15 anthropological types of the Caucasian race with photographs and characteristics.

4. Nape: protruding.








12. Forehead slope: Moderate.
13. Eyebrow: Moderate.

15. Chin: protruding.

Nordic type (Nordid, Scando-nordid)

1. Cephalic index: mesocephaly, dolichocephaly.
2. Facial index: leptoprosopia, upper values ​​of mesoprosopia.
3. Head height: medium, high.
4. Nape: protruding.
5. Horizontal profiling of the face: strong profiling of the face, high bridge of the nose.
6. Angle of protrusion of the nose to the profile line: large.
straight,
convex or sinuous bridge of the nose; the tip of the nose is horizontal, the angle between the axes of the nasal openings is small.
8. Width of the nose: very narrow, narrow.
9. Tilt of the palpebral fissure: horizontal.
10. Perioral region: orthocheilia, thin mucous membranes of the lips.
11. Vertical profiling of the face: orthognathia.
12. Forehead slope: Moderate.
13. Eyebrow: Moderate.
14. Jaw: medium narrow, high.
15. Chin: protruding.
16. Beard and mustache growth, tertiary hairline: medium to strong beard development
(3-4 st. according to Cheboksarov), moderate and strong growth of hair on the chest.
17. Eye color: No. 9-12 on the Bunak scale (blue, light blue, gray-blue, gray).
18. Fold of the upper eyelid: absent, medium or strong in the peripheral zone of the eye.
19. Hair color: blond, light blond, medium blond.
20. Fitzpatrick skin phototype: #1-2. The skin is poorly tanned.
21. Structure, shape of hair: straight or wavy.
22. Height: above average, tall.
23. Build: asthenic, stenoplastic and subathletic types.

Trönder, East Nordic type (Eastern Nordid)

Trender


3.Height of head: high head type.
4. Nape: protruding.
5.Horizontal profiling of the face: strong profiling of the face, high and medium nose bridge.
6. Angle of protrusion of the nose to the profile line: large.
7. The profile of the back of the nose, the position of the tip of the nose, the position of the axes of the nasal openings: straight,
convex or sinuous bridge of the nose; the tip of the nose is horizontal, the angle between the axes of the nasal openings is small.


10. Perioral region: orthocheilia, thin mucous membranes of the lips.

12. The forehead is very high, narrow, slightly sloping.
13. Eyebrow: Moderate.
14. Jaw: medium narrow, high.
15. Chin: protruding.



19. Hair color: blond, golden blond, light blond, medium blond, dark blond.

21.Structure, hair shape: wavy.
22. Height: tall.


Trender is one of the tallest northern types, characterized by sexual dimorphism.

Eastern Nordid
1. Cephalic index: mesocephaly, dolichocephaly.
2. Facial index: leptoprosopia, upper values ​​of mesoprosopia.

4. Nape: protruding.
5. Horizontal profiling of the face: strong profiling of the face, high bridge of the nose.
6. Angle of protrusion of the nose to the profile line: large.
7. The profile of the back of the nose, the position of the tip of the nose, the position of the axes of the nasal openings: straight,
convex or sinuous bridge of the nose; the tip of the nose is horizontal, the angle between the axes of the nasal openings is small.
8. Nose width: narrow or medium.
9. Tilt of the palpebral fissure: horizontal.
10. Perioral region: orthocheilia, thin mucous membranes of the lips.
11. Vertical profiling of the face: orthognathia.
12. Forehead slope: Moderate.
13. Eyebrow: Moderate.
14. Jaw: medium narrow, high.
15. Chin: protruding.
16. Beard and mustache growth, tertiary hairline: medium to strong beard development
(3-4 st. according to Cheboksarov), moderate and strong growth of hair on the chest.
17. Eye color: No. 9-12 on the Bunak scale (blue, light blue, gray-blue, gray).
18. Fold of the upper eyelid: absent, medium or strong in the peripheral zone of the eye.
19. Hair color: blond, light blond, medium blond.
20. Fitzpatrick skin phototype: #1-2. The skin is poorly tanned.
21. Structure, shape of hair: straight or wavy.
22. Height: above average, tall.
23. Physique: men according to Bunak - pectoral, muscular, pectoral-muscular and muscular-pectoral
types, women according to Galant - asthenic, stenoplastic and subathletic types.

3. Nape: rounded.








12. Eyebrow: pronounced.

14. Chin: protruding.







21. Height: high.

Western Baltic type (Western Baltid, Baltid)

1. Cephalic index: brachycephaly.
2. Facial index: mesoprosopia (except for the upper values), yuriprosopia, square-rectangular face
with large face diameters.
2. Head height: high head type.
3. Nape: rounded.
4. Horizontal profiling of the face: strong profiling of the face, high bridge of the nose.
5. Angle of protrusion of the nose to the profile line: large.
6. The profile of the bridge of the nose, the position of the tip of the nose, the position of the axes of the nasal openings: a straight or sinuous bridge of the nose; the tip of the nose is horizontal or slightly elevated, the angle between the axes of the nasal openings is medium.
7. Nose width: narrow or medium nose.
8. Tilt of the palpebral fissure: horizontal.
9. Perioral region: orthocheilia, thin mucous membranes of the lips.
10. Vertical profiling of the face: orthognathia.
11. Forehead slope: medium or large.
12. Eyebrow: pronounced.
13. Jaw: medium-wide, wide, angular, medium height.
14. Chin: protruding.
15. Beard and mustache growth, tertiary hairline: medium to strong beard development
(3-4 st. Cheboksarov), moderate hair growth on the chest.
16. Eye color: No. 9-12 on the Bunak scale (blue, light blue, gray-blue, gray).
17. Fold of the upper eyelid: absent, medium or strong in the peripheral zone of the eye.
18. Hair color: blond, light blond, medium blond.
19. Fitzpatrick skin phototype: #1-2. The skin is poorly tanned.
20. Structure, hair shape: straight.
21. Height: high.
22. Physique: men according to Bunak - muscular, abdominal types and their combined variants, women according to Galant - subathletic, mesoplastic and pyknic types.

Eastern Baltic type (Eastern Baltid, Ost-Baltic)

1. Cephalic index: brachycephaly.
2. Facial index: mesoprosopia, yuriprosopia, square-rectangular face.
2. Head height: medium.
3. Nape: rounded.
4. Horizontal profiling of the face: weakened profiling of the face, reduced nose bridge.
5. Angle of protrusion of the nose to the profile line: reduced.
6. The profile of the back of the nose, the position of the tip of the nose, the position of the axes of the nasal openings:

big.
7. Nose width: wide nose.
8. Tilt of the palpebral fissure: moderately pronounced Mongoloid tilt.

10. Vertical profiling of the face: orthognathia, mesognathia.
11. Forehead tilt: forehead slightly sloping, wide, slightly curved.
12. Eyebrow: weakly expressed.
13. Jaw: medium wide, angular, low height.
14. Chin: straight or beveled.
15. The growth of a beard and mustache, tertiary hairline: below average development of the beard (3 tbsp.

16. Eye color: No. 9-12 on the Bunak scale (blue, light blue, blue-gray, gray) or No. 5-8 (mixed).
17. Fold of the upper eyelid: strong, swelling of the upper eyelid.
18. Hair color: blond, light blond, medium blond.
19. Fitzpatrick skin phototype: #1-2. The skin is poorly tanned.
20. Structure, hair shape: straight.
21. Growth: small, medium.
22. Physique: men according to Bunak - muscular, abdominal types and their combined variants, women according to Galant - subathletic,
mesoplastic and picnic types.

Norian type (Norik, Norid, sub-Adriatic type)

1. Cephalic index: - subbrachycephaly.
2. Facial index: leptoprosopia, mesoprosopia.
3. Head height: high head type.
4. Nape: - flat.
5. Horizontal profiling of the face: strong profiling of the face, high bridge of the nose.
6. Angle of protrusion of the nose to the profile line: large.



10. Perioral region: orthocheilia, thin mucous membranes of the lips.
11. Vertical profiling of the face: orthognathia.

13. Eyebrow: pronounced.

15. Chin: protruding.

strong growth of hair on the chest.
17 Eye color: No. 9-12 on the Bunak scale (blue, light blue, blue-gray, gray).

19. Hair color: blond, light blond, medium blond.
20. Fitzpatrick skin phototype: #1-2. The skin is poorly tanned.

22. Height: high.
23. Physique: for men according to Bunak - pectoral, muscular, pectoral-muscular and muscular-pectoral, for women according to Galant - asthenic, stenoplastic and subathletic variants.

3. Nape: protruding.
4. Horizontal profiling of the face: strong profiling of the face, high bridge of the nose.
5. Angle of protrusion of the nose to the profile line: large.

7. Nose width: narrow or medium nose.
8. Tilt of the palpebral fissure: horizontal.
9. Perioral region: orthocheilia, thin mucous membranes of the lips.
10. Vertical profiling of the face: orthognathia.
11. Forehead slope: medium or large.
12. Eyebrow: pronounced.
13. Jaw: medium-wide, wide, angular, medium height.
14. Chin: protruding.
15. Beard and mustache growth, tertiary hairline: medium to strong beard development
(3-4 st. Cheboksarov), moderate hair growth on the chest.
16. Eye color: No. 9-12 on the Bunak scale (blue, light blue, gray-blue, gray).
17. Fold of the upper eyelid: absent, medium or strong in the peripheral zone of the eye.

