly choose a card with their “fate”.

2. Creative task. In the course of the analysis of documents, it is proposed to draw up a socio-economic portrait of their estate or class, to describe how the category of people in question could live on their annual income.

3. Work with materials. Students work with materials “Annual Income of Different Populations” ( Annex 2 ), “Quantitative indicators of the population census for 1897.” ( Annex 3 ), “The way of life and mores of different groups of the population” ( Appendix 4 ). The materials are given to the groups according to the categories of the population they represent.

4. Socialization. Presentation by groups of the results of their work through oral presentations of students.

5. Intermediate reflection. Determination of the main result of the presented results of the work: was social life polarized in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.

6. Gap. Students are invited to listen to a historical retrospective offered by the teacher:

1914 - Russia enters the First World War;
1915 - 1917 - national crisis
1917 - February bourgeois - democratic revolution;
October 1917 - the proletarian revolution, as a result of which the Bolsheviks came to power.

The teacher's story is accompanied by a multimedia presentation of historical events. The students are given a problem task: in what conditions do the participants of the workshop find themselves now, continuing to “live” the chosen fate.

7. Appeal to new information. Students are offered materials “Events of the Soviet Power” ( Annex 5 ).

8. Socialization. Students in groups offer their own answers and determine their attitude to the new government - the power of the Bolsheviks

9. Appeal to new information. Students are invited to analyze the programs of the "white", "red" and "green" movement. ( Appendix 6 ). What movement will be supported by this or that social category of the population (put a flag of your color on the table).

10. Socialization. Students explain why they supported a particular movement.

11. Appeal to new information. Students are offered materials on how each side defended its interests ( Appendix 7 ).

12. Socialization. Presentation by groups of the results of their work through oral presentations of students.

13. General reflection. What is the tragedy of the Civil War?

M. Tsvetaeva.

All lie side by side
Don't break the line.
Look: soldier
Where is yours, where is someone else's
White was - became red:
Blood stained.
Was red - became white:
Death whitened.

14. Homework. Prepare oral reports about the participants in the Civil War.

Attachment 1.

The main social groups of the population of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century:

• working class;
• bourgeoisie;
• landlords;
• fists;
• middle peasants;
• laborers, horseless peasants.

Appendix 2

Annual income of different population groups

• working class - an average of 214 rubles a year;
• bourgeoisie - an average of 60,000 rubles a year;
• landlords - an average of 8,000 rubles a year;
• fists - an average of 4,000 rubles a year;
• middle peasants in - an average of 2000 rubles a year;
• laborers, peasants (one horse, one cow), horseless peasants - an average of 100 - 200 rubles a year.

Prices in Russia before 1914

• Caviar (1 kg.) - 3 rubles 40 kopecks;
• Veal (1 kg.) - 3 rubles;
• Black bread (pound) - 3 kopecks;
• Lunch in the dining room - 5 kopecks;
• Lunch at a restaurant - 1 ruble 70 kopecks;
• Two-room apartment (rent per month) - 15 rubles;
• Draped coat - 13 rubles 50 kopecks;
• Horse - from 45 rubles;
• Cow - from 40 rubles ..

Appendix 3

Quantitative indicators of the population census for 1897

• The entire population of the country is 125 million people. Of them:
  • working class - 11.2% (14 million people);
  • bourgeoisie - 2% (2500 thousand people);
  • landowners - 1.5% (1853 thousand people);
  • middle peasants - 12% (37,500 thousand people);
  • fists - 3% (3706 thousand people);
  • laborers, peasants (one horse, one cow);
  • horseless peasants - 62% (775 thousand people).

Appendix 4

Way of life and mores of different groups of the population

Working class: 11, 5 - an hour working day, fines were taken away up to half of the workers' earnings, a high degree of exploitation - the capitalists took 78 kopecks from each ruble as profit. Spending in favor of workers (hospitals, schools, insurance) accounted for 0.6% of the current expenses of entrepreneurs. Families of workers lived in apartments of a bed-and-cabin type. Closet - part of the room, separated by wooden partitions.

