In a sentence, in addition to the subject and predicate, which make up its grammatical basis, secondary members can be used to clarify, specify or supplement the content. These include additions, definitions and circumstances. Each group of secondary members of the sentence performs its specific syntactic function in speech.

Definition

Addition- a secondary member of the sentence associated with the predicate, which names the object or person that acts as the object of action in a particular speech situation.

Circumstance- a minor member of the sentence, indicating the method, image or other sign of the action expressed by the predicate.

Comparison

The addition can be expressed by a noun, a pronoun or a substantiated part of speech, occupying a position in the sentence structure after the spreading word. Usually it is a verb with which the object is associated with a control method. Such a connection is determined by questions of indirect cases.

The transition (through what?) through the pass turned out to be difficult.

The flowers were placed (in what?) in a vase.

The object indicates the object of the action or the means by which it is performed: to crochet; feed breakfast; chasing pigeons; read a book.

The circumstance is expressed by an adverb, gerund or participle turnover, in some cases - a noun and a phrase with a circumstantial meaning. Questions can be put to the circumstance : how? what way? when? for what purpose? to what extent? where? why?

(When?) Occasionally the wind broke and carried (from where?) an indistinct noise from the sea.

He lived (how?) simply, caring only about his daily bread.

The circumstance is always connected with the predicate, but can be structurally separated from it by other members of the sentence.

Thus, the object and circumstance perform different semantic and syntactic functions in the sentence.

Findings site

1. The circumstance indicates the image, method or time of action, that is circumstances under which it proceeds. Complement denotes an object or means of action.
2. The circumstance is expressed by an adverb or parts of speech close to it in meaning. The complement is most often expressed by a noun or a pronoun.
3. In addition, questions of indirect cases can be raised. Questions addressed to circumstances depend on the way in which the circumstantial meaning is expressed.

The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main members of the proposal

The grammatical basis of a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.

The grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meanings of the sentence. They are connected with the meanings of moods and tense of the verb-predicate.

Troops move to the front.

(The action is actually happening and takes place in the present tense).

Yesterday he came to us.

(The action actually happened, but in the past tense).

Would you talk to your mother, Ivan!

(The action is not realized in reality, but desired by the speaker).

The subject and predicate are called the main members of the sentence, because all the minor members in the sentence directly or indirectly extend them.

We show the dependence of the minor terms on the main ones in the following diagram:

The astonished Varenukha silently handed him an urgent telegram..

The subject as a member of the sentence. Subject forms

The subject is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?

The subject in Russian can be expressed in different ways, sometimes in "unusual" forms. The following table will help determine the correct subject.

The main ways of expressing the subject.

Part of speech in subject position
Noun in and. P.	Language reflects the soul of a people.
Pronoun in i. P.	He left. Who was there? This is right. This is my brother (when asked: who is this?) The house, which was barely standing, belonged to a forester. (Here, pay attention to the subject in the subordinate clause.) The sparks that flew from the fire seemed white. (Here, pay attention to the subject in the subordinate clause.) Someone has come. Everyone fell asleep.
Infinitive	Being honest is only half the battle. To understand means to sympathize. Smoking is injurious to health.
A combination of words (one of which is in I. p.)	We used to go there often. Two clouds float across the sky.
Combination of words without and. P.	It's been about an hour.

Predicate as a member of a sentence. Predicate types

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject of a special connection and has a meaning expressed in questions, what does the subject of speech do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he? and etc.

The predicate in Russian is simple and compound. A simple (simple verbal) predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

Compound predicates are expressed in several words, one of them serves to connect with the subject, while the semantic load falls on the others. In other words, in compound predicates, lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.

(Verb was colonel

(Verb started serves to connect with the subject, on the word work the semantic load of the predicate falls.)

Among compound predicates, there are compound verbal and compound nominal predicates.

Learn more about predicate types. Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

It can be expressed in the following forms of the verb:

The present and past tenses of the verb.
The future tense of the verb.
Forms of the conditional and imperative mood of the verb.