19. Fitzpatrick skin phototype: #1-2. The skin is poorly tanned.
20. Structure, hair shape: straight.
21. Height: high.
22. Physique: men according to Bunak - muscular, abdominal types and their combined variants, women according to Galant - subathletic, mesoplastic and pyknic types.

Falian type (Falid, Dalo-falid)

1. Cephalic index: mesocephaly, sub-brachycephaly.
2. Facial index: mesoprosopia (except for the upper values), yuriprosopia, a square-rectangular, pentagonal face with a protruding chin pole, with large facial diameters.
2. Head height: medium, high.
3. Nape: protruding.
4. Horizontal profiling of the face: strong profiling of the face, high bridge of the nose.
5. Angle of protrusion of the nose to the profile line: large.
6. The profile of the bridge of the nose, the position of the tip of the nose, the position of the axes of the nasal openings: straight, slightly concave or sinuous bridge of the nose; the tip of the nose is horizontal or slightly elevated, the angle between the axes of the nasal openings is medium.
7. Nose width: narrow or medium nose.
8. Tilt of the palpebral fissure: horizontal.
9. Perioral region: orthocheilia, thin mucous membranes of the lips.
10. Vertical profiling of the face: orthognathia.
11. Forehead slope: medium or large.
12. Eyebrow: pronounced.
13. Jaw: medium-wide, wide, angular, medium height.
14. Chin: protruding.
15. Beard and mustache growth, tertiary hairline: medium to strong beard development
(3-4 st. Cheboksarov), moderate hair growth on the chest.
16. Eye color: No. 9-12 on the Bunak scale (blue, light blue, gray-blue, gray).
17. Fold of the upper eyelid: absent, medium or strong in the peripheral zone of the eye.
18. Hair color: blond, light blond, medium blond, dark blond.
19. Fitzpatrick skin phototype: #1-2. The skin is poorly tanned.
20. Structure, hair shape: straight.
21. Height: high.
22. Physique: men according to Bunak - muscular, abdominal types and their combined variants, women according to Galant - subathletic, mesoplastic and pyknic types.

Celtic Nordic type (Celtic Nordid)

1. Cephalic index: dolichocephaly/mesocephaly (78-80)
2. Facial index: leptoprosopia, upper values ​​of mesoprosopia.
3. Head height: low/medium head type.
4. Nape: protruding.
5.Horizontal profiling of the face: strong profiling of the face, high bridge of the nose.
6. Angle of protrusion of the nose to the profile line: large.
7. Profile of the back of the nose, the position of the tip of the nose, the position of the axes of the nasal openings:
convex back of the nose; the tip of the nose is horizontal, the angle between the axes of the nasal openings is small, medium
8. Nose width: narrow or medium.
9. Tilt of the palpebral fissure: horizontal.
10. Perioral region: orthocheilia, thin mucous membranes of the lips. The lower lip may be slightly everted.
11. Vertical profiling of the face: orthognathia.
12. The forehead is high, narrow, moderately sloping, strongly sloping. The temporal regions are depressed.
13. Eyebrow: Moderate.
14. Jaw: medium narrow, high/medium
15. Chin: Moderately protruding.
16. Beard and mustache growth, tertiary hairline: strong, above average.
17. Eye color: No. 9-12 on the Bunak scale (blue, blue-widespread, gray-blue, gray).
18. Fold of the upper eyelid: absent, medium.
19. Hair color: chestnut, medium blond, light blond, golden blond, dark blond.
20. Fitzpatrick skin phototype: No. 1-2. The skin is poorly tanned.
21.Structure, hair shape: straight/wavy
22. Height: tall.
23. Physique: men according to Bunak - chest, muscular, pectoral-muscular and muscular-pectoral
types, women according to Galant - asthenic, stenoplastic and subathletic types.

Mediterranean type (Mediterranid)

2a. Face shape: medium high and medium wide / moderately narrow.
3. Head height: small / medium.






9a. The shape of the palpebral fissure: often - almond-shaped

11. Vertical profiling of the face: orthognathia / mild mesognathia.
12. Forehead slope: slightly / moderately pronounced.
13. Eyebrow: weakly expressed.
14. Jaw: Relatively narrow.


18. Crease of the upper eyelid: absent, medium.



15. Build: asthenic / normosthenic.

Atlanto-Mediterranean type (Atlanto-Mediterranid)

1. Cephalic index: mesocephaly / sub-dolichocephaly.
2. Facial index: mesoprosopia / leptoprosopia.
2a. Face Shape: The face is tall and medium-wide/wide.
3. Head height: medium / large.
4. Occiput: Relatively protruding.
5. Horizontal profiling of the face: medium / medium-strong.
6. Angle of protrusion of the nose to the profile line: medium / medium-large.
7. The profile of the bridge of the nose, the position of the tip of the nose, the position of the axes of the nasal openings: a straight bridge of the nose; the tip of the nose is horizontal; the angle between the axes of the nasal openings is medium.
8. Nose width: narrow / medium wide.
9. Tilt of the palpebral fissure: absent.
10. Perioral region: lip thickness - medium / large.
11. Vertical profiling of the face: orthognathia.
12. Forehead slope: pronounced.
13. Eyebrow: medium.
14. Jaw: medium wide.
15. Chin: often, with a characteristic fossa
16. Beard and mustache growth, tertiary hairline: medium-low/medium/medium-strong beard development and medium/medium-strong chest hair growth.
17. Eye color: green-brown / light brown / dark brown.
18. Crease of the upper eyelid: absent, medium.
19. Hair Color: Medium Brown/Dark Brown/Black.
20. Fitzpatrick skin phototype: No. 3. The skin is well tanned.
21. Structure, shape of hair: wavy or curly (sometimes straight); soft.
22. Height: medium-tall / tall.
23. Build: normosthenic, with developed muscles.

Dinaric type (Dinarid)

1. Cephalic index: brachycephaly.

3. Head height: high head type.

5. Horizontal profiling of the face: strong profiling of the face, high bridge of the nose.
6. Angle of protrusion of the nose to the profile line: large.
7. The profile of the bridge of the nose, the position of the tip of the nose, the position of the axes of the nasal openings: a convex or sinuous bridge of the nose; the tip of the nose is lowered, the angle between the axes of the nasal openings is small.
8. Nose width: narrow or medium nose.
9. Tilt of the palpebral fissure: the horizontal or outer corner of the palpebral fissure is somewhat lower than the inner one.
10. Perioral region: orthocheilia, thin mucous membranes of the lips.
11. Vertical profiling of the face: orthognathia.
12. Forehead slope: medium or large.
13. Eyebrow: pronounced.
14. Jaw: medium wide, high.
15. Chin: protruding.
16. Beard and mustache growth, tertiary hairline: strong beard development
strong growth of hair on the chest.

18. Crease of the upper eyelid: absent, medium.


21. Structure, shape of hair: straight, wavy.
22. Height: high.

Dinaric type (Dinarid)

1. Cephalic index: brachycephaly.
2. Facial index: leptoprosopia, mesoprosopia, large facial diameters.
3. Head height: high head type.
4. Nape: flattened, taurid shape.
5. Horizontal profiling of the face: strong profiling of the face, high bridge of the nose.
6. Angle of protrusion of the nose to the profile line: large.
7. The profile of the bridge of the nose, the position of the tip of the nose, the position of the axes of the nasal openings: a convex or sinuous bridge of the nose; the tip of the nose is lowered, the angle between the axes of the nasal openings is small.
8. Nose width: narrow or medium nose.
9. Tilt of the palpebral fissure: the horizontal or outer corner of the palpebral fissure is somewhat lower than the inner one.
10. Perioral region: orthocheilia, thin mucous membranes of the lips.
11. Vertical profiling of the face: orthognathia.
12. Forehead slope: medium or large.
13. Eyebrow: pronounced.
14. Jaw: medium wide, high.
15. Chin: protruding.
16. Beard and mustache growth, tertiary hairline: strong beard development
strong growth of hair on the chest.
17. Eye color: No. 1-3 on the Bunak scale (black, dark brown, light brown).
18. Crease of the upper eyelid: absent, medium.
19. Hair color: black, black-blond.
20. Fitzpatrick skin phototype: No. 3. Tanning skin.
21. Structure, shape of hair: straight, wavy.
22. Height: high.
23. The physique of men according to Bunak - chest and muscular type and their intermediate variants, women according to Galant - asthenic, stenoplastic and sub-athletic variants.

Pontic type (Pontid)

1. Cephalic index: mesocephaly, dolichocephaly.
2. Facial index: leptoprosopia.
2. Head height: medium or high.
3. Nape: protruding.
4. Horizontal profiling of the face: strong profiling of the face, high bridge of the nose.
5. Angle of protrusion of the nose to the profile line: large.
6. The profile of the back of the nose, the position of the tip of the nose, the position of the axes of the nasal openings: straight,
convex or sinuous bridge of the nose; the tip of the nose is horizontal, the angle between the axes of the nasal openings is small.
7. Nose width: narrow or medium.
8. Tilt of the palpebral fissure: horizontal.
9. Perioral region: orthocheilia, medium or full mucous membranes of the lips.
10. Vertical profiling of the face: orthognathia.
11. Forehead slope: Moderate.
12. Eyebrow: not expressed.
13. Jaw: narrow, medium narrow, high.
14. Chin: not protruding.
15. Beard and mustache growth, tertiary hairline: medium to strong beard development
(3-4 st. Cheboksarov), moderate hair growth on the chest.
16. Eye color: No. 2-8 on the Bunak scale (dark brown, light brown, yellow, brown-yellow-green, green, gray-green, gray or blue with a brown-yellow corolla).
17. Crease of the upper eyelid: absent or medium.
18. Hair color: dark blond, black blond, dark chestnut, black chestnut.
19. Fitzpatrick skin phototype: No. 3. Tanning skin.
20. Structure, shape of hair: straight or wavy.
21. Height: average, above average, high.
22. Build: men according to Bunak - chest, pectoral-muscular.
Types, women according to Galant - asthenic, stenoplastic.