Bourgeoisie: among the Russian capitalists, small and medium-sized ones prevailed, the bourgeoisie was divided into two categories - Moscow (those from the merchant environment) and St. Petersburg (those from the bureaucracy). Entrepreneurs sought to squeeze out the maximum income, using rude methods of competition, such as boycott, pressure, extortion from the population. The government extradited the industrialists at the beginning of 1905. Illegal loans for 63 million rubles, written off debts for 33 million rubles.

Landlords: the basis of wealth was land ownership, a profitable article was given by entrepreneurship, noble communities were further developed, the privilege of the nobility was preserved - they enjoyed an advantage in being appointed to public service, were not subjected to corporal punishment, and were sued with equals.

Middle peasants:“strong” peasants - owned up to 20 acres of land, gave 20% of marketable bread, as a rule, fellow villagers did not use hired labor, with the exception of seasonal work.

Fists: rural bourgeoisie, rich peasants who had 40-50 acres of land each, gave 30% of marketable bread, hired impoverished fellow villagers.

Laborers, peasants(one horse, one cow), horseless peasants: had 8 acres of land with a “subsistence minimum” of 15 acres, the ruin of peasant farms, leaving to work in cities or to richer fellow villagers.

Appendix 5

The first measures of the Soviet power:

• Confiscation of landowners' lands, the land was declared public property, egalitarian land use with a permanent redistribution of land.
• Decree on the 8-hour working day, the system of labor protection for women and adolescents, free medical care and education in schools, the resettlement of workers in new apartments.
• Nationalization of all industry, banks, introduction of workers' control in production.
• The class division of society has been abolished.
• Declaration of sovereignty and equality of all peoples of Russia.

Appendix 6

• White movement program:
  • A.I. Denikin. “From the order to the Special Conference”: “I order to accept the following provisions as the basis of my activity: -
    - United, great, indivisible Russia. Faith defense. Establishing order.
    - The fight against Bolshevism to the end.
    - Military dictatorship. Any opposition - right and left - to punish. The question of the form of government is a matter for the future. The Russian people will elect the supreme power without pressure and without imposition.
    - Foreign policy - only nationally Russian. For help - not an inch of Russian land.
  • Solving the agrarian question:
    Retention of the owners of their rights to the land. At the same time, in each individual locality there must be a certain amount of land that can be preserved in the hands of the previous owners, and a procedure for the transfer of the rest of the privately owned land to land-poor land must be established. These transitions can be made by voluntary agreements or by compulsory expropriation, but always for a fee. For the new owners, the land, not exceeding the established size, is assigned to the rights of unshakable property.
  • Working issue solution:
    Restoration of the legal rights of the owners of factory enterprises and at the same time ensuring the protection of the working class of its professional interests. Establishment of state control over production. Establishment of an 8-hour working day in factories.
• Green movement program:
  From the resolution of the congress of representatives from 72 volosts on April 10, 1918, the village of Gulyai-Pole, Aleksandrovsky district: “Taking into account the present situation in Ukraine and Great Russia, the authorities of the political party “Communist-Bolsheviks”, which does not stop at any measures to convince and consolidating state power, the congress decided:
  • We, the gathered peasants, are always ready to defend our people's rights.
  • In the hands of the Bolshevik government, the Extraordinary Commissions became a weapon for suppressing the will of the working people.
  • We demand a fundamental change in food policy, the replacement of the liquidation detachment with a correct system of trade between town and country.
  • We demand complete freedom of speech, press, and assembly for all political left movements.
  • We categorically do not recognize dictatorships, any kind of party.
  • Beat the whites until they turn red, beat the reds until they turn white!
• Red movement program:
  • Defense of the conquests of the October Revolution.
  • Complete nationalization of industry, elimination of private property.
  • The introduction of surplus appropriation in the countryside is the seizure of all surplus grain from the peasants in excess of the established norm.
  • The establishment of a one-party Bolshevik dictatorship.
  • Creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.

Appendix 7

Analysis of terrorist actions in the Civil War.

From the newspaper “On the Way”, October 7, 1918: “The following telegram was received from the headquarters of the brigade N ... (Southern Front): “I report that the delegates of the N regiment found abandoned, covered with straw, killed Red Guards in the amount of 31 people. It is impossible to identify the identity of those killed, because the corpses are completely mutilated: almost all of them have their heads pierced, their eyes gouged out, their ears cut off.”