We emphasize that in the case of you will be expected tomorrow, the simple verb predicate is expressed by the compound form of the future tense of the verb wait.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of two components - an auxiliary verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an indefinite form of the verb that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here it began - this is an auxiliary verb, and gnaw is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

(Here I don’t want to - this is an auxiliary verb, and to offend is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

The role of an auxiliary verb can be a combination of some short adjectives (should, glad, ready, obliged, etc.) and a linking service verb to be in the form of one of the moods (in the present tense, this link is omitted).

(here the linkage will be omitted).

So, let's imagine the structure of the compound verbal predicate by the formula:

CONST. VERB SKAZ. = AUX. VERB + UNDETERMINATED THE FORM

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate consists of two components: a linking verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here the connective verb will become, and the nominal part is expressed by the adjective viscous.)

(Here the connective verb will be, and the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by the noun handball player.)

Let's represent the structure of the compound nominal predicate by the formula:

CONST. NAME. SKAZ. = LINK. VERB + NOMINAL PART

The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is expressed by the following parts of speech: noun, adjective (full and short, different forms of degrees of comparison), participle (full and short), numeral, pronoun, adverb, word of the category of state, verb in indefinite form.

In Russian, at least four main types of one-component sentences can be distinguished.

The main types of two-part sentences

Expression form of subject and predicate	Examples
The subject is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by a certain form of the verb.
The subject is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by a noun in the nominative case. In the past and future tense, a linking verb appears and the case in the predicate changes to instrumental.
The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is also expressed by the indefinite form of the verb. Between the subject and the predicate, particles are possible, which means.
The subject is expressed by an indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is expressed by an adverb.
The subject is expressed by an indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a phrase based on it. In the past and future tense, a linking verb appears and the case in the predicate changes to instrumental.
The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by an indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it. A linking verb appears in the past and future tenses.
The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by an adjective or participle (full or short) in the nominative case. In the past and future tense, a linking verb appears in the predicate.

Knowing the main types of two-part sentences, it is easier to find grammatical foundations in them.

The main types of one-part sentences

	Typical form and meaning
Nominative (naming) sentences	These are sentences where the main member is expressed by a noun or a noun pronoun in the nominative case. This main member is considered the subject and indicate that there is no predicate in the nominative sentence. Nominative sentences usually report that some phenomenon or object exists (has) in the present.	Large area in the city. Here is the bench.
Definitely personal suggestions	The predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of 1 or 2 persons. The ending of the verb in these cases clearly indicates the person and number of the pronoun (I, we, you, you). There is no need to use these pronouns as the subject.
Indefinitely personal sentences	The predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of the 3rd person plural (in the present and future tense) or in the plural form (in the past tense). In such sentences, the action itself is important, and the actor is either unknown or not important to the speaker, so the subject is absent in them.
impersonal proposals	These are sentences in which there is not and cannot be a subject, since they denote actions and states that are thought to occur “by themselves”, without the participation of an active agent. In form, these sentences are divided into two types: with a verbal predicate and with a predicate - the word of the state category. The verbal predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of the 3rd person singular (in the present and future tense) or in the form of the neuter singular (in the past tense). This role is usually played by impersonal verbs or verbs in impersonal use. The verb predicate can also be expressed in the indefinite form of the verb.	In order not to freeze she is captured jacket.
	In addition, the predicate in an impersonal sentence can be the word no.	The owners are not at home.

Secondary members of the sentence: definition, addition, circumstance

All members of the sentence, except for the main ones, are called secondary.

Secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis, but spread (explain) it. They can explain other secondary terms as well.

Let's demonstrate this with a diagram:

According to their meaning and role in the sentence, secondary members are divided into definition, addition and circumstance. These syntactic roles are identified by questions.

Valued (to what extent?) high- circumstance.

appreciated (what?) canvases- addition.

Canvases (whose?) his- definition.

Complement as a member of the proposal. Types of add-ons

The addition is a minor member of the sentence, which answers the questions of indirect cases (that is, all but the nominative) and designates the subject. The complement usually spreads the predicate, although it can also spread other members of the sentence.

I enjoy reading (what?) magazines. (Here the addition of the logs extends the predicate.)

Reading (what?) magazines is an exciting activity. (Here, the addition of logs propagates the subject.)

Supplements are most often expressed by nouns (or words in the function of nouns) and pronouns, but can also be represented by an indefinite form of the verb and phrases that are integral in meaning.