Alpine type (Alpinid)

1. Cephalic index: brachycephaly.
2. Facial index: mesoprosopia. juriprosopia. .
3. Head height: medium.
4. Nape: rounded.
5. Horizontal profiling of the face: medium profiling of the face, medium-high bridge of the nose.
6. Angle of protrusion of the nose to the profile line: medium.
7. The profile of the back of the nose, the position of the tip of the nose, the position of the axes of the nasal openings: straight, or
slightly concave back of the nose; the tip of the nose is horizontal or slightly elevated, the angle between the axes of the nasal openings is
average.
8. Nose Width: Medium wide nose.
9. Tilt of the palpebral fissure: horizontal.
10. Perioral area: orthocheilia, thin or medium mucous lips.
11. Vertical profiling of the face: orthognathia.
12. Forehead slope: vertical line.

14. Jaw: wide, low height.
15. Chin: protruding or straight.
16. Growth of beard and mustache, tertiary hairline: medium or strong beard development (grade 3-4 according to Cheboksarov) and moderate or strong
chest hair growth.
17. Eye color: No. 2-4 on the Bunak scale (dark brown, light brown, yellow).
18. Crease of the upper eyelid: medium or strong in the outer part of the eyes.
19. Hair color: No. 4-5 on the Bunak scale (dark blond, dark chestnut, black chestnut, black).
20. Fitzpatrick skin phototype: No. 3. The skin is well tanned.

22. Height: average.
23. Physique: men according to Bunak - muscular, abdominal types and combined variants, women according to Galant - mesoplastic and pyknic types.

Borrebi type

1. Cephalic index: brachycephaly (82 - 84).
2. Facial index: mesoprosopia (except for the upper values), yuriprosopia, square-rectangular face
with large face diameters.
2. Head height: high head type.
3. Nape: rounded.


6. The profile of the bridge of the nose, the position of the tip of the nose, the position of the axes of the nasal openings: a straight or slightly concave bridge of the nose; the tip of the nose is horizontal or slightly elevated, the angle between the axes of the nasal openings is medium.

8. Tilt of the palpebral fissure: horizontal.
9. Perioral region: orthocheilia, thin mucous membranes of the lips.
10. Vertical profiling of the face: orthognathia.



14. Chin: protruding.
15. Beard and mustache growth, tertiary hairline: medium to strong beard development
(3-4 st. Cheboksarov), moderate hair growth on the chest.
16. Eye color: No. 9-12 on the Bunak scale (blue, light blue, gray-blue, gray).
17. Fold of the upper eyelid: absent, medium or strong in the peripheral zone of the eye.
18. Hair color: - ash blond / golden blond / dark blond / chestnut
19. Fitzpatrick skin phototype: #1-2. The skin is poorly tanned.
20. Structure, hair shape: straight.
21. Height: high.
22. Physique: men according to Bunak - muscular, abdominal types and their combined variants, women according to Galant - subathletic, mesoplastic and pyknic types.

Brunn type (Brunn)

1. Cephalic index: mesocephaly / sub-brachycephaly.
2. Facial index: mesoprosopia (except for the upper values), yuriprosopia, with large facial diameters.
2. Head height: high head type.
3. Nape: moderately protruding..
4. Horizontal profiling of the face: medium profiling of the face, medium-high bridge of the nose.
5. Angle of protrusion of the nose to the profile line: medium.
6. The profile of the bridge of the nose, the position of the tip of the nose, the position of the axes of the nasal openings: a straight or slightly concave bridge of the nose; the tip of the nose is horizontal or slightly raised, thick, the angle between the axes of the nasal openings is medium.
7. Nose width: medium, more than average.
8. Tilt of the palpebral fissure: horizontal.
9. Perioral region: orthocheilia, lips thin, moderately full, sometimes slightly everted.
10. Vertical profiling of the face: orthognathia.
11. Forehead slope: small or medium.
12. Eyebrow: moderately pronounced.
13. Jaw: - wide, straight, deep
14. Chin: protruding.
15. Beard and mustache growth, tertiary hairline: medium to strong beard development
(3-4 st. Cheboksarov), moderate hair growth on the chest.
16. Eye color: No. 9-12 on the Bunak scale (blue, light blue, gray-blue, gray).
17. Fold of the upper eyelid: absent, medium or strong in the peripheral zone of the eye.
18. Hair color: chestnut, red, golden brown.
19. Fitzpatrick skin phototype: #1-2. The skin is poorly tanned.
20. Structure, shape of hair: wavy.
21. Height: high.
22. Physique: men according to Bunak - muscular, abdominal types and their combined variants, women according to Galant - subathletic, mesoplastic and pyknic types.

Lappoid/Uraloid type

Lappoid

1. Cephalic index: brachycephaly.
2. Facial index: mesoprosopia, yuriprosopia, low face.

4. Nape: rounded.


7. The profile of the back of the nose, the position of the tip of the nose, the position of the axes of the nasal openings:
straight, slightly concave, concave bridge of the nose; the tip of the nose is raised, the angle between the axes of the nasal openings is
big.
8. Nose width: wide nose.
9. Tilt of the palpebral fissure: horizontal or moderately pronounced Mongoloid tilt.
10. Perioral region: orthocheilia, procheilia, thin or medium mucous lips, high upper lip.
11. Vertical profiling of the face: orthognathia, rarely mesognathia.
12. Forehead slope: Moderate.
13. Eyebrow: weakly expressed.

15. Chin: straight or protruding.

Cheboksarov) and weakened hair growth on the chest.

18. Fold of the upper eyelid: strong, swelling of the upper eyelid, often the epicanthus.
19. Hair color: black, black-blond.
20. Fitzpatrick skin phototype: #2-3. Moderate tan.
21. Structure, shape of hair: straight.
22. Height: small.
23. According to Bunak, the physique of men is muscular and abdominal and their intermediate variants, women according to Galant are mesoplastic and pycnic.

Uralid

1. Cephalic index: mesocephaly.
2. Facial index: mesoprosopia, yuriprosopia.
3. Head height: low, medium.
4. Nape: protruding.
5. Horizontal profiling of the face: weakened profiling of the face, reduced nose bridge.
6. The angle of protrusion of the nose to the profile line: reduced.
7. The profile of the back of the nose, the position of the tip of the nose, the position of the axes of the nasal openings:
slightly concave, concave bridge of the nose; the tip of the nose is raised, the angle between the axes of the nasal openings is
big.
8. Nose width: wide nose.
9. Tilt of the palpebral fissure: moderately pronounced Mongoloid tilt.
10. Perioral region: procheilia, thin or medium mucous lips.
11. Vertical profiling of the face: mesognathia, prognathism.
12. Forehead slope: Moderate.
13. Eyebrow: weakly expressed.
14. Jaw: medium wide, angular, low height.
15. Chin: straight or beveled.
16. The growth of a beard and mustache, tertiary hairline: below average beard development (3 tbsp.
Cheboksarov) and weakened hair growth on the chest.
17. Eye color: No. 1-6 on the Bunak scale (black, dark brown, light brown, yellow, brown-yellow-green).
18. Crease of the upper eyelid: medium, strong, swelling of the upper eyelid.
19. Hair color: black, black-blond.
20. Fitzpatrick skin phototype: No. 3. Tanning skin.
21. Structure, shape of hair: straight.

Nasal index

Gratitude to Svyatozar the Proud for

The Mediterranean racial zone stretches without breaks from Spain through the Strait of Gibraltar to Morocco, and from there east to India. Its branch extends far south on both sides of the Red Sea into southern Arabia, the Ethiopian highlands and the Horn of Africa. Of the three major Mediterranean sub-races that this zone contains, the most common, most central, most highly developed, and most typically Mediterranean is the central Mediterranean form, best represented by the skeletons of pre-dynastic Egyptians. Today, the largest single area in which this intermediate Mediterranean racial type of moderate size is found in its purest form is the Arabian Peninsula.

Arabia, about fifteen hundred miles long and a thousand wide, has a large mass of land but a small population. Because of the aridity of the great desert of Rub al-Khali and much of the north, the whole country can support no more than six million people, of which at least half live in the small, fertile southwestern part, the kingdom of Yemen.

The study of the prehistory of Arabia has only just begun. However, it is known that during the pluvial periods of the Pleistocene, the Empty Quarter was a fertile plateau through which large streams cut wide and deep wadis (dried riverbeds); and that it has been inhabited by people since at least the Acheulian time. Since the post-glacial drying up of this part of the world, Arabia has been able to serve as a vagina gentium, the womb of peoples, spewing into other regions the masses of the population which it could no longer feed. In legendary and historical times this role has continued: the ancient wanderings of the Jews, the settlement of the Ethiopian highlands by colonists from Hadhramawt, the great expansion of the Arabs in early Muslim times, are all examples.