From the order of the Governor of the Yenisei and part of the Irkutsk province S.N. Rozanova, March 27, 1919:

"one. When occupying villages previously captured by robbers, demand the extradition of their leaders and leaders; if this does not happen, shoot the tenth.
2. Villages, the population of which will meet government troops with weapons, burn; to shoot the adult male population without exception; seize property for the benefit of the treasury.
3. For the voluntary supply of robbers, not only weapons, but also food, clothing and other guilty villages will be burned, and property will be collected in favor of the treasury.
4. Take hostages among the population, in case of actions of fellow villagers directed against government troops, shoot the hostages mercilessly.”

V.V. Shulgin An excerpt from the memoirs “1920”:

Reds are robbers, murderers, rapists. They are inhuman, they are cruel. For them there is nothing sacred, they rejected the traditions, the commandments of the Lord. They despise the Russian people. They kill, they torture. This means that the whites who are at war with the reds precisely because they are completely different reds ... Plundering is an indelible shame for them.
Whites only kill in combat. Who pinned the wounded, who shot the prisoner - he is deprived of honor.
Whites have a god in their hearts.
Whites only want to be strong in order to be kind... Are these people? It's almost holy...
“Almost saints” and started this white deed ... But what came of it? My God!
I saw how the venerable regimental father in large galoshes and with an umbrella in his hands, bogged down in the mud, ran around the village after the robbing soldiers. Chickens, ducks and white geese scattered in all directions, “white” soldiers ran after them, behind the soldiers a priest with a white beard.
In one hut, a “commissar” was hung up by the arms… A fire was laid out under him and slowly roasted… a man, and all around a drunken gang of “monarchists” howled “God save the Tsar”.

From the novel by A. Tolstoy "Walking through the torments":

On September 5, the Moscow and Petrograd newspapers came out with the ominous headline: "The Red Terror."
“It is instructed all Soviets to immediately arrest the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries, representatives of the big bourgeoisie and officers, and hold them as hostages. If you try to raise an uprising - immediately apply mass execution unconditionally. We need to immediately and forever secure our rear from the White Guard bastards. Not the slightest delay in the application of mass terror.”

Lushnikov Oleg Vadimovich
Researcher at the Institute of History and Archeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The topic of the civil war is huge, complex, controversial, and is so connected with the personal views of researchers that sometimes you realize that almost 100 years have passed, and the civil war is still going on. Disputes continue who is more to blame - whites or reds, who started the terror first, and who was more cruel.

The civil war became a national tragedy, both for those who were in power, and for the intelligentsia, and for the common people. Under the conditions of the external and internal war that did not stop for 7 years, the entire established world collapsed. The economy was destroyed, personal destinies were broken, the country lost colossal resources - material and human. The death of millions in fratricidal combat, devastation, famine, disease, epidemics, threw the country back for decades, and caused new crises (demographic, economic, etc.). To a certain extent, the inevitable methods of forced industrialization of the 1930s were laid at the same time. and accompanying victims.

While "big politics" was solving global issues, the life of ordinary people turned into an ongoing nightmare. Documents from the Perm archives (GAPO and GOPAPO) impartially testify to the realities of society in a period of instability of power, the attitude of the population to the policies of the whites and reds. The leitmotif of all the documents of this period is the theme of hunger, devastation, violence, chaos.

A comprehensive analysis of what is happening in the country was given "in hot pursuit" in the "Appeal of Perm University professors to scientists in Europe and America" ​​signed by A.I. Syrtsov. “All printing is suspended; no newspapers are published except Pravda. Free preaching in the church entails prison and execution... The slightest manifestation of displeasure causes punitive expeditions that carry out mass executions and even the destruction of entire villages. Under such conditions, the only way out for the population is an uprising. And indeed, the uprisings do not stop ... The country captured by the Bolsheviks is getting upset every day, thanks to the complete disorganization of life and poor nutrition, labor productivity has fallen 5 times, which even the Soviet authorities admit. Passive resistance or sabotage, manifested at every step, finally demoralized the people's labor. The unpunished capture of someone else's made labor meaningless. In this regard, the amount of food is decreasing every day and hunger is spreading wider and wider. There is a decrease in livestock and an ominous reduction in plowing in the country, which, however, is understandable; who wants to plow and sow, since he is not sure that the harvest will go to him, and will not be taken away by the committees of the poor or requisitioned for the needs of the Red Army ... After the departure of the Bolsheviks in the areas they left behind, they find everywhere the corpses of not only executed, but tortured by them victims. Especially terrible are the moments when, under the pressure of the advancing Siberian troops, the Red Army soldiers leave the areas where they ruled. Their anger reaches extreme limits. They forcibly steal residents with them, attack civilians, kill them, invade houses, where entire families are often slaughtered, rape women, and plunder property. In the villages, to this is added the senseless slaughter of those cattle that they cannot steal with them. (GAPO. F. r-656. Op. 1. D. 33. L. 1–9.)