He shaved in the campaign (with what?) With a bayonet. (Here, the addition of a bayonet is expressed by a noun.)

This is understandable only to connoisseurs of (what?) Beauty. (Here the complement of the beautiful is expressed by the adjective as a noun.)

And I will ask you (about what?) to stay. (Here the object to remain is expressed in the indefinite form of the verb.)

He read (what?) many books. (Here, the addition of many books is expressed by a combination that is integral in meaning.)

Additions are either direct or indirect.

Direct objects are transitive verbs and denote the subject to which the action is directly directed. Direct objects are expressed in the accusative case without a preposition.

I don’t know when I will see my relatives now (v. p.).

These furnaces used to melt steel (vp).

All other additions are called indirect.

Play the piano (p. p.).

I put the bread on the table (c.p. with a preposition).

I was forbidden to worry (expressed in the indefinite form of the verb).

1. Addition- is a minor member of the sentence, which means subject:

• the object to which the action applies;

  Writing a letter ; listen to music .

• object - the addressee of the action;

  I am writing to a friend.

• object - a tool or means of action;

  I write with a pen.

• the object to which the state applies;

  I'm sad.

• object of comparison, etc.

  Faster than me.

2. Addendum answers questions indirect cases:

• genitive case - whom? what?

  Choice of profession .

• dative case - to whom? what?

  I am writing to a friend.

• accusative case - whom? what?

  Writing a letter .

• instrumental case - by whom? how?

  I write with a pen.

• prepositional case - about whom? about what?

  I'm thinking about a friend.

3. Addition may refer to:

• verb-predicate;

  Writing a letter .

• the main or minor member expressed by the noun;

  Loss of a horse; hope for happiness.

• the main or minor member expressed by an adjective or participle;

  Strict to children; thinking about children.

• the main or minor member expressed by the adverb.

  Invisible to others.

Ways of Expressing Complement

Notes.

1) Combinations are a single member of the proposal - an addition in the same cases in which combinations - subjects are a single member (see clause 1.2).

2) The infinitive with a conjugated verb is an addition, and not the main part of the predicate, if its action refers to a minor member ( I asked him to leave), and not to the subject ( I decided to leave). For a detailed analysis of such cases, see Section 1.4.

3) Since the questions and forms of the nominative and accusative cases, the accusative and genitive cases may coincide, to distinguish between the subject and the object, use the technique mentioned in paragraph 1.2: put the word instead of the checked form book(Nominative case - book; Genitive - books; accusative - book. For example: Good snow will harvest(cf.: A good book will collect a book). Consequently, snowball- Nominative case; harvest- accusative).

4. According to the form of expression, two types of additions are distinguished:

direct addition - a form of the accusative case without a preposition;

Writing(what?) letter; I erase(what?) underwear; I listen(what?) music .

indirect addition - all other forms, including the accusative form with a preposition.

Struggle(for what?) for freedom ; gave(to whom?) to me .

Notes.

1) In negative sentences, the form of the accusative case of the direct object can change to the form of the genitive case (cf.: I wrote(what?) letter . - I didn't write (what?) letters). If the genitive form of the complement is preserved both in the affirmation and in the negation, then such an addition is indirect (cf .: to me lacks (what?) of money . - I have enough(what?) of money).

2) The complement expressed by the infinitive does not have a case form ( I asked him to leave). Therefore, such additions are not characterized as either direct or indirect.

Addon parsing plan

1. Specify the type of addition (direct - indirect).
2. Indicate what morphological form the complement is expressed in.

Sample parsing

I ask you to speak on the merits(M. Gorky).

You- a direct object expressed by a pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition. Talk- addition expressed by the infinitive. Affairs- an indirect object expressed by a noun in the genitive case.

The night brought no coolness(A.N. Tolstoy).

coolness- a direct object expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition (in case of negation - didn't bring ). Wed: The night has brought(what?) coolness(V. p.).

The complement denotes the subject (object) on which the action is directed.

Between the addition and the complemented word, there may be a relation of the subject to the action.

If the definition has the ability to distribute the members of the sentence expressed by nouns, then the addition most often depends on the predicate and distributes it.

We found all suggestions for examples in the stories of Yevgeny Ivanovich Nosov "Kingfisher", "Living Flame", "Forgotten Page", "Cunning".