Modern Arabia is divided into several kingdoms, each of which occupies a separate geographical area. The largest, Saudi Arabia, includes Nejd, Haza, Hijaz and Asir - in other words, all regions north and west of Rub al-Khali. Nejd is occupied by a mixed population of nomadic shepherds and farmers, of which the former are more numerous. The inhabitants of Nejd constitute a natural unity with the tribes of Transjordan and the Syrian desert. The northern border of Arabia in the ethnic sense does not coincide with its present political border, but is a line bordering the edge of the so-called fertile crescent. In northern Arabia, such tribes as the Ruvalla, Shammar and Howeitat should be included. The Hijaz, which includes the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, has a settled population engaged in agriculture and trade, and the wealth brought by the annual pilgrimage from all over the Islamic world does much to support the population of this sacred area. Asir, the southernmost and most recent part of Saudi Arabia to become part of the country, is a mountainous region occupied for the most part by farmers ethnically related more to Yemen than to the north.

The Kingdom of Yemen is bounded on the north by about the 17th parallel north latitude; in the west - by the Red Sea; in the south - the British protectorate of Aden; and to the east by the southwestern edge of the Empty Place. It consists of two main parts - a narrow coastal plain and a plateau that slopes gently to the east from an escarpment 10,000 feet high. This plateau is very fertile and contains a large agricultural population. On the northern and eastern border, it gradually turns into a pastoral area, and in the south it merges with the ethnic community of Hadhramaut. The eastern part of this plateau was once a very populated region, since here was the throne of the three great kingdoms of Maan, Kataban and Saba. This country was based partly on agriculture based on extensive irrigation projects, and partly on collections from the incense caravans that passed through them on their way north.

To the west of Yemen lies the Wadi Hadhramaut, a narrow strip of fertile valley separated from the Gulf of Aden by a mass of mountains almost devoid of vegetation. To the east of Hadhramaut lies Dhofar, surrounded by the Kwara mountains; this small semi-circle of earth preserves the lush vegetation brought to life by the constant downpours brought by the southeast monsoons. Of all southern Arabia, it alone retains the Pleistocene climate that made this region a fertile land in times past. To the northeast of the great desert, which acts as a gigantic barrier separating these kingdoms, lies Oman, a mountainous, agricultural country marked by maritime activity and the export of dates.

The population of Arabia can be divided into two general groups: the Arabs proper and the natives of Hadhramaut, the territories of Dhofar, and the island of Socotra. Those belonging to the first category are almost without exception the Mediterranean race, and it is this group that we are considering in our search for the pure Mediterranean form. On the other hand, Hadhramawt contains a fluid population with at least four social and ethnic elements. They include the Bedouins living in the smaller frontier valleys and in the valleys between Hadhramawt proper and the Gulf of Aden. These are slender people with small heads, curly hair and facial features that partly make them related to the large Vedoid group of humanity. Racially, they are on the borderline of the white race.

The second group consists of the tribes inhabiting the Hadhramaut Valley proper; they trace their roots back to Yemen and other parts of Arabia. The ancestors of these tribes apparently came to Hadhramaut in pre-Islamic times. In addition to these ancient immigrants, there is a class of artisans who claim their origins from various parts of the Arab world, and, as the highest stratum, a group of Said - the descendants of the prophet, who constitute the priestly aristocracy. Racially speaking, the population of Hadhramawt includes both Vedoid and Mediterranean elements. In more recent times, large numbers of slaves were imported from Africa, further increasing this racial complexity.

In Mahra, Dhofar and on the island of Socotra, pre-Arabic Semitic languages ​​have survived. These are Mari, which is spoken by the Mahra and Socotrians, and Shahari, which is spoken by the people living in the hills beyond Dhofar. Other ancient Semitic dialects seem to be related to these two language groups. The Mahra and the people immediately beyond Dhofar are for the most part of the same general racial type as the Bedouins of Hadhramawt and form its more pronounced core.

The origin of this non-Mediterranean, partly Veddoid population of southern Arabia is unclear. Culturally, they have many primitive features that make it possible to associate them, on the one hand, with the economy of such gatherers as the Australians and the Veddas, and, on the other hand, with the pastoral culture of the Toda in India and the Hamites and Bantu in East Africa.

Let us first consider the racial traits of the Yemenis living on the plateau, who seem to constitute the purest core of the Mediterranean race in Arabia studied so far. The group of 400 adult males from the central plateau and adjacent escarpment region, with few exceptions, belongs to a homogeneous Mediterranean type. This is a series of adult males with an average age of 33 years. The average height of this group is 164 cm - moderate; it is typical of the minor Mediterranean race, as defined in the previous chapters.

These Yemenis are of lean build; general observations of their type of constitution show that Yemenis are predominantly leptosomal in 60% of cases and occasionally stocky. The relative shoulder width of 21.5 is less than that of most European groups; the relative arm span of 102 is reminiscent of the purely Nordic groups of eastern Norway, and the relative sitting height of 51.3 is less than that of most Europeans. Yemenis, although short, are relatively long-legged. Their heads are of moderate size, with an average length of 188 mm and an average width of 143 mm, giving a cephalic index of 76, lying on the superior border of dolichocephaly. It should be noted that although the shape of the head is the same as that of the Nordic race, the length and width of the head is much less. The facial diameters are correspondingly narrow: the average smallest forehead width is 102 mm, the zygomatic diameter is 132 mm, and the bigonial diameter is 101 mm. These sizes are narrower than those we have encountered in Europe. A face height of 121 mm is moderate, and an upper face height of 72 mm should be considered large. It is indeed larger than many European groups with larger cranial and facial volumes. The nose height of 56mm is as large as most Nordic groups, while the nose width of 33.5 is small. The facial index 92 is only moderately leptoprosopenic, and the upper facial index is extremely leptonic. Here one can see disharmony between the general height of the face and the greater upper face height, which indicates the extreme smallness and fragility of the Mediterranean jaw. Nasal index 61 is extremely leptorrhine. The dimensions given above may serve as metric specifications for the small Mediterranean racial type in its purest form. Next, we'll take a look at the external specifications.

The skin color of Yemeni highlanders on exposed areas of the face, arms, and legs often appears brown, and the typical range of color for these skin areas lies between No. 12 and No. 18 on the von Luschan scale. In more than 50% of the series, the color of these skin areas is defined as No. 15 and darker. Really light skin was observed only in one case in a person who was rarely in the sun. When the observer checks the skin on the chest or the inside of the arms in those places where the sun rarely penetrates, it is immediately clear that these people are much lighter. The color of this closed skin in 83% of the entire series is swarthy, fitting in the von Luschan scale under No. 10 and No. 11. Lighter shades - No. 7 and No. 8 - are noted in about 5%, and the rest of the series is darker. No individual studied from the Yemeni plateau was darker than Lushan No. 18. Vascularity is present in all but one-fifth of subjects, but is poorly documented in most cases. Freckles were found in only 1% of the entire group; they are not typical of the pure Mediterranean race.

Yemeni head hair is straight in only 4% of the entire series, most have moderate waves, and 20% of the hair can be classified as curly. This hair form consists of wide, open locks, and is the same as the dominant form among the Veddoid natives of Hadhramaut. Negroid hair is not found in this group. This hair is of medium texture in 80% of the series and fine in the rest. Facial hair is mostly profuse, and baldness is rare. Only 14% of the entire group showed any signs of baldness other than pathological scab. The beard is small in over 50% of the series and rarely covers the entire lower face. Usually there are hairless spaces between the ends of the mustache and the beard on the chin. Body hair other than pubis and underarms is absent in a third of the group, and is generally only moderately developed. A minority of 10% have increased hair growth. In general, the classic Mediterranean type is characterized by a moderate to low amount of body hair, but it should not be concluded that an increased degree of body hair cannot be found in individual Mediterraneans.

Hair color is black in 90% of the series; with the exception of one example of blond hair and one redhead, the rest of the group has dark brown hair. However, only 75% of the group have black beards, with the remaining fourth divided into various shades of chestnut and red. A red beard is seen in 6% of the Yemeni series, and red hair on the head is found in only one case. In 12 out of 400 people, the beards contained visible patches of golden brown hair. Reddish-brown beards occur with the same frequency as red ones. Since there is no evidence of ash-blonde hair on either the head or beard, and the golden and red tints represent all instances of existing light pigmentation, it is clear that the hair of the basic Mediterranean type represented by these Yemenis contains a significant amount of red pigmentation.

Twenty-five percent of brown and light beards can be matched with 25% of light and mixed eye shades. However, dark brown eyes make up nearly half of the entire series, with black and light brown eyes definitely in the minority. Of mixed eyes, green-brown is most common, and dark mixed outperforms light mixed. No cases of pure blue or gray eyes were found in Yemen: the lightest eyes contained a few specks of brown pigment.

That the percentage of beards containing evidence of light pigmentation is the same as the percentage of mixed irises, and that the color of head hair is almost always black, is suggestive. Since it would be difficult to find a purer Mediterranean racial type than this, it may be postulated that some tendency towards lightening is present in about a fourth of this branch of the Mediterranean race, otherwise dark, but this tendency is rarely expressed in the form of extremely light pigmentation. For historical reasons, the figure of 25% in Yemen is too high to be explained only by mixing with an outside population.

