Chumakova Julia

Among the glorious names of the past of Russian science, there is one especially close and dear to us - the name of Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. He became the living embodiment of Russian science. He chose chemistry as the main direction in his work. Lomonosov was the most outstanding scientist of his time. His work demanded visible results. This explains the perseverance with which he achieved success.

Presentation topic:"Chemistry stretches its hands wide into the affairs of men." This is a presentation about the activities of M.V. Lomonosov in the field of chemistry.

This topic is relevant because M.V. Lomonosov is one of the great scientists, who without a doubt can be put in one of the first places among the versatile gifted people among mankind. His achievements in the field of science are astonishing. Everything that Lomonosov addressed had the character of deep professionalism. That is why his work is of great interest and respect at the present time.

The work was done under the guidance of a teacher of chemistry (report) and computer science (presentation)

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Report “Chemistry stretches its hands wide in human affairs” at the VI student scientific and practical conference “And your reflection burns even now ...”

Among all the sciences that the encyclopedist Lomonosov was engaged in, the first place objectively belongs to chemistry: on July 25, 1745, by a special decree, Lomonosov was awarded the title of professor of chemistry (what is today called an academician - then there was simply no such title).

Lomonosov emphasized that in chemistry “what was said must be proven”, so he sought to issue a decree on the construction of the first chemical laboratory in Russia, which was completed in 1748. The first chemical laboratory in the Russian Academy of Sciences is a qualitatively new level in its activities: for the first time, the principle of integration of science and practice was implemented in it. Speaking at the opening of the laboratory, Lomonosov said: “The study of chemistry has a dual purpose: one is the improvement of the natural sciences. The other is the multiplication of life's blessings.

Among the many studies carried out in the laboratory, a special place was occupied by Lomonosov's chemical and technical work on glass and porcelain. He conducted more than three thousand experiments, which provided rich experimental material for substantiating the "true theory of colors." Lomonosov himself said more than once that chemistry is his "main profession".

Lomonosov gave lectures to students in the laboratory, taught them experimental skills. In fact, it was the first student workshop. Laboratory experiments were preceded by theoretical seminars.

Already in one of his first works - "Elements of Mathematical Chemistry" (1741), Lomonosov stated: "A true chemist must be a theorist and practitioner, as well as a philosopher." In those days, chemistry was interpreted as the art of describing the properties of various substances and how to isolate and purify them. Neither

research methods, neither the methods of describing chemical operations, nor the style of thinking of chemists of that time satisfied Lomonosov, so he moved away from the old and outlined a grandiose program for transforming chemical art into science.

In 1751, at a public meeting of the Academy of Sciences, Lomonosov delivered the famous "Sermon on the Benefits of Chemistry", in which he outlined his views, which were different from the prevailing ones. What Lomonosov planned to accomplish was grandiose in its innovative design: he wanted to make all of chemistry a physical and chemical science and for the first time singled out a new area of ​​\u200b\u200bchemical knowledge - physical chemistry. He wrote: "I not only saw in different authors, but I am also convinced by my own art that chemical experiments, when combined with physical ones, show special actions." For the first time, he began to give students a course on "true physical chemistry", accompanying him with demonstration experiments.

In 1756, in a chemical laboratory, Lomonosov conducted a series of experiments on the calcination (calcination) of metals, about which he wrote: “... experiments were made in tightly fused glass vessels to investigate whether weight comes from pure heat; By these experiments, it was found that the opinion of the glorious Robert Boyle is false, because without the passage of external air, the weight of the burned metal remains in one measure ... ". As a result, Lomonosov, using a specific example of the application of the universal conservation law, proved the invariance of the total mass of matter during chemical transformations and discovered the basic law of chemical science - the law of constancy of the mass of matter. So Lomonosov was the first in Russia, and later Lavoisier in France, who finally turned chemistry into a rigorous quantitative science.

Numerous experiments and a materialistic view of natural phenomena led Lomonosov to the idea of ​​a "universal law of nature." In a letter to Euler in 1748, he wrote: “All the changes occurring in nature occur in such a way that if something is added to something, then it is taken away from something else.