The result of such a policy was the “Perm catastrophe” of the Reds in December 1918, and the successful mobilization and offensive of the Whites in the Kama region in the spring of 1919 (GAPO. F. r-656. Op. 1. D. 5. L. 76 .; F. р-746. Inv. 2. D. 54. L. 11, 11 rev.), and the amazing intensity of passions and the readiness to die “like a samurai”, but not to fall into the “red monsters” among part of the Perm peasantry. (GAPO. F. r-656. Op. 1. D. 4. L. 298, 298v.)

In the summer of 1919, the most irreconcilable either died in battle or left for Siberia and emigration. Tired of the arbitrariness of the military, the population hoped to find peace under the new government. However, soon after the red agitation generously distributing promises (F. r-484. Op. 2. D. 19. L. 1, 1 rev.), people in the village and in the city again faced the reality of “war communism”. Inflation, devastation, lack of food (GOPAPO. F. 557. Op. 1. D. 8. L. 14 .; F. 557. Op. 1. D. 3. L. 117.), Arbitrariness of power (GAPO. F 383. Inventory 1. File 20. Sheet 271.; F. R-49. Inventory 3. D. 19. Sheet 2, 2v.; F. R-656. Inventory 1. D. 32. L. 1–8; GOPAPO. F. 557. Inv. 1. D. 9. L. 68.; F. 557. Inv. 1. D. 138. F. 77, 77v.; 557. Inv. 1. D. 50. L. 63-65.) cause dissatisfaction even with workers and peasants who accepted the new government with hope, which often developed into spontaneous protests, covert and open criticism of the authorities, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings, mass desertion from the Red Army and prolonged partisan resistance in many districts of the province (Cherdyn, Osa, Okhansk, Kungur) (GOPAPO. F. 557. Inv. 1. D. 52. L. 55 .; F. 557. Inv. 1. D. 7. L. 69, 69v., F. 754. Inv. 2. D. 5. L. 195, 195v.). The authorities did not actually control most of the territory of the province, continuing to hold on to the bayonets of punitive detachments (GOPAPO. F. 557. Inv. 1. D. 52. L. 158-159).

A set of documents from the Perm archives highlights the realities of the food dictatorship, the activities of the committees and food detachments, the pumping out of food from the village and its hungry everyday life (GOPAPO. F. 557. Op. 1. D. 52. atrocities of food workers (GOPAPO. F. 557. Inv. 1. D. 50. L. 29, 29v. GAPO. F. r-49. Inv. 1. D. 534. L. 78, 78v.). In each document - tr “Comrades, freedom, equality and fraternity are preached everywhere and everywhere, but, unfortunately, I still don’t see any freedom or equality for the peasant yet, but they lead him, the poor fellow, like a leash horse, force him to soon time to thresh bread and at the same time provide bread, hay, straw, potatoes for bulking points, they are driven to all kinds of work and forced to bring fuel for all state institutions and even officials and are driven on duty, at the same time leaving no more than 1 horse on the farm, and require uniforms for our red eagles to the front, and a large amount of meat is required. And in such a stupor, the peasant’s head is completely spinning, and it happens that a peasant has no time to bring a hay cart and a bundle of firewood for his household, and he drives, poor, in the middle of the night ... ”(GOPAPO. F. 557. Op. 1. D 38. L. 89.)

“There are riots in our village, two soldiers came and took away a young cow from us, they impose very large taxes. If there is a pound of flour in the barn, then half a pound is taken away. We don't know how to live, it's very bad... Life is very bad. You can't say a word right now, otherwise you'll be arrested. They also take potatoes and eggs from us. Petya, this government is very bad.” (GOPAPO. F. 557. Op. 1. D. 53. L. 29-30v.)