Internal folds of the eyelid are completely absent. Middle folds are found in about 10% of the series, while outer folds are present in another 15%. Thus the state generally considered Nordic exists among Mediterraneans in almost equal measure. In 15% of the series, a slight tilt of the eyes upwards is found, and the opening between the eyelids is usually moderate in width. Thick eyebrows are found in the fourth part of the series, while the rest have moderate to medium. It is interesting to note that brow convergence is present in 85% of the group. It is small in most cases, but moderately pronounced in 40%. Therefore, the idea that at least these Mediterraneans do not have converging eyebrows must be discarded. A moderate amount of this convergence is an obvious Mediterranean trait. The brow ridges of these Yemenis are small in half of the group and moderate in most of the other half; only about 5% have prominent brow ridges comparable to those found so often in Northern Europe.

From the observer's point of view, the forehead has a moderate to high height; its slope is less than usual for the Nordics. Absent or very slight slope is found in almost half of the group, and slope comparable to that of the Nordics makes up the other half.

The indentation in the nasal region is usually small; in many cases it is almost absent. The root of the nose is almost always high and narrow, the bridge of the nose is above average in 60% of the series, and the typical width is small to medium. The profile of the nose is convex in half of the group. Concave profiles are limited to 3% and the rest are straight. The convex-concave profile, so common in some Nordic types, is absent here. The tip of the nose is usually narrow to medium. It is usually horizontal or slightly upturned; a downward slope was found only in one sixth of the group. The wings of the nose are alternately medium or narrowed, and widening downwards only in 2% of the group. The nostrils often take the form of a thin oval in contour and are set under slightly oblique axes.

In general, the shape of the nose of the Yemenis is quite constant and has little variability. The Yemeni nose has a high root and high bridge; it is narrow, with a convex to straight profile, and a narrow, slightly raised tip, compressed to moderate wings, and narrow, slightly oblique nasal openings. The number of bulging noses is greater among Mediterraneans than among Nordics, and the Mediterranean group represented by this series is slightly more leptorrhine than all but the most extreme Nordic groups.

The lips of the Yemenis are of moderate height, and the thickness of the lips is usually narrow to medium. The lips are usually only slightly turned out. The joint of the lips is visible throughout the group. Prognathism is rare: 9% show mild to moderate development of its facial variant, and the alveolar type is limited to 2%. It must be remembered here that a small amount of facial prognathism is a typically Caucasoid and especially Mediterranean trait, while alveolar prognathism is more of a Negro trait. She, like other Negroid features, is practically absent in the highlands of Yemen.

Despite the small size and narrowness of the Yemenite mandible, the chin protrudes moderately European-style in 70% of the series. The distinctly protruding chins found in Northern Europe among the descendants of the Upper Paleolithic population are absent. These chins are average in three-fourths of the cases, and the remaining fourth has a form common among Europeans. Only one person in five has a level bite, so common among medieval and ancient European skulls, because in the arrangement of teeth and the general development of the jaw, the Yemenites have features already noted in the Sumerian time in the skulls from Mesopotamia.

For larger faces, Yemenis show little or no frontal protrusion of the cheekbones, and moderate transverse protrusion is usually due to the small development of the temporalis muscle and the general thinness of the soft tissues of the face. The angles of the lower jaw are in most cases medium to small. The occiput prominence is usually considerable, and the flattening is absent or very small in three-fourths of the series, and in the remaining quarter as pronounced as in most Nordics.

Although the Yemenis of the plateau of this region, centered around Sanaa, can be seen as a lesser variety of the Mediterranean race in its purest form, this is not true for other parts of Yemen. In the southern part of the mountainous region near the cities of Yerim, Ibb and Taiz, a mixture of this Mediterranean type with the Veddoid type typical of Hadhramaut is seen. Further, along the Yemeni coast, the rural areas are mostly occupied by Negroid farmers who were imported as agricultural slaves, since climatic conditions prevent serious white physical effort. However, there is also a minority of white farmers, and they are partly of the Mediterranean type described above. However, the sizable coastal population, located in large cities and seaside villages, is of an entirely different physical type.

Coastal Yemenis are shorter than plateau Mediterraneans, with an average height of only 160 cm. They have a smaller head size, with a very short glabella to occiput length of 177 mm, a skull height of only 122 mm, and an average cephalic index of 84. Their faces are broader. than in the plateau population, and very short with an average face height of 118 mm. The nasal index 64 is less leptorrhine and the length of the palpebral fissure is much longer. This coastal population often has coarse, straight hair; their skin color tends to be darker than that of the plateau population, their faces are more dense, and their ears are prominent and sloping.

This brachycephalic coastal population strongly resembles the Malays and Indonesians in some metrical characteristics, and it is believed that there is a lot of Malay blood present in certain families. On the other hand, in terms of morphology, most of them look like Armenoids, as they often have bulging noses with thick tips and sloping foreheads. In any case, whatever their origin (which is no doubt mixed), they are a newcomer population brought to southern Arabia by sea and have no connection with the original Mediterranean group that developed in the highlands. Evidence of their racial influence can be seen among the agricultural population of the coast and to some extent in the southern cities, but so far they seem to have had no effect on the plateau itself. Perhaps the 10,000-foot escarpment barrier and the great difference in climate are sufficient to keep the coastal population away from the plateau, while the population of the plateau at the same time only to a small extent penetrated into the lowlands with their harmful climate.

A careful observer may note the presence of a number of subtypes in the population of the Yemeni plateau. The cities have a specific, emphasized Mediterranean population with shorter stature, narrower and lower heads, narrower faces and noses, and lighter skin color than the rest of the Yemenis. The urban type seems to be largely professionally selected and represents the quintessential Mediterranean race. The rural population as a whole is slightly larger, slightly broader-shouldered, and has slightly more wavy hair.

Among the tribal and village sheikhs and officers of the Imam's army one can often find examples of a tall, very long-headed and long-faced Atlanto-Mediterranean type, which seems to be a socially selected variant of this group. Nordic looking people are usually associated with the social stratum from which civil servants and priests are recruited, and it is more than just a coincidence that the recognized descendants of the prophet are fairer skinned and show more evidence of light pigmentation than the rest of the population. There may have been a Nordic element associated with the holy families that arrived in the region from the Hijaz in early post-Islamic times.

We have no data from Asir, but it is probable that the inhabitants of this mountainous province resemble to a great extent the inhabitants of the Yemeni highlands. There is almost no material from the Hijaz either, but a few words can be said on the basis of personal observations. Today, the townsfolk, who profit greatly from trading with wanderers and who inhabit mainly Jeddah, Mecca, Taif, and Medina, are as diverse and diverse a group as one finds in Port Said or Honolulu. Thousands of Javanese, Chinese Muslims, Bukharians from Turkestan, as well as Indian Muslims and African Negroes, attracted by the holy places, stayed here. The resident population of these cities is probably less than half Arab. So far, these foreign elements are not strongly mixed with the local population, and the ancient families have retained their isolation from these alien types, but the importance of the newcomers in the future cannot be overstated. As a result, the Hijaz will become the site of a highly mixed population, consisting of three primary racial groups - Caucasians, Negroids and Mongoloids.

The members of the ancient families of the Hejaz are in many cases of a clearly differentiated type, which in its extreme form can be described without difficulty. These are people of medium to tall height; they are broad-shouldered, long-bodied, heavy, and their constitutional type tends to accumulate both muscle and fat. Their heads are large, ranging from mesocephalic to brachycephalic, their faces are both broad and long, and their noses often have large and fleshy tips. The chin is prominent and the lower jaw is strong. Their hair is dark brown to black, their beard is heavily developed, and their eye color is typically brown, although light eyes are quite common.

Although the existence of this Alpine-looking Hijaz type is perhaps too early to assert on a scientific basis, its existence will be confirmed by readers familiar with the population of this region. It seems very likely that people of this general type went to North Africa with the ancient Muslim conquests, since this type is often found among the aristocratic families of North African cities, especially in Fes, in contrast to the rest of the population, which is almost entirely dolichocephalic. It would be foolish to consider the origin of this type in the absence of metric data, but one can be sure that it is not of purely Mediterranean origin. He is probably associated mainly with the townspeople and with older aboriginal families.

In the same way, we have no information on the exact physical nature of the nomadic population of Nejd, but we do have a corpus of information on a number of tribes who herd their camels in Transjordan and in the desert parts of Syria and Iraq. Notable among them is the Ruvalla tribe, known from the writings of Lawrence, Musil, Raswan and others. A series of 270 adult Ruwalla males measured by Shanklin are shorter than the Yemenis, with an average height of 162 cm, but other Bedouin tribes such as the Shammar are taller, and when moving to regions in the north, the Bedouin height reaches 170 cm. However, in general, the growth of northern Arabs should be considered low to medium stature. The relative sitting height of 51 among the Ruwallas is consistent with the Yemeni and is a typical Mediterranean trait.