Thus, as much matter is added to one body, the same amount is lost from another. Since this is a universal law of nature, it also extends to the rules of motion: a body that excites another to motion with its impetus loses as much from its motion as it communicates to another moved by it. Ten years later, he presented this law at a meeting of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1760 published it in print. In the above-mentioned letter to Euler, Lomonosov informed him that some members of the Academy were questioning this obvious law of nature. When the director of the Academic Office, Schumacher, without agreement with Lomonosov, sent a number of Lomonosov's papers submitted for publication to Euler for review, the great mathematician's response was enthusiastic: “All these works are not only good, but also excellent,” Euler wrote, “because he ( Lomonosov) explains physical matters, the most necessary and difficult, which were completely unknown and impossible for the most ingenious scientists to interpret, with such thoroughness that I am completely sure of the accuracy of his proofs. In this case, I must do justice to Mr. Lomonosov, that he is gifted with the happiest wit for explaining physical and chemical phenomena. It is necessary to wish that all other Academies were able to show such inventions as Mr. Lomonosov showed.

Purification of gasoline from water.

I poured gasoline into the can, then forgot about it and went home. The canister was left open. Rain is coming.

The next day, I wanted to ride an ATV and remembered the gas canister. When I approached it, I realized that the gasoline in it was mixed with water, since yesterday there was clearly less liquid in it. I needed to separate water and gasoline. Realizing that water freezes at a higher temperature than gasoline, I put a can of gasoline in the refrigerator. In the refrigerator, the temperature of gasoline is -10 degrees Celsius. After a while, I took the canister out of the refrigerator. The canister contained ice and gasoline. I poured gasoline through the mesh into another canister. Accordingly, all the ice remained in the first canister. Now I could pour refined gasoline into the ATV's gas tank and finally ride it. When freezing (under conditions of different temperatures), a separation of substances occurred.

Kulgashov Maxim.

In the modern world, human life cannot be imagined without chemical processes. Even in the time of Peter the Great, for example, there was chemistry.

If people did not learn how to mix different chemical elements, then there would be no cosmetics. Many girls are not as beautiful as they seem. Children would not be able to sculpt from plasticine. There would be no plastic toys. Cars don't run without gas. Washing things is much more difficult without washing powder.

Each chemical element exists in three forms: atoms, simple substances and complex substances. The role of chemistry in human life is enormous. Chemists extract many wonderful substances from mineral, animal and vegetable raw materials. With the help of chemistry, a person receives substances with predetermined properties, and from them, in turn, they produce clothes, shoes, equipment, modern means of communication, and much, much more.

As never before, the words of M.V. Lomonosov: “Chemistry stretches its hands wide into human affairs ...”

The production of such products of the chemical industry as metals, plastics, soda, etc., pollutes the environment with various harmful substances.

Achievements in chemistry are not only good. It is important for a modern person to use them correctly.

Makarova Katya.

Can I live without chemical processes?

Chemical processes are everywhere. They surround us. Sometimes we don't even notice their presence in our daily lives. We take them for granted, without thinking about the true nature of the reactions taking place.

Every moment, countless processes take place in the world, which are called chemical reactions.

When two or more substances interact with each other, new substances are formed. There are chemical reactions that are very slow and very fast. An explosion is an example of a rapid reaction: in an instant, solid or liquid substances decompose with the release of a large amount of gases.

The steel plate retains its luster for a long time, but gradually reddish rust patterns appear on it. This process is called corrosion. Corrosion is an example of a slow but extremely insidious chemical reaction.

Very often, especially in industry, it is necessary to speed up a particular reaction in order to get the desired product faster. Then catalysts are used. These substances themselves do not participate in the reaction, but significantly accelerate it.

Any plant absorbs carbon dioxide from the air and releases oxygen. At the same time, many valuable substances are created in the green leaf. This process takes place - photosynthesis in their laboratories.

The evolution of the planets and the entire universe began with chemical reactions.

Belialova Julia.

Sugar

Sugar is the common name for sucrose. There are many types of sugar. These are, for example, glucose - grape sugar, fructose - fruit sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar (the most common granulated sugar).