The attitude of the people towards the new government is also characteristic, with the demand to disperse the councils of idlers and bureaucrats and return the headman, clerk and police officer to the village. “Zhul crammed everywhere: bosses, commissars, etc., scoundrels, robbers, former drunkards who slept under the boat on the shore; they are commissars, they are our rulers. Our husbands, our fathers, our sons involuntarily shed blood at the front, and these damned communists hang around in the rear, save their skins, travel around the villages, arrange performances, such lazy people want to enlighten the people. This is only mockery of us, there is nothing more, if you please, now drive to work in such cold and such deep snow, tell jokes, we women go to the forest to chop firewood - not felt boots, not bast shoes and leather shoes, but go ... In an institution where 2 people were sitting, they ruled all affairs, and now there are 20 people, and they also say that there is already so much work - and there is no time to eat. Of course, there is a lot of work when they are almost completely illiterate: you come with some piece of paper, and you go from table to table, here it’s clear as day that he doesn’t know either “A” or “B”! (GAPO. F. r.-737. Op. 2. D. 1. L. 17–18 v.)

The food pumped out of the villages by repeated repeated surplus appropriations under peppy loud reports (GOPAPO. F. 557. Op. 1. D. 138. L. 97.) led to a terrible famine in the winter of 1919 and in the spring of 1920 (GOPAPO. F. 557. Op.1. D. 7. L. 79). Peasants dying of hunger were forced to buy bread at exorbitant prices in neighboring counties, if only they could turn in an unbearable surplus appropriation (GOPAPO. F. 557. Op. 1.D. 52. L. 94–96 .; F. 557. Op. 1. D. 138. L. 21.). Cultivation areas have fallen catastrophically. The former province-producer itself became in dire need of bread. (GOPAPO. F. 557. Inv. 1. D. 138. L. 21.; F. 557. Inv. 1. D. 138. L. 38, 38v.). At the same time, the food taken from the people was actively and with impunity plundered by those who “guarded” and distributed it, rotted in tons in warehouses, and then thrown into ravines for all to see the hungry. (GOPAPO. F. 557. Op. 1. D. 52. L. 94–96, 104–106, 133, 133v.). The bungling of individual leaders and the general line of the Central Committee on the "food dictatorship" as the most effective way to control society, almost did the Soviet Power a disservice.

Typical responses to the "second coming of the Bolsheviks" a year later. “1.07.20. Today in Perm they celebrate the anniversary of the liberation from the bloody Kolchakovshchina, in other words, the liberation from grits, oil, freedom, etc. therefore, the occasion was only dealt with today until one o'clock, and from 2 o'clock the fun will begin. Eh ... yes, you just need to be silent. ” (GOPAPO. F. 557. Op. 1. D. 51. L. 40, 44.)

“No, in other powers there are no such unrest as you have in Soviet Russia. You rule according to the popular saying: “I used to be a swindler, climbed into my pockets, and now I am the chief commissar in the Council” ... Down with the war, down with the communists! Long live the whites. Down with Lenin and Trotsky with the mare! Long live Kolchak with pig meat! (GOPAPO. F. 557. Op. 1. D. 53. L. 4.)

The growth of anti-Soviet and anti-Semitic sentiments (GOPAPO. F. 557. Inv. 1. D. 10. L. 32 .; F. 557. Inv. 1. D. 52. L. 46–47), mass exit from the party, as ordinary members and responsible employees (GOPAPO. F. 557. Inv. 1. D. 52. L. 63–66; F. 557. Inv. 1. D. 52. L. 63–66 v.; F. 557.op.1.D.55.l.77–79,134,135 .; F. 557. Inv. 1. D. 53. L. 36v.), dissatisfaction with the authorities in a sick, hungry and undressed army (GOPAPO.-F .557.op.1.D.52.l.104-106.; GAPO. F. r-78. Inv. 3. D. 22. L. 41-42.) threatened the very fact of the continued existence of the Bolsheviks among authorities. And only the awareness of V.I. Lenin, the dangers of continuing such a course and the transition to the NEP made it possible to soften relations between Russian society and its new government.