The heads of the Ruwalla, with an average length of 192 mm, are slightly longer than those of the Yemenis, and the head index of 75 is slightly smaller. The faces of the Ruwalla, with an average zygomatic diameter of 130 mm, are very narrow. Other sizes are reminiscent of those already familiar to us from Yemen. The skin color of the Ruwalla appears to be generally somewhat darker than that of the Yemenis. The hair is usually black or dark brown, and Shanklin has not recorded a single case of partial light pigmentation, although individuals who have it have been noted by other observers. However, it is clear that 25% of the rudimentary light pigmentation noted in Yemen is absent from this tribe, although Field found an even larger proportion among the Shammar.

Among the Ruwallas, there are two easily distinguishable types: a larger type, with a broader face and straight nose, medium to wide, definitely reminiscent of the aboriginal population of Hadhramawt and Dhofar; and what can be described as the more refined type to which most of the sheikh families belong. It is more narrow-faced and narrow-nosed, with an often concave or hooked nose profile. This hawk-faced type of Arab aristocrat is better known than the other type, but probably less numerous. He reaches an extreme personification in the old warrior Sheikh Aud Abu Tayi, whose facial features are known to thousands because of a charcoal portrait published in Lawrence's Seven Pillars of Wisdom.

The purest Mediterranean group in northern Arabia is that of the Solubbi, or Sleibs. These are mysterious exiles, wandering in small family groups from camp to camp, hunting, working with skin and tinning for the Bedouins. The despised position of the slabs can be understood from their tattered clothes, small tents, and the fact that they have no camels and cannot ride horses. However, they are considered the true natives of the desert and know more about its topography and can survive in it with more difficulties than any other people. Measurements made by Dr. Henry Field on a series of these scattered people show that they are close to the standard of the Yemeni plateau and appear lighter-skinned and less Dravidian than the average Bedouin.

The origin of the camel-herding Bedouins, with their long genealogies and complex social structure, has long been a problem for ethnologists. Although there is no room here for a lengthy study of the subject, the author believes that the Bedouin pastoral complex is not the offspring of the southern Arabian pastoral culture, which in turn is closely related to that of India and East Africa. It is probable that with the coming drought and the collapse of the ancient civilizations of southern Arabia, one or more tribes and families of Yemenite and Veddoid origin moved north from Nejran into Nejd and the Syrian desert, transferring the economic aspects of their pastoral culture to their camels and the social aspects to their mares. According to this hypothesis, the Sleibs and socially inferior tribes outside the Aneyza tribal union, raising both sheep and camels, represent older elements of the population and are purer Mediterraneans than the Ruwallas.

It was first identified by the French racial anthropologist J. Lapouge in the second half of the 19th century. G. Günther called this race Western, and V. Bunak introduces the term Pontic race to designate the Black Sea variety of the Mediterraneans.

The shape of the head of the Mediterranean race is close to the Nordic, but noticeably smaller in absolute size. The skull is dolichocephalic (or mesocephalic), the occiput protruding. The face is narrow, the brow ridges are absent, the eyes and hair are dark, the skin tone is darker than that of other European races, the facial features are “wrong”, the appearance is “southern”.

In the work “The Racial of the German People”, G. Günther describes the Mediterraneans as follows:
"Western race. Signs: small stature, long head, narrow face, chin protrudes less; narrow nose with a high base, soft brown or black hair, deep-set dark eyes, brownish skin. Deniker distinguishes two varieties: Ibero-island and coastal or Atlanto-Mediterranean.
Sergi also calls this race Euro-African. In the writings of German authors (in particular, L.F. Klauss) the name Mediterranean race is also found, but usually, after Sergi, it is called Mediterranean. In scientific classification, the term “Homo mediterraneus” is often used, in Sergi it is a Mediterranean variety of the Euro-African species, in Lapouge it is Homo meridionalis. English researchers used to call this race Iberian, French and Italian - Ligurian. I have chosen the name "Western" race, because it indicates better than "Mediterranean" the present and prehistoric area of ​​distribution of this race. The name "Mediterranean" race diverts our attention from the fact that people of this race also live in Scotland, southern England and Ireland. My opinion about the correctness of this choice was strengthened by the book of K. Schuchardt "Ancient Europe", 2nd edition, Berlin, 1926, in which, on the basis of archaeological finds, he showed how a civilization that arose in Western Europe on the territory of present-day England, Spain and France spread along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea.

Formation and settlement.

“Because of the characteristics common to the Nordic and Mediterranean races, we come to the postulate of the common origin of these races from the same Paleolithic group” G. Günter “Racial elements of European history”

According to K. Kuhn, most likely such a Paleolithic group was the Cro-Magnons related to the samples from Galley-Hill, Combe-Capelle and Afalu No. 26.

Part of this population of Cro-Magnons probably moved to the Middle East, while the other remained in Europe (and became the Nords, who later manifested themselves in the form of a type of corded ceramics and battle axes).
In Asia Minor, the Paleolithic Proto-Nordic/Proto-Mediterranean population mixed with local racial types (possibly derived from mixtures of earlier waves of Cro-Magnon settlement and local pre-Cro-Magnon hominids), forming one of the racial types of the large Near East race, the Orientalid type.

Birth surge in 3500-3000 BC in the Middle East leads to the expansion of the Middle East masses speaking Semitic-Hamitic languages ​​(the term Afroasian language family is now used). The Cro-Magnon culture of North Africa (Mechtoids, (* 1) is swept away by the Near Asian invasion (on the eastern part of the North African Cro-Magnon culture, the Near Asian-Mediterranean Egyptian culture arises, (* 2). The Near Asian-Mediterranean wave of settlement reaches the Iberian Peninsula, and through it Western Europe (*3) Other waves of Afroasian (Semitic-Hamitic) peoples from the Middle East reach the Balkans and the Caucasus in the north, East Africa in the south, northern India in the east.(*4)
In the 1st millennium, the Celts (most likely the Nords), from Central Europe, move to Western Europe, partially exterminating, partially assimilating the Middle Eastern newcomers in Western Europe. As the Celtic expansion progressed, the Nordic type of the Celts was increasingly lost due to mixing, but the Asiatic-Mediterranean population also changed to Mediterranean, Dinaric and Mediterranean-Nordic.
The subsequent Nordic wave of the Germanic invasion of Western Europe will already give birth to the Celtic Nordid from this mixture.

"The Oriental race is closest to the Mediterranean race. Both races can be regarded as two different types of the same race, at least in physical terms...
... The question of the common origin of the Hamitic (Ethiopian) and Oriental races seems less difficult, if the area of ​​origin of the first was indeed Southwest Asia, and the second, as Ungnad suggests, Southeast Europe. But, since the Oriental race is as close to the Mediterranean as it is to the Hamitic (Ethiopian), this immediately raises the question of the common origin of these three races.

Light pigmentation of Proto-Mediterraneans/Protonordids.

The appearance of light pigmentation among the Near Eastern population is most likely due to the Proto-Nordic/Proto-Mediterranean influence among the Orianthelids.

K. Kuhn, in his work "The Races of Europe", noted that the peoples of the Middle East have a noticeable light-pigmented part of the population. Rudimentary light pigmentation, K. Kuhn estimated about 25% of the total mass of Orientalid populations of Arabs and other peoples of Western Asia.

"This third racial zone stretches from Spain across the Strait of Gibraltar to Morocco, and thence across the southern Mediterranean coast to Arabia, East Africa, Mesopotamia and the Persian highlands; and also extends through Afghanistan to India...
(description of the Arabs of Yemen) hair color is black in 90% of the series; with the exception of one example of blond hair and one redhead, the rest of the group has dark brown hair. However, the beard color is black in only 75% of the group, with the remaining fourth divided into various shades of chestnut and red. 25% of brown and blond beards can be compared with 25% of light and mixed shades of eyes... ...for historical reasons, the figure of 25% in Yemen is too high to be explained only by mixing with an outside population."
(description of the population of Iraq and the coastal regions of the Persian Gulf) Hair color is predominantly dark chestnut or black, with a minority of 5% with light or reddish tints. As in Arabia, eye color is predominantly dark brown, and 25% of light mixed shades can be found. (Mesopotamian population is described)
(population of Kuwait) The hair on the head is typically black, and the beard shows shades ranging from chestnut to golden and red in one third. In this small group, a high proportion of red beards (18%) was found. Here again the usual 25% of mixed eyes are found, while the rest are mostly dark brown.
(Jews of Palestine, excluding 20th century immigrants) Modern Samaritans show more than the usual 25% partial or rudimentary light pigmentation; out of 35 people, 17 or 2/3 have black or dark brown hair on their heads, one person has blond hair, and the rest has chestnut hair. Only 7 (22%) out of 35 have black or dark brown beards, the rest have chestnut, blond and red beards. According to eye color, a third was light or mixed; the rest are equally divided between dark brown and brown."
K. Kuhn, "Races of Europe"

Racial types of the Mediterranean race.

There are three main types of Mediterranean race:
Western Mediterranean type - distributed throughout the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea (among the Spaniards, French, Italians, Greeks). It is distinguished by finer facial features, darker pigmentation of the eyes and hair, and a more thin-walled physique. Actually this is the classic Mediterranean.

Atlanto-Mediterranean type - ubiquitous in Western Europe (in particular, France, Ireland, Portugal). It differs, first of all, in a normal-boned physique, taller stature, lighter (than the classic Mediterranean) pigmentation of the eyes and hair. The structure of the face is closest to the structure of the face of the Nordic race. Actually, this is a Mediterranean, who received significant Nordic influence during his formation.