At first, sugar was obtained only from cane. It is believed that it originally appeared in India, in Bengal. However, due to conflicts between Britain and France, cane sugar became very expensive, and many chemists began to think about how to get it from something else. The first to do this was the German chemist Andreas Marggraf in the early 18th century. He noticed that the dried tubers of some plants have a sweet taste, and when viewed under a microscope, white crystals are visible on them, very similar in appearance to sugar. But Marggraf could not bring his knowledge and observations to life, and mass production of sugar was only started in 1801, when Marggraf's student Franz Karl Arhard bought the Kunern estate and started building the first sugar beet factory. To increase profits, he studied different varieties of beets and identified the reasons why their tubers acquired a high sugar content. In the 1880s, sugar production began to make a big profit, but Archard did not live to see it.

Now beet sugar is mined as follows. The beets are cleaned and crushed, the juice is extracted from it with the help of a press, then the juice is purified from non-sugar impurities and evaporated. Syrup is obtained, boiled until sugar crystals form. With cane sugar, things are more complicated. Sugar cane is also crushed, juice is also extracted, it is cleaned of impurities and boiled until crystals appear in the syrup. However, in this case, only raw sugar is obtained, from which sugar is then made. This raw sugar is refined, removing excess and coloring matter, and the syrup is boiled again until it crystallizes. There is no formula for sugar as such: for chemistry, sugar is a sweet, soluble carbohydrate.

Umansky Kirill.

Salt

Salt - food product. In the ground form, it is small white crystals. Table salt of natural origin almost always has impurities of other mineral salts, which can give it shades of different colors (usually gray). It is produced in different forms: purified and unrefined (rock salt), coarse and fine grinding, pure and iodized, sea salt, etc.

In ancient times, salt was obtained by burning certain plants in fires; the resulting ash was used as seasoning. To increase the salt yield, they were additionally doused with salty sea water. At least two thousand years ago, the extraction of table salt began to be carried out by evaporating sea water. This method first appeared in countries with a dry and hot climate, where the evaporation of water occurred naturally; as it spread, the water began to be heated artificially. In the northern regions, in particular on the shores of the White Sea, the method has been improved: as you know, fresh water freezes earlier than salt water, and the salt concentration in the remaining solution increases accordingly. Thus, fresh and concentrated brine was simultaneously obtained from sea water, which was then evaporated with less energy consumption.

Table salt is an important raw material for the chemical industry. It is used to produce soda, chlorine, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide and sodium metal.

A solution of salt in water freezes at temperatures below 0 °C. Being mixed with pure water ice (including in the form of snow), salt causes it to melt due to the selection of thermal energy from the environment. This phenomenon is used to clear roads from snow.

Purpose: to find out why chemistry was Lomonosov's favorite science, and what contribution Mikhail Vasilievich made to it Contents: Biography Biography University of Marburg Lomonosov's merits Lomonosov's merits The law of conservation of mass of substances The law of conservation of mass of substances areas in which Lomonosov left his mark areas in which Lomonosov left their trace of Moscow State University. Lomonosov Moscow State University Lomonosov's office Chemist M.V. Lomonosov's office Chemist M.V. Alexander - Nevsky Lavra The grave of M.V. Lomonosov in the Alexander - Nevsky Lavra

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov was born on November 8, 1711 in the village of Denisovka near Kholmogory. His father, Vasily Dorofeevich, was a well-known person in Pomorie, the owner of a fish artel and a successful merchant. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov was born on November 8, 1711 in the village of Denisovka near Kholmogory. His father, Vasily Dorofeevich, was a well-known person in Pomorie, the owner of a fish artel and a successful merchant.

In 1735, 12 of the most capable students were called from the Moscow Academy to the Academy of Sciences. Three of them, including Lomonosov, were sent to Germany, to the University of Marburg, then he continued his education in Freiburg. In 1735, 12 of the most capable students were called from the Moscow Academy to the Academy of Sciences. Three of them, including Lomonosov, were sent to Germany, to the University of Marburg, then he continued his education in Freiburg.