As an addition, nouns and different categories of pronouns with and without prepositions are used. Recall the questions of indirect cases, which are answered by the addition:

WHOM? WHAT? TO WHOM? WHAT? WHOM? WHAT? BY WHOM? HOW? ABOUT COM? ABOUT WHAT?

Every angler (WHO?) has (WHAT?) a favorite corner on the river. Here he builds (TO WHOM?) himself (WHAT?) a bait. Hammers (WHAT?) into the bottom of the river near the shore in a semicircle of stakes, braids (WHAT?) them (WHAT?) with a vine, and (WHAT?) fills the void inside (WHAT?) with earth. It turns out something like a small (WHAT?) peninsula. Especially when the fisherman overlays (WHAT?) the bait with green (WHAT?) turf, and the clogged stakes start up (WHAT?) young shoots.

Here are examples of additions expressed by personal, reflexive, demonstrative, relatively interrogative, attributive, indefinite, negative pronouns: gave me, builds himself, I see it, what's the matter, everyone wanted, found something, nothing to scare.

In addition, other parts of speech can be an addition if they acquire the meaning of a noun. For example, adjectives, participles, numerals, adverbs, interjections: I’m glad to live, we’ll tell you about the good, divide forty by two, don’t dream about tomorrow, I heard “ay”.

Rarely, infinitives, indivisible phrases and phraseological units act as an addition. For example: I didn’t think to ask, my grandfather and grandmother lived, to bring two buckets, I solved a sore point.

There are two types of additions - direct and indirect. The direct object is expressed by a noun in the Accusative case without a preposition, a noun in the Genitive case with a negation, and a noun with the meaning of a part of the subject in the Genitive case. Direct objects spread transitive verbs and words of the state category.

Examples of direct additions:

He threw on his shoulders (WHAT?) backpack, straightened the knocked down strap (WHAT?) cap...

Sometimes the mallow that played out hurt (WHAT?) floats, they shuddered, forced (WHO?) me alert.

I hid and began to look at (WHO?) stranger.

I asked Aunt Olya for a small mushroom (WHAT?) bodywork, thrown over his shoulder (WHAT?) shotgun and walked into the forest.

A jasmine bush that grew under the window dropped a lace (WHAT?) shadow.

And then on my way home, I got some more (WHAT?) several different flowers and tied one of them small (WHAT?) bouquet.

Indirect objects are used with prepositions in the Accusative and Genitive cases, as well as in the Instrumental and Prepositional cases.

Examples of indirect additions:

Aunt Olya went out to water the flower bed, but immediately returned, rattling an empty (WHAT?) watering can.

From freshly washed (WHAT?) floor pulled (WHAT?) Coolness.

I went out to look at (WHAT?) flowers.

The rains were replaced by (WHAT?) winds.

My son was not at home: he did not expect me so early and went to (WHO?) Comrade.

He threw a backpack over his shoulders, straightened his cap that had been knocked down (WHAT?) with a strap ...

I asked (WHO?) Aunt Olya for a small mushroom box, threw a double-barreled shotgun over my shoulder and walked into the forest.

Often students confuse additions with inconsistent definitions and circumstances. It must be remembered that a noun in the role of an inconsistent definition can be replaced by an adjective.

For example:

Late in the evening they lay down and did not sleep for a long time, listening for paws to slap on the floor (whose?) fugitive.

The floats were motionless white among the dark green burdocks (WHAT?) water lily.

After a hot, tiring road, it was nice to enter a quiet old house (WHOSE?) aunt Olya.

Let's not forget that, in contrast to the addition, two questions can be asked to the circumstance: one of them is case, and the other is semantic.

For example:

Last autumn I went to a distant forest lake for (FOR WHAT PURPOSE? FOR WHAT?) perches.

I opened my eyes and gasped (WHY? FROM WHAT?) in amazement.

I leaned closer and was finally convinced that the magical musician was hiding in (WHERE? IN WHAT?) sink.

Literature

1. Ilchenko O.S. Lesson on the topic "Addition" in the VIII grade / Russian at school. - 2003. - No. 4.

2. Nosov E.I. Doll: a collection of short stories. - M., Eksmo Publishing House LLC, 2015.