The Pontic type is common among Bulgarians, Ukrainians, a small part of Greeks, Romanians, and is also found among Russians, Belarusians, Poles and Hungarians. K. Kuhn considered the Pontids as an Eastern European version of the Atlanto-Mediterraneans. Pontid characters occupy an intermediate position between the Atlanto-Mediterranean and Western Mediterranean types. In the Black Sea region, the Pontic variant of the Mediterranean race was formed under the influence of Oriental-Nordic mixtures from Iran. (*5)

The difference between the Mediterranean and the Oriental is based on the severity of Caucasoid features. Actually, it is the same as in Alpinid and Turanid, Eastern Baltid and Lappoid, etc.

*1) Cro-Magnons of North Africa, Mechtoids

The modern population of the entire African Mediterranean coast is anthropologically fairly homogeneous. In general, they are typical Caucasians, black-haired and dark-eyed, with a dolicho-mesocephalic skull. On average, their height is 165-170 cm.

Some anthropologists, in particular Deniker, tried to establish the presence of two races in North Africa - the Arab and the Berber. They assumed that in the VIII century. n. e. the Arabs who conquered the countries of the Maghreb - Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, settled in the valleys, displacing the Berbers, the ancient population of the country, into the mountains. Thus, from the time of the Arab conquest, in their opinion, two races, or two physical types, must have coexisted. Arabs, according to Deniker, are somewhat taller and more long-headed. Their face is elliptical, while that of the Berbers is angular. The nose of the Arabs is convex - the Berbers have a straight or concave nose. But Deniker himself points out that among the Arabs and among the Berbers there are representatives of both of his "races".

Many anthropologists, studying the population of North Africa, attributed to the Arabs the population speaking Arabic, and the Berbers considered the population that preserved the Berber languages. But division according to linguistic characteristics cannot serve as a basis for determining the anthropological type.

As history shows, the conquest of North Africa did not significantly change the composition of the population. It is believed that in the VII century. n. e., when North Africa was conquered by the Arabs, its total population was about 10 million. The total number of conquerors, including the resettled Beni Hilal and Beni Sulaim tribes, did not exceed 200 thousand, i.e., amounted to only 2% . The current "Arabs" are the indigenous inhabitants of North Africa, the Berbers (formerly Libyans), who adopted the Arabic language and Arabic culture.

Anthropologists attribute the population of all the countries of the Atlas of Libya and Egypt to the Caucasoid race, more precisely, to the Mediterranean or Mediterranean-Balkan racial group. Inside it there are many local options. So, for example, those living on the island of Djerba and in the surrounding areas of Tunisia have a greater brachycephaly than in other areas. Some tribes living in the Atlas Mountains have light pigmentation, gray or blue eyes, and even blond hair. Some anthropologists thought that these tribes were the descendants of the Vandals, but the Greeks, and before them the ancient Egyptians, observed light-skinned and even blond Libyans in the population of North Africa 1 .

The distribution of the Caucasoid type in Africa is limited to its extreme north and the Sahara, where the Tuareg live, who by their origin make up the southern group of Berbers.

In North Africa, in particular in the cities of southern Morocco, in southern Algeria and Tunisia, negroid traits are clearly reflected in the physical type of the population - the result of a mixture of the indigenous population with non-Gram slaves brought here in the recent past.

In Kordofan, Darfur and other areas of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, the majority of the population is of the Negroid race. Among them live the Arab tribes who migrated to the steppes of the Sudan with their herds; such, for example, are the Arabs of the Shoah. Their way of life, beliefs and customs are purely Arabic, they speak Arabic, but in their physical type they are not much different from the surrounding Negroids.

Among some peoples of the Sudan (Teda, Kanuri, partly Hausa, etc.), there is probably an admixture of dark-haired Caucasians. They are characterized by lighter skin than Negroids, less curly hair, a lower nose, and prognathism is rare.

Negroid race

South of the desert belt, which are united under the common name of the Sahara, the main part of the indigenous population of the entire Western and Central Sudan, the upper reaches of the Nile, the entire Congo basin, all of Eastern and Southern Africa are the peoples of the Negroid race. In the region of Western Sudan and Western Tropical Africa, the Negroid type was formed.

The main features of the Negroid anthropological type (dark skin color, curly hair, etc.) owe their appearance to the influence of the environment in which it was formed. The dark color of the skin depends on the presence of melanin in it, which colors the inner layers of the epidermis and is deposited both in the cells themselves and between them. Melanin prevents the penetration of a significant part of ultraviolet rays into the body, delaying rays with fluctuations from 280 to 313 jjljjl, protecting blood vessels and nerve endings in the skin from their harmful effects and overheating. The distribution of melanin on the surface of the body is not the same. The skin on the back and on the back of the head is especially dark, covering the most important parts of the nervous system from exposure to ultraviolet rays. Curly hair has the same meaning. The hair on the head is like a cover that protects the head from overheating. Thick curly hair, where each individual hair is twisted in a spiral, retains an air gap and serves as protection from the rays of the scorching sun. Obviously, all these protective features of the organism could be developed only as a result of a long process of adaptation to the environment over many generations. Consequently, the formation of the Negroid type occurred in a hot climate.

The modern population of the Niger and Congo basins is considered the most typical representative of the Negroid race. It is characterized, as has been said, by very dark skin, sharply curly hair, the presence of prognathism, a broad nose with a low nose bridge, and swollen lips. The head is dolicho-mesocephalic, sometimes moderately brachycephalic, with a straight forehead and a poorly developed superciliary.

The main population of Africa - the Negroid race - has been studied much worse than other anthropological groups and racial types. Representatives of the Negroid type differ among themselves in skin color, the presence of prognathism, the thickness of the lips, height, etc. The inhabitants of the extreme west of Africa, in particular Senegal and Guinea, have a very dark skin color. A rather dark skin color is also noted among the peoples of the upper reaches of the Nile. On the contrary, light brown skin color distinguishes the peoples of Southeast Africa. The differences in prognathism are also quite significant: in West Africa, among the peoples of Western Sudan, it is very pronounced, in the population of South Africa it is sometimes almost never found.

Very significant fluctuations in growth. Suffice it to say that the average height of growth ranges between 165 and 185 cm. The following values ​​were noted in individual groups:

	Height (cm)	population	Height (cm)
French West Africa Wolof................		East Africa" Baganda............
Serer.................		Banyancole. . . .
Tukuler............		Banyarwanda. . . .
Mandingo:		Barundi............
soninka ....		Wanyamwezi. . . .
bambara....		Swahili............
susu.......		Wayao..............
Songhai ....... mine. . *............		South
Lobby ....................		Africa
Dahomey...		Zulus n braid. . .
Nigeria		Bechuany............
Hausa............
Yoruba.......		french
Belgian Congo Azande............ Bakongo............		Equatorial Africa Sarah....................
Bangala ......		Kotoko.......
Baluba................
Mongo............		Yaounde.................

The greatest brachycephaly was noted among the inhabitants of the forest area (cephalic index 78-80). The South African Bantu, in particular the Zulus, are dolichocephalic (74-75 in the Zulus). Extreme dolichocephaly noted in the Great Lakes area near the Bahim (72-73) G.

Some anthropologists have tried to link the anthropological features of certain population groups with the spread of languages. Based on the fact that the peoples of Sudan are linguistically different from the peoples living south of Sudan and speaking Bantu languages, anthropologists distinguished the Sudanese type and the Bantu type. However, a special anthropological type of Bantu, as well as a single Sudanese type, does not exist. The spread of languages ​​does not always coincide with the spread of a particular physical type.

It is quite obvious that the study of the physical type of the population of Africa must be based on a systematic and massive study of the population, since only observations carried out on a large scale can give firm grounds for conclusions. This is the business of the future. So far, we have very little data. There is no doubt, however, that there is no single Negro type. Researchers, more than others involved in the classification of the Negroid race, tried to establish the following types. In the region of Western Sudan, in its steppe part, there are three groups, namely: Senegalese (type: Wolof), Nigerian (type: Mandingo), Chadian (type: Hausa); in the region of Central Sudan - two groups: Saharan (type: sara), Nile (type: Dinka); in the region of Upper Guinea and West Tropical Africa of the Congo and Ogove basins - forest type; in the region of East and Southeast Africa - the Kaffir type.

This classification is the result of the only attempt so far to establish the existence of various types within the Negroid anthropological group and cannot be considered generally accepted. In any case, we must assume that this group includes several anthropological types: Sudanese, East African, etc., which have yet to be identified. Among them, the Nilotic type stands out sharply.

The peoples living at the source and in the upper and middle reaches of the Nile (Dinka, Shilluk, Nuer and many others) differ from the peoples of Eastern and Central Sudan in their exceptionally tall stature, very dark skin color, little pronounced prognathism and a narrower nose. All researchers unanimously note the exceptional growth, which in some groups averages 182 cm, and in some individuals reaches two or more meters. Many peoples living in the region of the Great Lakes retain undoubted features of the Nilotic type. They are distinguished by their high growth (about 180 cm), narrow face and narrow nose. These types are especially common among the peoples of the Barundi, Bahima and some others. The Nilotic type is characterized by a very dark skin color. Apparently, this is the most darkly pigmented anthropological type on the entire globe. Pigmented spots are found in nilots on the mucous membrane of the mouth and on the tongue. According to the head index, the Nilotic people are extremely dolichocephalic (71-74). The southeastern and northern neighbors of the Nilotic people (Nubians of Barabra, Barea, Kunama, etc.) are distinguished by somewhat less dark skin color, shorter stature (169-174 cm), less dolichocephaly (head index 73-75) and less curly hair. They can be attributed to the number of representatives of the Ethiopian anthropological group.