Lomonosov's merits Lomonosov's favorite science is chemistry. He created a chemical laboratory in St. Petersburg and discovered a new law; Lomonosov's favorite science is chemistry. He created a chemical laboratory in St. Petersburg and discovered a new law; While studying physics, he uncovered the riddle of thunderstorms and northern lights; While studying physics, he uncovered the riddle of thunderstorms and northern lights; He loved to watch the stars, improved the telescope; He loved to watch the stars, improved the telescope; Observing Venus, he established that this planet has an atmosphere; Observing Venus, he established that this planet has an atmosphere; He is the first polar geographer in the world; He is the first polar geographer in the world; He was engaged in the history of the ancient Slavs, the history of the manufacture of porcelain; He was engaged in the history of the ancient Slavs, the history of the manufacture of porcelain; And how much he did to improve the Russian language! And how much he did to improve the Russian language! Wrote poetry; Wrote poetry; He revived the production of colored glass and made mosaic paintings ("Portrait of Peter I", "Poltava Battle"); He revived the production of colored glass and made mosaic paintings ("Portrait of Peter I", "Poltava Battle"); Opened the first Russian university in Moscow. Opened the first Russian university in Moscow.

He created the first university. It is better to say, he was our first university. A. S. Pushkin. In 1748 he formulated the most important law of chemistry - the law of conservation of the mass of matter in chemical reactions. The mass of the substances that entered into the reaction is equal to the mass of the substances resulting from it.

The history of mankind knows many versatile gifted people. And among them, one of the first places should be put the great Russian scientist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. The history of mankind knows many versatile gifted people. And among them, one of the first places should be put the great Russian scientist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Optics and heat, electricity and gravity, meteorology and art, geography and metallurgy, history and chemistry, philosophy and literature, geology and astronomy are the areas in which Lomonosov left his mark. Optics and heat, electricity and gravity, meteorology and art, geography and metallurgy, history and chemistry, philosophy and literature, geology and astronomy are the areas in which Lomonosov left his mark.

The goal of Lomonosov's life until the very last day was "the establishment of science in the fatherland", which he considered the key to the prosperity of his homeland. The goal of Lomonosov's life until the very last day was "the establishment of science in the fatherland", which he considered the key to the prosperity of his homeland.

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FSBEI HPE "Bashkir State University"

Scenario of an extracurricular eventin chemistry

“Chemistry spreads its hands wide in human affairs…”

Goals:

1. Expand knowledge of chemistry, instill interest in science.

2. Develop creative abilities.

3. Cultivate the ability to work in a team.

Members: 9th grade students.

Conduct form: KVN.

Order of conduct:

1. Oath of captains.

2. Warm up.

3. Competition "Guessing game".

4. Competition "Table of D.I. Mendeleev".

5. Competition "Draw it yourself."

6. Competition of captains.

7. Competition "Experimenters".

8. Musical competition.

9. Competition "Assignment from the envelope."

10. Homework.

11. Summing up.

Leading:

O you happy sciences!

Stretch out your hands diligently

And look to the farthest places

Pass the earth and the abyss

And steppes and deep forest

And the very height of heaven.

Everywhere explore all the time,

What is great and beautiful

What the world has never seen...

Into the bowels of the earth you, chemistry,

Penetrate the eye with sharpness

And what does Russia contain in it

Open treasure treasures.

M.V. Lomonosov.

Good evening, dear friends. We invited you today to witness the competition in resourcefulness, gaiety, and also in knowledge of the subject of chemistry between the 9th grade teams.

We invite the team "Chemists" (representation of the team, greeting) We invite the team "Lyrics" (representation of the team, greeting)

Leading:

Before the start of the competition, the team captains take an oath.

Oath of captains.

We, the captains of the Chemists (Lyrics) team, have gathered our teams on the chemical duel field and in the face of our teams, fans, the jury and the wise book of chemistry, we solemnly swear:

1) Be honest. extracurricular chemistry education creative

2) Do not pour acid on each other physically and morally.

3) Do not use wrestling, boxing and karate methods when solving chemical tasks.

4) Do not lose your sense of humor until the end of the evening.

Leading:

And now the workout. Warm-up topic: “Ecological problems and chemistry. Who is guilty?" The teams prepared 4 questions for each other.

Chemists start first.

A question sounds - 1 min. for discussion.

Team response.

The Lyrika team asks its first question.

(Etc. for 4 questions).

Leading:

Let's move on to competitions.

1. "Guessing game".

We announce an exit competition within the school. We invite 2 people. Assignment: “Go there, I don’t know where, bring something, I don’t know what.” (Time 25 min).

2. “Table D.I. Mendeleev".

The 2nd competition requires students to know the periodic system. From the chaos of signs, select and write down chemical elements and name them. Hand over the cards to the jury.

3. "Draw yourself."