Among the Germans, this race is poorly represented - only 2%, and even then mostly in a mixture. There are no areas where this race predominates in Germany.

English researchers note such characteristic features of the Western race: emotional speech, eloquence, a lively and mobile mind - feelings quickly find their expression in an abundant stream of words; the ability to quickly grasp the essence of the matter and the inability to make clear assessments. “A lively mind that is harmed by a lack of constancy and patience” (Matthew Arnold). The Western man is quickly uplifted and just as quickly despondent: often one thing follows another. Often, because of his ardor, he runs into trouble, but just as easily avoids them thanks to his dexterity and resourcefulness. In his assessments, he is guided by feeling rather than reason. "He is always ready to rebel against reality" (Henry Martin), he is always driven by his easily excitable spirit.

We see these traits in the Spaniards, the Mediterranean French, the southern Italians, and also in the Irish. The essence of Western man is the emotionality and dynamism of the psyche. All the forces of the soul in him are more directed to the outside world, and in the Nordic man - to the inner. Therefore, a Western person is more susceptible to external impressions, he loves bright colors. Hence his curiosity and thirst for change; because of a less substantial inner life, he is constantly in need of external impressions. The spirit of a Nordic person corresponds to his favorite colors (in women, the sense of color is more developed), which he prefers in clothes, jewelry, in the interior of an apartment, when choosing works of art - blue (light blue) and light green. The favorite colors of the Western race are red and yellow. In the field of art, Delacroix and Géricault (the latter of mixed Nordic-Western blood, blue eyes, blond hair) show, in my opinion, a Western sense of color, in Spain the truly Western artist is Zuloaga. It is not easy to name other Western artists. For example, in France, with the exception of Delacroix, all the most significant artists are mostly of Nordic blood. The same can be said about Italy, especially about Renaissance Italy, and about the great Spanish art (see Woltmann's books mentioned), although, of course, the artists of these countries could often have small admixtures of Western blood. As for music, almost all the great Italian composers are of Nordic or Nordic-Dinaric origin, but Spanish and southern Italian folk songs show the Western man as described above: light, mobile, passionate, cheerful.

Passion and mobility - because of these properties, the depth of the Nordic spirit remains alien to Western man. He most easily perceives the joys of life, and the Nordic person is worried about the problems of life. For a Westerner, life is a game; for a Nordic, it is a task that must be approached with all seriousness. The Nordic man can be his own judge, the Westerner is always his own protector. Remorse is a Nordic (and false) phenomenon; Hamlet and Macbeth are alien to Western and Eastern people. The pangs of conscience of the people of the Eastern Baltic race differ from those of the Nordics in that they are drawn out, confused, and do not lead to any solution. Western man always watches with curiosity to see how someone who has fallen into sin will extricate himself. Characteristically, the Spanish diminutive word "pecadillo" - "sin" - it expresses the crafty attitude of Western man to his own conscience. He is not interested in a man who condemns himself; he is interested in a man who gets out of a difficult situation, a mischievous person who ultimately laughs at his pursuers, at gullible fools, at deceived ones, at court and neighbors. The image of a rogue is quite in the Western spirit: such is Figaro in Rossini's The Barber of Seville (Mozart's Figaro is completely different); hence such images as Gilles Blas and the hero of Dode, Tartarin of Tarascon.

And in the image of Odysseus (Homer in one place calls him black-haired), along with the Nordic ones, there are also Western features or a mixture of Western and Western Asian features. From this it can be judged that the Odyssey arose later than the Iliad, the Nordic heroic epic.

It is no coincidence that, speaking here of the Western race, we cannot point to a single well-known historical figure as a characteristic representative of the Western race. This race puts forward people who, by virtue of their lively mind, cheerful temperament, dexterity and sociability, seem to the Nordic man richly endowed by nature. The Western person is more sociable than the Nordic. He is characterized by hospitality and courtesy, he loves his family and children very much, gives alms to the poor. The special qualities of the Western race are striking, but it does not produce outstanding people. It should not be thought that Rossini belonged to the Western race, he was (according to Woltmann) a tall blue-eyed blond. Even Delacroix (brown-eyed and dark-haired) cannot be unconditionally classified as a Western race - he is too tall for her. Robert Burns had Western features, dark hair and eyes, but was also tall. Bizet, who expressed the Western essence so well in music, was taller than average, fair-haired and light-eyed. They say he was half Jewish. The Western race, for all its linguistic delights, lacks creative power. Her spirit, like her body, is light, dancing, weightless. The spirit of struggle, spiritual depth, remorse and suicide are alien to Western man.

Even Lombroso drew attention to the fact that areas of Italy with a predominantly western population, such as Calabria or Sardinia, give few highly gifted people (the philosopher B. Croce, who was born in the Abruzzi, is a light-eyed blond). Northern Italians, less mixed with the Western race, are more gifted.

The people of the upper classes in those regions of Italy where the Western race predominates are less long-headed; the teachers of Spanish higher schools differ from the surrounding population in the same way ...

In Italy, in the western-populated south, venereal diseases are more common. The Western race is characterized by hypertrophied sexuality. so-called. The "Gallic spirit" absorbed a lot from the Western race and has little in common with the purely Celtic spirit... Strict, businesslike and clear "Latin genius", in contrast to the "Gallic spirit" - the legacy of the Nordic race.

Western man admires rogues and is prone to adultery. His conscience does not bother him, a deceived husband is a subject for ridicule. Real, Nordic Celts, like R. Wagner, see a tragic figure in King Mark in the Tristan saga, and the Western “Gallic spirit” turns this king into a laughingstock. Nordic Frenchmen like Flaubert or Romain Rolland do not have this spirit.

In the past, the tribes of the Western race were matriarchal. Westerners are also cruel, they like to torture animals. Besides, they are lazy. They want to stress less and enjoy more. While working, they think more about themselves than about the business.

Westerners are excellent speakers. When they give a speech, their whole body is involved. In France, one can see and hear preachers who, by their command of the language, will outdo any German speaker, and by their gestures, any German actor. Innate oratorical abilities are rare in the Nordic race, and very common in the Western race.

Western man is alien to the spirit of Protestantism. In Protestantism there are no bright colors, gestures, oratory, no multicolored Catholic skies. But the Nordic Catholicism of Westphalia, or the Dinaric Catholicism of Upper Bavaria and Tyrol, is something completely different from the Irish or Southern Italian Catholicism of the Western race. In Southern Catholicism, from prehistoric times, the Western form of belief has been preserved, more matriarchal, more sexual and joyful (see Kinast's Apollo and Dionysus, Munich, 1927).

The faith of the Western man is not so deeply rooted in the conscience as the faith of the Nordic man. It serves as an expression of gratitude for life. The Nordic man's faith may be shaken if he comes into conflict with God; Western man has hours of rage against God and the world, when his eloquence is expressed in curses of all kinds, but after that he easily regains his balance. Maybe he has a short memory and therefore he is easily reconciled.

Western man, like the Nordic, has a developed sense of honor, but it is exaggerated and ostentatious. Western man does not consider it dishonorable to lie. He has more power of imagination than a man of the Nordic race. The restraint of the Nordic man irritates him.

Crime figures are higher in those areas of Italy where the Western race predominates. Niceforo describes one such area in Sardinia. In politics, Western man is prone to anarchy, conspiracies and banditry. Examples are the Irish Shinfeiners, the Italian Camorra and Mafia, and Italian Freemasonry. In elections, the western population of France, Wales and Ireland willingly votes for the "radicals".

The peculiarities of the racial soul can be judged both by religious and political life. K.F. Müller showed this with the example of socialist parties in his book The Labor Movement and the Demographic Problem (1927): “It is enough to compare what is happening in approximately the same economic conditions and yet such a fundamentally different development of the labor movement in the Scandinavian and Iberian peninsulas. In the first case, we have a sober, mature, proud movement of the Nordic working class through reforms to a higher standard of living, in the second, an inability to organize such an organization, hysterical outbursts, theatrical gestures, syndicalist methods of struggle.

The Nordic person seems boring, ponderous and generally alien to the Westerner. The Nordic man often despises the Westerner a little, although he sometimes admires him, but shuns him and relies little on him. The spiritual distance is great, nevertheless, long-term, cordial relationships between representatives of these races are possible. Marriages between them can produce unbalanced offspring.

The Nordic person is often drawn to the Western way of life. He is romantically inclined and has always been drawn south to the joyful world of the western race. An example of this is Nietzsche's notes on Bizet's opera Carmen (the admixture of Dinaric blood in Nietzsche was negligible). It was a desire to become as light, mobile, cheerful, not weighed down by any remorse and any responsibility, like a Western person. The Germans and the British experienced this pull to the south and mistakenly saw this south in ancient Greece. They were looking for a world that was essentially connected with the Western race, but this world remained unattainable for the Nordic race, whose essence was different. Racial boundaries assign to each race a more or less clearly defined spiritual area, outside of which only the destruction of its own essence is possible for it.