The 3rd competition invites those who can draw. Blindfolded, draw what the presenter reads. (1 minute.).

In the chemistry room, there is a table by the blackboard, a flask is on the table, brown gas is emitted from the flask.

Have drawn. What kind of gas could it be? (NO2).

Jury word.

Leading:

Captains competition. (Invite to the stage, offer to sit down, give a piece of paper and a pen).

You will listen to a story in which chemical elements or chemicals will be named. Write them down using chemical symbols.

Chemistry story.

It was in Europe, and maybe in America. We sat with Bohr and Berkeley at Fermia. Sat and Kali. I say: “Stop spoiling Oxygen, and so is Sulfur in my soul. Let's go Rubidium." And Berkel: “I am from Gaul, therefore, alone. And I won't give you two Rubidiums. Why should I leave Fermius at all?” Here I am, like Actiny himself, and I say: "Platinum, and that's it!" Finally Palladium. They began to think about who should go to Bariy. Berkeley and says: "I'm completely lame." Then Bor Plumbum came at us, scooped up our Rubidia under Arsenic and went. We are Radius. We are sitting Curium, waiting for Bor. Suddenly we hear: "Aurum, Aurum!". I say: "No Bor!" And Berkeley: "No, Neon!" And he himself is cunning, standing with Gallium, hand on Thalia and Lithium to her, something about Francius. Old Plutonium. And here again: "Aurum, Aurum!" We look, Boron runs, and behind him the neighboring Cobalt, Argon and Hafnium on him, and his Terbium behind Arsenic, where our Rubidiums lie. Bor completely Lutetsky became. Screaming, waving his arms. Suddenly we look, and our Rubidium is with Argon in Mercury. This is where Berkeley let us down. He will stand on all fours, and he himself is such a Strontsky, Strontsky and says: "Argonchik, tell Hafnius." Argon is silent and only Cesium through his teeth his “Rrr”. Then Berkliy, too, Lyutetsky stood up and, as if yelling: "Get out," Argon ran away. And Berkelium says to Boru: "Give me Rubidium." A bor: “Not Beryllium, I am your Rubidium. What, am I their Rhodium or what? Astatine me at peace. And Berkel to him: "If I see you again at Fermia, Sodium is your ears."

The captains hand over leaflets with written signs of the chemical elements that were named in the story.

4. 4th competition "Experimenters". Invite 2 people from the team. From the jury, 1 representative for observation.

Experience: "Separation of mixtures"

a) sand and iron filings

a) wood and iron filings

b) sand and sugar

b) salt and clay

Experience: "Recognize substances"

a) KOH, H2SO4, KCl

a) NaOH, Ba(OH)2, H2SO4

Experience: "Get the following substances"

Summing up the competition of captains.

Jury word.

5. Musical competition. The teams were given to prepare a song and dance on a chemical theme.

Summing up the results of the competition "Experimenters".

6. Competition "Assignment from the envelope."

1) What kind of milk do not drink?

2) What element is the basis of inanimate nature?

3) In what water does gold dissolve?

4) For which element in the form of a simple substance, they either pay more than gold, or vice versa, pay to get rid of it?

5) What is the name of the Scientific Society of Soviet Chemists?

6) What is allotropy? Give examples.

Leading:

We listen to the participants of the exit competition.

Preparing for homework.

At this time, the jury sums up the latest competitions.

If the teams are not yet ready, then questions are asked to the fans. For each correct answer, the fan is given a circle, and the team gets 1 point.

1. Is there any metal that melts in the hand?

2. What is glacial acid?

3. What is white gold?

4. What kind of alcohol does not burn?

Leading:

Homework is demonstrated by the team of Chemists (Lyrics)

Topic: "Chemistry lesson in the last century."

Summarizing.

Participant awards.

Literature:

1. Blokhina O.G. I'm Going to Chemistry Lesson: A Teacher's Book. - M .: Publishing house "First of September", 2001.

2. Bocharova S.I. Extracurricular work in chemistry. Grades 8-9. - Volgograd: ITD "Corifey", 2006

3. Kurgansky S.M. Extracurricular work in chemistry: Quizzes and chemical evenings. - M .: 5 for knowledge, 2006.

4. CER in chemistry, disk for grade 9. 1C Education 4th school: ZAO 1C, 2006

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